:: wikimiki.org ::

Mackerel

Mackerel

Mackerel is a common name applied to a number of different species of fish, mostly, but not exclusively, from the family Scombridae. They occur in all tropical and temperate seas. Most live offshore in the oceanic environment but a few, like the Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus), enter bays and can be caught near bridges and piers. The largest species called "mackerel" is the king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla) which can grow to 66 inches (168 cm). Common features of mackerels are a slim, cylindrical shape (as opposed to the tunas which are deeper bodied) and numerous finlets on the dorsal and ventral sides behind the dorsal and anal fins. The scales are extremely small, if present. They are prized for their meat (and are highly harvested) and fighting ability, and are an important recreational and commercial fishery. In the tropics, the meat can spoil quickly, causing scombroid food poisoning.

Species whose common name includes "mackerel"

Family Scombridae
- Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus
- Atlantic Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus maculatus
- Blue mackerel Scomber australasicus
- Broadbarred king mackerel Scomberomorus semifasciatus
- Chub mackerel Scomber japonicus
- Australian spotted mackerel Scomberomorus munroi
- Double-lined mackerel Grammatorcynus bilineatus
- Indian mackerel Rastrelliger kanagurta
- Indo-Pacific king mackerel Scomberomorus guttatus
- Island mackerel Rastrelliger faughni
- Japanese Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus niphonius
- King mackerel Scomberomorus cavalla
- Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus macula
- Streaked Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus lineolatus
- Spotted Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus guttus Family Trachuridae
- Atlantic horse mackerel Trachurus trachurus
- Blue jack mackerel Trachurus picturatus
- Cape horse mackerel Trachurus capensis
- Cunene horse mackerel Trachurus trecae
- Greenback horse mackerel Trachurus declivis
- Japanese horse mackerel Trachurus japonicus
- Mediterranean horse mackerel Trachurus mediterraneus
- Jack mackerel Trachurus symmetricus Family Hexagrammidae
- Okhostk Atka mackerel Pleurogrammus azonus
- Atka mackerel Pleurogrammus monopterygius Family Gempylidae
- Black snake mackerel Nealotus tripes
- Blacksail snake mackerel Thyrsitoides marleyi
- Snake mackerel Gempylus serpens
- Violet snake mackerel Nesiarchus nasutus
- White snake mackerel Thyrsitops lepidopoides

Species known as simply "Mackerel" in various countries

- Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus
- Bigeye scad Selar crumenophthalmus
- Blue runner Caranx crysos
- Butterfly kingfish Gasterochisma melampus
- Cero Scomberomorus regalis
- Chub mackerel Scomber japonicus
- Double-lined mackerel Grammatorcynus bilineatus
- Indian mackerel Rastrelliger kanagurta
- Indo-Pacific king mackerel Scomberomorus guttatus
- Leatherjack Oligoplites saurus
- Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus commerson
- Shark mackerel Grammatorcynus bicarinatus
- West African Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus tritor

Use as an adjective

"Mackerel" is also used as an adjective in the vernacular names of other animals or breeds thereof, often used to indicate types with a mackerel-like pattern of vertical stripes:
- Mackerel icefish - Champsocephalus gunnari
- Mackerel pike - Cololabis saira
- Mackerel scad - Decapterus macarellus
- Mackerel shark - several species
- Sharp-nose mackerel shark - Isurus oxyrinchus
- Mackerel trevalla - Seriolella punctata
- Mackerel tuna - Euthynnus affinis
- Mackerel tabby cat - Felis silvestris catus

