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Sout

Sout

Sawt (also spelled sout or sowt) is a kind of popular music found in the Persian Gulf area, especially in Kuwait and Bahrain. Sawt is a complex form of urban music, originally performed by 'ud (a string instrument) and mirwas (a drum), with a violin later supplementing the arrangement.

Further reading


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External links


- [http://zeryab.com/E/Aswat.htm Audio samples from Zeryab.com] Category:Kuwaiti music Category:Bahraini music Category:Musical genres Category:Arab Gulf states



Kuwait

The State of Kuwait is a small oil-rich monarchy on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed by Saudi Arabia in the south and Iraq in the north. Kuwait is located in the Middle East.

History

Kuwait was established in the 16th century when several clans from the Al Aniza tribe migrated to the northern shore of the Persian Gulf from the Najd, their famine-stricken homeland in central Arabia. They settled in what is now known as Qatar for more than sixty years before migrating over sea to settle in the Isle De Chader, where they built a small fort, or “kut”. The current rulers of the country are descended from Sabah I, who was chosen by the community, which was composed mainly of traders. They were tasked with administering the affairs of the State, including foreign affairs and taxation/duties. This is unlike most other Arab emirates of the Persian Gulf where the rulers seized and maintained authority by force. The 17th century saw the Arabian Peninsula in tumultuous times. The area that is now Kuwait was occupied by tribes and used for spice trading from India. By the 18th century, most of the local people made a living selling pearls. However, as pearl farming developed in Japan during the 1930s, Kuwait became impoverished. In 1899, growing British influence led to Kuwait becoming a British protectorate. Oil transformed Kuwait into one of the richest countries in the Arab peninsula; in 1953 the country became the largest exporter of oil in the Persian Gulf. This massive growth attracted many immigrant laborers who were rarely granted citizenship. Kuwait, having amassed great wealth, was the first of the Persian Gulf-Arab states to declare independence on June 19 1961. Iraq challenged this declaration, claiming that Kuwait was part of its territory. It threatened to invade Kuwait, but was deterred by the Egyptians. An important period in Kuwait's political, social and economic development was the Souk Al-Manakh Crisis of 1982. This was a major stock market crash that had widespread consequences and has endured in the public memory twenty years later as a result. After being allied with Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War until its end in 1988 (largely due to the desire for Iraqi protection from Shiite Iran), Kuwait was invaded by Iraq (under Saddam Hussein) on August 2, 1990. Hussein's primary justifications included a charge that Kuwaiti territory was in fact an Iraqi province, and that annexation was retaliation for "economic warfare" Kuwait had allegedly waged through slant drilling into oil supplies that were in disputed territories. The monarchy was deposed after annexation, and a new Kuwaiti governor was installed by Saddam Hussein. Authorized by the UN Security Council, an American-led coalition of 34 nations fought the Persian Gulf War to reinstate the Kuwaiti Emir. After 6 weeks of fierce fighting in the early 1991, Iraq was forced to withdraw its troops from Kuwait on February 26, 1991; during retreat, the Iraqi Armed Forces practiced a scorched earth policy by setting fire to Kuwaiti oil wells. The fires took over nine months to fully extinguish, and the cost of repairs to oil infrastructure exceeded US $5,000,000,000. Certain buildings and infrastructural facilities (including Kuwait International Airport) were also severely damaged during the war . Kuwait now remains under the governance of the Amir Jabir al-Ahmad al-Jabir Al Sabah as an independent state and is of strategic importance.

Politics

Chief of state is the Emir, a semi-hereditary title. The emir appoints the prime minister, who until recently was also the crown prince. A council of ministers aids the prime minister in his task as head of government. The parliament known as the Majlis Al-Umma (National Assembly), consists of 50 members, who are chosen in elections held every four years. Government ministers, according to the Constitution of the State, are given automatic membership in the parliament. Prior to 2005, only 15% of the Kuwaiti citizen population was allowed to vote, with all women, "recently naturalised" citizens (less than 30 years of citizenship), and members of the armed forces excluded. On May 16, 2005, Parliament permitted women's suffrage by a 35-23 vote, subject to Islamic law and effective for the 2007 Parliamentary Election. It is unclear what terms will be imposed upon female voters through the decision's requirement of them to abide by Islamic law, such as whether it will require conservative dress and separate polling places. The decision could raise Kuwait's voter rolls from 139,000 to as many as 339,000 if all eligible women register; the total number of Kuwaitis is estimated at more than 960,000. Recently, Prime Minister Sheikh Sabah al-Ahmad al-Sabah announced the appointment of Dr Massouma Mubarak as planning minister and minister of state for administrative development affairs. The appointment of a woman as a cabinet minister was a big breakthrough in Kuwaiti political system and it makes Kuwait the third country in the conservative Gulf Arab region to have a woman cabinet minister. See also: al-Sabah Ruling Family See also: Elections in Kuwait

