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Makerere University College

Makerere University College

Makerere University is Uganda's largest and most prestigious university. It was first established as a technical school in 1922, and in 1963 it became the University of East Africa, offering courses leading to general degrees of the University of London. It became an independent national university in 1970 when the University of East Africa was split into three independent universities: University of Nairobi (Kenya), University of Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) and Makerere University. Today, Makerere University has 22 faculties, institutes and schools offering programmes for about 30,000 undergraduates and 3,000 postgraduates. Makerere was home to many post-independence African leaders, including former Ugandan president Milton Obote and retired Tanzanian president Julius Nyerere. Former Tanzanian president Benjamin Mkapa and current Kenyan president Mwai Kibaki are also Makerere alum. In the years immediately after Ugandan independence, Makerere University was a focal point for the literary activity that was central to African nationalist culture. Some of the most important writers of today, including Nuruddin Farrah, Ali Mazrui, David Rubadiri, Okello Oculi, Ngugi wa Thiongo, John Ruganda and Peter Nazareth, were all at Makerere University at one point in their writing and academic careers.

Faculties

- Faculty of Agriculture
- Faculty of Arts
- Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation
- Faculty of Law
- Faculty of Medicine
- Faculty of Science
- Faculty of Social Sciences
- Faculty of Technology
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine

Institutes

- Institute of Adult and Continuing Education
- Institute of Computer Science
- Institute of Economics
- Institute of Environment and Natural Resources
- Institute of Social Research
- Institute of Statistics and Applied Economics and Psychology

Schools

- School of Education
- School of Industrial and Fine Arts
- School of Library and Information Science
- Business School
- Graduate School

Departments

- Directorate for ICT Support

Prominent alumni

- Archbishop John Sentamu of York, first black Archbishop of the Church of England.
- Okello Oculi, author, poet
- Peter Nazareth, author, critic
- David Rubadiri, Malawian poet, novelist, diplomat
- Benjamin Mkapa , former president of Tanzania
- Joseph Kabila, president of DRC Congo
- Specioza Kazibwe, first woman Vice President of Uganda from 1994 to 2003
- Julius Nyerere, former president of Tanzania
- Milton Obote, former president of Uganda
- Sir Frederick Edward Muteesa II, former king of Buganda
- Mwai Kibaki, president of Kenya (was also a lecturer at Makerere)
- Ngugi wa Thiongo, novelist (was also a lecturer at Makerere)
- Oginga Odinga, founding member of KANU and former Kenyan vice president
- Okot p'Bitek, poet (was later a lecturer at Makerere)
- Olara Otunnu, UN special representative for children and armed conflict
- Patrick Mazimhaka, Deputy Chairperson of the African Union's African Commission
- Charles Onyango-Obbo, columnist, editor and commentator of East African politics
- Joseph Sinde Warioba, Prime Minister of Tanzania from 1985 to 1990.

Trivia

- A historic and controversial conference of African literature in English language (The first African Writers Conference) was held at Makerere University in 1962, to debate the state of post-colonial African literature. Those who attended includeded Chinua Achebe, Wole Soyinka, Ezekiel Mphalele, Lewis Nkosi, Ngugi wa Thiongo (then known as James Ngugi) and Rajat Neogy. Several nationalist writers refused to acknowledge any literature written in non-African languages as being African literature.
- The renowned travel writer and novelist, Paul Theroux, was a lecturer in English at Makerere University in the 1970s.

External link

- [http://www.makerere.ac.ug/ Official website] Category:Universities and colleges in Uganda Category:Education in Uganda

Uganda

The Republic of Uganda, or Uganda, is a country in East Africa, bordered in the east by Kenya, in the north by Sudan, by the Democratic Republic of Congo in the west, Rwanda in the southwest and Tanzania in the south. The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, within which it shares borders with Kenya and Tanzania. Uganda takes its name from the Buganda kingdom, which encompasses a portion of the south of the country, including the capital Kampala.

History

Little is known about the history of the region now covered by Uganda until the arrival of the Arabs and Europeans in the mid 1800s. Humans are known to have lived in the area since at least the first millennium BC. When Arabs and Europeans arrived in the 19th century, they encountered a number of kingdoms in the area. They included Ankole, Buganda, Bunyoro, Busoga, and Toro. The largest of these kingdoms was Buganda, which exists as part of Uganda today. Islam and Christianity were introduced to these kingdoms. The area was placed under the charter of the British East Africa Company in 1888, and was ruled as a protectorate by the United Kingdom from 1894. As several other territories and chiefdoms were integrated, the final protectorate called Uganda took shape in 1914. By 1966, the first Prime Minister, Milton Obote, had overthrown the constitution and declared himself president, ushering in an era of coups and counter-coups which would last until the mid-1980s. 1971 saw Idi Amin take power, ruling the country with the military for the coming decade. Idi Amin Idi Amin's rule cost an estimated 300,000 Ugandans' lives, and he forcibly removed the entrepreneurial East Indian minority from Uganda, decimating the economy. His reign was ended after an invasion by Tanzanian forces aided by Ugandan exiles in 1979. The situation improved little with the return of Milton Obote, who was deposed once more in 1985. The current president, Yoweri Museveni, has been in power since 1986 and was viewed as being part of a new generation of African leaders. There is controversy, however, about the change to the constitution that allows him to run for a third term. Relative stability has been brought to the country with the exception of the North, which continues to struggle with a rebel insurgency.