Fish

Conodonta
Hyperoartia
:Petromyzontidae (lampreys)
Pteraspidomorphi (early jawless fish)
Thelodonti
Anaspida
Cephalaspidomorphi (early jawless fish)
:Galeaspida
:Pituriaspida
:Osteostraci
Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates)
:Placodermi
:Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)
:Acanthodii
:Osteichthyes (bony fish)
::Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)
::Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)
:::Actinistia (coelacanths)
:::Dipnoi (lungfish)
A fish is a poikilothermic (cold-blooded) water-dwelling vertebrate with gills. There are over 27,000 species of fish, making them the most diverse group of vertebrates. Taxonomically, fish are a paraphyletic group whose exact relationships are much debated; a common division is into the jawless fish (class Agnatha, 75 species including lampreys and hagfish), the cartilaginous fish (class Chondrichthyes, 800 species including sharks and rays), with the remainder classed as bony fish (class Osteichthyes). Fish come in different sizes, from the 14m (45 ft) whale shark to a 7 mm (just over 1/4 of an inch) long stout infantfish. Many types of aquatic animals named "fish", such as jellyfish and cuttlefish, are not true fish. Other sea dwelling creatures, like dolphins, are actually mammals. Certain species of fish maintain elevated body temperatures to varying degrees. Endothermic teleosts (bony fishes) are all in the suborder Scombroidei and include the billfishes, tunas, and one species of "primitive" mackerel (Gasterochisma melampus). All sharks in the family Lamnidae – shortfin mako, long fin mako, white, porbeagle, and salmon shark – are known to have the capacity for endothermy, and evidence suggests the trait exists in family Alopiidae (thresher sharks). The degree of endothermy varies from the billfish, which warm only their eyes and brain, to bluefin tuna and porbeagle sharks who maintain body temperatures elevated in excess of 20 °C above ambient water temperatures. See also gigantothermy. Endothermy, though metabolically costly, is thought to provide advantages such as increased contractile force of muscles, higher rates of central nervous system processing, and higher rates of digestion.

Fish ecology

Fish can be found in almost all large bodies of water in either salt, brackish, or fresh water, at depths ranging from just below the surface to several thousand meters. However, hyper-saline lakes like the Great Salt Lake do not support fishes. Some species of fish have been specially bred to be kept and displayed in an aquarium, and can survive in the home environment. Catching fish for the purpose of food or sport is known as fishing. The annual yield from all fisheries worldwide is about 100 million tonnes. Overfishing is a threat to many species of fish. On May 15 2003, the journal Nature reported that all large oceanic fish species worldwide had been so systematically over caught that fewer than 10% of 1950 levels remained. [http://www.globeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20030514.wfish1405/BNStory/National/] Particularly imperiled were sharks, Atlantic cod, Bluefin tuna, and Pacific sardines. The authors recommended immediate, drastic cutbacks in fish catches and reservation of ocean habitats worldwide.

Note on usage: "fish" vs. "fishes"

"Fishes" is the proper English plural form of "fish" that biologists use when speaking about two or more fish species, as in "There are over 25,000 fishes in the world" (meaning that there are over 25,000 fish species in the world). When speaking of two or more individual fish organisms, then the word "fish" is used, as in "There are several million fish of the species Gadus morhua" (meaning that G. morhua comprises several million individuals). To see both in action, consider the statement "There are twelve fish in this aquarium, representing five fishes" (meaning that the aquarium contains twelve individuals, some of the same species and some of different species, for a total of five species). The usage of the two words is similar to that of the words "people" and "peoples".

Fish as food

Fishes are an important source of food in many cultures. Other water-dwelling animals such as mollusks, crustaceans, and shellfish are often called "fish" when used as food. For more details, see Fish (food). Fish (food)

External links

- [http://www.70south.com/resources/animals/marine/antarcticfish 70South - information on Antarctic fish]
- [http://www.aworldoffish.com A World of Fish] Species information and fish care
- [http://www.fishbase.org Fish database] (FishBase)
- Join Ray Mullet in the [http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/nof/fish/ Fish Olympics]!
- Project for children - [http://marine.rutgers.edu/~kils/BASS/mobile/INDEX.HTM build a fish mobile with a behavior]
- [http://www.aquatichouse.com Fish Keeping]
- [http://www.aquaticcommunity.com Site with one of the largest fish databases in the world]
- [http://reelinthefish.net/interviews/jameskoliver.html Reelinthefish.net | Interview with Dr James K. Oliver, Reefbase Scientist]
- [http://fishy.us Fishy.Us]Articles & Particles
- [http://hardrockforums.com/forums Saltwater & Freshwater Forums]
- [http://www.fishfriend.com/ Your Fish Tank's Friend]
- [http://find-a-seafood-recipe.com/ Fish and Seafood Recipes]Cooking With Fish
- [http://www.easyreefer.com/ Reef aquarium community and learning center]
- [http://www.fiberi.de German Educator in Fisheries, Specialist in Fancy Goldfish and Fishhealth, with Forum and large Picture-Gallery]
- [http://www.freeonlinegames.com/play/3019.html]Interesting fish game.
- [http://www.sushifaq.com The Sushi FAQ - (the alt.food.sushi Usenet group FAQ) at SushiFAQ.com]
- [http://sushiotaku.blogspot.com/ The Sushi Otaku Blog] Category:Fisheries science Category:Seafood zh-min-nan:Hî ko:물고기 ms:Ikan ja:魚類 simple:Fish th:ปลา