Governorates

Elections in Kuwait Kuwait is divided into 6 governorates or provinces (Arabic: muhafazat, singular - muhafadhah). The Kuwaiti government prefers to use the term governorate over province:
- Al Ahmadi
- Al Farwaniyah
- Al Asimah
- Al Jahra
- Hawalli
- Mubarak Al-Kabeer The major cities are the capital Kuwait, and Jahrah (further in the north-west, 30-minute drive from the capital). The main residential and business areas are Salmiya and Hawalli. The main industrial area is Shuwaikh which resides within the Al Asimah Governorate.

Geography

Kuwait consists mostly of desert, with little altitude difference. Kuwait is the only country in the world with no natural lake or water reservoir. It has nine islands, the largest one being the Bubiyan, which is linked to the mainland by a concrete bridge (after the liberation in 1991 the island was converted into a military base and currently no civilians are allowed in). The islands are: 1991
- Auhah Island
- Bubiyan Island
- Failaka Island
- Kubbar Island
- Miskan Island
- Qaruh Island
- Umm al Maradim Island
- Umm an Namil Island
- Warbah Island Kuwait is considered to be one of the fifteen lands that comprise the "Cradle of Humanity". Kuwait enjoys a variable continental climate. Summers (April to October) are extremely hot and dry with temperatures reaching above 51°C (123.8°F) in Kuwait City. Winters (November to February) are cool with limited precipitation and temperature level dropping below 21°C (69.8°F). The spring season is cool and pleasant.

Economy

February. Two water-storage tanks, left, designed to resemble minarets, or mosque towers, hold potable water.]] Kuwait is a small, rich, relatively open economy with proved crude oil reserves of 94 billion barrels (15 km³) - 10% of world reserves. Petroleum accounts for nearly half of GDP, 90% of export revenues, and 75% of government income. Kuwait's climate limits agricultural development. Consequently, with the exception of fish, it depends almost wholly on food imports. About 75% of potable water must be distilled or imported. Higher oil prices put the FY99/00 budget into a €1.7 billion ($2 billion) surplus. The FY00/01 budget covers only nine months because of a change in the fiscal year. The budget for FY01/02 envisioned higher expenditures for salaries, construction, and other general categories. Kuwait continues its discussions with foreign oil companies to develop fields in the northern part of the country. By 1990 the country earned more from foreign investment than from oil exports. The expenses of the Iraqi invasion and postwar reconstruction placed a heavy economic burden on the country, but by the mid-1990s Kuwait had resumed its preinvasion prosperity. Gross domestic product (GDP) for 2003 was €34.6 billion ($41.7 billion), giving Kuwait a per capita GDP of $17,420 (€14,166). The labor force totals 1,073,115 people, only about one-quarter of whom are Kuwaiti citizens. The Central Bank of Kuwait in the capital city issues Kuwait’s currency, the Kuwaiti dinar. The dinar is valued at 0.351676 KWD per 1EUR and at 0.292010 KWD per 1USD, making it the highest-valued currency in the world.