Politics

rebel insurgency]] The President of Uganda, currently Yoweri Museveni, is both head of state and head of government. The president appoints a prime minister who aids him in his tasks. The current prime minister is Apolo Nsibambi. The parliament is formed by the National Assembly, which has 303 members. 86 of these members are nominated by interest groups, including women and the Ugandan army. The remaining members are elected for five-year terms during general elections. In a measure ostensibly designed to reduce sectarian violence, political parties were restricted in their activities from 1986. In the non-party "Movement" system instituted by Yoweri Museveni, political parties continued to exist but could not campaign in elections or field candidates directly (although electoral candidates could belong to political parties). A constitutional referendum cancelled this 19-year ban on multi-party politics in July 2005. 2005

Geography

Although landlocked, Uganda has access to several large water bodies, including Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga and Lake Edward. The country is located on a plateau, averaging about 900 m above sea level. Although generally tropical in nature, the climate differs between parts of the country. Uganda includes several offshore islands in Lake Victoria. Most important cities are located in the south, near Lake Victoria, including the capital Kampala and the nearby city of Entebbe. Uganda is divided into 70 districts, spread across four administrative divisions: Northern, Eastern, Central and Western. The districts are all named after their 'chief town'. The city of Kampala, for example, is in the district of Kampala.

Economy

Uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile soils, regular rainfall, and sizable mineral deposits of copper and cobalt. Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy, employing over 80% of the work force, with coffee accounting for the bulk of export revenues. Since 1986, the government - with the support of foreign countries and international agencies - has acted to rehabilitate an economy decimated during the regime of Idi Amin and subsequent civil war. Stabilising measures have included currency reform, raising producer prices on export crops, increasing prices of petroleum products, and improving civil service wages. The policy changes are especially aimed at dampening inflation, boosting production and improving the balance of payments. balance of payments During 1990-2001, the economy turned in a solid performance based on continued investment in the rehabilitation of infrastructure, improved incentives for production and exports, reduced inflation, gradually improved domestic security, and the return of exiled Indian-Ugandan entrepreneurs. Ongoing Ugandan involvement in the war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, corruption within the government, and slippage in the government's determination to press reforms raise doubts about the continuation of strong growth. In 2000, Uganda qualified for the enhanced Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) debt relief initiative worth $1.3 billion and Paris Club debt relief worth $145 million. These amounts combined with the original HIPC debt relief added up to about $2 billion. Growth for 2001-02 was solid despite continued decline in the price of coffee, Uganda's principal export. According to IMF statistics, in 2004 Uganda's GDP per-capita reached 300 dollars, a much higher level than in the Eighties but still at half of Sub-Saharan African average income of 600 dollars a years. Total GDP crossed the 8 billion dollar mark in the same year.

Demographics

, see also Languages of Uganda Languages of Uganda Uganda is home to many different ethnic groups, none of whom form a majority of the population. Around forty different languages are currently in use in the country. English became the official language of Uganda after independence. The language with the largest number of native speakers is Luganda, spoken in the Buganda region which encompasses Kampala. The Ateso language follows, spoken by about 4.2 million people covering seven Districts in the Eastern part of the country. Kiswahili is widely used as a basic trade language.

Religion

Christian and Muslim missionaries first arrived in the 1860s, attempting to convert the Bugandan king. The National Census of October 2002 resulted in the the clearest and most detailed information ever given on the religious composition of Uganda. According to the Census, Christians of all denominations made up 85.1% of Uganda's Population. The Catholic Church has the largest number of adherents(41,9%) followed by the Church of Uganda -a local Anglican denomination- (31,9%). Minor Christian groups include Pentecostals (4,6%) and SDA followers (1.5%), while 1,0% were grouped under the cathegory 'Other Christians'. The second religion of Uganda is Islam, with Muslims representing 12,1% of the population according to the Census. Some Muslim Associations believe their numbers have been undercounted, as often the case in Sub-Saharan African Countries dominated by non-muslim rulers. The CIA Factbook estimate for the number of Muslims is 16%. While Muslims today appear to be experiencing some degree of discrimination, they were in the Seventies the most favoured group under the rule of President Idi Amin Dada, himself a Muslim, under whose Government the number of Muslims had significantly grown. Only 1% of Uganda's population follow Traditional Religions and 0,7% are classified as 'Other Non Christians. Also to note is that Uganda hosts one of only seven Bahá'í Houses of Worship in the world. It is known as the Mother Temple of Africa and is situated on Kikaya Hill on the outskirts of Kampala. Its foundation stone was laid in January 1958, and was dedicated on January 13, 1961.

AIDS-prevention

:See also: AIDS in Africa Uganda has been hailed as a rare success story in the fight against HIV and AIDS, widely being viewed as the most effective national response to the pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa. A variety of approaches to AIDS education have been employed, ranging from the promotion of condom use to 'abstinence only' programmes. The scope of Uganda's success has come under scrutiny from new research. Research published in The Lancet medical journal in 2002 questions the dramatic decline reported. It is claimed statistics have been distorted through the inaccurate extrapolation of data from small urban clinics to the entire population, nearly 90 per cent of whom live in rural areas.[http://www.overpopulation.com/articles/2002/000075.html] US-sponsored abstinence promotions have received recent criticism from observers for denying young people information about any method of HIV prevention other than sexual abstinence until marriage. Human Rights Watch says that such programmes "leave Uganda’s children at risk of HIV".[http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/03/30/uganda10380.htm]

Culture

Due to the large number of ethnic communities, many still living within their own kingdoms, culture within Uganda is diverse. Many Asians (mostly from India) who were expelled during the regime of Amin are returning to Uganda.
- Music of Uganda
- List of writers from Uganda

Human rights

Respect for human rights in Uganda has been advanced significantly since the mid-1980s. There are, however, numerous areas which continue to attract concern. The conflict in the north continues to generate reports of abuses by both the rebel Lord's Resistance Army and the Uganda People's Defence Force. Torture continues to be a widespread practice amongst security organisations. Attacks on political freedom in the country, including the arrest and beating of opposition Members of Parliament, has led to international criticism, culminating in May 2005 in a decision by the British government to withhold part of its aid to the country.