Scombridae

Acanthocybium
Allothunnus
Auxus
Cybiosarda
Euthynnus
Gasterochisma
Grammatorcynus
Gymnosarda
Katsuwonus
Orcynopsis
Rastrelliger
Sarda
Scomber
Scomberomorus
Thunnus
Scombridae is the family of the mackerels, tunas, and bonitos, and thus includes many of the most important and familiar food fishes. The family consists of about 55 species in 15 genera. Scombrids have two dorsal fins, each of which can be depressed into grooves in the back, and a series of finlets between the rear dorsal fin and anal fin and the tail. The base of the tail is slender, and the caudal fin strongly divided. Species sizes vary by an order of magnitude, from the 20 cm of the island mackerel to the immense 458 cm recorded for the northern bluefin tuna. Scombrids are generally predators of the open ocean, and capable of considerable speed. Some members of the family, in particular the tunas, are notable for being endothermic (warm-blooded).

External link

- [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?ID=416 FishBase info for Scombridae] ko:고등어과

King Mackerel

The King Mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla) is a migratory species of mackerel that lives its entire life in the open waters of the western Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. It is an important species to both the commercial and recreational fishing industries. Description

Description

The king mackerel is a slender fish, only slightly compressed (flattened) from side to side. The entire body is covered with very small, hardly visible, loosely attached scales. The first (spiny) dorsal is entirely colorless and is normally folded back into a body groove, as are the pelvic fins. The lateral line starts high on the shoulder, dips abruptly at mid-body and then continues as a wavy horizontal line to the tail. Coloration is olive on the back fading to silver with a rosy iridescence on the sides, fading to white on the belly. Fish under 10 pounds show yellowish brown spots on the flanks, somewhat smaller than the spots of the Spanish Mackerel. Its cutting edged teeth are large, uniform, closely spaced and flattened from side to side. These teeth look very similar to those of the Bluefish, Pomatomus Saltatrix.

Distribution and habitat

The king mackerel is a sub-tropical species of the Atlantic Coast of the Americas. Common in the coastal zone from North Carolina to Brazil, it occurs as far south as Rio de Janeiro, and occasionally as far north as the Gulf of Maine. Nonetheless, a preference for water temperatures in the range of 68 to 85 degrees F. may limit distribution. King mackerel commonly occur in depths of 40 to 150 feet, where the principal fisheries occur. Larger Kings (>20 lbs.) often occur inshore, in the mouths of inlets and harbors, and occasionally even at the 600 foot depths at the edge of the Gulf Stream.

Migration patterns

At least two migratory groups of king mackerel have been found to exist off the American coast. A Gulf group ranges from the Texas coast in summer to the middle-east coast of Florida from November through March. Spawning occurs throughout the summer off the northern gulf coast. An Atlantic group is abundant off North Carolina in spring and fall. This group migrates to southeast Florida where it spawns from May through August, and slowly returns through summer. Apparently, this group winters in deep water off the Carolinas, as tagging studies have shown they are never found off Florida in winter.

Life history

Eggs and sperm are shed into the sea and their union is by chance. Depending on size, a female may shed from 50,000 to several million eggs over the spawning season. Fertilized eggs hatch in about 24 hours. The newly hatched larva is about 0.1 inches long with a large yolk sack. Little is known about King mackerel in their first year of life. Yearling fish typically attain an average weight of 3 to 4 pounds and a fork length of 25 inches. At age seven, females average 21 pounds, males 11. King may attain 90 pounds, but any over 15 pounds is almost certainly a female.

Feeding habits

King mackerel are voracious, opportunistic, carnivores, their prey depends on their size. Depending on area and season, they favor menhaden and other sardine like fish (clupeidae), jacks (scombridae), Cutlass fish (trichuridae), weakfish ( sciaenidae), grunts (pomadasyidae), striped anchovies (engraulidae), shrimp and squid.

Fishing gear and methods

King mackerel are among the most sought-after gamefish throughout their range from North Carolina to Texas. They are taken mostly by trolling, using various live and dead baitfish, spoons, jigs and other artificials. Commercial gear consists of run-around gill nets. They are also taken commercially by trolling with large planers, heavy tackle and lures similar to those used by sport fishers.