Oil Industry

distilled Because the government owns the oil industry, it controls most of the economy—in all, about 75 percent of the GDP. Kuwait’s oil exports vary depending on internal needs (almost all of Kuwait’s energy is derived from oil), international demand and prices, and production quotas fixed by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), of which Kuwait is a member. OPEC’s quotas, however, are difficult to enforce, and Kuwait and other countries have been accused of violating them. In 2002 oil production was 692 million barrels. The chief oil companies are -
- Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) - A crude oil exploration and development company
- Kuwait National Petroleum Company (KNPC) - Runs Oil Refineries across Kuwait
- Petrochemicals Industries Company (PIC) - Petrochemical & Fertilizers manufacturer
- Kuwait Petroleum Intl. Limited (KPIL - Q8) - Runs refining and marketing business in Europe
- Kuwait Foreign Petroleum Exploraton Company (KUFPEC) - Intl. Oil Exploration Company
- Equate - A Petrochemical company formed by PIC and Dow Chemical

Demographics

Kuwaiti citizens are a minority of those who reside in Kuwait. The government only rarely grants citizenship to non-citizens (who are generally referred to as expatriates). About 80% of the Kuwaiti population is Arab; Arab expatriates include a large group of Egyptians and also stateless Arabs, locally known as Bidoon (an Arabic word meaning "without" and different from Bedouin). Other large groups of expatriates include Pakistanis, Indians, Bangladeshis, Egyptians and Filipinos. Kuwait formerly had a large Palestinian population, though most of them were forced out of the country after PLO leader Yassir Arafat's support of Iraq during the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait. The official language is Arabic, although English is generally understood. Some immigrants also speak their own local languages. About 85% of Kuwait's population are Muslims, mostly Sunni. Of Kuwait's Muslims, it is estimated that around 80% of them are Sunni, and around 20% or slightly more are Shia Muslims.

Infrastructure

Shia (seen in background) is the world's 13th tallest free-standing structure.]] Kuwait's infrastructure took a considerable beating during the 1st Gulf War. Hundreds of oil wells were put on fire and the country's oil production had come to standstill. Much has changed since the end of the Gulf War. The Kuwaiti government has poured billions of dollars to construct an elaborate roadway system and in 2003, the telecommunication industry achieved an incredible growth rate. Kuwait City boasts more than a dozen 5-star hotels and resorts and several skyscrapers dominate the city's skyline. Kuwait Infrastructure Maintaince Management System ovelooks the oil-rich country's infrastructure. Kuwait's energy sector is the main source for 47% of the country's annual income.

Transportation

Kuwait’s transportation system is modern and efficient, with a road system that is well developed by regional standards. Roads total 4,450 km (2,765 mi), of which 81 % are paved and 350 km are freeways, with most people traveling by automobile. The network consists of over 250 bridges. There is no railway system in Kuwait although public and private bus systems are operated. An international airport is located in the southern outskirts of the Kuwait city metropolitan area and Kuwait Airways is the national airline owned by the government. The country has three modern seaports, one of which specializes in oil exports.

Culture


- Music of Kuwait

Miscellaneous topics


- Communications in Kuwait
- Foreign relations of Kuwait
- Geography of Kuwait
- List of Kuwaiti companies
- Military of Kuwait
- Postage stamps and postal history of Kuwait
- Transportation in Kuwait

External links

Government
- [http://www.kuwait-info.org/ Kuwait Information Office] under the guidance of the Ministry of Information General information
- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/791053.stm BBC News Country Profile - Kuwait]
- [http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ku.html CIA World Factbook - Kuwait]
- [http://www.kuwait-information.com/ Kuwait Information Portal]
- [http://www.kuwiki.org/ KuWiki] wiki page
- [http://www.mepra.org/ Middle East Public Relations Association (MEPRA)]
- [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Middle_East/Kuwait Open Directory Project - Kuwait] directory category
- [http://www.thepersiangulf.org/cities/kuwaitcity.html The Persian Gulf - Kuwait] information and history
- [http://www.state.gov/p/nea/ci/c2400.htm US State Department - Kuwait] includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports
- Category:Arab League Category:Arabia Category:Middle Eastern countries Category:Southwest Asian countries Category:Persian Gulf states Category:Monarchies Category:Arab Gulf states zh-min-nan:Kuwait ko:쿠웨이트 ms:Kuwait ja:クウェート th:ประเทศคูเวต

Bahrain

The Kingdom of Bahrain, or Bahrain (formerly spelled Bahrein), (Arabic: مملكة البحرين) is a borderless island nation in the Persian Gulf (Southwest Asia/Middle East, Asia). Saudi Arabia lies to the west and is connected to Bahrain by the King Fahd Causeway (officially opened on November 25, 1986), and Qatar is to the south across the Persian Gulf. The Qatar–Bahrain Friendship Bridge, currently being planned, will link Bahrain to Qatar as the longest fixed link in the world.

