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| Gilman, Wisconsin |
Gilman, WisconsinGilman is the name of some places in the U.S. state of Wisconsin:
- Gilman, Pierce County, Wisconsin
- Gilman, Taylor County, Wisconsin
U.S. state
A U.S. state is any one of the fifty states (four of which officially favor the term commonwealth) which, together with the District of Columbia and Palmyra Atoll (an uninhabited incorporated unorganized territory), form the United States of America. The separate state governments and the U.S. federal government share sovereignty, in that an "American" is a citizen both of the federal entity and of his or her state of residence.
The United States Constitution allocates power between the two levels of government in general terms; the general idea is that by ratifying the Constitution, each state has transferred certain aspects of its sovereign powers to the federal government while retaining the remainder for itself. The tasks of education, health, transportation, and other infrastructure are generally the responsibility of the states.
Over time, the Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization, with the federal government playing a much larger role than it once did.
Legal relationship
At the time of the Declaration of Independence from Great Britain in 1776, the 13 colonies became 13 independently sovereign states, which became fourteen in 1777 with the formation of the Vermont Republic; for a brief period, they were in effect legally separate nations. But upon the adoption of the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, the states became a single sovereign political entity as defined by international law, empowered to levy war and to conduct international relations, albeit with a very loosely structured and inefficient central government. After the failure of the union under the Articles of Confederation, the thirteen states joined the modern union via ratification of the United States Constitution, beginning in 1789.
Under Article IV of the Constitution, which outlines the relationship between the states, the Congress has the power to admit new states to the union. The states are required to give "full faith and credit" to the acts of each other's legislatures and courts, which is generally held to include the recognition of legal contracts, marriages, criminal judgments, and - at the time - slave status. The states are guaranteed military and civil defense by the federal government, which is also required to ensure that the government of each state remains a republic.
The Constitution is silent on the issue of the secession of a state from the union. The Articles of Confederation had stated that the earlier union of the colonies "shall be perpetual", and the preamble to the Constitution states that Constitution was intended to "form a more perfect union". In 1860 and 1861, several states attempted to secede, but were brought back into the Union by force of arms during the Civil War. Subsequently, the federal judicial system, in the case of Texas v. White, established that states do not have the right to secede without the consent of the other states.
- Four of the states bear the formal title of Commonwealth: Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. In these cases, this is merely a name and has no legal effect. However, the United States has non-state areas called commonwealths (Puerto Rico and the Northern Marianas) which do have a legal status different from the states.
- States are free to organize their judicial systems differently from the federal judiciary, as long as due process is protected. See state supreme court for more information. For example, most lawsuits in the state of New York are filed in the Supreme Court, and then appealed to the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court. The highest court in New York is the Court of Appeals.
- The joint resolution which admitted the Republic of Texas to the Union as a state guaranteed Texas the right to divide itself up into up to 5 states. This clause may be redundant, however, as any such state would arguably require Congressional approval, just as when Maine was split off from Massachusetts; it may also be unconstitutional, as reducing the equal suffrage of the other states in the United States Senate.
List of states
The states, with their U.S. postal abbreviations, traditional abbreviations, capitals and largest cities, are as follows. For a complete list of non-state dependent areas and other territory under control of the U.S., see United States dependent areas.
State names speak to the circumstances of their creation. (See the lists of U.S. state name etymologies and U.S. county name etymologies for more detail.)
- Southern states on the Atlantic coast originated as British colonies named after British monarchs: Georgia, the Carolinas, Virginia, and Maryland. Some northeastern states, also former British colonies, take their names from places in the British Isles: New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York.
- Many states' names are those of Native American tribes or are from Native American languages: Kansas, Massachusetts, Hawaii, Connecticut, Missouri, Iowa, Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota, the Dakotas, Mississippi, Texas, Utah, and others.
- Because they are on territories previously controlled by Spain or Mexico, many states in the southeast and southwest have Spanish names. They include Colorado, New Mexico, Florida, and Nevada.
- Because it was previously a French colony, Louisiana is named after the Louis XIV (King of France at the time).
- The origins of the names of California, Oregon, Idaho, and Rhode Island are unknown, although various theories exist.
Trivia
Names
- "Georgia" can refer to either a U.S. state or to an independent country in the Caucasus.
- The name "New York" can refer to any one of three geographical levels: a state, a city in that state, or a county (coterminous with the borough of Manhattan) in that city.
- "Washington" is a state, a city corresponding to the District of Columbia (and thus not part of any state), and a number of cities and counties in various states. See the list of places named for George Washington.
- The state of Washington is the only state named after a U.S. President (or after a person born within the area now comprising the U.S., for that matter).
- The official name of Rhode Island is "the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations."
- Only two states have state capitals named for the state (however, such name-sharing occurs commonly with states and provinces in some other countries, where the state or province actually often takes its name from a capital city): Oklahoma, with capital Oklahoma City, and Indiana, with capital Indianapolis (which means Indiana City). Iowa City, Iowa was the first state capital of Iowa but the capital was later moved to Des Moines, Iowa.
- Maine is the only state with a one-syllable name.
Geography
- Colorado and Wyoming are bounded by two circles of latitude and two meridians each, i.e. they appear to be rectangles in a cylindrical map projection.
- Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming are the only states whose borders are made up of only straight lines (taking meridians and circles of latitude as straight lines) and, thus, the only states whose borders completely ignore natural features.
- Every state—except Hawaii, which has no land boundaries—has straight lines as at least part of its boundaries. These are usually combined with rivers (see river borders of U.S. states), ridge lines and other natural boundaries. Pennsylvania and Delaware are unique in that their common border is an arc of a circle, see The Twelve-Mile Circle.