Nutrition and processing

At present (2005), king mackerel are primarily marketed fresh. They may be sold as fillets, steaks, or in the round (whole). Their raw flesh is grayish, due to its high fat content, They are best prepared by broiling, frying, baking or, especially for large “Smoker” King, by smoking.

Similar species

Small king mackerel are similar in appearance to Spanish mackerel (S. maculatus) and Cero mackerel (S. regalis), all three species are similar in shape and coloration. They may be distinguished as follows: The lateral line on Spanish and Cero mackerel slopes gradually from the top edge of the gill to the tail. In contrast that of the king mackerel takes an abrupt drop at mid-body (see illustration). The first (spiny) dorsal on Spanish and Cero mackerel has a prominent black patch. The king mackerel does not. As all three species normally keep the first dorsal folded back in a body groove, this difference is not immediately evident. Spanish mackerel have prominent yellow spots on the flanks at all sizes. In addition to such spots, Cero mackerel have one or more yellow stripes along the centerline. Young king mackerel have similar, but slightly smaller spots, these fade away on individuals weighing over 10 pounds, but may still be seen as slightly darker green spots toward the back from some angles of view. World wide, there are many fish quite similar to one or another of these three species. Off Mexico, Spanish mackerel may be confused with S. Brasiliencis.

External links

-
- [http://www.kallipolis.com/diet/food.php?id=15200&w=2 King mackerel nutrition information] Category:Scombridae

Ventral

In human and zoological anatomy (sometimes called zootomy), several terms are used to describe the location of organs and other structures in the body of bilateral animals. These terms are listed and explained here. In some cases, the terminology in human anatomy may differ from that in general anatomy.
The anatomical position holds more relevant information on relations and terms of location for human anatomy.

Directions

anatomical position

General usage

Animals typically have one end with a head and mouth, with the opposite end often having the anus and tail. The head end is the cranial end; the tail end is the caudal end. Within the head itself, rostral refers to the direction toward the end of the nose, and caudal is still used to refer to the tail direction. The surface or side of the body normally oriented upwards, away from the pull of gravity, is the dorsal side; the opposite side, typically the one closest to the ground when walking on all legs, swimming or flying, is the ventral side. For example: in vertebrates, the spine or nerve chord is located on the dorsal side of the organism. A cow's udder is on the ventral side. A dolphin's dorsal fin is, unsurprisingly, on the dorsal side. On the limbs or other appendages, a point closer to the main body is "proximal"; a point farther away is "distal". The right and left side (sometimes in Latin: dexter - right, and sinister - left) are given as viewed from the animal that is described.

Usage in human anatomy

In human anatomy, the body and its parts are always described using the assumption that the body is in anatomical position (main article), i.e. standing upright. Portions of the body which are closer to the head end are "superior" ("upper"); those which are farther away are "inferior" ("lower") -- superior corresponds to cranial, and inferior to caudal. Objects near the front are "anterior"; those near the rear are "posterior" -- these correspond respectively to "ventral" and "dorsal". The terms "anterior" and "posterior" should not be used when referring to most animals however, and are particularly incorrect for quadrupeds. In this case, rostral/cranial and caudal are more appropriate. Please visit the anatomical position page for more information for terminology for human anatomy.

Relative directions

Structures near the midline are called medial and those near the sides of animals are called lateral. Therefore, medial structures are closer to the midsagittal plane, lateral structures are further from the midsagittal plane. Structures in the midline of the body are median. For example, your cheeks are lateral to your nose and the tip of the nose is in the median line. Ipsilateral means on the same side, contralateral means on the other side and bilateral means on both sides. Structures that are close to the center of the body are proximal or central, while ones far removed are distal or peripheral. For example, the hands are at the distal end of the arms, while the shoulders are at the proximal ends. These terms can also be used relatively to organs, for example the proximal end of the urethra is attached to the bladder. Structures on or closer to the body´s surface are superficial (or external) and those further inside are profound or deep (or internal). When speaking of inner organs, visceral means close to or attached to the organ, while parietal is more distant. For example, the visceral pleura is attached to the lung and the parietal pleura is attached to the chest wall.

