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Isabella Of Bavaria

Isabella of Bavaria

Isabeau de Bavière (also Isabella of Bavaria-Ingolstadt) (about 1370 – September 24, 1435) was a Queen Consort of France (1385 - 1422) after marrying Charles VI of France, a member of the Valois Dynasty, on July 17, 1385. She assumed a prominent role in public affairs during the disastrous later years of her husband's reign.

Lineage

Isabeau of Bavaria was the daughter of Stephan III, Duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt and Thadea Visconti. Her paternal grandparents were Stephen II, Duke of Bavaria and Elizabeth, Princess of Sicily, daughter of Frederick III of Sicily and his wife Eleonora. Eleonora was herself a daughter of Charles II of Naples and Maria of Hungary. Maria was a daughter of Stephen V of Hungary and Elizabeth of Cumania. Elizabeth was daughter of Koteny or Kuthens, a chieftain apparently descending from the Kipchaks. Her maternal grandparents were Barnabo Visconti (d. 1385), Lord of Milan and Regina-Beatrice della Scala. Regina was daughter of Mastino II della Scala , Lord of Verona from 1329 to 1351 and his wife Taddea di Cararra.

Career

Isabeau of Bavaria was the prominent and unpopular queen of an unsuccessful reign. She assumed an unusually powerful role in government to fill the gap left by her husband's frequent bouts of insanity. Around this time she organised the disastrous The_Bal_des_Ardents, or 'Ball of the Burning Men'. Others who vied for power included the King's brother Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans and their cousin John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy. Queen Isabeau's strong partisanship for the Duke of Orléans led to rumors of an extramarital affair and a feud that ended in the assassination of the Duke of Orléans in 1407. Bitter resentment continued and the late duke's supporters became known as the Armagnacs. Henry V of England took advantage of French internal strife and invaded the northwest coast. He delivered a crushing defeat to the French at Agincourt. Nearly an entire generation of military leaders died or fell prisoner in a single day. John the Fearless, still feuding with Queen Isabeau, remained neutral as Henry V conquered towns in northern France. Most of Isabeau's twelve children did not survive to adulthood. Shortly after her fifth and final son assumed the title of dauphin as heir to the throne, the sixteen-year-old future Charles VII of France negotiated a truce with John the Fearless in 1418. Armagnac partisans murdered John while the two met on a bridge under Charles's guarantee of protection. The new Duke of Burgundy Philip the Good entered an active alliance with the English. With most of northern France under foreign domination, Isabeau agreed to the Treaty of Troyes in 1420. This arranged the marriage of her daughter Catherine of Valois to Henry V and assigned the French royal succession to Henry V and their children. Isabeau's detractors and the Dauphin's political enemies cited this treaty as evidence that he was not the legitimate son of Charles VI. The treaty did not have its intended effect on the French royal succession but did have an ultimate effect on English royal succession. Catherine's second marriage resulted in the eventual Tudor dynasty. Both Charles VI and Henry V died within two months of each other in 1422. Charles VII, now fully grown, claimed that the Treaty of Troyes was illegal and assumed leadership of the Armagnac party, ruling what was left of central and southern France. Isabeau and her son Charles VII shared no apparent love for each other. Charles was to face a similar relationship with his own son Louis XI. Charles' principal female mentor was his childhood guardian Yolande of Aragon. Isabeau moved to English-controlled territory and exerted no further influence over public affairs. She died in Paris in 1435 and is interred in the Saint Denis Basilica. Posterity has not been kind to Isabeau of Bavaria. Her grandson Louis XI of France referred to her as a great whore. A popular saying late in her life was that France had been lost by a woman and would be recovered by a girl. Many took this to be a prediction of Joan of Arc. In fairness to Isabeau it must be noted that her leadership confronted double prejudice as a woman and a foreigner. There are a few bright spots in her reign, such as her artistic patronage. Isabeau aided the era's most significant French author Christine de Pizan and sponsored artisans who developed innovative techniques in decorative arts.

Children


- Charles, Dauphin of Viennois (1386-1386)
- Jeanne (1388-1390)
- Isabella (1389-1409); m.1 Richard II of England; m.2 Charles, Duke of Orléans
- Jeanne (1391-1433); m. John VI, Duke of Brittany
- Charles, Dauphin of Viennois, Duke of Guyenne (1392-1401)
- Marie, Prioress of Poissy (1393-1438)
- Michelle (1395-1422); m. Philip III, Duke of Burgundy
- Louis, Dauphin of Viennois, Duke of Guyenne (1397-1415); m. Marguerite of Burgundy the Dauphin in Shakespeare's Henry V
- John, Dauphin of Viennois, Duke of Touraine (1398-1417); m. Jacqueline, Countess of Hainault and Holland
- Catherine, Queen of England, (1401-1438); m.1 Henry V of England; m.2 Sir Owen Tudor
- Charles VII of France, King of France, (1403-1461) m. Marie of Anjou - the Dauphin in Shakespeare's Henry VI
- Philip (1407-1407)

External links


- [http://www.genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00001543&tree=LEO page on Genealogics]
- [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/valo_1/hd_valo_1.htm New York Metropolitan Museum of Art] page on Valois French art patronage.
- [http://www.uweb.ucsb.edu/~kstaples/textit.html Circulation of Christine de Pizan's Work]
- [http://www.geocities.com/tudorgenealogist/Tudor1.html The Tudor lineage]
- [http://www.paris.org/Kiosque/apr00/506jean.html A tour of Isabeau's residence in Paris]
- [http://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Government-Leaders.htm Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership] Category:1369 births Category:1435 deaths Category:German nobility Category:Hundred Years' War Category:Queen consorts

1370

Events


- Beginning of the rule of Poland by Capet-Anjou family.
- May 24 - The Treaty of Stralsund ends the war between Denmark and the Hanseatic League.
- 20 October - Philip of Anjou, Titular Emperor of Costantinoples, marries Elisabeth of Slavonia, daughter of Stephen, duke of Transylvania and Slavonia, and Margareta of Bavaria.
- Steel Crossbow first used as a weapon of war.
- Carthusian monks build the Charterhouse in London.
- Fortification of Xian City (Chang'an)

Births


- Duke William of Austria
- Guarino da Verona, Italian humanist (died 1460)
- Joanna of Navarre, daughter of Charles II of Navarre (died 1437)
- John Lydgate, English Benedictine monk and poet (died 1451)
- Queen Mary of Sicily (died 1402)
- Erasmo of Narni, Italian mercenary (died 1443)
- King Olaf IV of Norway (died 1387)
- John VII Palaeologus, Byzantine Emperor (died 1408)
- Jan Piast, Duke of Ziebice (died 1428)
- Jan Sindel, Polish scientist
- Pawel Wlodkowic, Polish scholar (died 1435)

Deaths


- December 19 - Pope Urban V (born 1310)
- Casimir III of Poland (born 1310)
- Ukhaatu Khan, Grand khan of the Mongol Empire (born 1320)
- Shi Nai'an, Chinese author (born 1296) Category:1370 ko:1370년

September 24

September 24 is the 267th day of the year (268th in leap years). There are 98 days remaining.