History

Bahrain has been populated by humans since prehistoric times, and has even been proposed as the site of the Biblical Garden of Eden. Its strategic location in the Persian Gulf has brought rule and influence from the Assyrians, Babylonians, Greeks, Persians, and finally the Arabs, under whom the island became Muslim. Bahrain was in the ancient times known as Dilmun, Tylos (its Greek given name), Awal, as well as Persian name Mishmahig when it came under of the imperial rule of the Persian Empire. The islands of Bahrain, positioned in the middle south of the Persian Gulf, have attracted the attention of many invaders in history. Bahrain, meaning "Two Seas" refers to the fact that the islands contain the two sources of water, sweet water springs and salty water in the surrounding seas. A strategic position between East and West, fertile lands, fresh water, and pearl diving made Bahrain a centre of urban settlement throughout history. Some 2300 years BC, Bahrain became a centre of one of the ancient empires trading between Mesopotamia (now Iraq) and the Indus Valley (now the region near India). This was the civilization of Delmon that was linked to the Sumerian Civilization in the third millennium BC. Bahrain became part of the Babylonian empire about 600 BC. Historical records referred to Bahrain as the "Life of Eternity", "Paradise", etc. Bahrain was also called the "Pearl of the Persian Gulf". Bahrain up until 1521 comprised the bigger region of Ahsa, Qatif (both are now the eastern province of Saudi Arabia) as well as Awal (now Bahrain Islands). The region stretched from what is now Kuwait to Oman. This was Iqlim Al-Bahrain (Province of Bahrain). In 1521, the Portuguese separated Awal (now Bahrain) from the rest and since then the name of Bahrain specifically referred to today's Bahrain. Portuguese rule was followed by a period of control by the Persian Empire. In the late 18th Century the Al-Khalifa family invaded and captured the islands. In order to secure Bahrain from Persian expansionism to the East, the Emirate entered into a treaty relationship with Britain. Oil was discovered in 1932 and brought rapid modernization and improvements to Bahrain. It also made relations with Britain closer, and this was evidenced by the British moving more bases to the island nation. British influence would continue to grow as the country developed, culminating with the appointment of Charles Belgrave as an advisor; Belgrave established modern education systems in Bahrain. After World War II, increasing anti-British feeling spread throughout the Arab world and led to riots in Bahrain. In the 1960s, Britain put Bahrain's future to international arbitration and requested that the United Nations General Secretary take on this responsibility. In a plebiscite to decide the country's future, the majority of the population voted for independence and chose to reject the Iranian Shah's long held claims to the country. The British withdrew from Bahrain in August 1971, making it an independent emirate. The oil boom of the 1980s greatly benefitted Bahrain, but its downturn was not as badly felt, and the economy was forced to diversify. After 1979, Iran sought to export its revolution to the region, and in 1981 orchestrated a failed coup attempt under the auspices of a front organisation, the Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain. The coup would have installed an Iranian based cleric, Hojjat ol-Eslam Hadi al-Modarresi, as supreme leader heading a theocratic government. In 1994 occurred a wave of rioting by disaffected Shi'a Islamists due to what they perceived as injust actions by the government. The Kingdom was badly affected by sporadic violence during the mid-1990s in which over forty people were killed. In March 1999, Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa succeeded his father as head of state and instituted elections for parliament, gave women the right to vote and released all political prisoners. This provided the country with a great chance to move forward, and to unite its people.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Bahrain Bahrain is a constitutional monarchy headed by the King, Shaikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa; the head of government is the Prime Minister, Shaikh Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa who presides over a cabinet of 15 members. Bahrain has a bicameral legislature with a lower house, the Chamber of Deputies, elected by universal suffrage and the upper house, the Shura Council, appointed by the King. Both houses have forty members. The inaugural elections were held in 2002, with parliamentarians serving four year terms. Women's political rights in Bahrain saw an important step forward when women were granted the right to vote and stand in national elections for the first time in 2002's election. However, no women were elected to office in that year’s polls and instead Shia and Sunni Islamists dominated the election, collectively winning a majority of seats. In response to the failure of women candidates, six were appointed to the Shura Council, which also includes representatives of the Kingdom’s indigenous Jewish and Christian communities. The King recently created the Supreme Judicial Council to regulate the country's courts and institutionalize the separation of the administrative and judicial branches of government. On 11-12 November 2005, Bahrain hosted the Forum for the Future bringing together leaders from the Middle East and G8 countries to discuss political and economic reform in the region.

