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Klank

Klank

Klank word gedefinieer as meganiese saampersing of longitudinale verplasingsgolwe wat deur 'n medium (vastestof, vloeistof of gas) propageer. Meeste klanke is kombinasies van seine, maar 'n teoretiese suiwer klank kan gedefinieer word as iets met 'n sekere tempo van ossilasie of frekwensie wat in hertz (Hz) gemeet word, asook 'n amplitude of klankdruk wat gemeet word in desibel. Die omvang van klank wat vir die menslike oor hoorbaar is val ongeveer tussen 20 Hz en 20 kHz. Bo en onder hierdie omvang lê onderskeidelik ultraklank en infraklank. Klank beweeg teen 332 ms^ by 273K in lug. (Sien die spoed van klank.) Mense en heelwat diere neem klank waar met die sintuig van gehoor met hulle ore, maar klanke met lae frekwensie kan ook deur ander liggaamsdele waargeneem word. Klank word op verskeie maniere gebruik, veral vir kommunikasie deur middel van spraak of, byvoorbeeld, musiek. Klankwaarneming kan ook gebruik word om inligting te versamel oor die omliggende omgewing soos ruimtelike eienskappe en die teenwoordigheid van ander diere of voorwerpe. Vlermuise, byvoorbeeld, gebruik 'n soort eggo-plasing om te vlieg. Skepe en duikbote gebruik sonar. Mense versamel en gebruik ruimtelike inligting wat in klanke waargeneem word. Die gehooromvang varieer tussen verskillende diere: Vlermuise het 'n buitengewoon groot omvang, terwyl paddas 'n klein omvang het. Tipiese frekwensies (in hertz) word hier gegee:
- Vlermuis: 100 - 100,000 Hz
- Hond: 10 - 35,000 Hz
- Olifant: 1 - 20,000 Hz
- Padda: 100 - 2,500 Hz
- Mens: 20 - 20,000 Hz

Sien ook


- Musiek
- Klankproduksie

Eksterne verwysings


- [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/sound/soucon.html HyperPhysics: Sound and Hearing] ja:音 ko:소리 simple:Sound th:เสียง

Golf (fisika)

Hierdie artikel behandel golwe in die mees algemene sin; 'n aparte artikel fokus op seegolwe. ---- 'n Golf is 'n versteuring wat voortgeplant word. Behalwe vir elektromagnetiese straling, en moontlik gravitasionele straling, wat deur 'n vakuum kan beweeg, bestaan golwe in 'n medium waardeur dit kan beweeg en energie kan oordra sonder dat enige van die deeltjies van die medium permanent verplaas word; d.w.s., daar is geen massaverplasing nie. Enige spesifieke punt ossilleer om 'n vaste punt. Golwe het kruine (hoë) en trôe (lae) wat óf letterlik óf in 'n grafiek van die wisseling kan voorkom. ja:波 simple:Wave

Kelvin

Die kelvin (simbool: K) is die SI eenheid van temperatuur en is een van die sewe SI-basiseenhede. Dit word gedefinieer as 'n 1/273.16 fraksie van die termodinamiese temperatuur van die trippelpunt van water. 'n Temperatuur wat in kelvin sonder enige voorbehoud aangedui word, word gemeet ten opsigte van absolute nul waar die molekulêre beweging ophou. Dit is ook algemene praktyk om 'n temperatuur relatief tot 'n verwysingstemperatuur van 273.15 K aan te dui, wat ongeveer ooreenstem met die smeltpunt van water onder normale toestande; hierdie konvensie is die Celsius temperatuurskaal. Die kelvin is vernoem na die Britse fisikus en ingenieur William Thomson, wat later na hy tot die adelstand verhef is, as Lord Kelvin bekend gestaan het.

Tipografiese konvensies

Die woord kelvin as 'n SI eenheid word met 'n kleinletter k geskryf (tensy dit aan die begin van 'n sin voorkom), en word anders as Fahrenheit of Celsius nooit voorafgegaan deur die woorde graad, grade of die simbool ° nie. Die simbool vir kelvin is altyd die hoofletter K en word nooit in skuinsskrif gedruk nie. Daar moet 'n spasie tussen die nommer en die K kom soos met alle SI-eenhede. Unicode sluit die "kelvin" teken onder die kode U+212A in (in jou blaaier vertoon dit so K). Die "kelvin teken" word egter kanoniekaal ontbind na U+004B en daarom word dit as 'n koderingsfout beskou, en is dit beter om U+004B (K) direk te gebruik.

Omskakelingsfaktore

Kelvin en Celsius

Die Celsius temperatuurskaal word nou gedefinieer in terme van die kelvin, met 0 °C wat ooreenstem met 273.15 kelvin.
- kelvin na grade Celsius
- : \mathrm = \mathrm - 273.15

Temperatuur en energie

Die energie wat deur partikels in 'n termodinamiese stelsel gedra word is eweredig aan die absolute temperatuur, waar die eweredigheidskonstante die Boltzmann konstante is. Dit is gevolglik moontlik om die energie van partikels by 'n sekere temperatuur te bereken of om andersom die temperatuur van partikels met 'n sekere energie te bepaal.
- elektronvolt na kelvin : \mathrm = \mathrm \times 11,\!605
- kelvin na elektronvolt : \mathrm = \frac

Sien ook


- ITS-90 Internasionale Temperatuurskaal

Eksterne skakel


- [http://www1.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-1/2-1-1/kelvin.html BIPM brosjure oor die Kelvin] Category:SI basiseenhede Category:Temperatuur-eenhede ja:ケルビン ko:켈빈 simple:Kelvin th:เคลวิน

Hond

Honde is vierbenige soogdiere, naverwant aan wolwe. Verskeie rasse is geteel vir 'n verskeidenheid eienskappe; aanvanklik veral vir jagdoeleindes. Honde word deesdae vir troeteldiere asook vir 'n verskeidenheid werke gebruik.