Events


- 622 - Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina.
- 1493 - Christopher Columbus departs on his second expedition to the New World.
- 1664 - The Netherlands surrenders New Amsterdam to England.
- 1789 - The United States Supreme Court and the position of Attorney General are established.
- 1789 - The United States Post Office Department is established.
- 1841 - The Sultan of Brunei cedes Sarawak to Britain.
- 1852 - The first airship is displayed.
- 1869 - "Black Friday": Gold prices plummet as Jay Gould and James Fisk plot to control the market.
- 1890 - The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints officially renounces polygamy.
- 1903 - Edmund Barton steps down as Prime Minister of Australia and is succeded by Alfred Deakin.
- 1940 - Baseball: Jimmie Foxx becomes the second member of the 500 home run club with a home run at Shibe Park in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- 1948 - The Honda Motor Company is founded.
- 1957 - President Dwight D. Eisenhower sends United States National Guard troops to Little Rock, Arkansas, to enforce desegregation.
- 1961 - The old Deutsche Opernhaus in the Berlin neighborhood of Charlottenburg
- 2005 - returns to its newly rebuilt house as the Deutsche Oper Berlin.
- 1962 - United States court of appeals orders the University of Mississippi to admit James Meredith.
- 1973 - Guinea-Bissau declares its independence from Portugal.
- 1988 - 1988 Summer Olympics: Ben Johnson "defeated" Carl Lewis and Linford Christie in 100 metres sprinting in a record time of 9.79 seconds. (Johnson would later be disqualified in a high profile case of doping in sports.)
- 1991 - Nirvana releases Nevermind.
- 1991 - Red Hot Chili Peppers releases Blood Sugar Sex Magik.
- 1993 - Brøderbund releases the computer game Myst.
- 2005 - Hurricane Rita makes landfall in the United States, devastating Beaumont, Texas and Houston, Texas.
- 2005 - September 24, 2005 anti-war protest

Births


- 15 - Vitellius, Roman Emperor (d. 69)
- 1301 - Ralph Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford, English soldier (d. 1372)
- 1501 - Gerolamo Cardano, Italian mathematician (d. 1576)
- 1534 - Guru Ram Das, fourth Sikh Guru (d. 1581)
- 1564 - William Adams, British navigator and samurai (d. 1620)
- 1583 - Albrecht von Wallenstein, Austrian general (d. 1634)
- 1625 - Johan de Witt, Dutch politician (d. 1672)
- 1705 - Leopold Josef Graf Daun, Austrian field marshal (d. 1766)
- 1717 - Horace Walpole, British novelist and politician (d. 1797)
- 1724 - Sir Arthur Guinness, Irish brewer (d. 1803)
- 1755 - John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States (d. 1835)
- 1817 - Ramon de Campoamor y Campoosorio, Spanish poet and philosopher (d. 1901)
- 1857 - Richard Mansfield, German-born actor (d. 1907)
- 1871 - Lottie Dod, English athlete (d. 1960)
- 1878 - C. F. Ramuz, Swiss writer (d. 1947)
- 1884 - Hugo Schmeisser, German weapons designer (d. 1953)
- 1890 - A. P. Herbert, British humorist, barrister, novelist (d. 1971)
- 1894 - Tommy Armour, Anglo-American golfer (d. 1968)
- 1895 - André Frédéric Cournand, French born physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1988)
- 1896 - F. Scott Fitzgerald, American novelist (d. 1940)
- 1898 - Howard Walter Florey, Australian-born pharmacologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1968)
- 1899 - Sir William Dobell, Australian portrait artist (d. 1970)
- 1905 - Severo Ochoa, Spanish–born biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1993)
- 1911 - Konstantin Chernenko, Soviet premier (d. 1985)
- 1912 - Don Porter, American actor (d. 1997)
- 1918 - Audra Lindley, American actress (d. 1997)
- 1919 - Dayton Allen, American actor and comedian (d. 2004)
- 1921 - Jim McKay, American sports commentator
- 1923 - Louis Edmonds, American actor (d. 2001)
- 1924 - Theresa Merritt, American actress (d. 1998)
- 1925 - Autar Singh Paintal, Indian medical scientist (d. 2004)
- 1930 - John Young, American astronaut
- 1931 - Anthony Newley, British actor and singer (d. 1999)
- 1934 - Manfred Wörner, German politician and diplomat (d. 1994)
- 1936 - Jim Henson, American puppeteer (d. 1990)
- 1941 - Linda McCartney, American singer and activist (d. 1998)
- 1942 - Gerry Marsden, English singer (Gerry and the Pacemakers)
- 1945 - Lou Dobbs, American journalist
- 1946 - "Mean" Joe Greene, American football player
- 1946 - Lars Emil Johansen, Prime Minister of Greenland
- 1948 - Gordon Clapp, American actor
- 1948 - Phil Hartman, American actor (d. 1998)
- 1950 - Alan Colmes, American talk show host
- 1951 - Pedro Almodóvar, Spanish movie director
- 1954 - Patrick Kelly, American fashion designer (d. 1990)
- 1956 - Hubie Brooks, baseball player
- 1958 - Kevin Sorbo, American actor
- 1959 - Steve Whitmire, American voice actor
- 1962 - Nia Vardalos, Canadian actress, writer, and comedienne
- 1966 - Michael J. Varhola, American author, editor, publisher, and game designer.
- 1969 - Shawn "Clown" Crahan, American musician (Slipknot)
- 1969 - Donald DeGrate, Jr., American music producer
- 1976 - Stephanie McMahon-Levesque, American professional wrestler
- 1978 - Wietse van Alten, Dutch archer
- 1980 - John Arne Riise, Norwegian footballer
- 1982 - Morgan Hamm, American gymnast
- 1982 - Paul Hamm, American gymnast