- The lower peninsula of Michigan is shaped like a mitten; Louisiana is shaped like a boot.
- Alaska, Florida, Idaho, Maryland, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Texas and West Virginia have panhandles.
- Alabama, Missouri, New Mexico and Mississippi have bootheels.
- Alaska and Hawaii are the only states that are not physically connected to other states; Maine is the only state that borders only one other state. Missouri and Tennessee each border eight other states, the most for any state.
- Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah are the only four states to share a common border, known as the "Four Corners."
- Appearances given by the stereographic projection to the contrary, Minnesota is the northernmost of the forty-eight contiguous United States, as a northern spur of the state contains a portion of Lake of the Woods. At one time it was thought that Lake of the Woods contained the headwaters of the Mississippi River (now known to be at Lake Itasca).
- Alaska is the northernmost state and the westernmost state. Some would argue that it is also the easternmost state, as the Aleutian island chain crosses the 180º line of longitude.
Grouping of the states in regions
Alaska, The South and The Northeast. Note that Alaska and Hawaii are shown at different scales, and that the Aleutian Islands and the uninhabited Northwestern Hawaiian Islands are omitted from this map.]]
States may be grouped in regions; there are endless variations and possible groupings, as most states are not defined by obvious geographic or cultural borders. For further discussion of regions of the U.S., see the list of regions of the United States.
State lists
- List of U.S. state capitals
- List of current and former capital cities within U.S. states
- List of U.S. states' largest cities
- List of U.S. states by date of statehood
- List of U.S. states that were never territories
- List of U.S. state name etymologies
- List of U.S. states by area
- List of U.S. states by elevation
- List of U.S. states by population
- List of U.S. states by population density
- List of U.S. states by time zone
- List of U.S. states by unemployment rate
- Traditional U.S. state abbreviations
- U.S. postal abbreviations
- U.S. state temperature extremes
- Codes: FIPS state code, ISO 3166-2:US
- Lists of U.S. state insignia
- List of U.S. state amphibians
- List of U.S. state beverages
- List of U.S. state birds
- List of U.S. state butterflies
- List of U.S. state colors
- List of U.S. state dances
- List of U.S. state dinosaurs
- List of U.S. state fish
- List of U.S. state flags
- List of U.S. state flowers
- List of U.S. state foods
- List of U.S. state fossils
- List of U.S. state grasses
- List of U.S. state insects
- List of U.S. state instruments
- List of U.S. state license plates
- List of U.S. state mammals
- List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones
- List of U.S. state mottos
- List of U.S. state nicknames
- List of U.S. state reptiles
- List of U.S. state seals
- List of U.S. state slogans
- List of U.S. state soils
- List of U.S. state songs
- List of U.S. state sports
- List of U.S. state tartans
- List of U.S. state trees
See also
- Geography of the United States
- List of regions of the United States
- Political divisions of the United States
- United States territory
- United States territorial acquisitions
- List of U.S. counties that share names with U.S. states
- States' rights
- Statehood Quarter
References
External links
- [http://factfinder.census.gov/bf/_lang=en_vt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_GCTPH1R_US9S_geo_id=01000US.html Tables with areas, populations, densities and more (in order of population)]
- [http://factfinder.census.gov/bf/_lang=en_vt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_GCTPH1_US9_geo_id=01000US.html Tables with areas, populations, densities and more (alphabetical)]
- [http://www.usnewspapers.org US Newspapers by State]
- [http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0854966.html Origin of State Names]
United States, States of the
Category:Subdivisions of the United States
- U.S. State
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simple:List of U.S. states
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zh-min-nan:BÃ-kok ê hêng-chèng-khu
Wisconsin:This article is on the U.S. state. For other uses see Wisconsin (disambiguation)
Wisconsin is a state in the United States, located in the Midwest.
Although the exact etymology of the name is uncertain, "Wisconsin" is thought to be an English version of a French adaptation of an Indian word. The Ojibwe word Miskasinsin, meaning "Red-stone place," was probably the name given to the Wisconsin River, which then was recorded as Ouisconsin by the French, and changed to its current form by the English. Other theories are that the name comes from words meaning "Gathering of the Waters" or "Great Rock." Wisconsin originally was applied to the Wisconsin River, and later to the area as a whole when Wisconsin became a territory. The state's name is abbreviated WI, Wis, or Wisc.
USS Wisconsin was named in honor of this state.
History
Main Article: History of Wisconsin
In 1634, Frenchman Jean Nicolet became Wisconsin's first European explorer, landing at Red Banks, near modern day Green Bay in search of a passage to the Orient. The French controlled the area until 1763, when it was ceded to the British.
After the American Revolutionary War, Wisconsin was a part of the U.S. Northwest Territory. It was then governed as part of Indiana Territory, Illinois Territory, and Michigan Territory. Wisconsin Territory was organized on July 3 1836 and became the 30th state on May 29 1848.
Wisconsin's political history encompasses, on the one hand, Fighting Bob La Follette and the Progressive movement; and on the other, Joe McCarthy, the controversial anti-Communist censured by the Senate during the 1950s. The first Socialist mayor of a large city in the United States was Emil Seidel, elected mayor of Milwaukee in 1910; another Socialist, Daniel Hoan, was mayor of Milwaukee from 1916 to 1940.