External links

Government

- [http://www.government.go.ug/ Government of Uganda] official site
- [http://www.parliament.go.ug/ Parliament of the Republic of Uganda] official site
- [http://www.visituganda.com/ Uganda Tourist Board] official site

News

- [http://allafrica.com/uganda/ allAfrica.com - Uganda] news headline links
- [http://www.procnews.com/ East African Procurement News] business weekly
- [http://www.monitor.co.ug/ Monitor] independent national newspaper
- [http://www.myuganda.co.ug/ My Uganda] news and community
- [http://www.newvision.co.ug/ New Vision] government-owned national newspaper
- [http://www.uganda-news.com Uganda News] The Top headlines from the major Ugandan newspapers.

Overviews

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1069166.stm BBC News Country Profile - Uganda]
- [http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ug.html CIA World Factbook - Uganda]
- [http://www.state.gov/p/af/ci/ug/ US State Department - Uganda] includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports

Directories

- [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/africa/cuvl/Uganda.html Columbia University Libraries - Uganda] directory category of the WWW-VL
- [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Uganda/ Open Directory Project - Uganda] directory category
- [http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/uganda.html Stanford University - Africa South of the Sahara: Uganda] directory category
- [http://www.ugandaonline.net/ UgandaOnline] directory
- [http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/Uganda/ Yahoo! - Uganda] directory category

Other

- [http://www.ugandacan.org/ Uganda Conflict Action Network] working for peace in northern Uganda
- [http://www.refugeelawproject.org Refugee Law Project] An organisation working with refugees and the conflict in northern Uganda

Tourism

-
- [http://www.visituganda.com/ Uganda Tourist Board]
- [http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/destinations/africa/uganda/ Lonely Planet Uganda Guide]
- [http://www.aboutuganda.com Uganda Travel Directory] - aboutuganda travel guide Category:African Union member states Category:Members of the Commonwealth of Nations Category:Landlocked countries zh-min-nan:Uganda ko:우간다 ms:Uganda ja:ウガンダ th:ประเทศอูกันดา

1922

1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar).

Events

- January 7 - Dáil Éireann, the extra-legal parliament of the Irish Republic, ratifies the Anglo-Irish Treaty by 64-57 votes.
- January 10 - Arthur Griffith is elected President of Dáil Éireann.
- January 11 - First successful insulin treatment of diabetes.
- January 12 - British government releases remaining Irish prisoners captured in the War of Independence.
- January 13 - Flu epidemic has claimed 804 victims in Britain.
- January 15 - Michael Collins becomes Chairman of the Irish Provisional Government.
- January 24 - Christian K. Nelson patents the Eskimo Pie.
- January 29 - Union of Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador is dissolved
- February 1 - William Desmond Taylor, Hollywood director, is shot in his home
- February 2 - Ulysses (novel) by James Joyce is published in Paris on his fortieth birthday by Sylvia Beach.
- February 5 - DeWitt and Lila Wallace publish the first issue of Reader's Digest.
- February 6 - Achille Ratti becomes Pope Pius XI.
- February 6 - Five Power Naval Disarmament Treaty signed between United States, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy
- February 8 - President of the United States, Warren G. Harding introduces the first radio in the White House.
- February 8 - Cheka becomes GPU, a section of NKVD
- February 14 - Finnish Minister of the Interior Heikki Ritavuori is assassinated by Ernst Tandefelt.
- February 25 - Murderer Henri Désiré Landru's head is chopped off by the guillotine.
- February 27 - A challenge to the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, allowing women the right to vote, is rebuffed by the Supreme Court of the United States.
- February 28 - The United Kingdom accepts the independence of Egypt.
- March 1 - Ice mass breaks the Oder dam in Breslau
- March 1 - The British Civil Aviation Authority is established.
- March 11 - Mohandas Gandhi is arrested in Bombay for sedition
- March 15 - Egypt having gained nominal independence from the United Kingdom, Fuad I becomes King of Egypt.
- March 18 - In India, Mohandas Gandhi is sentenced to six years in prison for sedition. He would serve only two years.
- March 20 - The USS Langley is commissioned as the first United States Navy aircraft carrier.
- April 7 - Teapot Dome scandal: United States Secretary of the Interior leases Teapot Dome oil reserves in Wyoming.
- April 7 - First air collision between Daimler Airways DH 18 ja Grands Express Farman Goliat collide over Poix
- April 10 - The historic Genoa Conference commences in Genoa. The representatives of 34 countries convened to speak about monetary economics in the wake of World War I.
- April 13 - State of Massachusetts opens all public offices to women
- April 16 - The Treaty of Rapallo marks rapprochement between the Weimar Republic and Bolshevist Russia.
- May 5 - In The Bronx, construction begins on Yankee Stadium.
- May 12 - 20-ton meteorite lands near Blackstone, Virginia, USA
- May 19 - Young Pioneer organization of the Soviet Union is established.
- May 29 - British Liberal MP Horatio Bottomley jailed for 7 years for fraud fraud
- May 30 - In Washington, D.C., the Lincoln Memorial is dedicated.
- June 1 - Official founding of the Royal Ulster Constabulary.
- June 1 - Bolshevik forces defeat Asmachi troops under Enver Pasha
- June 22 - IRA rebels assassinated British field marshal Henry Wilson in Belgravia - assassins are sentenced to death July 18.
- June 24 - Assassination of Weimar Republic foreign minister Walter Rathenau - murderers are captured July 17
- June 26 - Louis Honoré Charles Antoine Grimaldi becomes Reigning Prince Louis II of Monaco.
- June 28 - The Irish Civil War begins
- August 12 - Death of Arthur Griffith, President of Dáil Éireann
- August 22 - Death of General Michael Collins - President of the Irish Provisional Government and Commander-in-Chief of the Provisional Army, killed in an ambush.
- August 23 - Revolt against the Spanish in Morocco
- August 28 - Japan agrees to withdraw its troops from Siberia
- September 9 - Turkish forces pursuing withdrawing Greek troops enter Smyrna
- September 11 - One of the Herald Sun of Melbourne, Australia's predecessor papers The Sun News-Pictorial is founded.
- September 13 - 15 - Fire, probably started by Turkish troops, destroys most of Smyrna. Death toll estimated 100,000
- September 18 - Hungary joins the League of Nations
- October 9 - Sir William Horwood, London Metropolitan Police Service commissioner is poisoned by arsenic-filled chocolates
- October 23 - German army occupies Saxony and crushes Soviet Republic of Saxony
- October 25 - The Third Dáil enacts the Constitution of the Irish Free State.
- October 28 - In Italy, with the March on Rome, Fascism obtains power and Benito Mussolini becomes prime minister
- October 28 - Red Army occupies Vladivostok
- October 31 - Benito Mussolini becomes the youngest Premier in the history of Italy.
- September 23 - Gdynia Seaport Construction Act passed by the Polish parliament.
- November 1 - Ottoman Empire is abolished and its last sultan Mehmed VI Vahdettin abdicates.
- November 1 - The broadcasting license fee of ten shillings introduced in the United Kingdom
- November 4 - In Egypt, British archaeologist Howard Carter and his men find the entrance to King Tutankhamen's tomb in the Valley of the Kings.
- November 14 - The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) begins radio service in the United Kingdom. 2LO became the first radio station in the United Kingdom.
- November 17 - Former Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI leaves for exile in Italy.
- November 19 - Abdul Mejid II, Crown Prince of the Ottoman Empire is elected Caliph.
- November 21 - Rebecca Felton of Georgia takes the oath of office, becoming the first woman United States Senator.
- November 24 - Popular author and Irish Republican Army member Robert Erskine Childers is executed by an Irish Free State firing squad for illegally carrying a revolver.
- November 26 - Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon become the first people to enter the tomb of Egyptian King Tutankhamun in over 3000 years. Tutankhamun
- December 5 - British parliament enacts the Irish Free State Constitution Act, by which it legally sanctions the new Constitution of the Irish Free State.
- December 6 - The Irish Free State officially comes into existence. George V becomes the Free State's monarch. Tim Healy is appointed first Governor-General of the Irish Free State and W.T. Cosgrave becomes President of the Executive Council.
- December 14 - Assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz, the president of Poland
- December 30 - Russia and allied Soviet republics form the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).