Deaths


- 366 - Pope Liberius
- 768 - Pippin the Short, King of the Franks (b. 714)
- 1054 - Hermannus Contractus, scholar (b. 1013)
- 1143 - Agnes of Germany, daughter of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1072)
- 1143 - Pope Innocent II
- 1180 - Manuel I Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor
- 1213 - Gertrude of Meran, queen of Andrew II of Hungary (murdered) (b. 1185)
- 1275 - Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford, Constable of England (b. 1208)
- 1435 - Isabeau of Bavaria, queen of Charles VI of France
- 1494 - Poliziano, Italian humanist (b. 1454)
- 1541 - Paracelsus, Swiss alchemist (b. 1493)
- 1545 - Albert of Mainz, archbishop and elector of Mainz (b. 1490)
- 1605 - Manuel Mendes, Portuguese composer
- 1621 - Jan Karol Chodkiewicz, Polish military commander (b. 1560)
- 1646 - Duarte Lobo, Portuguese composer
- 1707 - Vicenzo da Filicaja, Italian poet (b. 1642)
- 1732 - Emperor Reigen of Japan (b. 1654)
- 1802 - Alexander Radishchev, Russian writer (b. 1749)
- 1834 - Pedro I of Brazil, Emperor of Brazil (b. 1798)
- 1904 - Niels Ryberg Finsen, Danish physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1860)
- 1930 - William A. MacCorkle, Governor of West Virginia (b. 1857)
- 1939 - Carl Laemmle, German film producer (b. 1867)
- 1975 - Earle Cabell, Texas politician (b. 1906)
- 1981 - Patsy Kelly, American actress (b. 1910)
- 1984 - Neil Hamilton, American actor (b. 1899)
- 1991 - Dr. Seuss, American children's writer (b. 1904)
- 2003 - Rosalie Allen, American singer and disc jockey (b. 1924)
- 2003 - Edward Said, Palestinian-born literary critic (b. 1935)
- 2004 - Françoise Sagan, French writer (b. 1935)
- 2005 - Tommy Bond, American actor (b. 1926)
- 1992 - Elad (Ladechka) Lener, someone
- R . I . P .
-

Holidays


- Late Roman Empire - start of the indiction year (at least since the time of Bede)
- In ancient Latvia, the third day of Mikeli, and the only day of the year during which men proposed to their prospective wives.
- R.C. Saints - conception of John the Baptist; Our Lady of Mercy Also see September 24 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Guinea-Bissau - Independence Day (declared, from Portugal, 1973)
- New Caledonia - Territorial Day
- South Africa - Heritage Day.
- Barcelona, Spain - La Mercè the festival for Barcelona's patron saint. A lot of art and musical activities: [http://www.bcn.es/merce/index_ingles.html Festival Website] (obsolete link)
- Trinidad and Tobago - Republic Day (1976) Ladechka didn die

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/24 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.historychannel.com/tdih/tdih.jsp?month=10272961&day=10272989&cat=10272946 The History Channel: This Day in History] ---- September 23 · September 25 · August 24 · October 24 · more historical anniversaries ko:9월 24일 ms:24 September ja:9月24日 simple:September 24 th:24 กันยายน



Valois Dynasty

The Valois Dynasty succeeded the Capetian Dynasty as rulers of France from 1328-1589. They were descendants of Charles of Valois, the third son of King Philip III and based their claim to be ahead of Edward III of England on a reintroduction of the Salic law.

List of Valois kings of France


- Philippe VI, the Fortunate 1328-1350
- Jean II, the Good 1350-1364
- Charles V, the Wise 1364-1380
- Charles VI, the Well-Beloved, later known as the Mad 1380-1422
- Charles VII, the Victorious 1422-1461
- Louis XI, the Universal Spider 1461-1483
- Charles VIII, the Affable 1483-1498
- Louis XII, the Father of His People 1498-1515
- François I -- 1515-1547
- Henri II -- 1547-1559
- François II -- 1559-1560
- Catherine de Medici (Regent) -- 1560-1563
- Charles IX -- 1560-1574
- Henri III -- 1574-1589

List of Valois kings of Poland


- Henryk I -- 1573-1574

List of Valois Dukes and Duchesses of Burgundy

The term "Valois Dukes of Burgundy" is employed to refer to the dynasty which began after a member of the Royal family (Philip, son of King Jean II), was given the Duchy of Burgundy.
- Philip II, the Bold (1364–1404)
- John, the Fearless (1404–1419)
- Philip III, the Good (1419–1467)
- Charles, the Rash ("le Temeraire") (1467–1477)
- Mary of Burgundy (1477–1482) The application of the Salic Law meant that with the extinction of the Valois line on the male side, the Bourbon Dynasty followed as descendants of Louis IX.

Links


- [http://www.valois.org www.valois.org] - The Royal House Of Valois

See also


- List of French monarchs
- Kings of France family tree
- France under the ancien regime Category:French nobility Category:French monarchy Valois Category:History of France ja:バロア朝

July 17

July 17 is the 198th day (199th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 167 days remaining.