Governorates

Forum for the Future Main article: Governorates of Bahrain Bahrain is split into five governorates. Until July 3 2002, it was divided into twelve municipalities; see Municipalities of Bahrain. #Capital #Central #Muharraq #Northern #Southern For further information, see: [http://www.capital.gov.bh/pages/pdf/govlawe.pdf Decree-Law establishing governorates] from the Bahrain official website

Economy

Main article: Economy of Bahrain In Bahrain, petroleum production and processing account for about 60% of export receipts, 60% of government revenues, and 30% of GDP. Economic conditions have fluctuated with the changing fortunes of oil since 1985, for example, during and following the Persian Gulf crisis of 1990-91. With its highly developed communication and transport facilities, Bahrain is home to numerous multinational firms with business in the Persian Gulf. A large share of exports consists of petroleum products made from imported crude. Construction proceeds on several major industrial projects. Unemployment, especially among the young, and the depletion of both oil and underground water resources are major long-term economic problems.

Geography

Persian Gulf :Main article: Geography of Bahrain Bahrain is a generally flat and arid archipelago, comprising of a low desert plain rising gently to a low central escarpment, in the Persian Gulf, east of Saudi Arabia. The highest point is the 122m Jabal ad Dukhan. Considered to be one of the fifteen states that comprise the so-called "Cradle of Humanity" in the Middle East, Bahrain has a total area of 620 km², which is slightly larger than the Isle of Man, though it is smaller than the nearby King Fahd Airport in Dammam Saudi Arabia which boasts an incredible 780 km². As an archipelago of 33 islands, Bahrain does not share a land boundary with another country but does have a 161 km coastline and claims a further 12 nm of territorial sea and a 24 nm contiguous zone. Bahrain enjoys mild winters and endures very hot, humid summers. Bahrain's natural resources include large quantities of oil and associated and nonassociated natural gas as well as fish stocks, which is perhaps fortunate as arable land constitutes only 1% of the country. Desert constitutes 92% of Bahrain and periodic droughts and dust storms are the main natural hazards for Bahrainis. Environmental issues facing Bahrain include desertification resulting from the degradation of limited arable land and coastal degradation (damage to coastlines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation) resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers, oil refineries, and distribution stations. Over-ion of the Dammam aquifer, the principal aquifer in Bahrain, by the agricultural and domestic sectors, has led to its salinization by adjacent brackish and saline water bodies.

Demographics

Dammam aquifer Main article: Demographics of Bahrain The official religion of Bahrain is Islam, with the population overwhelmingly comprised of Shi'a (70%) and Sunni Muslims (30%), but there are also small indigenous Jewish and Christian minorities. Most Bahrainis are of Arab origin, although some tribes trace their roots back to Persia. Nowadays Bahrain is a cosmopolitan society with mixed communities: two thirds of Bahrain's population consists of Arabs while the rest are immigrants and guest workers that are largely from Iran, South Asia and Southeast Asia. A Financial Times published on 31 May 1983 found that "Bahrain is a polyglot state, both religiously and racially. Leaving aside the temporary immigrants of the past 10 years, there are at least eight or nine communities on the island". The present communities may be classified as Al-Khalifa, Arab tribes allied to Al-Khalifa, the Baharnah (Shia Arabs), the Howilla (Sunni Arabs from Persia), Sunni Arabs (from the mainland), Ajam (Persian Shia), Indians who traded with Bahrain and settled before the age of oil (used to be called Banyan), a tiny Jewish community, and a miscellaneous grouping.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Bahrain As flashy and modern as central Manama may be, the basic rhythms of life in the island's many villages (and in parts of Manama itself) remain remarkably traditional. By the same token, where there's tradition in the Persian Gulf there's Islamic conservatism: women cover themselves from head to foot and women travellers are expected to wear long skirts and one-piece bathing suits. Bahrain's population is 85% Muslim and Islam is the state religion. Arabic is the official language but English is widely spoken. Traditional craftwork continues in several places around Bahrain: dhows (fishing boats) are built on the outskirts of Manama and Muharraq, cloth woven at Bani Jamrah and pottery thrown at A'ali. A few goldsmiths still operate in the Manama souk, though a lot of the work is now done abroad. One of the mainstays of Bahraini culture is the drinking of traditional Arabian coffee. You can't go far without finding a coffee pot in a shop or a souk. Traditional Arabian street food like shawarma (lamb or chicken carved from a huge rotating spit and served in pita bread) and desserts such as baklava are also ubiquitous. It was revealed on October 20, 2005 that Michael Jackson intended on permanently leaving the United States in order to seek a new life in Bahrain.

