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Lake Placid (NY)

Lake Placid (NY)

Lake Placid is a village of 2,638 in the Adirondack Mountains in Essex County, New York, near the center the Town of North Elba and named after an adjacent lake. While the village is a year-round resort, it's likely most known as the site of the 1980 Winter Olympics, and particularly the USA-USSR hockey game, the "Miracle on Ice," when a group of American college kids upset the ultra-powerful Soviet national team 4-3 and two days later won the Gold Medal. The victory is usually ranked as one of the greatest in American sports' history. Lake Placid also hosted the Winter Olympics in 1932.

History

Lake Placid began developing as a tourist location in the latter part of the 19th Century. The 1932 and the 1980 Winter Olympics were held here. American singer Kate Smith had a summer home here for many years.

Geography

The village is located near the south end of a lake called Lake Placid. More immediate to the village is Mirror Lake, which lies between the village and Lake Placid. Lake Placid is located at 44°17'8" North, 73°59'7" West (44.285691, -73.985404). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 3.9 km² (1.5 mi²). 3.6 km² (1.4 mi²) of it is land and 0.4 km² (0.2 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 9.87% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 2,638 people, 1,303 households, and 604 families residing in the village. The population density is 738.1/km² (1,913.2/mi²). There are 1,765 housing units at an average density of 493.8/km² (1,280.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the village is 95.75% White, 0.68% African American, 0.45% Native American, 0.91% Asian, 0.57% Pacific Islander, 0.19% from other races, and 1.44% from two or more races. 0.91% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 1,303 households out of which 22.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.1% are married couples living together, 8.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 53.6% are non-families. 45.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 16.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.02 and the average family size is 2.93. In the village the population is spread out with 22.4% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 33.2% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 37 years. For every 100 females there are 92.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 88.3 males. The median income for a household in the village is $28,239, and the median income for a family is $43,042. Males have a median income of $26,585 versus $21,750 for females. The per capita income for the village is $18,507. 13.2% of the population and 8.5% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 13.3% of those under the age of 18 and 17.8% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Lake Placid Facts

Lake Placid was the first location in North America to host two Olympic games. Los Angeles became the other when it hosted the Summer Olympic Games for the second time in 1984. The village has been host to other events besides the Olympic Games, and is also the location of sports training facilties, especially those for winter events. Jack Shea, a resident of the village, became the first person to win two gold medals when he doubled in speed skating at the 1932 Winter Olympics. Lake Placid Airport (LKP) is south of the village. Lake Placid is also home to the Lake Placid Sinfonietta, a professional summer chamber orchestra that has existed since 1917.

External links


- [http://www.lake-placid.ny.us Official Website of the Village of Lake Placid]
- [http://www.lakeplacid.com Lake Placid tourism information]
- [http://www.orda.org Lake Placid Olympic Authority] Category:Essex County, New York Category:Towns in New York Category:Host cities of the Winter Olympic Games Category:Villages in New York

Village

:For a list of references which "The Village" could refer to, see The Village A village is a human settlement commonly found in rural areas. It is usually larger than a hamlet and smaller than a town or city. Villages have been the normal unit of community living in most areas of the world throughout its history, up until the Industrial revolution and the ongoing process of urbanization. In many U.S. states, a village is a type of municipal government (see below).

Traditional villages

Although many types and organizational patterns of village life have existed, the typical village was small, consisting of perhaps 5 to 30 families. Homes were situated together for sociability and defense, and land surrounding the living quarters was farmed.

England

In England the main historical distinction between a hamlet and a village is that the latter will have a church, and will therefore usually have been the worship centre of a parish. A village was traditionally distinguished from a town in that a village lacked a regular agricultural market, although today such markets are uncommon even in settlements which clearly are towns. Due to the vagueness of this definition, there is some question as to which is the largest village in England.