Events


- 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa, executed for being Christians. This is the earliest record of Christianity in that part of the world.
- 1203 - Fourth Crusade captures Constantinople by assault; the Byzantine emperor Alexius III Angelus flees from his capital into exile.
- 1453 - Hundred Years' War: The French under Jean Bureau utterly defeat the English under the Earl of Shrewsbury, who is killed in the Battle of Castillon at Gascony
- 1762 - Catherine II becomes tzar of Russia upon the murder of Peter III of Russia.
- 1771 - Massacre at Bloody Falls: Chipewyan chief Matonabbee traveling as the guide to Samuel Hearne on his arctic overland journey, massacre a group of unsuspecting Inuit.
- 1791 - Massacre at the Champ de Mars, Paris, during the French Revolution. 1200-1500 people were killed, including women and children.
- 1815 - Napoleonic Wars: In France, Napoleon surrenders at Rochefort, Charente-Maritime to British forces.
- 1816 - The French passenger ship Medusa runs aground off the coast of Senegal. Klondike gold rush begins when first successful prospectors arrive in Seattle, Washington, USA.
- 1898 - Spanish-American War: Battle of Santiago Bay - Troops under United States General William R. Shafter take the city of Santiago de Cuba from the Spanish.
- 1899 - NEC Corporation is organized as the first Japanese joint venture with foreign capital.
- 1917 - King George V of the United Kingdom issues a Proclamation stating that the male line descendants of the British royal family will bear the surname Windsor.
- 1933 - After successful crossing of the Atlantic ocean, in Europe under mysterious reasons crashes the Lithuanian research aircraft Lituanica.
- 1936 - Spanish Civil War: An Armed Forces rebellion against the recently-elected leftist Popular Front government of Spain starts the Spanish civil war.
- 1944 - Port Chicago disaster: Near the San Francisco Bay, two ships laden with ammunition for the war explode in Port Chicago, California killing 232.
- 1944 - World War II: The largest convoy of the war embarks from Halifax, Nova Scotia under Royal Canadian Navy protection.
- 1945 - World War II: Potsdam Conference - At Potsdam, the three main Allied leaders begin their final summit of the war. The meeting will end on August 2.
- 1955 - Disneyland opens in Anaheim, California.
- 1962 - Nuclear testing: The "Small Boy" test shot Little Feller I becomes the last atmospheric test detonation at the Nevada Test Site.
- 1975 - Apollo-Soyuz Test Project: An American Apollo and a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft dock with each other in orbit marking the first such link-up between spacecraft from the two nations.
- 1975 - History of East Timor: East Timor was annexed, and became the 27th province of Indonesia.
- 1979 - Nicaraguan president General Anastasio Somoza Debayle resigns and flees to Miami.
- 1981 - Hyatt Regency walkway collapse: Two skywalks filled with people at the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Kansas City, Missouri collapse into a crowded atrium lobby killing 114.
- 1984 - Laurent Fabius becomes Prime Minister of France
- 1987 - The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above the 2,500 mark for the first time at 2510.04.
- 1995 - The Midwestern heat wave in the United States reaches its peak. Chicago, Illinois and Milwaukee, Wisconsin, among other cities, set all-time high temperature records. The heat claims over 400 lives on this day alone.
- 1995 - The Nasdaq stock index closes above the 1,000 mark for the first time.
- 1996 - Off the coast of Long Island, New York, a Paris-bound Boeing 747 carrying TWA flight 800 explodes, killing all 230 on board.
- 1997 - The F.W. Woolworth Company closes after 117 years in business.
- 1998 - In St. Petersburg, Nicholas II of Russia and his family are buried in St. Catherine Chapel 80 years after he and his family were killed by Bolsheviks.
- 1998 - A tsunami triggered by an undersea earthquake destroys 10 villages in Papua New Guinea killing an estimated 1,500, leaving 2,000 more unaccounted for and thousands more homeless.
- 1998 - Biologists report in the journal Science how they sequenced the genome of the bacterium that causes syphilis, Treponema pallidum.

Births


- 1487 - Ismail I, Shah of Persia (d. 1524)
- 1674 - Isaac Watts, English hymnwriter (d. 1748)
- 1698 - Pierre Louis Maupertuis, French mathematician (d. 1759)
- 1831 - Xianfeng, Emperor of China (d. 1861)
- 1839 - Ephraim Shay, American inventor (d. 1916
- 1877 - Ernst von Dohnanyi, Hungarian conductor (d. 1960)
- 1888 - Shmuel Yosef Agnon, Israeli writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1970)
- 1899 - James Cagney, American actor (d. 1986)
- 1899 - Erle Stanley Gardner, American author (d. 1970)
- 1901 - Bruno Jasieński, Polish poet (d. 1938)
- 1912 - Art Linkletter, Canadian television host
- 1917 - Phyllis Diller, American comedian
- 1918 - Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio, President of Guatemala (d. 2003)
- 1920 - Juan Antonio Samaranch, Spanish chairman of the International Olympic Committee
- 1920 - Kenneth Wolstenholme, English sports commentator (d. 2002)
- 1921 - František Zvarík, Slovakian actor
- 1928 - Vince Guaraldi, American musician and composer (d. 1976)
- 1935 - Donald Sutherland, Canadian actor
- 1935 - Peter Schickele, American composer, author, and radio host, creator of P.D.Q. Bach
- 1938 - Franz Alt, Austrian-born journalist
- 1941 - Spencer Davis, British singer and guitarist (Spencer Davis Group)
- 1941 - Jürgen Flimm, German theatre director and manager
- 1942 - Tim Brooke-Taylor, English comedian
- 1944 - Carlos Alberto, Brazilian football player
- 1947 - Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall
- 1949 - Charlie Steiner, American sports broadcaster
- 1952 - David Hasselhoff, American actor and musician
- 1954 - Angela Merkel, Chancellor of Germany
- 1954 - J. Michael Straczynski, American author
- 1960 - Mark Burnett, English-born television producer
- 1960 - Jan Wouters, Dutch football player and manager
- 1963 - Matti Nykänen, Finnish ski jumper
- 1965 - Craig Morgan, American singer
- 1967 - CJ Marsicano, American musician, writer, and journalist
- 1971 - Cory Doctorow, Canadian author and activist
- 1973 - Eric Moulds, American football player
- 1975 - Konnie Huq, English television presenter