Formula One

Bahrain is the home of Formula One racing in the Middle East, hosting the Bahrain Grand Prix. In 2005, it was held on April 4. Bahrain has been chosen to host the opening Grand Prix of the 2006 season on March 12th.

Holidays

Tourism

Main articles, Tourism in Bahrain and List of Bahrain's tourist attractions Bahrain has long been a popular tourist destination for visitors from neighboring states, but growing awareness of its rich heritage dating back five thousand years to the Dilmun civilization means that the Kingdom is steadily attracting visitors from further abroad. Bahrain combines a modern infrastructure and comparatively liberal society with an authentic Gulf experience making it an ideal introduction to the Middle East. Tourist attractions include historic sites such as the recently UNESCO listed Qalat Al Bahrain castle and archaeological complex, the tens of thousands of ancient Dilmun Burial Mounds that dot the landscape, traditional Arab culture, shopping in the Kingdom's malls and souks, and the opportunity to relax in the many hotel beach resorts and luxury spas.

Education

Main article: Education in Bahrain Numerous international educational institutions and schools have established links to Bahrain. One prominent school is DePaul University of the United States. Quranic schools (Kuttab) were the only form of education in Bahrain at the beginning of the 20th century. They were traditional schools aimed at teaching children and youth the reading of the Holy Quran. Many people of Bahrain had felt that this type of education did not fulfil the academic efficiency that match with the spirit of age. After the First World War, things have been changed and Bahrain became widely open upon the modern western renaissance. Political and social changes have occurred in the country that caused the rise of social and cultural awareness among people. Due to all these, a demand for modern educational institutions different from (Kuttab) has appeared in terms of system, curricula and objectives. 1919 marked the beginning of modern public school system in Bahrain. Al-Hidaya Al-Khalifia school for boys was opened in Muharraq. In 1926, the Education Committee had opened the second public school for boys in Manama. In 1928 the first public school for girls was opened in Muharraq. The first institution of higher education in Bahrain, the Gulf Polytechnic, was accomplished in 1968 as the Gulf Technical College. In 1986 Gulf Polytechnic merged with the University College of Art, Science, and Education (UCB), founded in 1979, to create the University of Bahrain, a national university offering bachelor of arts and bachelor of science degrees.

External links

Government'
- [http://www.bahrain.gov.bh/english/index.asp Bahrain Government ] official web site General information
- [http://bahrainblogs.com/ Bahrain Blogs.com - Aggregator for all Bahraini blogs]
- [http://www.bna.bh/ Bahrain News Agency] [http://english.bna.bh/ in English]
- [http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ba.html CIA World Factbook - Bahrain]
- [http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/ Gulf Daily News - Bahrain's main English language daily newspaper]
- [http://www.hotels-bahrain.com/travel_info.html Hotels Bahrain Travel Destination]
- [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Middle_East/Bahrain Open Directory Project - Bahrain] directory category
- [http://ixpats.com/bh iXpats.com - Bahrain] Online community for expats living and working in Bahrain
- [http://www.state.gov/p/nea/ci/c3219.htm US State Department - Bahrain] includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports Category:Arabia
- Category:Arab League Category:Persian Gulf states Category:Middle Eastern countries Category:Southwest Asian countries Category:Monarchies Category:Island nations Category:Arab Gulf states zh-min-nan:Bahrain ko:바레인 ms:Bahrain ja:バーレーン simple:Bahrain th:ประเทศบาห์เรน