Exact month/day of event unknown

- Invention of Vegemite by Australian Fred Walker
- Kurd Istigdul Djemijetin, the Kurdish Independence Committee, founded
- Ring Magazine first published
- Molly Pitcher Club formed to promote the repeal of prohibition in United States
- Raymond Pearl founds Quarterly Review of Biology.
- Thompson Webb founds The Webb Schools

Births

January-March

- January 1 - Ernest "Fritz" Hollings, U.S. Senator from South Carolina
- January 7 - Jean-Pierre Rampal, French flutist (d. 2000)
- January 9 - Har Gobind Khorana, Indian biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- January 13 - Albert Lamorisse, French film director (d. 1970)
- January 16 - Ernesto Bonino, Italian singer
- January 17 - Nicholas Katzenbach, American politician
- January 17 - Betty White, American television actress
- January 19 - Guy Madison, American actor (d. 1996)
- January 21 - Paul Scofield, English actor
- January 22 - Leonel Brizola, Brazilian politician
- January 28 - Robert W. Holley, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1993)
- January 30 - Dick Martin, American comedian
- February 1 - Renata Tebaldi, Italian soprano (d. 2004)
- February 6 - Patrick Macnee, British actor
- February 6 - Bill Johnston, Australian cricketer
- February 6 - Denis Norden, British television and radio scriptwriter and personality
- February 7 - Hattie Jacques, British actress (d. 1980)
- February 9 - Kathryn Grayson, American actress
- February 15 - John Bayard Anderson, U.S Congressman and Presidential candidate
- February 17 - Marshall Teague, American race car driver (d. 1959)
- February 18 - Helen Gurley Brown, American editor and publisher
- February 24 - Richard Hamilton, British painter
- February 24 - Steven Hill, American actor
- March 1 - William Gaines, American publisher of MAD Magazine (d. 1992)
- March 1 - Yitzhak Rabin, Prime Minister of Israel, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1995)
- March 5 - Pier Paolo Pasolini, Italian film director
- March 8 - Mizuki Shigeru, Japanese author
- March 9 - Tommy Cooper, British comedian and magician (d. 1984)
- March 12 - Jack Kerouac, American author (d. 1969)
- March 12 - Lane Kirkland, American union leader (d. 1999)
- March 18 - Egon Bahr, German politician
- March 20 - Carl Reiner, American film director, producer, actor, and comedian
- March 21 - Russ Meyer, American film director and producer (d. 2004)
- March 27 - Stefan Wul, French writer (d. 2003)
- March 28 - Felice Chiusano, Italian singer (Quartetto Cetra)
- March 28 - Joey Maxim, American boxer (d. 2001)
- March 31 - Richard Kiley, American actor and singer (d. 1999)