Deaths


- 1070 - Baldwin VI, Count of Flanders (b. 1030)
- 1086 - King Canute IV of Denmark
- 1105 - Rashi, French rabbi and commentator (b. 1040)
- 1453 - John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, English military leader
- 1531 - Hosokawa Takakuni, Japanese military commander (b. 1484)
- 1566 - Bartolomé de Las Casas, Spanish priest (b. 1484)
- 1571 - Georg Fabricius, German poet and historian (b. 1516)
- 1588 - Sinan, Ottoman architect (b. 1489)
- 1645 - Robert Carr, 1st Earl of Somerset, Scottish politician
- 1704 - Pierre-Charles Le Sueur, French fur trader and explorer
- 1709 - Robert Bolling, English settler in Virginia (b. 1646)
- 1790 - Adam Smith, Scottish economist and philosopher (b. 1723)
- 1791 - Martin Dobrizhoffer, Austrian Jesuit missionary (b. 1717)
- 1793 - Charlotte Corday, French aristocrat and murderer (b. 1768)
- 1794 - John Roebuck, English inventor (b. 1718)
- 1878 - Aleardo Aleardi, Italian poet (b. 1812)
- 1887 - Dorothea Dix, American social activist (b. 1802)
- 1894 - Josef Hyrtl, Austrian anatomist (b. 1810)
- 1912 - Henri Poincaré, French mathematician (b. 1854)
- 1917 - Hector Malot, French writer (b. 1830)
- 1918 (N.S.) - Family of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia (b. 1868)
  - Tsarina Alexandra of Russia (b. 1872)
  - Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia (b. 1895)
  - Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia (b. 1897)
  - Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia (b. 1899)
  - Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia (b. 1901)
  - Tsarevich Alexei of Russia (b. 1904)
- 1928 - Giovanni Giolitti, Italian statesman (b. 1842)
- 1959 - Billie Holiday, American singer (b. 1915)
- 1959 - Eugene Meyer, American businessman and newspaper publisher (b. 1875)
- 1961 - Ty Cobb, baseball player (b. 1886)
- 1967 - John Coltrane, American musician (b. 1926)
- 1975 - Konstantine Gamsakhurdia, Georgian writer and public benefactor (b. 1893)
- 1980 - Boris Delaunay, Russian mathematician (b. 1890)
- 1995 - Juan Manuel Fangio, Argentinian race car driver (b. 1911)
- 2001 - Katharine Graham, American publisher (b. 1917)
- 2003 - David Kelly, Welsh UN weapons inspector (b. 1944)
- 2003 - Rosalyn Tureck, American pianist and harpsichordist (b. 1914)
- 2004 - Pat Roach, English professional wrestler and actor (b. 1937)
- 2005 - Sir Edward Heath, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1916)
- 2005 - Joe Vialls, Australian writer

Holidays and observances


- Iraq - Ba'ath Revolution Day
- Puerto Rico - Luis Muñoz Rivera's Birthday
- South Korea - Constitution Day
- Various mathematics departments - Yellow Pig's Day
- Kyoto, Japan - Gion Matsuri
- Feast Day of St Cynllo

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/17 BBC: On This Day] ---- July 16 - July 18 - June 16 - August 18 -- listing of all days ko:7월 17일 ms:17 Julai ja:7月17日 simple:July 17 th:17 กรกฎาคม

1385

Events


- August 14 - Battle of Aljubarrota between the Portuguese under John I of Portugal and the Castilians, under John I of Castile. The decisive Portuguese victory guarantees independence and ends the 1383-1385 Crisis
- John I of Portugal becomes the first Portuguese king of the House of Aviz
- August 14 - The Union of Krewo established the Jagiellonian dynasty in Poland and Lithuania through the marriage of Queen Jadwiga of Poland and Grand Prince Jagiello of Lithuania and saw the acceptance of Roman Catholicism by the Lithuanian elite.
- The marriage of Charles VI of France and Isabella of Bavaria-Straubing is the first French court ball

Births


- John FitzAlan, 13th Earl of Arundel (died 1421)
- Jan van Eyck, Flemish painter (approximate date; died 1441)
- Margaret Holland, English noblewoman (died 1429)

Deaths


- Joan of Kent, wife of Edward, the Black Prince (born 1328) Category:1385 ko:1385년

Charles II of Naples

Charles II, known as the Lame (Fr. le Boiteux) (born c. 1248, died 5 May 1309, Naples) was the King of Naples and Sicily, titular king of Jerusalem, and Prince of Salerno. He was a son of Charles I of Naples. He had been captured by Roger of Lauria in the naval battle at Naples in 1284. When his father died, he was still a prisoner of Peter III of Aragon. In 1288 King Edward I of England mediated to make peace, and Charles was liberated only to retain Naples alone. Sicily was left to the Aragonese. Charles was also to induce his cousin Charles of Valois to renounce for twenty thousand pounds of silver the kingdom of Aragon which given him by Pope Martin IV to punish Peter for having invaded Sicily, but which the Valois had never effectively occupied. Charles was then released, leaving three of his sons and sixty Provençal nobles as hostages, promising to pay 30,000 marks and to return a prisoner if the conditions were not fulfilled within three years. He went to Rieti, where the new Pope Nicholas IV, immediately absolved him from all the conditions he had sworn to observe, crowned him King of Sicily in 1289, and excommunicated King Alfonso III of Aragon. Charles of Valois, in alliance with Castile, prepared to take possession of Aragon. Alfonso, being hard pressed, had to promise to withdraw the troops he had sent to help his brother James in Sicily, to renounce all rights over the island, and pay a tribute to the Holy See. Alfonso died childless in 1291 before the treaty could be carried out, and James took possession of Aragon, leaving the government of Sicily to the third brother Frederick. The new Pope Boniface VIII, elected in 1294 at Naples under the auspices of King Charles, mediated between the latter and James, and a most dishonourable treaty was signed: James was to marry Charles’s daughter Bianca and was promised the investiture by the pope of Sardinia and Corsica, while he was to leave the Angevin a free hand in Sicily and even to assist him if the Sicilians resisted. An attempt was made to bribe Frederick into consenting to this arrangement, but being backed up by his people he refused, and was afterwards crowned king of Sicily. The ensuring war was fought on land and sea but Charles, though aided by the pope, his cousin Charles of Valois and James, was unable to conquer the island, and his son the prince of Taranto was taken prisoner at the battle of La Falconara in 1299. Peace was at last made in 1302 at Caltabellotta. Charles gave up all rights to Sicily and agreed to the marriage of his daughter Leonora and King Frederick; the treaty was ratified by the pope in 1303. Charles spent his last years quietly in Naples, which city he improved and embellished. He died in August 1309, and was succeeded by his son Robert the Wise. In 1270, he married Maria of Hungary (c. 1257 – March 25, 1323), the daughter of Stephen V of Hungary. They had fourteen children: # Charles Martel d'Anjou, titular King of Hungary # Louis (February 9, 1275, Nocera – August 19, 1298, Chateau de Brignoles), Bishop of Toulouse # Robert of Naples, King of Naples # Philip I of Taranto, Prince of Achaea and Taranto, Despot of Romania, Lord of Durazzo, titular Emperor of Constantinople # Raymond Berengar (1281–1307), Count of Provence, Prince of Piedmont and Andria # John (1283 – aft. March 16, 1308), a priest # Tristan (1284–bef. 1288) # Peter (1291 – August 29, 1315, Battle of Montecatini), Count of Gravina # John of Gravina (1294 – April 5, 1336, Naples), Duke of Durazzo, Prince of Achaea, and Count of Gravina, married March 1318 (div 1321) Matilda of Hainault (November 29, 1293–1336), married November 14, 1321 Agnes of Périgord (d. 1345) # Marguerite (1273– December 31, 1299), Countess of Anjou and Maine, married at Corbeil August 16, 1290 Charles of Valois # Blanca (1280 – October 14, 1310, Barcelona), married at Villebertran November 1, 1295 James II of Aragon # Leonora, (August 1289 – August 9, 1341, Monastery of St. Nicholas, Arene), married at Messina May 17, 1302 Frederick III of Sicily # Maria (1290 – c. 1346), married at Palma de Majorca September 20, 1304 Sancho I of Majorca, married 1326 Jaime de Ejerica (1298 – April 1335) # Beatrice (1295 – c. 1321), married April 1305 Azzo VIII, Margrave d'Este (d. 1308), married 1309 Bertrand III of Baux, Count of Andria (d. 1351) Category:Counts of Anjou Charles II of Naples Charles II of Naples ja:シャルル2世 (ナポリ王)