The state mineral is Galena, otherwise known as lead sulfide, which reflects Wisconsin's early mining history. Many town names such as Mineral Point recall a period in the 1820s, 1830s, and 1840s when Wisconsin was an important mining state. When Indian treaties opened up southwest Wisconsin to settlement, thousands of miners—many of them immigrants from Cornwall, England—flocked to southern Wisconsin in what could almost be termed a "lead rush." At one point Wisconsin produced more than half of the nation's lead. During the boom it appeared that southwest Wisconsin might become the population center of the state, and Belmont was briefly the state capital. By the 1840s the easily-accessible deposits were worked out, and experienced miners were drawn out of Wisconsin by the California Gold Rush. This period of mining before and during the early years of statehood directly led to the development of state's nickname, "the Badger State." Many miners and their families lived in the mines in which they worked until adequate above-ground shelters were built and were thus compared to Badgers.
See also
- Peshtigo Fire
- Territory of Wisconsin
- Wisconsin Walleye War
Culture
Wisconsin Walleye War
Known as "America's Dairyland," Wisconsin is also known for cheese. Citizens of Wisconsin are referred to as Wisconsinites, although a common nickname (sometimes used pejoratively) among non-residents is "Cheeseheads," due to the prevalence and quality of cheesemaking in the state. The state is also known for its alcohol production and consumption, historically home to a large number of breweries and bars per capita.
The state is home to the Green Bay Packers, one of the most successful small-market professional sports franchises in the country. Monday Night Football national broadcasts draw strong ratings during Packers games. The Packers' home stadium, Lambeau Field, is considered by many football enthusiasts to be "hallowed ground." The University of Wisconsin Badgers football program enjoys a similar loyalty; both teams are known to sell out their entire schedules far in advance.
The Milwaukee Art Museum in Milwaukee is known for its unique architecture. The Milwaukee County Zoological Gardens cover over 200 acres (800,000 m²) of land on the far west side of the city. Madison is home to the Vilas Zoo which is free for all visitors, and the Olbrich Gardens conservatory, as well as the hub of cultural activity at the University of Wisconsin. It is also known for Monona Terrace, a convention center that was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright.
Law and government
Frank Lloyd Wright]]
The capital is Madison and the largest city is Milwaukee. Beginning with the governorship of Robert M. La Follette, Sr. in the early 1900s and the state Progressive Party establishment soon thereafter, Wisconsin and in particular, Madison, have often been seen as leaders in labor, and social welfare legislation as well as legislation popularly termed "socially progressive." For example, in 1982 sexual orientation was added by the state legislature as a protected category under existing anti-discrimination laws, a step in the context of the 1980s seen as highly innovative. Russ Feingold was the only senator to vote against the Patriot Act, and Tammy Baldwin is the only openly lesbian U.S. Representative.
The state has supported Democrats in the last five presidential contests. During both the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections, Wisconsin was considered a "swing" state due to its residents being relatively equally split between voting for the Democratic and Republican candidates. The state just barely (by about 5,700 votes) went for the Democratic presidential candidate Al Gore in 2000, and by 14,000 votes to Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry in 2004, both of whom lost the national election. Republicans are concentrated in the eastern and north-central parts of the state, especially in the suburban counties around Milwaukee.
- Governors of Wisconsin
- Wisconsin State Legislature
- Wisconsin State Senate
- Wisconsin State Assembly
- U.S. Congressional Delegations from Wisconsin
- List of U.S. Senators from Wisconsin
Geography
U.S. Senators from Wisconsin
The state is bordered by the Montreal River, Lake Superior and Michigan to the north, by Lake Michigan to the east, by Illinois to the south, and by Iowa and Minnesota to the west. Part of the state's boundaries includes the Mississippi River and St. Croix River in the west, and the Menominee River in the northeast.
With its location between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River, Wisconsin is home to a wide variety of geographical features. These features allow the state to be broken into five distinct regions. In the north, the Lake Superior Lowland occupies a belt of land along Lake Superior. Just to the south, the Northern Highland includes the state's highest point, Timms Hill, as well as massive forests and thousands of small glacial lakes. In the middle of the state, the Central Plain possesses some unique sandstone formations like the Dells of the Wisconsin River in addition to rich farmland. The Eastern Ridges and Lowlands region in the southeast is home to many of Wisconsin's largest cities. In the southwest, the Western Upland is a rugged landscape with a mix of forest and farmland.
The varied landscape of Wisconsin makes the state a vacation destination popular for outdoor recreation. Winter events include skiing, ice fishing and snowmobile derbies. Wisconsin has many lakes of varied size, in fact Wisconsin contains 11,188 square miles of water, more then all but three other states. The distinctive Door Peninsula, which extends off of the eastern coast of the state, contains one of the state's most beautiful tourist destinations, Door County. The area draws thousands of visitors yearly to its quaint villages, seasonal cherry picking, and ever-popular [http://www.lakemichiganangler.com/recipes/fish/door_county_fish_boil_photos.htm fish boils].
Wisconsin's self-promotion as "America's Dairyland" sometimes leads to a mistaken impression that it is an exclusively rural state. In fact, however, Wisconsin contains cities and towns of all sizes. Milwaukee is a city slightly larger than Boston and part of a largely developed string of cities that stretches down the western edge of Lake Michigan into greater Chicago and also into northwestern Indiana. Milwaukee is also, in addition, the 19th largest city in the country. This string of cities along the western edge of Lake Michigan is generally considered to be an example of a megalopolis. Madison's triple identity as state capital, university town, and working city give it a cultural richness unusual in a city its size. Medium-sized cities dot the state and anchor a network of working farms surrounding them.