April-June

- April 1 - William Manchester, American writer (d. 2004)
- April 3 - Maurice Riel, Canadian Senator
- April 4 - Elmer Bernstein, American composer (d. 2004)
- April 5 - Sir Tom Finney, English footballer
- April 5 - Christopher Hewett, British actor (d. 2001)
- April 5 - Gale Storm, American singer and actress
- April 7 - Mongo Santamaria, Cuban jazz musician (d. 2003)
- April 13 - Julius Nyerere, President of Tanzania (d. 1999)
- April 16 - Sir Kingsley Amis, English novelist (d. 1995)
- April 22 - Charles Mingus, American musician (d. 1979)
- April 28 - Alistair MacLean, Scottish writer (d. 1987)
- May 7 - Darren McGavin, American actor
- May 14 - Franjo Tuđman, President of Croatia (d. 1999)
- May 15 - Setouchi Jakucho, Japanese writer and Buddhist nun
- May 18 - Kai Winding, Danish-born musician (d. 1983)
- May 21 - James Lopez Watson, American judge (d. 2001)
- May 22 - Quinn Martin, American television producer (d. 1987)
- May 25 - Enrico Berlinguer, Italian politician (d. 1984)
- May 27 - Christopher Lee, English actor
- May 28 - Lou Duva, American boxing trainer
- May 29 - Iannis Xenakis, Greek composer (d. 2001)
- May 30 - Hal Clement, American writer (d. 2003)
- May 31 - Denholm Elliott, English actor (d. 1992)
- June 1 - Povel Ramel, Swedish musican
- June 2 - Charlie Sifford, American golfer
- June 10 - Judy Garland, American singer and actress (d. 1969)
- June 18 - Claude Helffer, French pianist (d. 2004)
- June 19 - Aage Niels Bohr, Danish physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- June 24 - Tata Giacobetti, Italian singer and lyricist (Quartetto Cetra)
- June 29 - Vasko Popa, Yugoslavian poet (d. 1991)

July to December

- July 15 - Leon M. Lederman, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- July 18 - Thomas Kuhn, American philosopher of science (d. 1996)
- July 19 - Tuanku Jaafar ibni Almarhum Tuanku Abdul Rahman, King of Malaysia
- July 31 - Bill Kaysing, American writer
- August 15 - Lukas Foss, German-born composer
- August 17 - Agostinho Neto, Angolan politician (d. 1979)
- August 22 - Sosuke Uno, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1998)
- August 23 - George Kell, baseball player
- September 1 - Vittorio Gassmann, Italian actor and director (d. 2000)
- September 3 - Salli Terri, Canadian mezzo-soprano (d. 1996)
- September 8 - Sid Caesar, American actor and comedian
- September 9 - Hans Georg Dehmelt, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- September 12 - Jackson Mac Low, American poet (d. 2004)
- September 15 - Jackie Cooper, American actor and director
- September 22 - Chen Ning Yang, Chinese-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- September 25 - Hammer DeRoburt, first President of Nauru (d. 1992)
- October 1 - Burke Marshall, American lawyer and politician (d. 2003)
- October 5 - José Froilán González, Argentine race car driver
- October 15 - Luigi Giussani, Italian Catholic priest (d. 2005)
- October 22 - John Chafee, American politician (d. 1999)
- October 27 - Poul Bundgaard, Danish actor and singer (d. 1998)
- October 31 - Barbara Bel Geddes, film and stage actress (d. 2005)
- November 8 - Christiaan Barnard, South African surgeon (d. 2001)
- November 11 - Kurt Vonnegut, American novelist
- November 14 - Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Egyptian Secretary General of the United Nations
- November 14 - Veronica Lake, American actress
- November 16 - José Saramago, Portuguese author, Nobel Prize laureate
- November 17 - Stanley Cohen, American physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- November 19 - Yuri Knorosov, Russian linguist and epigrapher (d. 1999)
- November 26 - Charles M. Schulz American cartoonist (d. 2000)
- December 11 - Dilip Kumar, Indian actor
- December 14 - Nikolay Basov, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2001)
- December 22 - Barbara Billingsley, American actress
- December 22 - Jack Brooks, American politician
- December 23 - Micheline Ostermeyer, French athlete and musician (d. 2001)
- December 23 - Donald Tennant, American advertising agency executive (d.2001)
- December 28 - Stan Lee, American comics creator

Deaths

- January 5 - Ernest Shackleton, Irish explorer (b. 1874)
- January 22 - Pope Benedict XV (b. 1854)
- January 22 - Fredrik Bajer, Danish politician and pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1837)
- February 2 - William Desmond Taylor, Irish-born film director (b. 1872)
- March 1 - Rafael Moreno Aranzadi, Spanish footballer (b. 1892)
- March 24 - Walter Parr, British preacher (b. 1871)
- April 1 - Emperor Karl I of Austria (b. 1887)
- April 2 - Hermann Rorschach, Swiss psychiatrist (b. 1884)
- May 18 - Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, French physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1845)
- May 19 - Son, Byong-Hi, Korean leader of the March 1st Movement (b. 1861)
- June 6 - Lillian Russell, American singer and actress (b. 1861)
- June 18 - Jacobus Kapteyn, Dutch astronomer (b. 1851)
- June 26 - Albert I of Monaco (b. 1848)
- July 20 - Andrey Markov, Russian mathematician (b. 1856)
- August 2 - Alexander Graham Bell, Scottish-born inventor (b. 1847)
- August 5 - Harry Boland, Irish republican (b. 1887)
- August 12 - Arthur Griffith, President of Ireland (b. 1871)
- August 22 - Michael Collins, Irish leader (assassinated) (b. 1890)
- September 4 - Sarah L. Winchester, builder of the Winchester Mystery House (b. 1837)
- October 30 - Géza Gárdonyi, Hungarian author (b. 1863)
- November 7 - Sam Thompson, baseball player (b. 1860)

Marriages

Nobel Prizes

- Physics - Niels Henrik David Bohr
- Chemistry - Francis William Aston
- Medicine - Archibald Vivian Hill, Otto Fritz Meyerhof
- Literature - Jacinto Benavente
- Peace - Fridtjof Nansen