Category:Kuwaiti music

Category:Arab music Category:Kuwaiti culture Category:Music by nationality

Category:Musical genres

Genres Category:Genres ko:분류:음악 장르

Armée suisse

L'armée suisse est d'un type particulier puisqu'elle est composée de civils (armée de milice) dont ceux de sexe masculin sont astreints au recrutement obligatoire dès l'âge de 18 ans. Son rôle principal est d'assurer de la manière la plus autonome possible, bien que la « sécurité par la coopération » devienne un objectif obligatoire dans l'avenir, la défense du territoire et la sauvegarde des conditions d'existence, ainsi que la contribution au maintien de la paix à l'étranger (ex: Swisscoy au Kosovo), sous certaines réserves puisque l'armée se doit de garantir le principe de neutralité suisse. L'engagement féminin est volontaire et est considéré de la même manière que les conscrits masculins. Depuis la dernière réforme, nommée Armée XXI, elle est composée d'un effectif en temps normal de 140 000 soldats dont seulement 4 000 environ sont professionnels ou sous contrat (le grade le plus élevé pour un officier dit de milice est colonel). Ses soldats sont répartis dans deux armées : les Forces terrestres et aériennes, avec à leur tête deux officiers généraux portant le grade de commandant de corps, le grade de général n'étant attribué qu'en temps de guerre. Cependant, l'armée suisse possède un chef de l'armée, chef de l'état-major général, qui supervise les Forces terrestres et aériennes. Les dites armes se subdivisent de façon simplifiée par rapport à l'ancienne Armée 95 (suppression des corps d'armée, divisions et régiments) au profit de groupements plus facilement mobilisables et gérables. Les deux plus importants de ces groupements sont les brigades (environ 7 000 à 10 000 soldats) et les bataillons (environ 600 à 800 soldats).

Couleurs des troupes

Les différentes troupes se distinguent par la couleur de leur béret :
- bleu roi : troupes sanitaires
- bleu foncé : troupes aériennes
- orange : troupes territoriales
- noir : troupes du génie et du sauvetage, troupes mécanisées légères
- rouge : artillerie
- lie-de-vin (bordeaux) : troupes logistiques
- gris argent : troupes de soutien et transmissions
- gris : sécurité militaire
- vert foncé : infanterie
- jaune : troupes de char

Voir aussi :


- Garde suisse
- Grades de l'armée suisse
- Réserve militaire

Liens externes


- [http://www.lexhist.ch/externe/protect/textes/f/F8683.html Histoire de l'armée suisse]
- [http://www.lexhist.ch/externe/protect/textes/f/F24638.html Ecoles militaires]
- [http://www.vbs.admin.ch/internet/vbs/fr/home.html Département fédéral de la défense, de la protection de la population et des sports] Catégorie:Force armée actuelle Catégorie:Défense et sécurité en Suisse

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Zweite Staffel (Fahrplan verkehrenden Luftseilbahnen, Gondelbahnen und Sesselbahnen der Schweiz. Verschiedene Luftseilbahnen sind in einzelne Sektionen (Abschnitte) aufgeteilt, da sie für eine einzige Sektion zu lang wären. In der Regel muss man auf den jeweiligen Zwischenstationen umsteigen. __TOC__

Luftseilbahnen

(geschlossene Kabine mit >
International Accounting Standards Board
IASB steht seit 2001 für International Accounting Standards Board. Sie hat ihren Sitz in London und ist privatrechtlich organisiert und finanziert. Die Aufgabe des IASB ist die Ausarbeitung von internationalen Buchhaltungs- und Revisions-Standards. Vor dem Jahr 2000/2001 veröffentlichte Standards heißen International Accounting Standards (IAS). Standards, die hiernach veröffentlicht wu
IASC
Das Akronym IASC steht für: # den Ständigen interinstitutionellen Ausschuss der Vereinten Nationen, siehe Inter-Agency Standing Committee # das International Accounting Standards Committee, eine Vorgängerorganisation des International Accounting Standards Board
Hundertwasserhaus
Das Hundertwasserhaus in der Kegelgasse 34-38 in Wien-Landstraße, dem 3. Gemeindebezirk, ist eine Wohnhausanlage der Gemeinde Wien, die von 1983 bis 1986 erbaut wurde. Das von Friedensreich Hundertwasser gestaltete und von Architekt Univ.-Prof. Joseph Krawina geplante, bunte, ungewöhnliche Haus hat unebene Böden und ist üppig begrünt (250 Bäume und Sträucher). Es ent
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