See also
- List of Wisconsin counties
- List of cities in Wisconsin
- List of villages in Wisconsin
- List of towns in Wisconsin
- List of Wisconsin rivers
Economy
The economy of Wisconsin is driven by agriculture and manufacturing. Although manufacturing accounts for a far greater part of the state's income than farming, Wisconsin is usually recognized primarily as a farm state. Wisconsin produces more dairy products than any other state in the United States except California, and leads the nation in cheese production. Although California has overtaken Wisconsin in the production of milk and butter, Wisconsin still produces more milk per capita than any other state in the Union. In addition to dairying, Wisconsin ranks first in the production of corn for silage, cranberries, ginseng, and snap beans for processing. Wisconsin is also a leading producer of oats, potatoes, carrots, tart cherries, maple syrup, and sweet corn for processing.
Given Wisconsin's strong agricultural tradition, it is not suprising that a large part of the state's manufacturing sector deals with food processing. Some well known food brands produced in Wisconsin include Oscar Mayer, Tombstone and Jack's frozen pizza, and Johnsonville Bratwursts. Kraft Foods alone employs over five thousand people in the state. Through Milwaukee, Wisconsin is also a major producer of beer.
In addition to food processing, Wisconsin is home to several transportation equipment and machinery manufacturers. Major Wisconsin companies in these categories include the Kohler Company, Rockwell International, Briggs & Stratton, and Harley-Davidson. Wisconsin also ranks first nationwide in the production of paper products; the lower Fox River from Lake Winnebago to the Bay of Green Bay has twenty-four paper mills along it's thirty-nine mile stretch. The largest paper companies with operations in Wisconsin are Kimberly-Clark and Georgia-Pacific, both of which rank among the state's top ten employers.
Tourism is also a major industry in Wisconsin. Tourism destinations such as the House on the Rock near Spring Green, Circus World Museum in Baraboo, and the collection of attractions around Wisconsin Dells each draw thousands of visitors every year, and festivals such as Summerfest and the EAA Oshkosh Airshow always attract large crowds.
Demographics
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, as of 2004, Wisconsin's population was 5,509,026. There are 229,800 foreign-born residents in the state (4.2% of the state population), and an estimated 41,000 illegal aliens living in the state, accounting for 18% of the foreign-born.
Between 1990 and 2004 the state's population grew 617,000, a growth of 12.6%
Race
The racial makeup of the state:
- 87.3% White
- 5.7% Black
- 3.6% Hispanic
- 1.7% Asian
- 1.2% Mixed race
- 0.9% Native American
Ancestry
The five largest ancestry groups in Wisconsin are: German (42.6%), Irish (10.9%), Polish (9.3%), Norwegian (8.5%), English (6.5%)
People of German ancestry are the largest ancestry group most of the state, with about half of the state's white population reporting at least partial German ancestry on the Census, and Wisconsin is widely regarded as the most "German-American" state in the Union (although North Dakota, with 43.9% German ancestry, can make this claim). People of Scandinavian descent, especially Norwegians, are heavily concentrated in some western parts of the state. Wisconsin also has the highest percentage of residents of Polish ancestry of any state. Menominee county is the only county in the eastern United States with an American Indian majority.
33% of Wisconsin's Asian population is Hmong, with significant communities in Milwaukee, Wausau, Green Bay, Sheboygan, Appleton, La Crosse, Madison, and Eau Claire.
6.4% of Wisconsin's population were reported as under 5, 25.5% under 18, and 13.1% were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 50.6% of the population.
Religion
The religious affiliations of the people of Wisconsin are shown in the list below:
- Christian – 85%
- Protestant – 55%
- Lutheran – 23%
- Methodist – 7%
- Baptist – 6%
- Presbyterian – 2%
- United Church of Christ – 2%
- Other Protestant or general Protestant – 15%
- Roman Catholic – 29%
- Other Christian – 1%
- Other Religions – 1%
- Non-Religious – 14%
Important cities and villages
Cities and villages are incorporated urban areas in Wisconsin. Towns are unincorporated minor civil divisions of counties.
Cities/Metroplitan areas in Wisconsin with population of 50,000 or more as of 2000 include:
- Milwaukee, pop. 596,125 (1,709,926 in metropolitan area), nations 33rd largest television market.
- Madison, pop. 220,332 (588,885 in metropolitan area), nations 85th largest television market, state capital, flagship campus of the University of Wisconsin
- Green Bay, pop. 102,263 (226,778 in metropolitan area), nations 69th largest television market, home of Green Bay Packers football team; other area attractions include the National Railroad Museum and the Neville Public Museum.
- Kenosha, pop. 93,798; considered part of the greater "Chicagoland" area; site of Kenosha Velodrome, opened in 1927, oldest operating velodrome in the U. S.; International HQ of the Barbershop Harmony Society.
- Racine, pop. 81,703, headquarters of S. C. Johnson (Johnson Wax) with Frank Lloyd Wright-designed administration building. Once home of the Racine Belles, an All-American Girls Professional Baseball League team.
- Appleton, pop. 70,293 (372,110 in metropolitan area). Location of Lawrence University and the Harry Houdini Historical Center, controversial for a 2004 exhibit showing the secret of Houdini's famous "Metamorphosis" trick
- Waukesha, pop. 67,258
- Oshkosh, pop. 63,515 (372,110 in metropolitan area). Home of the busiest airport in the world—during the week when the Experimental Aircraft Association, devoted to hobbyist-built aircraft, holds its annual Oshkosh Airshow.
- Eau Claire, pop. 61,702 (148,337 in metropolitan area). Home of National Presto Industries and Menards.
- Janesville, pop. 60,294. Home to a major General Motors assembly plant, 3.5 million square feet (325,000 m²) in size.
- West Allis, pop. 60,254. Home of the Pettit National Ice Center (formerly the West Allis Olympic Ice Rink), training center for the U. S. Olympic speedskating team, and the West Allis Speedskating Club, which as of 2005 has nurtured 17 Olympians and 95 national champions.