Heads of state in 1922

- Albania -
- Xhafer Ypi, Prime Minister of Albania (acting, 1922).
- Ahmet Zogu, Prime Minister of Albania (acting, 1922 - 1924).
- Belgium - King Albert I of Belgium (1909 - 1934).
- Bolshevist Russia/Soviet Union - Mikhail Kalinin, President of the Soviet Union (1919/1922 - 1946).
- Costa Rica - Julio Acosta García, President of Costa Rica (1920 - 1924).
- Denmark - King Christian X of Denmark (1912 - 1947).
- Egypt - King Fuad I of Egypt (1917/1922 - 1936).
- Ethiopia - Empress Zawditu of Ethiopia (1916 - 1930).
- France - Alexandre Millerand, President of France (1920 - 1924).
- Germany - Friedrich Ebert, Reich President (1919 - 1925).
- Italy - King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy (1900 - 1946).
- Japan - Yoshihito, the Taisho Emperor (1912 - 1926).
- Mexico - Álvaro Obregón, President of Mexico (1920 - 1924).
- Monaco -
- Reigning Prince Albert I of Monaco (1889 - 1922).
- Reigning Prince Louis II of Monaco (1922- 1949).
- Netherlands - Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands (1890 - 1948).
- Norway - King Haakon VII of Norway (1905 - 1957).
- Ottoman Empire -
- Sultan Mehmed VI (1918 - 1922).
- Caliph Abdul Mejid II (1922 - 1924).
- Republic of China -
- Xu Shichang of the Beijing government, President of the Republic of China (1918 - 1922).
- Sun Yat-sen of the Guangzhou government, rival President of the Republic of China (1921 - 1925).
- Saudi Arabia - Ibn Saud, King of Saudi Arabia (1902 - 1953).
- Sweden - King Gustav V of Sweden (1907 - 1950).
- United Kingdom - King George V of the United Kingdom (1910 - 1936).
- United States - Warren Gamaliel Harding, President of the United States (1921 - 1923).

University of London

home to the university's central administrative offices and its library]] The University of London is a federation of colleges and institutes which together constitute one of the world's largest universities. Approximately 5 percent of all UK students attend one of its affiliated schools, which include some of the most prestigious places of study in the world. Twelve universities in England, several in Canada and many in other Commonwealth countries (notably in East Africa) began life as associate colleges of the university, offering its "external" degrees under licence. By the 1970s almost all of these colleges had achieved independence from the University of London, but in recent years this aspect of its work has revived due to the globalisation of the higher education market, and an increasing number of overseas academic institutes are once again offering University of London diplomas and degrees. The main offices of the University of London are at Senate House in Bloomsbury, which includes a substantial library and the official residence of the Chancellor (at present Princess Anne, the Princess Royal, who succeeded her grandmother Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother in the largely ceremonial post). Founded in 1836, the University at first comprised just two colleges, University College London (UCL), which did not apply religious tests to its students, and King's College London (KCL), which, like other English universities at that time, admitted only members of the Church of England. The University, which was the first in the UK to admit women students on equal terms with men, now is a federal body made up of 31 highly autonomous affiliates (18 colleges and 13 institutes), most of them widely scattered across Greater London, though it has affiliates in the neighbouring county of Kent, in Scotland, and in Paris. Besides UCL and King's, the most famous colleges are Imperial College London, the London School of Economics (LSE), St George's, University of London (SGUL), Queen Mary (QMUL), Royal Holloway (RHUL), Goldsmiths College, and the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS). For most practical purposes, ranging from admission of students to negotiating funding from the government, the 18 constituent colleges are treated as individual universities. Within the University federation they are known as Recognised Bodies, with the authority to examine students and have the University award them degrees. One of the conditions of membership of the University of London federation is that colleges do not award degrees of their own. At present only Imperial College and UCL have this power, but have yet to use it. On several occasions over the past decades, UCL, King's and LSE have all used the threat of departure from the federation in negotiations for more powers within it, but on 9 December 2005 Imperial College became the first college to make a formal decision to leave. Its Council announced that it was beginning negotiations to withdraw from the University in time for its own centenary celebrations, and in order to be able to award its own degrees. The 13 institutes, or Listed Bodies, offer courses leading to degrees that are both examined and awarded by the University of London . The Athlone Press was the publishing house of the University of London between 1949 and 1979 [http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search2?coll_id=1671&inst_id=14]. 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979

Colleges and institutions

The colleges and institutes of the University are, as of December 2005:

Recognised bodies

- Birkbeck, University of London, which specializes in part-time courses for working people
- Goldsmiths College
- Heythrop College, a Catholic theological college
- Imperial College London, incorporating St Mary's Hospital Medical School, the National Heart and Lung Institute, Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School, the Royal Postgraduate Medical School, the former Wye College (now called Imperial College at Wye), and the Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology
- the Institute of Cancer Research
- the Institute of Education
- King's College London (KCL), incorporating the Institute of Psychiatry and The Guy's, King's and St Thomas's School of Medicine
- the London Business School
- the London School of Economics (LSE)
- the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
- Queen Mary, University of London (QMUL), incorporating Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry
- the Royal Academy of Music
- Royal Holloway, University of London (RHUL)
- the Royal Veterinary College
- the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), with which the London School of Jewish Studies (formerly Jews' College) is associated
- the School of Pharmacy
- University College London (UCL), including such pioneering departments as the Bartlett School of Architecture (founded 1841) and the Slade School of Fine Art (founded 1871) and the Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science, and also incorporating several formerly separate bodies, notably the School of Slavonic and East European Studies (SSEES), the Royal Free and University College Medical School, the Institute of Archaeology, the Eastman Dental Institute, the Institute of Child Health (Great Ormond St Hospital), the Institute of Neurology, the Institute of Ophthalmology, the Institute of Laryngology and Otology, the Institute of Orthopaedics, the Royal London Homeopathic Hospital and the Mullard Space Science Laboratory. The Institute of Cancer Sciences and London Centre for Nanotechnology are currently under construction.
- St George's Hospital Medical School

Colleges no longer in existence

Some colleges of the University of London have been amalgamated into larger colleges or have had their work transferred elsewhere. These include
- Bedford College - Inner Circle Regent's Park
- Chelsea College of Science and Technology - Hortensia Road, Chelsea
- Queen Elizabeth College - Campden Hill Road, Kensington
- Westfield College - Kidderpore Avenue, Hampstead