Relative directions in the limbs

In the limbs of most animals, the terms cranial and caudal are used in the regions proximal to the carpus (the wrist, in the forelimb) and the tarsus (the ankle in the hindlimb). Objects and surfaces closer to or facing towards the head are cranial; those facing away or further from the head are caudal. This usage is not common in human anatomy, however. Distal to the carpal joint, the term dorsal replaces cranial and palmar replaces caudal. Similarly, distal to the tarsal joint the term dorsal replaces cranial and plantar replaces caudal. For example, the top of a dog's paw is its dorsal surface; the underside, either the palmar (on the forelimb) or the plantar (on the hindlimb) surface. The sides of the forearm are named after its bones: Structures closer to the radius are radial, and structures closer to the ulna are ulnar. Similarly, in the lower leg, structures near the tibia (shinbone) are tibial and structures near the fibula are fibular (or peroneal). Volar, a term which refers to both the palm and the sole, is sometimes used as a synonym for "palmar".

Planes

General usage

Three basic reference planes are used in zoological anatomy. The sagittal plane divides the body into left and right portions. A coronal plane divides the body into dorsal and ventral portions. A transverse plane divides the body into cranial and caudal portions.

Usage in human anatomy

Sometimes the orientation of certain planes need to be distinguished, for instance in medical imaging techniques such as CT scans, MRI scans or PET scans. One imagines a human in anatomical position (standing, arms hanging down with palms to the front) and an X-Y-Z coordinate system with the X-Y plane parallel to the ground, the X-axis going front and back, the Y-axis passing left and right, and the Z-axis going up and down.
- A transverse (also known as axial or horizontal) plane is an X-Y plane, parallel to the ground, which (in humans) separates the superior from the inferior, or put another way, the head from the feet.
- A coronal (also known as frontal) plane is an Y-Z plane, perpendicular to the ground, which (in humans) separates the anterior from the posterior, the front from the back, the ventral from the dorsal.
- A sagittal plane is an X-Z plane, perpendicular to the ground and to the coronal plane, which separates left from right. The midsagittal plane is the specific sagittal plane that is exactly in the middle of the body.

Relative motions

Flexion means approximating adjacent parts of the body (usually at a joint) and extension means separating them. For example, the legs are flexed at the knee joints when sitting down, and extended when standing up. Generally, flexion produces an acute angle between adjacent parts, with its vertex at the joint, and extension produces an obtuse angle. One exception to this rule is in the ankle joint where moving the foot such that the toes move upwards is dorsiflexion and moving the foot such that the toes move downwards is plantar flexion. Adduction means moving a part of the body toward or past its median line or toward the long axis of a limb. Abduction means moving a part of the body away from its median line or away from the long axis of a limb. For example, adducting the thighs brings the legs together, and abducting the thighs spreads the legs apart. Similarly, adducting the fingers or vocal folds brings them into contact with one another, and abducting the fingers or vocal folds spreads them apart. Rotation means moving a part about its long axis, for example, in turning the neck. Supination means rotation of the forearm such that the palm of the hand faces forward or upward, and pronation means rotation of the forearm such that the palm of the hand faces backward or downward; the forearm with the hand is supinated or pronated at the elbow. Similar movements may be accomplished at the ankle, where supination results in the foot tipping inward relative to its long axis, and pronation results in the foot tipping outward; overpronation may contribute to the condition flatfoot. Circumduction refers to the circular movement of a joint or other organ, such as the wrist or the eye. An anterograde motion is in the normal direction of flow, while retrograde means reversed flow. For example, passage of food from the mouth to the stomach is in an anterograde direction, and gastric reflux is in a retrograde direction. Inversion is a turning towards the medial plane, while eversion is turning away from the medial plane.

Anal fin

fish anatomy#Fins

Scombroid food poisoning

Scombroid fish poisoning is an illness that results from eating spoiled (decayed) fish. It is most commonly reported with tuna, mahi-mahi, bonito, sardines, anchovies, and related species of fish that were inadequately refrigerated or preserved after being caught. Scombroid can result from inappropriate handling of fish during storage or processing. One of the toxic agents implicated in scombroid poisoning is a chemical called histamine. Other chemicals have been found in decaying fish flesh, but their association to scombroid fish poisoning has not been clearly established. Category:Toxicology

Atlantic Spanish mackerel

The Atlantic Spanish Mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus) is a migratory species of mackerel that moves to northern Gulf of Mexico in spring, return to south Florida in eastern gulf, and to Mexico in western gulf in fall.