- Sheboygan, pop. 56,792.
- La Crosse, pop. 51,907. Wisconsin's main port on the Mississippi River and home of Trane.
- Fond du Lac, pop. 42,203 (57,479 in metropolitan area). Nearly equidistant from Green Bay, Madison, and Milwaukee.
- Wausau, pop. 38,469 (157,969 in metropolitan area). Home to Granite Peak Ski Area; located at crossroads of Interstate 39 and Wisconsin State Highway 29.
- Manitowoc , pop. 34,567 (53,456 in micropolitan area).
Among other municipalities are:
Manitowoc
- Antigo, pop. 8,560,
- Baraboo, pop. 10,717, home of Circus World Museum
- Beloit, pop. 35,821, home of Beloit College
- De Pere pop. 20,559 home of St. Norbert College. West De Pere is not a separate municipality; but, rather the neighborhoods of De Pere west of the Fox River.
- Portage, pop. 9,728, birthplace of Frederick Jackson Turner, Zona Gale
- Ripon, birthplace of the Republican Party
- Stevens Point, pop. 24,539, home of the [http://www.for-wild.org/wchf/ Wisconsin Conservation Hall of Fame], commemorating Aldo Leopold, John Muir, and others
- Superior, pop. 27,389
- Waterloo, pop. 3,259, home to the headquarters of one of the world's largest bicycle manufacturers, Trek Bicycle Corporation
- Watertown
- Wauwatosa, pop. 47,271, home to one of two level 1 trauma centers in the state
- Wisconsin Dells, pop. 2,418 (approx. 4,000 including Lake Delton), popular resort area, home of Tommy Bartlett's thrill shows and numerous hotels and themeparks.
- Wisconsin Rapids, pop. 18,435
Education
Colleges and universities
Four-year and postgraduate institutions
Wisconsin School of Professional Psychology
Two-year institutions
Professional sports teams
- Milwaukee Brewers, Major League Baseball
- Minor League Baseball Teams
- Wisconsin Timber Rattlers
- Beloit Snappers
- Northwoods League baseball teams
- Eau Claire Express
- La Crosse Loggers
- Madison Mallards
- Wisconsin Woodchucks
- Milwaukee Bucks, National Basketball Association
- Green Bay Packers, National Football League
- Milwaukee Admirals, American Hockey League
- Milwaukee Wave, Major Indoor Soccer League
- Milwaukee Wave United (dormant for 2005), United Soccer Leagues
Miscellaneous information
- List of people from Wisconsin
- List of television stations in Wisconsin
- List of Wisconsin state parks
- Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference
- List of Wisconsin railroads
External links
- [http://www.wisconsin.gov/ State of Wisconsin]
- [http://www.wisconsin.gov/state/core/wisconsin_state_symbols.html Wisconsin state symbols]
- [http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/55000.html U.S. Census Bureau]
- [http://www.wicourts.gov/ Wisconsin Court System]
- [http://www.legis.state.wi.us/ Wisconsin State Legislature]
- [http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/ Wisconsin Historical Society]
- [http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WI The State of Wisconsin Collection] from the [http://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/ University of Wisconsin Digital Collections Center]
- [http://strivinglife.net/articles/canwipickpres.shtml Can Wisconsin Pick a Presidential Candidate, or What?] - Article looking at the Presidential voting record of Wisconsin from 1900 to 2004.
- [http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/topics/wisconsin-name/ Wisconsin's Name: Where It Came From and What It Means]
- [http://www.usnewspapers.org/state/wisconsin/ Wisconsin Newspapers]
- [http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WIReader Wisconsin Electronic Reader]. Stories, essays, letters, poems, biographies, journals and tidbits from Wisconsin history. Many first hand accounts - profusely illustrated.
- [http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/wipionexp Wisconsin Pioneer Experience]. The Wisconsin Pioneer Experience is a digital collection of diaries, letters, reminiscences, speeches and other writings of people who settled and built Wisconsin during the 19th century.
- [http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/SurveyNotes Wisconsin Public Land Survey Records: Original Field Notes and Plat Maps]. The field notes and plat maps of the public land survey of Wisconsin, conducted between 1832 and 1866 by the federal General Land Office. This work established the township, range and section grid; the pattern upon which land ownership and land use is based.
- [http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WI.WIPublicDocs Public Documents of the State of Wisconsin]. Public Documents of the State of Wisconsin, commonly known as Wisconsin Public Documents (WPD), consists of the annual and biennial reports of all important Wisconsin state agencies from 1852-1914 and is an important collection of documents issued by the state of Wisconsin during this time period. In addition to the annual and biennial reports of various state officers, departments and institutions, WPD is a source for Wisconsin statistical tables, financial charts, vintage photographs, supplementary documents, maps, other graphics and research monographs on specific topics. Virtually all aspects of the social sciences in Wisconsin during the 1852-1914 timeframe are represented in this online collection of 118 volumes.
- [http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WI.USAIN History of Wisconsin Agriculture and Rural Life]. The History of Wisconsin Agriculture and Rural Life collection is based on a bibliography compiled as part of the National Preservation Project for Agricultural Literature. Items in this online collection are primary and secondary materials, published through 1945, that document the history of agriculture and rural life in late 19th and early 20th century Wiscosnin.
- [http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WI.HistAgSchaf A History of Agriculture in Wisconsin], by Schafer, Joseph (1867-1941)
- [http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/EcoNatRes.GeoNatResWI Geology and Natural Resources of Wisconsin]. Geology and Natural Resources of Wisconsin consists of nine foundation volumes that provide detailed documentation of mid- to late-19th century Wisconsin geological and natural history. Contents include government reports and land surveys of Wisconsin and surrounding states, supplemented with numerous maps and illustrations.