Stephen V of Hungary

King Stephen V of Hungary (Hungarian: V. István, Slovak: Štefan V) (1239 or 1240 – August 6 1272), was the eldest son of Bela IV of Hungary, whom he succeeded in 1270. As crown prince he had exhibited considerable ability, but also a disquieting restlessness and violence. In 1262 Stephen convinced his father Bela to give him twenty-nine counties as a reward of assistance in the war against Bohemia; hence Hungary was virtually divided into two kingdoms. He subsequently seized the southern banate of Macsó and defeated his father in the ensuing civil war. In 1268 he undertook an expedition against the Bulgarians, penetrating as far as Veliko Tarnovo and styling himself as king of Bulgaria. Stephen's father, attempting to bind the powerful but pagan Cumans tribe more closely to the dynasty, arranged for Stephen's marriage, as a youth (about 1255), to Elizabeth, the daughter of the Cuman chieftain (named Koteny or Kuthens). Though Elizabeth, in preparation for the marriage, had been baptized and remained a Christian, western Europe almost universally considered Stephen as a semi-pagan. This hostility was felt as Stephen declared himself that everyone was his enemy for his accession to the Hungarian throne. To secure foreign support, he formed a double matrimonial alliance with the Angevins, chief partisans of the pope. The first of these was the marriage in 1270 of his daughter Maria to Charles II of Naples (they became grandparents of Charles I of Hungary). The second alliance was the marriage of Stephen's infant son Ladislaus to Charles II's sister Elisabeth. Byzantine Emperor Andronicus II married Anna, another of Stephen's daughters. Serbian king Stefan Dragutin married Katerina, yet another of Stephan's daughters. Adversaries of Stephen, especially Ottokar II of Bohemia, believed that Stephen was too great a friend of the mighty Cumans (who could field 16,000 men) to be a true Catholic. Ottakar endeavoured with the aid of the Hungarian malcontents to conquer the western provinces of Hungary but they were utterly routed by Stephen in 1271 near Mosony. Ottakar relinquished all his conquests the same year in the peace of Pressburg. Stephen died suddenly as he was raising an army to rescue his kidnapped infant son Ladislaus from his rebellious vassals.

References

Category:Hungarian monarchs Category:1240 births Category:1272 deaths ja:イシュトヴァーン5世

Cumania

The Cumans, also known as Polovtsy (Russian Половцы, from old Slavic for pale yellowish) were a nomadic West Turkic tribe living on the north of the Black Sea along the Volga. They are identified with the Western branch of the Kipchaks. They invaded Southern Ukraine, Moldova, Wallachia and part of Transylvania in the 11th century and from here they continued their plundering of the Byzantine Empire, Hungary and Kievan Rus'. In 1089, they were defeated by Ladislaus I of Hungary. They were allied with the Vlachs (Romanians) and the Bulgarians during the Vlach-Bulgar Rebellion, being victorious in the fights against the Byzantine Empire. They were defeated by Vladimir Monomakh in the 12th century and crushed by the Tatars in 1241. Many took refuge in Hungary and Bulgaria, where they were assimilated. Their name can still be seen in placenames such as the city of Kumanovo in Macedonia, Comăneşti in Moldavia and Comana in Dobruja. Cumans having settled in Hungary had their own self-government there, and their name (kun) is still preserved in the county names Bács-Kiskun and Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok, and town names as (eg.) Kiskunhalas, Kiskunszentmiklós as well. The Cumans from the current Russia joined the khanate of the Golden Horde. In the 13th century, Western Cumans became Catholic Christians, while Eastern assumed Islam. The Catholic "Diocese of the Cumans" included Romania and Moldova. This title was kept until 1523. The Cumans had an important role in the establishing of the principality of Wallachia, its earliest rulers being of Cuman origin. Basarab I, son of the Cumanian warlord Tihomir of Wallachia obtained the independence from Hungary at the beginning of the 14th century. The name Basarab is considered as being of Cuman origin, meaning "Father King". Tihomir of Wallachia, by Viktor Vasnetsov.]] For the Russian relations with the Polovtsi, see the Battle of the Stugna River, the Battle of the Kalka River, and the Tale of Igor's Campaign. Polovtsian Dances is a theme in Alexander Borodin's opera Prince Igor.

Further reading


- Vasary, Istvan (2005) "Cumans and Tatars", Cambridge University Press

See also


- Codex Cumanicus
- Cuman language
- Kipchak
- Crimean Tatars

External links


- [http://www.eliznik.org.uk/RomaniaHistory/csango_cumman.htm Catholics and Cumans]
- [http://www.ku.edu/carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-2/cam2.html Codex Cumanicus] Category:History of Hungary Category:Kievan Rus Category:Turkic peoples Category:Kipchaks Category:History of Romania ja:クマン人 ko:쿠만인

Kipchaks

Kipchaks (also Kypchaks, Qipchaqs) are an ancient Turkic people, first mentioned in the historical chronicles of Central Asia in the 1st millennium BC. Their language was also known as Kipchak. The western Kipchaks are also known as Cumans, Kumans, Kun, Polovtsi (Russian for 'yellowish') and Polovtsians.