United States

Incorporated villages

In twenty U.S. states, the term "village" refers to a specific form of incorporated municipal government, similar to a city but with less authority and geographic scope. However, this is a generality; in many states, there are villages that are an order of magnitude larger than the smallest cities in the state. The distinction is not necessarily based on population, but on the relative powers granted to the different types of municipalities and correspondingly, different obligations to provide specific services to residents. In some states such as New York, Wisconsin, or Michigan, a village is an incorporated municipality, usually, but not always, within a single town or civil township. Residents pay taxes to the village and town or township and may vote in elections for both as well. In some cases, the village may be coterminous with the town or township. There are also many villages which span the boundaries of more than one town or township, and some villages may even straddle county borders. There is no limit to the population of a village in New York. (Hempstead, the largest village in the state, has 55,000 residents, making it more populous than many of the state's cities); however, villages in the state may not exceed five square miles (13 km²) in area. The state of Wisconsin has similar status for villages. The largest village is Menomonee Falls, which has over 25,000 residents. Michigan also has no set population limit for villages and there are many villages that are larger than cities in the state. Villages in Ohio are almost always legally separate from any townships that they may have been incorporated from (there are exceptions, such as Chagrin Falls, where the township includes the entirety of the village). They have no area limitations, but must reincorporate as cities if they grow to over 5,000 in population. Villages have the same home-rule rights as cities with fewer of the responsibilities. Unlike cities, they have the option of being either a "statutory village" and running their governments according to state law (with a six-member council serving four-year terms and a mayor who votes only to break ties) or being a "charter village" and writing a charter to run their government as they see fit. :See Political subdivisions of New York State#Village Village (Oregon)

Unincorporated villages

In many states, the term "village" is used to refer to a relatively small unincorporated community, similar to a hamlet in New York state. This informal usage may be found even in states that have villages as an incorporated municipality, although such usage might be considered incorrect and confusing.

See also


- Village green
- Ville

External links

Village types:
- [http://www.pygmies.info/camps.html African Pygmies Villages] ja:村 th:หมู่บ้าน

Adirondack Mountains

The Adirondack mountain range is a group of mountains in the northeastern part of New York that runs through Clinton, Essex, Franklin, Hamilton, Herkimer, Lewis, and Warren counties. The mountains are often included by geographers in the Appalachian Mountains, but they pertain geologically to the Laurentian Mountains of Canada. They are bordered on the east by Lake Champlain and Lake George, which separate them from the Green Mountains in Vermont. They are bordered to the south by the Mohawk Valley and to the west by the Tug Hill Plateau, separated by the Black River. This region is south of the St. Lawrence River.

The Land

The Park

A large portion of the Adirondack range is encompassed within the six million acres (24,000 km²) of Adirondack State Park, which includes a constitutionally protected forest preserve of approximately 2.3 million acres (9,300 km²). The Adirondack Park contains thousands of streams, brooks and lakes, most famously Lake Placid, adjacent to the village of Lake Placid, two-time site of the Olympic Winter Games.

The Mountains

Unlike the Appalachians, the Adirondacks do not form a connected range, but consist of many summits, isolated or in groups, arranged with little apparent order. There are about one hundred peaks, ranging from 1200 to 5000 feet (370 m to 1500 m) in height; the highest peak, Mt. Marcy (sometimes also called Tahawus), at 5344 ft. (1629 m), is near the eastern part of the group. Other noted High Peaks include Algonquin Peak (formerly Mt. McIntyre), 5114 ft. (1559 m), Haystack 4960 ft. (1512 m), Skylight 4926 ft. (1501 m), Whiteface 4871 ft. (1485 m), Dix 4857 ft. (1480 m), and Giant 4627 ft. (1410 m).

The High Peaks

Forty-six of the tallest mountains are considered "the 46" peaks over 4000 ft. (1219 m), thanks to a survey done around the start of the 20th century. Since then, better surveys (and perhaps erosion) have shown that four of these peaks (Blake Peak, Cliff & Nye, and Couchsachraga) are in fact just under 4000 ft., and one peak just over 4000 ft. (MacNaughton) was overlooked. There are many fans of the Adirondack Mountains who make an effort to climb all of the original 46 mountains (and most go on to climb MacNaughton as well), and there is a Forty Sixers club for those who have successfully reached each of these peaks. Twenty of the 46 remain trailless, so climbing them requires bushwhacking or following herd paths to the top.