- [http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/Antiquities The Antiquities of Wisconsin]. The Antiquities of Wisconsin, Increase A. Lapham's most important published work, includes 92 pages of text, illustrated with 61 wood engravings, and 55 lithographed plates and was the result of his research into the Indian effigy mounds found on Wisconsin's Landscape.
- [http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/whi/ Wisconsin Historical Images]. Online collection of over 15,000 historical photographs related to Wisconsin and North America.
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Category:States of the United States
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Gilman, Taylor County, WisconsinGilman is a village located in Taylor County, Wisconsin. As of the 2000 census, the village had a total population of 474.
Geography
2000Gilman is located at 45°9'54" North, 90°48'35" West (45.164963, -90.809755).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 6.1 km² (2.3 mi²). 6.1 km² (2.3 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there are 474 people, 185 households, and 110 families residing in the village. The population density is 78.2/km² (202.8/mi²). There are 209 housing units at an average density of 34.5/km² (89.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the village is 97.89% White, 0.00% African American, 0.00% Native American, 0.42% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 1.48% from other races, and 0.21% from two or more races. 1.69% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 185 households out of which 24.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.9% are married couples living together, 10.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 40.5% are non-families. 36.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 18.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.26 and the average family size is 2.97.
In the village the population is spread out with 19.8% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 24.3% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 28.1% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 44 years. For every 100 females there are 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 91.9 males.
The median income for a household in the village is $32,708, and the median income for a family is $50,833. Males have a median income of $29,875 versus $22,083 for females. The per capita income for the village is $18,075. 14.0% of the population and 7.8% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 11.8% of those under the age of 18 and 30.8% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
External links
- [http://www.vil.gilman.k12.wi.us/ Village of Gilman site]
Category:Taylor County, Wisconsin
Category:Villages in Wisconsin Alessandro Scarlatti
Alessandro Scarlatti (2 maggio 1660 – 24 ottobre 1725) fu un compositore italiano di musica barocca, particolarmente famoso per le sue opere. Viene considerato il fondatore della scuola napoletana dell'opera. Era il padre di Domenico Scarlatti.
:"Alessandro Scarlatti è un grand'uomo, e per essere così buono, riesce cattivo perché le compositioni sue sono difficilissime e cose da stanza, che in teatro non riescono, in primis chi s'intende di contrapunto le stimarà ; ma in un'udienza d'un teatro di mille persone, non ve ne sono venti che l'intendono."
Il Conte Francesco Maria Zambeccari, acuto indagatore dei costumi musicali ed attento interprete dei gusti del pubblico contemporaneo individua per primo (Siamo nel 1709) uno dei principali motivi che contribuiranno alla progressiva ed inesorabile scomparsa dal repertorio della quasi totalità della sterminata opera di Alessandro Scarlatti, ossia l'estrema complessità formale che contraddistingue il linguaggio d'un autore votato ad uno stile severo e rigoroso, sostenuto dalla più solida dottrina contrappuntistica, appresa inizialmente nella nativa Palermo (dove vide la luce il 2 maggio del 1660), e successivamente affinata nella Roma dominata dall'imponente figura di Giacomo Carissimi (1605-1674), compositore presso cui (secondo alcuni studiosi) il giovane Alessandro avrebbe svolto un breve ma intenso periodo di apprendistato nel corso dei primi mesi di soggiorno nella Città Eterna.
Già in quell'epoca il musicista siciliano (che nel 1678 aveva ottenuto l'incarico di Maestro di Cappella presso la Chiesa di S. Giacomo degli Incurabili) si era segnalato per la stupefacente padronanza dei più complessi artifici retorici, che sapeva profondere nelle sue opere non disgiuntamente dalla sublime vena di malinconia che iniziava a velare la freschezza di melodie ancora memori della predominante scuola veneziana e dell'influsso di Alessandro Stradella (1644-1682), protagonista della musica romana che stava per concludere la sua sventurata e romanzesca parabola di uomo e di compositore nella lontana Genova per mano di un anonimo assassino.
Il primo documento che attesti l'attività di Alessandro Scarlatti in veste di compositore risale al 1679, e riguarda l'assegnazione d'un importante incarico – la stesura d'un oratorio – da parte della prestigiosa e potentissima Arciconfraternita del SS. Crocifisso:
:"A dì 27 gennaio 1679. E fu resoluto nel modo di tenere circa l'elezione de li M.ri di Cappella che devono fare l'Oratorii nelli cinque Venerdì di Quaresima. […] si pensava per parte del Sig. Duca Altemps di valersi del Sig Foggia, il Sig. Duca D'Acquasparta il Sig. Don Pietro Cesi, il Sig. Duca di Paganica il Scarlattino alias il Siciliano […]"
La delibera dell'influente associazione mostra senza ombra di dubbio che il diciannovenne "Scarlattino" si era già fatto apprezzare in Roma, dove godeva della protezione di una delle famiglie nobiliari più in vista: il segreto d'un successo così rapido è da ricercarsi probabilmente nella diffusione delle sue prime opere, in cui la vera vocazione del musicista – ossia una particolare attitudine per la scrittura vocale - si evidenziava già con estrema forza. Le cantate stilisticamente attribuibili a questo periodo rivelano un'originale varietà di strutture, spesso memore di stilemi arcaici (arie variate sopra un basso fondamentale – ciaccona - ) che vengono liberamente accostati a procedimenti più "moderni" (come l'aria da capo).