History

Nomadic East Turkic people, known in Russian as Polovtsi, coming from the region of the River Irtysh, conquered southern Russia in the 11th century and founded a nomadic state in the steppes along the Black Sea (Desht-e-Kipchak). They invaded Moldavia, Wallachia and part of Transylvania in the 11th century, and from there they continued their plundering of the Byzantine Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary. In 1089, they were defeated by Ladislaus I of Hungary, again by Russian Prince Vladimir Monomakh in the 12th century, and finally crushed by the Tatars in 1241. The Kipchaks joined the khanate of the Golden Horde. Members of the Bahri dynasty, the first dynasty of Mamelukes in Egypt, were Kipchaks, one the most prominent examples being Sultan Baybars, born in Solhat, Crimea.

Modern Times

The modern Northwestern Turkic languages are named after the Kipchaks. Some of the descendants of the Kipchaks are now known as Siberian Tatars, Nogays, Kazakhs, Tatars (partly), Crimean Tatars, Karachays (partly), Krymchaks, Karaims (partly), Kumyks (partly). Kipchak is the name of a Kazakh tribe within modern-day Kazakhstan. Kipchak is also the name of a village in the Crimean Peninsula.

Other

The region of Kipchakia spanning a large area between central Asia and the Caucasus is named after the Kipchaks. The word "kipchak" is found in traditional Oghuz Khan Epics.

See also


- Bahri dynasty
- Battle of the Stugna River
- Battle of the Kalka River
- Codex Cumanicus
- Cumans
- Khazars
- Mamelukes
- Pechenegs
- Tale of Igor's Campaign

Sources


- "Polovtsi". The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05.
- "Pouchenie" by Vladimir Monomakh. The medieval Russian Annal (in Russian).
- "Tale of Igor's Campaign". The medieval Russian Annal (in Russian).

External links


- [http://www.ku.edu/carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-2/cam2.html Codex Cumanicus]
- [http://sophistikatedkids.com/turkic/70%20Dateline/kipchak%20dateline%20En.htm Kipchak dateline] Category:Kipchaks Category:Turkic peoples Category:History of Russia ja:キプチャク ko:쿠만인



1385

Events


- August 14 - Battle of Aljubarrota between the Portuguese under John I of Portugal and the Castilians, under John I of Castile. The decisive Portuguese victory guarantees independence and ends the 1383-1385 Crisis
- John I of Portugal becomes the first Portuguese king of the House of Aviz
- August 14 - The Union of Krewo established the Jagiellonian dynasty in Poland and Lithuania through the marriage of Queen Jadwiga of Poland and Grand Prince Jagiello of Lithuania and saw the acceptance of Roman Catholicism by the Lithuanian elite.
- The marriage of Charles VI of France and Isabella of Bavaria-Straubing is the first French court ball

Births


- John FitzAlan, 13th Earl of Arundel (died 1421)
- Jan van Eyck, Flemish painter (approximate date; died 1441)
- Margaret Holland, English noblewoman (died 1429)

Deaths


- Joan of Kent, wife of Edward, the Black Prince (born 1328) Category:1385 ko:1385년

Della Scala

The noble family Scaliger (Scaligeri) were lords of Verona. When Ezzelino IV was elected podesta of the commune in 1226, he was able to convert the office into a permanent lordship. Upon his death the Great Council elected as podesta Mastino della Scala, who succeeded in converting the signoria into a family inheritance, governing at first with the acquiescence of the commune, then, when they failed to re-elect him in 1262, he effected a coup d'état, and was acclaimed "capitano del popolo", at the head of the commune's troops. In 1272 Mastino was killed by a faction of the nobles. The reign of his son Alberto della Scala as capitano (1277-1302) was one incessant war against the counts of San Bonifacio, who were aided by the House of Este. Of his three sons, Cangrande I della Scala inherited the podesta in 1308, only the last shared the government (1308) and made a name as warrior, prince, and patron of Dante, Petrarch, and Giotto. By war or treaty he brought under his control the cities of Padua (1328), Treviso (1308), and Vicenza. Alberto was succeeded by his nephews Mastino II della Scala (1329-51) and Alberto. Mastino, the richest and most powerful prince of his generation in Italy, continued his uncle's policy, conquering Brescia in 1332 and carrying his power beyond the Po. He purchased Parma (1335) and Lucca (1339). But a powerful league was formed against him in 1337: Florence, Venice, the Visconti, the Este, and the Gonzaga all joined, and after a three years war, the Scaliger dominions were reduced to Verona and Vicenza. His son Can Grande II della Scala (1351-59) was a cruel and suspicious tyrant; not trusting his own subjects, he surrounded himself with German mercenaries but was killed by his brother Cansignorio della Scala (1359-75), who beautified the city with palaces, provided it with aqueducts and bridges, and founded the state treasury. He too killed his other brother, Paolo Alboino. Fratricide among the Scaligeri, when Antonio (1375-87), Cansignorio's natural brother, slew his brother Bartolommeo, aroused the indignation of the people, who deserted him when Gian Galeazzo Visconti of Milan made war on him. Having exhausted all his resources, he fled from Verona at midnight (19 October 19, 1387), thus putting an end to the Scaliger domination. His son Can Francesco attempted fruitlessly to recover Verona (1390). Guglielmo (1404), natural son of Can Grande II, was more fortunate; with the support of the people, he drove out the Milanese, but he died ten days after, and Verona then submitted to Venice (1405). The last representatives of the Scaligeri lived at the imperial court and repeatedly attempted to recover Verona by the aid of popular risings. After the Scaligeri had been ousted, a member of the family, Giulio Cesare Scaliger, made a reputation as a humanist poet. The church of Santa Maria Antica is surrounded with the tombs (arche) of the Scaligeri in the form of Gothic shrines, or "tempietti", enclosing their sarcophagi: Can Grande della Scala is memorialized with an equestrian statue; Can Signorio by a marble Gothic monument by Bonino da Campione, 1374. This entry is based on the public domain Catholic Encyclopedia and should be updated.

External link


- [http://www.intesys.it/Tour/Eng/VeronaScaligera.html Verona of the Scaligers] Category:Middle Ages
- [http://www.mondophoto.net/europe/italy/verona/verona01.html Mondophoto.net] - 212 Public Domain photos of Verona

1329

Events


- Antipope Nicholas V is excommunicated by Pope John XXII.
- Aimone of Savoy becomes Count of Savoy.
- Construction begins on the cathedral of Frombork, Poland.
- Amberg, Germany passes to the Wittelsbach family.
- Michael of Cesena is deposed as General of the Franciscans.
- Stefan Dusan defeats the Bosnian ban Stephen II Kotromanić.
- Wiesbaden is granted the right of coinage by Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
- David II becomes King of Scotland.