Listed bodies

- the University of London Institute in Paris, formerly known as the British Institute in Paris
- the Courtauld Institute of Art
- the School of Advanced Study comprising the following institutes:
- the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies
- the Institute of Classical Studies
- the Institute of Commonwealth Studies
- the Institute of English Studies (including the Centre for Manuscript and Print Studies),
- the Institute of Germanic & Romance Studies
- the Institute of Historical Research
- the Institute of Musical Studies
- the Institute of Philosophy
- the Institute for the Study of the Americas
- the Warburg Institute
- the University Marine Biological Station, Millport

Notable alumni and attendees

Notable persons who graduated from or otherwise attended the University include:
- Christopher Addison
- Akbar S. Ahmed
- Richard Aldington
- Mulk Raj Anand
- David Attenborough
- Alfred Austin
- Thomas John Barnardo
- Alexander Graham Bell
- Arnold Bennett
- William Henry Bragg
- Raymond Briggs
- Robert Browning
- John Cale
- Alan Campbell
- William Benjamin Carpenter
- Graham Chapman
- G.K. Chesterton
- Arthur C. Clarke
- Coldplay members Chris Martin, William Champion, and Johnny Buckland
- Alex Comfort
- Bernard Cornwell
- Francis Crick
- Robert William Dale
- Hugh Dalton
- Valerie Davey
- Louis Essen
- John Ambrose Fleming
- Denis Follows
- Michael Foster
- Mohandas Gandhi
- Greer Garson
- Ann Granger
- Peter Griffiths
- Peter Hain
- Michael Halliday
- Farrer Herschell, 1st Baron Herschell
- Chaim Herzog
- Damien Hirst
- Thomas Hodgkin
- Thomas Henry Huxley
- Charles Ingram
- Hirobumi Ito
- Mick Jagger
- George Jessel
- William Stanley Jevons
- Nancy Johnson
- Tessa Jowell
- William Joyce
- Charles K. Kao
- Boris Karloff
- John F. Kennedy
- Jomo Kenyatta
- Junichiro Koizumi
- David Lammy
- Emily Lau
- Ambrose Lau Hon-chuen
- Bernard Lewis
- Joseph Lister
- Bronislaw Malinowski
- Nelson Mandela
- Karl Mannheim
- Brian May
- Desmond Morton
- Charles F. Newcombe
- Bill O'Reilly
- Humphry Osmond
- Talcott Parsons
- Lynden Pindling
- Enoch Powell
- Romano Prodi
- B. Carroll Reece
- Paul Robeson
- David Rohl
- Ernest Satow
- John Ralston Saul
- Elizabeth Smart
- Stephen Smith
- Robert Sobukwe
- George Soros
- Marie Stopes
- Aung San Suu Kyi
- Goh Keng Swee
- Robert Swinhoe
- Larry Trask
- Suzanne Tremblay
- Pierre Trudeau
- Desmond Tutu
- Henry Wace
- Sidney Webb
- H. G. Wells
- David Wilson
- Robert Winston
- Fei Xiaotong

Heads of State/Heads of Government

- Hirobumi Ito (1841-1909) - Prime Minister of Japan, 1885-1888, 1892-1896, 1898, 1900-1901
- Harmodio Arias (1886-1962) - President of Panama,1932-1936
- Oscar Arias (b. 1941) - President of Costa Rica and Nobel Prize Winner
- Pedro Gerardo Beltrán Espanto (1897-1979) - Prime Minister of Peru, 1959-1961
- Errol Walton Barrow (1920-1987) - Prime Minister of Barbados, 1962-1966, 1966-1976, 1986-1987
- Marek Belka (b. 1952) - Prime Minister of Poland, 2004-present
- Heinrich Brüning (1885-1970) - Chancellor of Germany, 1930-1932
- Kim Campbell (b. 1947) - Prime Minister of Canada, June-November 1993
- Eugenia Charles (b. 1919) - Prime Minister of Dominica, 1980-1995
- John Compton (b. 1926) - Premier of Saint Lucia, 1964-1979, and Prime Minister of Saint Lucia, February-July 1979 & 1982-1996
- Sher Bahadur Deuba (b. 1943) - Prime Minister of Nepal, 1995-1997, 2001-2002, 2004-present
- Chaim Herzog (חיים הרצוג)‎ (b. 1918) -the sixth President of Israel (1983 - 1993)
- Tuanku Jaafar (b. 1922) - Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) of Malaysia, 1994-1999
- John F. Kennedy (1917-1963) - President of the U.S.A. 1961-1963
- Jomo Kenyatta (1891-1978) - First President of Kenya, 1964-1978
- Mwai Kibaki (b. 1931) - President of Kenya, 2002-present
- Thanin Kraivichien (b. 1927) - Prime Minister of Thailand, 1976-1977
- Yu Kuo-Hwa (1914-2000) - Premier of Taiwan, 1984-1989
- Hilla Limann (1934-1998) - President of Ghana, 1979-1981
- Alfonso López Pumarejo - President of Colombia, 1934-1938, 1942-1945
- Michael Manley (1924-1997) - Prime Minister of Jamaica, 1972-1980, 1989-1992
- Kamisese Mara (1920-2004) - Prime Minister of Fiji 1970-1992, President of Fiji 1994-2000
- Margrethe II of Denmark (b. 1940) - Queen of Denmark, 1972-present
- Kwame Nkrumah (1909-1972) - First President of Ghana, 1960-1966
- Percival Patterson (b. 1935) - Prime Minister of Jamaica, 1992-present
- Romano Prodi (b. 1939) - Prime Minister of Italy, 1996-1998 and President of the European Commission, 1999-present
- Junichiro Koizumi (b. 1942) - Prime Minister of Japan, 2001-
- Navinchandra Ramgoolam (b. 1947) - Prime Minister of Mauritius, 1995-2000
- Veerasainy Ringadoo (1920-2000) - First President of Mauritius, March-June 1992
- Moshe Sharett (1894-1965) - Prime Minister of Israel, 1953-1955
- Constantine Simitis (b. 1936) - Prime Minister of Greece, 1996-2004
- Anote Tong (b. 1952) - President of Kiribati, 2003-present
- Pierre Trudeau (1919-2000) - Prime Minister of Canada, 1968-1979, 1980-1984