Indo-Pacific king mackerel

Indo-Pacific King Mackerel or popularly Seer Fish (Scomberomorus guttatus) is a sea fish among the mackerel variety of fishes. It is found in around the Indian ocean and adjoining seas. In Pakistan it is called surmai. It is a popular game fish and grows up to 45 kg and is a strong fighter, that has on occasion been seen to leap out of the water when hooked. It is excellent tablefare and is primarily caught by sportfishermen trolling with plugs (Rapala or Stretch 25+, 30+) or feathers/jigs, and on 30 lbf (130 N) tackle it is extremely sporting. At times it is possible to catch more than one by casting silver spoons or pirks when one is hooked while trolling. It is very popular among the countries surrounding these waters including India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. Category:Scombridae

Spanish Mackerel

Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus maculatus Description Back green, sides silvery marked with about three rows of round to elliptical orange spots. Lateral line gradually curving down from the upper end of the gill cover toward caudal peduncle. The first (spiny) dorsal fin is black at the front. Posterior membranes are white with a black edge. Its single row of cutting edged teeth in each jaw are large, uniform, closely spaced and flattened from side to side. As with the King mackerel and the Cero, these teeth look very similar to those of the Bluefish, Pomatomus Saltatrix. Distribution/Habitat Spanish mackerel occur seasonally from the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico, as far north as Rhode Island. They are a shallow water species, preferring sand bottom in 20 to 40 foot depths, occasionally found as deep as 80 feet Migration patterns It appears that one Atlantic and one or more Gulf groups of Spanish mackerel occur in Florida waters. With rising water temperatures, the Atlantic group migrates along the Atlantic coast of the United States from Miami Florida, beginning in late February through July reaching as far as Narraganset Bay, Rhode Island, then returning in fall. An Eastern Gulf group moves northward from the Florida Keys during late winter and spring, appearing off the central West Coast of Florida about April 1. Movement continues westward and terminates along the northern Texas coast. During fall, this group migrates back to its wintering grounds in the Keys. Life History The Gulf group of Spanish mackerel spawn in batches from May to September off shore of Texas, off the Gulf shore of Florida as early as April in some years. The Atlantic group spawns starting in April off the Carolinas and from late August to late September in the northernmost part of its range. Spanish mackerel mature by age-1 and 14inch fork length (FL). Females live longer and grow to larger sizes than males. Females may live as long as 11 years, growing to 11 pounds and 33 inches FL. Males reach about age-6 and 19 inches FL. Feeding Habits Spanish mackerel are voracious, opportunistic, carnivores. As with other members of the genus, food consists mainly of small fishes with lesser quantities of shrimp and squid. Striped anchovies (engraulidae) and Clupeoids such as menhaden, alewives and thread herring (Opisthonema), are particularly important forage in North Carolina, Florida, Texas, and Veracruz. The percentage of anchovies consumed is higher for juveniles than for adults. Fishing Gear and Methods Spanish mackerel are a highly valued fish throughout their range from North Carolina to Texas. Recreational anglers catch Spanish mackerel from boats while trolling or drifting and from boats, piers, jetties, and beaches by casting spoons and jigs and live-bait fishing. Commercial methods are primarily run-around gill netting, and rarely, by trolling lures similar to those used by recreational anglers. Nutrition and Processing Spanish mackerel are primarily marketed fresh or frozen as fillets as commercially caught fish are too small to sell in the form of steaks. Their raw flesh is white. They may be prepared by broiling, frying, baking or, rarely, by smoking. Similar Species Spanish mackerel are similar in appearance to small King mackerel (S. Cavalla) and Cero mackerel (S. regalis). All three are very similar in shape and coloration. They may be distinguished as follows: The lateral line on Spanish and Cero mackerel slopes gradually from the top edge of the gill to the tail. In contrast that of the king mackerel takes an abrupt drop at mid-body. The first (spiny) dorsal on Spanish and Cero mackerel has a prominent black patch. The King mackerel has none. As all three species normally keep the first dorsal folded back in a body groove, this difference is not immediately evident. Spanish mackerel have prominent yellow spots on the flanks at all sizes. In addition to such spots, Cero mackerel have one or more yellow stripes along the centerline. Young King mackerel have similar, but slightly smaller spots; these fade away on individuals weighing over 10 pounds, but they may still be seen as spots of slightly darker green on the upper back from some angles of view. World wide there are many members of this genus quite similar to one or another of these three species. In particular, off Mexico, Spanish mackerel may be confused with S. brasiliensis which may appear in the same area.