Geology

The mountains consist primarily of metamorphic rocks, mainly gneiss, surrounding a central core of intrusive igneous rocks, most notably anorthosite, in the high peaks region. These crystalline rocks are a lobe of the Precambrian Grenville Basement rock complex and represent the southernmost extent of the Canadian Shield, a cratonic expression of igneous and metamorphic rock 880 to 1,000 million years in age that covers most of eastern and northern Canada and all of Greenland. Although the rocks are ancient, the uplift that formed the Adirondack dome has occurred within the last 5 million years - relatively recent in geologic time - and is ongoing. The dome itself is roughly circular, approximately 160 miles (257 km) in diameter and about one mile (1.6 km) high. The uplift is almost completely surrounded by Palaeozoic strata which lap up on the sides of the underlying basement rocks. The mountains form the drainage divide between the Hudson watershed and the St. Lawrence River/Great Lakes watershed. On the south and south-west the waters flow either directly into the Hudson, which rises in the center of the group, or else reach it through the Mohawk River. On the north and east the waters reach the St. Lawrence by way of Lakes George and Champlain, and on the west they flow directly into that stream or reach it through Lake Ontario. The most important streams within the area are the Hudson, Black, Oswegatchie, Grass, Raquette, Saranac and Au Sable rivers. The region was once covered, with the exception of the higher summits, by the Laurentian glacier, whose erosion, while perhaps having little effect on the larger features of the country, has greatly modified it in detail, producing lakes and ponds, whose number is said to exceed 1300, and causing many falls and rapids in the streams. Among the larger lakes are the Upper and Lower Saranac, Big and Little Tupper, Schroon, Placid, Long, Raquette and Blue Mountain. The region known as the Adirondack Wilderness, or the Great North Woods, embraces between 5000 and 6000 square miles (13,000 km2 and 16,000 km2) of mountain, lake, plateau and forest. Mining was once a significant industry in the Adirondacks. The region is rich in magnetic iron ores, which were mined for many years. Other mineral products are graphite, garnet used as an abrasive, pyrite and zinc ore. There is also a great quantity of Titanium, which was mined extensively.

Spelling

The mountains are sometimes known as the Adirondaks, without a "c." Some of the place names in the vicinity of Lake Placid have peculiar phonetic spellings attributed to Melville Dewey, who was a principal influence in developing that town and the Lake Placid Club. The Adirondak Loj, a popular hostel and trailhead run by the Adirondack Mountain Club in the high peaks region, is one example.

Tourism and Recreation

The mountain peaks are usually rounded and easily scaled. There used to be many railroads in the region but most are no longer functioning. The surface of most of the lakes lies at an elevation above 1500 ft (457 m); their shores are usually rocky and irregular, and the wild scenery within their vicinity has made them very attractive to tourists. Cabins, hunting lodges, villas and hotels are numerous. The resorts most frequented are in and around Lake Placid, Lake George, Saranac Lake, Schroon Lake and St. Regis Lake. Hunting and fishing are allowed in the Adirondack Park, although in many places there are strict regulations. Because of these regulations, the large tourist population has not overfished the area, and as such, the brooks, rivers, ponds and lakes are well stocked with trout and black bass. At the head of Lake Placid stands Whiteface Mountain, from whose summit one of the finest views of the Adirondacks can be obtained. Two miles (3 km) southeast of this lake, at North Elba, is the old farm of the white abolitionist John Brown, which contains his grave and is frequented by visitors. Lake Placid is the principal source of the Au Sable River, which for a part of its course flows through a rocky chasm 100 feet to 175 feet (30m to 53 m) deep and rarely more than 30-ft wide (10m). At the head of the Ausable Chasm are the Rainbow Falls, where the stream makes a vertical leap of 70ft. Another impressive feature of the Adirondacks is Indian Pass, a gorge about eleven miles (18 km) long between Mt. McIntyre and Wallface Mountain. The latter is a majestic cliff rising from the pass to a height of 1300ft (400m). Keene Valley, in the center of Essex County, is another picturesque region, presenting a pleasing combination of peaceful valley and rugged hills. Although the climate during the winter months is very severe, with absolute temperatures often falling into the -30F range (pre wind chill), a number of sanitariums were located there in the early 1900s because of the positive effect the air had on tuberculosis patients. The region is heavily forested with spruce, pine and broad-leafed trees. Lumbering, once an important industry, has been much restricted since the creation of the State Park, more than 100 years ago