Il tipo di voce utilizzata è quasi sempre quella che afferisce al registro sopranile (sarà così per la quasi totalità delle circa settecento cantate a voce sola composte da Scarlatti nel corso della sua carriera), e non si tratta probabilmente di un atteggiamento meramente volto ad assecondare la nobile ed erudita committenza a cui questi veri e propri drammi per musica in miniatura erano destinati, bensì d'uno spontaneo trasporto verso una tipologia vocale che doveva parergli particolarmente adeguata ad assecondare le proprie necessità espressive. Il grande successo ottenuto da queste composizioni (di cui in tutto il mondo si conservano numerosissimi esemplari manoscritti a testimonianza della loro diffusione) conferma che l'innegabile complessità della scrittura scarlattiana doveva trovare riscontro in esecutori di sicuro talento ed in uditori di grandissima cultura (Quali erano i componenti della nascente Accademia d'Arcadia, di cui il palermitano sarà eletto membro nel 1706 unitamente a Bernardo Pasquini ed Arcangelo Corelli).
A Roma poi l'oratorio trovava terreno fertile anche per motivi "politici": con l'eccezione di una breve parentesi, coincidente con l'ascesa al Santo Soglio di Papa Alessandro VIII, l'attività teatrale a Roma fu soggetta a gravi restrizioni a cavallo tra Seicento e Settecento. Il melodramma vi era di fatto proibito, anche se la nobiltà e le più alte cariche ecclesiastiche erano solite aggirare i divieti pontifici (o ad ignorarli del tutto) facendo rappresentare in forma privata nelle proprie dimore spettacoli operistici per i quali venivano allestiti scenari dai migliori architetti, ed in cui intervenivano i più celebri cantanti, anche dall'estero.
Nel 1703 Sua Santità aveva promulgato un editto che proibiva per cinque anni le attività connesse al festeggiamento del Carnevale (e segnatamente la rappresentazione di melodrammi) per ringraziare la Divina Provvidenza di aver risparmiato l'Urbe da una serie di violenti terremoti che avevano invece colpito gravemente il resto del Lazio. Occorreva quindi sfruttare un sistema "lecito" per godere di una forma di spettacolo il più possibile vicina all'opera: commissionare la composizione di oratorii in lingua volgare.
Questa tipologia aveva assunto, nella sua evoluzione stilistica, un ruolo di succedaneo del dramma per musica, da cui si differenziava ormai solo per ciò che riguarda le fonti d'ispirazione: la storia sacra prendeva il posto della narrazione a sfondo arcadico o mitologico, ed i personaggi comici erano banditi dall'intreccio. Rimanevano invece simili la struttura formale (alternarsi di recitativi arie e duetti, sempre più spesso nella forma da capo) ed il grado di virtuosismo – talora sfrenato - richiesto sia agli interpreti vocali che strumentali. Svincolato dalla solennità conferita dalla lingua latina, anche l'oratorio in lingua italiana poteva così uscire dalle Basiliche, ed essere allestito nei fastosi palazzi della nobiltà .
Un gran numero di commissioni continuavano tuttavia a pervenire ai maestri di cappella da parte delle potenti confraternite oratoriali di San Girolamo e da parte degli influenti protettori della Chiesa Nuova, tra cui figuravano la Regina Cristina di Svezia, il Cardinale Pietro Ottoboni, il Principe Francesco Maria Ruspoli e lo stesso Papa Clemente XI. Già nel tardo Seicento Carissimi e Stradella a Roma avevano offerto stupendi esempi di composizioni oratoriali in lingua italiana, il cui vero codificatore fu tuttavia Alessandro Scarlatti, che ne licenziò, nel corso della sua carriera, circa quaranta, in gran parte su richiesta di committenti romani. Il palermitano si dimostrò non solo capace di assecondare i gusti del suo pubblico, ma osò in alcune occasioni adottare soluzioni ardite ed innovative, in piena adesione allo spirito ed all'estetica barocca.
Agli esordi del Nuovo Secolo, pur non risiedendo stabilmente nella Città Eterna, egli era il dominatore incontrastato in un ambiente dove la concorrenza era rappresentata da musicisti del calibro dei fratelli Melani, di Bernardo Pasquini e di Antonio Caldara, e dove perfino cardinali e principi componevano libretti e talora cantate o musica strumentale. Forse Scarlatti inizia inconsapevolmente a scavare un solco tra sé ed il proprio pubblico solo quando intraprende l'avventura di compositore operistico, campo in cui si dimostra geniale innovatore e, sfortunatamente per lui, anticipatore ed organizzatore delle forme che l'opera seria assumerà nel corso del Settecento.
Eppure i suoi primi passi nel mondo del melodramma avvengono sotto i migliori auspici: nell'inverno del 1679 la sua seconda opera, Gli equivoci nel sembiante, ottiene un successo clamoroso, che gli vale l'iniziale interessamento e quindi la protezione della Regina Cristina di Svezia (nel libretto della successiva Honestà negli amori si può già fregiare del titolo di Maestro di Cappella della sovrana). La fama rapidamente acquisita, la circolazione di alcune sue partiture in tutta Europa ed il conseguente stimolo ad affermarsi come operista lo spingono lontano da Roma e lo portano a Napoli, dove vedono la luce, nel giro di diciotto anni (1684-1702) non meno di trentacinque drammi per musica, un numero impressionante di cantate ed una gran copia di musica sacra e spirituale: a Napoli Scarlatti ha modo ed agio di sperimentare quelli che diverranno, nel giro di pochi anni, i punti fermi del teatro musicale di tutto un continente fino alla rivoluzione mozartiana, ossia l'uso sempre più frequente di recitativo stromentato ed il massiccio utilizzo dell'aria da capo, destinata a prendere il posto d'ogni altro tipo d'aria.