Spotted Spanish mackerel

Spotted Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus guttus), or Red Seer (also known by other names such as Seer , Thazard, Sawara and Carita in other languages), and like the other Spanish mackerel varieties is found mainly in waters around India. It's primary habitat is Kerala, Maharashtra, and Andamans. Category:Scombridae

Atlantic horse mackerel

Atlantic horse mackerel or Trachurus trachurus (or locally known as: Common scad, Horse mackerel, Maasbanker, Pollock, Scad, Miss Thom, Schoosh). It was called the horse mackerel as it was once thought that other smaller species of fish could ride on the back of it over great distances. This is now widely discredited and has all but been cast into legend, but the name remains. This edition of the mackerel can be found in the North-eastern Atlantic from Iceland to Senegal, including Cape Verde islands. Also in the Mediterranean and rarely in the Black Sea. Not much is known of this fish as it generally resides below 100m and most of the information regarding it has come from dead specimens caught by trawlers. This mackerel is edible and can be smoked, fried, salted and baked etc. The commercial use of this fish has been growing steadily since the 1970's, and it is set to be extinct within the next 20 years if this continues. Category:Carangidae

Hexagrammidae

Hexagrammos
Ophiodon
Oxylebius
Pleurogrammus
Zaniolepis The family of marine fishes Hexagrammidae incorporates the greenlings. There are five genera containing between 9 and 12 species. These fish are found on the continental shelf in the temperate or subarctic waters of the North Pacific. They are a well-known family in the littoral zone from southern California north to the Aleutian Islands. The most commercially important species is the lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus), a common food fish. Hexagrammids are small to moderate in size, averaging around 50 cm, although the lingcod can be much larger. Like many other scorpaeniform species, they have broad, spiny pectoral, dorsal, and anal fins. They are scavengers but also catch and eat small fish and bottom-dwelling animals such as crabs. They can be found off rocky shorelines, in kelp beds, and, especially during spawning, in shallow inlets and tidepools. The kelp greenling (Hexagrammos decagrammus) is a popular sport fish, and although it is not commercially valuable, it is considered a delicious food catch. The lingcod is long and olive-yellow in color, and has a very large, toothy mouth. The painted greenling (Oxylebius pictus) is smaller, brighter in color, and easily recognized by its large vertical red bands. Category:Scorpaeniformes

Sinclair

Sinclair - seria komputerów osobistych, kolejno:
- ZX-80
- ZX-81
- ZX Spectrum 48
- ZX Spectrum+
- ZX Spectrum 128 która zapoczątkowała rewolucję w zastosowaniach komputerów osobistych. Były to praktycznie pierwsze komputery na rynku dostępne dla normalnego użytkownika. Dostępne szerokie oprogramowanie zawierało gry, edytory tekstu, bazy danych czy nawet programy graficzne. Najbardziej popularnym komputerem z tej serii był Sinclair ZX Spectrum 48. Komputer posiadający gumową klawiaturę, 48 KB RAM, z czego 16 przypadalo na pamięć grafiki, wbudowany BASIC dostarczył wielkiej ilości ludzi dużo satysfakcji. Za wyprodukowanie tego komputera Clive Marles Sinclair otrzymał w roku 1983 tytuł Sir. Kategoria:komputery

tapety wygaszacze gry Gry Playstation WAKACJE Tanie pod�ogi hosting

:: RELATED NEWS ::

Mackerel

Species whose common name includes "mackerel"

Species known as simply "Mackerel" in various countries

Use as an adjective

See also

Fish

Fish ecology

Note on usage: "fish" vs. "fishes"

Fish as food

See also

External links

Scombridae

External link

King Mackerel

Description

Distribution and habitat

Migration patterns

Life history

Feeding habits

Fishing gear and methods

Nutrition and processing

Similar species

External links

Ventral

Directions

General usage

Usage in human anatomy

Relative directions

Relative directions in the limbs

Planes

General usage

Usage in human anatomy

Relative motions

See also

Anal fin

Scombroid food poisoning

Atlantic Spanish mackerel

Indo-Pacific king mackerel

Spanish Mackerel

See Also

Spotted Spanish mackerel

Atlantic horse mackerel

Hexagrammidae

Sinclair