Births


- Prince Lazar of Serbia (approximate date) (died 1008)
- Philip II of Taranto (died 1374)

Deaths


- April 21 - Frederick IV, Duke of Lorraine (born 1282)
- June 7 - Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland (born 1274)
- Michael I of Imereti
- Qutugtu Khan, ruler of the Mongol Empire (born 1300)
- Oshin of Korikos, regent of Armenia (assassinated)
- Emperor Mingzong of Yuan China, and Grand Khan of the Mongol Empire (born 1320)
- Edward of Savoy Category:1329 ko:1329년

Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans

Louis de Valois (March 13 1372 – November 23 1407) was Duke of Orléans from 1392 to his death. He was also Count of Valois, Duke of Touraine (1386–1392), Count of Blois (1397–1407), Angoulême (1404–1407), Périgord, Dreux and Soissons. Louis was son of King Charles V of France and Joanna of Bourbon and younger brother of Charles VI. In 1389, Louis married Valentina Visconti, daughter of Gian Galeazzo, Duke of Milan. Louis had an important political role during the Hundred Years' War. With the increasing insanity of his elder brother Charles the Mad (who suffered from either schizophrenia or bipolar disorder), Louis disputed the regency and guardianship of the royal children with John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy. The enmity between the two was public and a source of political unrest in the already troubled France. Louis had the initial advantage, being of royal blood, but his character and rumour of an affair with consort queen Isabella of Bavaria-Ingolstadt made him extremely unpopular. For the following years, the children of Charles VI were successively kidnapped and recovered by both parts, until the Duke of Burgundy managed to be appointed by royal decree guardian of the dauphin and regent of France. Louis did not give up and took every effort to sabotage John's rule, including squandering the money raised for the relief of Calais, then occupied by the English. After this episode, John and Louis broke into open threats and only the intervention of John of Valois, Duke of Berry and uncle of both men, avoided a civil war. On November 20 1407 a solemn reconciliation was vowed in front of the court of France, but only three days later, Louis was assassinated in the streets of Paris, under orders of the Duke of Burgundy.

Louis' descendents

By his marriage with Valentina Visconti:
- a daughter (b. and d. 1390)
- Louis (b. 1391, d. 1395)
- a son (b. and d. 1392)
- John Philip (b. Paris, 1393, d. Château de Vincennes, 1393)
- Charles, Duke of Orléans (b. 1394– d. 1465), father of King Louis XII of France
- Philip (b. Paris, 1396–1420), Count of Vertus
- John, Count of Angoulême (1400–1467), grandfather of King Francis I of France
- Marie (b. and d. Château de Coucy, 1401)
- Margaret (b. 1406– d. 1466, Abbaye-la-Guiche), Countess of Vertus, married in 1423 Richard of Brittany, Count of Étampes His illegitimate son by Mariette d'Enghien, John of Orléans, is the ancestor of the Dukes of Longueville. | width="30%" align="center" rowspan="4"| Preceded by:
— | width="40%" align="center" | Duke of Touraine
1386–1392 | width="30%" align="center" | Succeeded by:
to royal domain |- | width="40%" align="center" | Duke of Orléans
1392–1407 | width="30%" align="center" rowspan="4"| Succeeded by:
Charles |- | width="40%" align="center" | Count of Valois
1386?–1406 |- | width="40%" align="center" | Count of Beaumont-sur-Oise
bef. 1389–1407 |- | width="30%" align="center" | Preceded by:
Guy II | width="40%" align="center" | Count of Blois 1397–1407 Orléans, Louis de Valois, duc d' Orléans, Louis de Valois, duc d' Orléans, Louis de Valois, duc d' Louis IV Category:Hundred Years' War

1407

Events


- November 20 - A solemn truce between John, Duke of Burgundy and Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans is agreed under the auspicies of John, Duke of Berry.
- November 24 - Duke of Orleans assassinated - war breaks out again between Burgundians and followers of Orleans

Births


- August 27 - Ashikaga Yoshikazu, Japanese shogun (died 1425)
- Thomas de Littleton, English judge

Deaths


- April 23 - Olivier de Clisson, French soldier (b. 1326)
- November 23 - Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans, brother of Charles VI of France (murdered) (born 1372)
- Pedro Lopez de Ayala, Spanish soldier (born 1332)
- Tokugawa Chikauji, Japanese nobleman Category:1407 ko:1407년

Henry V of England

Henry V, (August 9 or September 16, 1387 – August 31, 1422), King of England (1413-1422), son of Henry IV by Mary de Bohun, was born at Monmouth, Wales, in August or September 1386 or 1387. At the time of his birth during the reign of Richard II Henry was fairly far removed from the throne, preceded by the King and another preceding collateral line of heirs, and the precise date and even year of his birth are not definitely recorded; the September 1387 date appears most commonly quoted. By the time Henry died, he had not only consolidated power as the King of England but had also effectively accomplished what generations of his ancestors had failed to achieve through decades of war: unification of the crowns of England and France in a single person.

Early accomplishments

Upon the exile of Henry's father in 1398, Richard II took the boy into his own charge and treated him kindly. In 1399 the Lancastrian revolution brought Bolingbroke to the throne and forced Henry into precocious prominence as heir to the Kingdom of England. He was created Duke of Lancaster on 10 November 1399, the third person to hold the title that year. From October 1400 the administration was conducted in his name; less than three years later Henry was in actual command of the English forces and fought against Harry Hotspur at Shrewsbury. It was there, in 1403, that the sixteen-year-old prince was almost killed by an arrow which became lodged in his face. An ordinary soldier would have been left to die from such a wound, but Henry had the benefit of the best possible care, and, over a period of several days after the incident, the royal physician crafted a special tool in order to extract the tip of the arrow without doing further damage. The operation was successful, and probably gave the prince permanent scars which would have served as a testimony to his experience in battle.

Role in government and conflict with Henry IV

The Welsh revolt of Owain Glyn Dwr absorbed Henry's energies until 1408. Then, as a result of the King's ill-health, Henry began to take a wider share in politics. From January 1410, helped by his uncles Henry and