Enkele rasse


- Labrador
- Duitse Herdershond Kategorie:Hond Kategorie:Soogdier ja:イヌ ko:개 simple:Dog th:สุนัข

Musiek

Die klanke wat mense aanvaar as musiek variëer gebaseer op die historiese era, gebied, en kulturele en individuele smaak. Die ware definisie van musiek word baie gedebatteer; een definisie mag insluit die klanke wat aangenaam ervaar word deur die definieerder, terwyl 'n ander groep alle klanke sal insluit wat deur 'n individu of groep gegenereer word. Ander definisies mag fokus op die definisie dat musiek 'n fisiese fenomeen is (in terme van klank), 'n geestelike fenomeen, of as 'n sosiale fenomeen. Sekere mense betwis selfs die bestaan van so iets soos musiek. Musiek bevat dus fisiese, geestelike en sosiale fenomene, sowel as teorie, uitvoering, dans en ook digkuns. Enkele onderwerpe wat bestudeer word in musiek, sluit in:
- Harmonie
- Melodie
- Ritme
- Instrumente en Instrumentasie
- Komposisie en verwerking
- Notasie en musiekteorie

Begrippe


- Bambuco
- Suid-Afrikaanse musikante

Sien ook


- Lys van musiekterme
- Lys van komponiste
- Lys van musikante volgens styl fiu-vro:Muusiga ja:音楽 ko:음악 ms:Muzik simple:Music th:ดนตรี

Dictatorship

Dictatorship, in contemporary usage, refers to absolute rule by a leadership (usually one dictator) unrestricted by law, constitutions, or other social and political factors within the state. In Classical usage, dictatorship referred to magistrates in Ancient Rome that were allocated absolute power during times of emergency. Their power was neither arbitrary nor unaccountable, however, being subject to law and requiring retrospective justification. There were no such dictatorships after the beginning of the 2nd century BC, and later dictators such as Sulla and the Roman Emperors exercised power much more personally and arbitrarily. Dictatorships in the modern sense tend to exert their power without any regard to the moral or ethical consequences of their actions. They hardly ever come to power by democratic means, often being installed by a coup d'état or revolution. Often they will assert that they are using their powers, like ancient roman dictators, to deal with the enormity of some emergency, real or imagined. However, dictators and their governments rarely lay down their power once any such crisis has abated. In the lack thereof, they sometimes invent their own, such as in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin. Such regimes survive out of the fear the people have for the government. Dictatorships often use armed force, propaganda, and arbitrary detention to enforce their will, and usually suppress any opinion which runs counter to their own. Dictators in single-party states, as opposed to military juntas, often create single-party states without elections, or with rigged or heavily biased ones.

Absolute power

Dictatorships rely on the absolute power which they hold over their citizens. Without it, they usually disintegrate or are completely ineffectual, such as the Bolshevik government of Russia shortly after it came to power. Modern dictatorships have used not only force and coercion, but also the mass media as tools of control. In China for instance, a communist single-party state, the government controls all news broadcast in the country, censors the internet, and often simply detains those who resist. The cultures created by many dictatorships foster what has been termed the "cult of personality", where not only is the media controlled by the state, but serves to glorify it and its leader. In Nazi Germany, a picture of Adolf Hitler appeared in nearly every building. Under Saddam Hussein, every news broadcast in Iraq began with a reference to himself. Entire art museums were filled with paintings of the leader. The underlying tendency to want absolute power and control has been termed megalomania.

The 20th century

Intrawar era

In the twentieth century, dictatorship has been an essential pillar of single-party states, military regimes, and other forms of authoritarianism. In the interwar era (between the First World War and the Second World War), fascist regimes, such as Mussolini's Italy and Hitler's Germany, incorporated principles of dictatorship with a single-party state, mass mobilization and regimentation of social and economic activity, and arbitrary exercise of police power. The prototype of the fascist dictatorship was fashioned in Italy after 1922, and later emulated by Nazi Germany (beginning in 1933), as well as by a number of other fascist or quasi-fascist European governments during the 1930s. Fascist dictatorships were dealt a fatal blow by the defeat of the Axis Powers in World War II. Also during the interwar era, the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin fused dictatorship with single-party rule, mass mobilization, and arbitrary use of power. Stalin was the first modern dictator who created cult of personality around himself. The Soviet Union emerged victorious in the Second World War and entered a new phase after Stalin's death, by shifting from a personal dictatorship to a collective, though still authoritarian, leadership.

Postwar era

In the postwar era (that is, after the Second World War), dictatorships formed in many newly independent countries. In the case of most African or Asian former colonies, after achieving their independence in the postwar wave of decolonization, presidential regimes were gradually transformed into personal dictatorships. These regimes often proved unstable, with dictators being frequently overthrown and replaced in coups. Military dictatorships were very common, particularly in Latin America and Africa. Many of the military dictators and their senior staffs were graduates of the School of the Americas, comprised of an US military base in Costa Rica and Fort Benning, GA.

See also


- Absolute monarchy
- Totalitarianism
- Plutocracy
- Kleptocracy
- Generalissimo
- Military rule
- Military dictatorship
- Police state
- Elective dictatorship Category:Forms of government ja:独裁政治 simple:Dictatorship

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