Other prominent alumni

- Sir Roy Allen (economist and mathematician)
- Sir David Attenborough (TV presenter)
- Cherie Booth QC (wife of Tony Blair)
- Ed Broadbent (Canadian socialist opposition leader)
- Ralph Bunche (Nobel prize winner)
- Ronald Coase (Nobel prize winner)
- Benjamin Cohen (businessman and writer)
- Edwina Currie (politician, author, radio presenter)
- Hugh Dalton (former Chancellor of the Exchequer)
- Frank Dobson (former Health Secretary)
- Marc Grossman (U.S. Under Secretary of State)
- Haakon Magnus (crown prince of Norway)
- Margaret Hodge (British MP, Minister for Children)
- Robert E. Hunter (former U.S. Ambassador to NATO)
- Mick Jagger (musician)
- Anthony Kennedy (U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice)
- Robert Kilroy-Silk (TV presenter)
- Mervyn King (Governor of the Bank of England)
- Bernard Levin (journalist)
- Sir Arthur Lewis (Nobel prize winner)
- John Anthony McGuckin (scholar)
- Merton Miller (Nobel prize winner)
- Daniel Patrick Moynihan (former U.S. Senator)
- Robert Mundell (Nobel prize winner)
- Philip Noel-Baker (Nobel prize winner)
- Jules O'Riordan, aka Judge Jules, (radio 1 DJ)
- Jacques Parizeau (Quebec separatist leader)
- Alice Paul (American suffragist)
- Sir Karl Popper (philosopher)
- Robert Rubin (former U.S. Treasury Secretary)
- Charles Saatchi (founder, Saatchi and Saatchi)
- Maurice Saatchi (founder, Saatchi and Saatchi)
- Ilich Ramírez Sánchez, aka Carlos the Jackal, (terrorist)

Some statistics

- Student population: approx. 125,000

External links

- [http://www.lon.ac.uk/ University of London website]
- [http://www.londonexternal.ac.uk/ University of London External Programme]
- London ja:ロンドン大学

1970

1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. 1970 is the Unix epoch time.

Events

January-February

- January 1 - Construction begins on Arcosanti, by Paolo Soleri, in Mayer, Arizona, located 65 miles north of Phoenix, Arizona.
- January 1 - Unix epoch at 00:00:00 UTC.
- January 12 - Biafra capitulates, ending the Nigerian civil war.
- January 15 - After a 32-month fight for independence from Nigeria, Biafran forces under General Effiong formally surrender to General Yakubu Gowon.
- January 15 - Muammar al-Qaddafi is proclaimed premier of Libya.
- January 16 - Buckminster Fuller receives the Gold Medal award from the American Institute of Architects.
- February 11 - Launch of Japan's first satellite Osumi with a Lamba-4 Rocket.
- February 17 - MacDonald family massacre at Fort Bragg, North Carolina - Jeffrey MacDonald kills his wife and children and tries to claim that "hippies" did it

March

- March 1 - Rhodesia severs its last tie with the British crown and declares itself a racially segregated republic.
- March 4 - Nigerian Francis Okechukwu Ohanyido, Poet/Philosopher born in Jos.
- March 5 - A nuclear non-proliferation treaty goes into effect after ratification by 43 nations.
- March 11 - Henry "Dickie" Marrow is murdered in a violent hate crime in Oxford, N.C..
- March 16 - The Expo '70 world's fair opens in Suita, Osaka, Japan.
- March 16 - Publication of complete New English Bible.
- March 16 - Birth of Stephen Martin.
- March 17 - My Lai massacre: The United States Army charges 14 officers with suppressing information related to the incident.
- March 18 - Lon Nol ousts Prince Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia.
- March 18 - Post Office strike in USA - 210,000 out of 750,000 US postal employees walk out. President Nixon assigns military units to New York City post offices. Strike lasts two weeks.
- March 21 The first Earth Day proclamation is issued by San Francisco Mayor Joseph Alioto.
- March 25 - The Concorde makes its 1st supersonic flight (700 mph /1,127 km/h).
- March 31 - Explorer I spacefract re-enters atmosphere, after twelve years in orbit.

April

- April 1 - President Richard Nixon signs the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act into law banning cigarette television advertisements in the United States starting on January 1, 1971.
- April 1 - American Motors introduces the Gremlin.
- April 10 - Paul McCartney announces that the Beatles have disbanded.
- April 11 - US spaceflight Apollo 13 launches for the moon, carrying James Lovell, Fred Haise, and Jack Swigert. On April 13, an oxygen tank in the spacecraft explodes, forcing the crew to abort the mission. The crew returns to earth safely on April 17
- April 22 - First Earth Day celebrated.
- April 29 - U.S. invades Cambodia to hunt out Viet Cong. Massive protests against the war continue in the U.S.

May-June

Viet Cong
- May 4 - The Kent State shootings: Four students at Kent State University in Ohio are killed and 9 wounded by National Guardsmen at a demonstration protesting against the incursion into Cambodia.
- May 5 - Earthquake in Yungay, Peru below Hauscaran Mountain buries the city
- May 6 - Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney are dismissed as members of the Irish Government due to accusations of their involvement in a plot to import arms for use in Northern Ireland.
- May 9 - 100,000 people demonstrate in Washington DC against the Vietnam War.
- May 14 - Ulrike Meinhof helps Andreas Baader escape.
- May 17 - Thor Heyerdahl sets sail from Morocco on the papyrus boat Ra II to sail the Atlantic Ocean.
- May 26 - The Soviet Tupolev Tu-14