Alcuni importanti storici del Novecento hanno sottolineato l'importanza che le ouverture avanti l'opera ideate da Scarlatti in questi anni rivestirono nel fornire un modello per la prima fase di sviluppo della sinfonia classica (anche se questo giudizio non ha contribuito a squarciare il velo di silenzio che ancora oggi ricopre i numerosi melodrammi custoditi presso le biblioteche di tutto il mondo in attesa di un'auspicabile riscoperta).
Due motivazioni - la prima di carattere estetico e la seconda di natura economica – suggerirono a Scarlatti di lasciare Napoli nel 1702, ossia quando si trovava al culmine della fama: innanzitutto il suo gusto lo stava portando a fare sempre meno concessioni al pubblico partenopeo (che pure gli tributava enormi successi); la sua musica si dirigeva verso un grado di ricerca formale sempre più avanzata, ed il maestro desiderava continuare le proprie sperimentazioni con maggiore libertà . In secondo luogo la situazione finanziaria della sua numerosa famiglia stava peggiorando, poiché gli stipendi che gli spettavano in qualità di Maestro della Reale Cappella non gli venivano corrisposti con regolarità .
Sperando di trovare un impiego fisso e ben remunerato presso il Principe Ferdinando III de' Medici si trasferisce a Firenze, ma – nonostante il successo riscosso dalla messa in scena di alcuni suoi melodrammi (oggi perduti) – non ottiene alcun incarico. Accetta a quel punto di stabilirsi a Roma (1703), dove viene insignito del titolo di vice Maestro di Cappella della Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore: in quegli anni vive a stretto contatto con Arcangelo Corelli (con cui collabora assiduamente), ed intensifica la produzione di musica sacra e di cantate, senza peraltro rinunciare a perfezionare il proprio modello ideale di dramma per musica.
È questo il momento in cui Scarlatti si allontana definitivamente dal gusto dell'epoca: la sua musica operistica e vocale in generale si fa sempre più complessa: le sinfonie si arricchiscono nel contrappunto, le arie divengono più estese, e presentano accompagnamenti sempre più raramente affidati al solo basso continuo; il virtuosismo tende a farsi più espressivo, ed agli artisti, più che sfoggio di mere abilità tecniche, vengono richieste vere e proprie adesioni spirituali al testo scritto. Accuse di eccessiva severità nello stile e di pomposità iniziano a giungergli a Venezia, allorché egli vi rappresenta uno dei suoi capolavori, il Mitridate Eupatore (1707).
:"Che sia musica soave – spirti rei negar nol ponno Se negli occhi a chi non l'have – introduce un dolce sonno."
È l'inizio dell'incomprensione che accompagnerà il genio di Scarlatti fino alla tomba e che farà sparire le sue opere dal repertorio, con una significativa eccezione: la musica strumentale licenziata da Alessandro Scarlatti occupa una posizione marginale rispetto all'enorme mole della musica vocale, ed è normale per un autore che – come si è visto – mostra una naturale predisposizione nel mettersi al servizio della voce umana.
Ciò che stupisce è che – dimenticata quasi completamente l'opera vocale (sacra, profana ed operistica), l'Ottocento e (purtroppo) anche il Novecento si siano dedicati con una certa assiduità solo alla diffusione ed all'esecuzione del repertorio strumentale. Se le composizioni per tastiera, abbastanza numerose e generalmente di alto livello stilistico risentono ancora dell'assurdo paragone con quelle del figlio Domenico e vengono eseguite con spirito "pionieristico", le Dodici Sinfonie di Concerto Grosso sono entrate a far parte stabilmente del bagaglio di molte compagini specializzate nell'esecuzione di musica antica.
Anche questi brani hanno faticato non poco ad affrancarsi dalla patente di corellismo un po' troppo semplicisticamente cucita loro addosso, ma sono infine riusciti ad imporsi in virtù del perfetto dominio del contrappunto (esplicitato nel fantasioso e libero uso di arcaici ritmi di danza) e soprattutto grazie alla bellezza delle melodie, soavemente venate da un sentimento di sottile e sublime malinconia che è il tratto caratteristico ed originale di tutta l'opera di uno dei più alti ingegni del barocco italiano.
A Napoli Scarlatti conduce gli ultimi anni della sua vita, stimato e venerato ma ormai fatalmente ai margini della vita culturale. Il plauso dei maggiori teorici e dei più apprezzati musicisti contemporanei (tra cui Georg Friedrich Haendel, Johann Adolf Hasse, ed il severissimo Johann Joachim Quantz) incoraggia il compositore a proseguire nella sua raffinata ricerca formale, che culmina in due capolavori della maturità , Il trionfo dell'onore (1718) e Griselda (1721), partiture ancora una volta di incantevole fattura ma lontane anni-luce dal gusto del pubblico.
La morte lo coglie all'ombra del Vesuvio, nel 1725, dove si era ritirato da qualche anno rinunciando quasi totalmente alla composizione: una nuova generazione di musicisti lo aveva già sostituito nel cuore dei frequentatori dei teatri partenopei, ma questa nuova generazione era stata formata nel gusto - e nello spirito – da uno dei più ferventi ammiratori della solenne magniloquenza dello stile scarlattiano, Francesco Durante (1684–1755). Attraverso l'insegnamento di questo superbo didatta l'ammirazione per il musicista palermitano si mantenne viva e riconoscibile nello stile di Pergolesi, Duni, Traetta, Sacchini, Paisiello, Piccinni, Ciampi e Jommelli, diffondendosi trionfalmente in tutto il mondo col nome di opera napoletana.
Scarlatti
Scarlatti
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