History

Algonquian and Mohawk Indians used the Adirondacks for hunting and travel, but they had no settlements in the area. Samuel de Champlain sailed up the Saint Lawrence and Rivière des Iroquois near what would become Ticonderoga on Lake Champlain in 1609, and thus may have been the first European to encounter the Adirondacks. Jesuit missionaries and French trappers were among the first Europeans to visit the region, as early as 1642. Part of the French and Indian War (1754-1763) was played out on the edge of the Adirondacks. The British built Fort William Henry on the south end of Lake George in 1755; the French countered by building Fort Carillon on the north end, which was renamed Fort Ticonderoga after it was captured by the British. In 1757, French General Montcalm, captured Fort William Henry. Fort William Henry At the end of the 18th century rich iron deposits were discovered in the Champlain Valley, precipitating land clearing, settlement and mining in that area, and the building of furnaces and forges. A growing demand for timber pushed loggers deeper into the wilderness. Millions of pine, spruce, and hemlock logs were cut and floated down the area's many rivers to mills built on the edges. Logging continued slowly but steadily into the interior of the mountains throughout the 19th century and farm communities developed in many of the river valleys. The area wasn't formally named the Adirondacks until 1837; an English map from 1761 labels it simply "Deer Hunting Country." Serious exploration of the interior did not occur until after 1870; the headwaters of the Hudson River at Lake Tear of the Clouds near Mount Marcy were not discovered until more than fifty years after the discovery of the headwaters of the Columbia River in the Canadian Rockies of British Columbia. One consequence of the American Civil War was that many people who might otherwise never have left their home town got to see a great deal of the country; as a result, interest in outdoor life and adventure travel became commonplace. Although sportsmen had always shown some interest in the Adirondacks, the publication of William H. H. Murray's Adventures in the Wilderness; Or Camp-Life in the Adirondacks in 1869 started a flood of tourists to the area, leading to a rash of hotel building and the development of stage coach lines. Thomas Clark Durant, who had helped to build the Union Pacific railroad, acquired a large tract of central Adirondack land and built a railroad from fashionable Saratoga Springs to North Creek. By 1875 there were more than two hundred hotels in the Adirondacks, some of them with several hundred rooms; the most famous was Paul Smith's Hotel. By the close of the 19th century, Raquette Lake had become the ne plus ultra of fashionable summer residences. William West Durant, son of T.C. Durant, built luxurious compounds that came to be known as the "Great Camps". William West Durant Romanticism had also played a part in popularizing the area, as mountains previously seen as dreaded and forbidding were celbrated by the Romantists. Part of James Fenimore Cooper's 1826 The Last of the Mohicans: A narrative of 1757 is set in the Adirondacks. Frederic Remington canoed the Oswegatchie River, and William James Stillman, painter and journalist, spent the summer of 1857 painting near Raquette Lake. The next year he returned with a group of friends to a spot on Follensby Pond that became known as the Philosophers Camp. The group included James Russell Lowell, Louis Agassiz, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.'s brother John. In 1873 Verplanck Colvin developed a report urging the creation of a state forest preserve covering the entire Adirondack region, based on the need to preserve the watershed as a water source for the Erie Canal, which was vital to New York's economy at the time. In 1883 he was appointed superintendent of the New York state land survey, and in 1885 the Adirondack Forest Preserve was created, followed in 1885 by the Adirondack Park. When it became clear that the forces seeking to log and develop the Adirondacks would soon reverse the two measures through lobbying, environmentalists sought to amend the State Constitution. In 1892, Article XIV of the New York State Constitution was adopted, which reads in part: The lands of the State...shall be forever kept as wild forest lands. They shall not be leased, sold, or exchanged, nor shall the timber thereon be sold, removed or destroyed. The restrictions on development and lumbering embodied in Article XIV have withstood many challenges from timber interests, hydropower projects, and large scale tourism development interests. Further, the language of the article, and decades of legal experience in its defense, are widely recognised as having laid the foundation for the U.S. National Wilderness Act of 1964.

Sources


- Graham, Jr., F., The Adirondack Park: A Political History. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1984.
- Donaldson, A. L., A History of the Adirondacks, 2 vols., Mamaroneck, NY: Harbor Hill Books, 1989; reprint of 1921 edition.
- McKibben, B. (1995), Hope, Human and Wild: true stories of living lightly on the earth. Little, Brown, and Co., Boston, Massachusetts.
- Schaeffer, P. (1989), Defending the Wilderness: the Adirondack Writings of Paul Schaefer. Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, New York.
- Schneider, P. (1997), The Adirondacks: A History of America's First Wilderness. Henry Hold and Co., Inc., New York, N.Y.
- Terrie, P.G. (1994), Forever Wild: A Cultural History of Wilderness in the Adirondacks. Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, New York.
- Terrie, P.G. (1997), Contested Terrain: A New History of Nature and People in the Adirondacks. The Adirondack Museum/Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, New York.

External links


- [http://adk.com/home/z-home.htm The Adirondacks (travel and tourism)]
- [http://www.adk46r.org/ ADK 46ers website]
- [http://www.adk.org/ Adirondack Mountain Club]
- [http://www.adirondackcouncil.org/ Adirondack Council]
- [http://www.adirondackmuseum.org/ Adirondack Museum]
- [http://www.protectadks.org Association for the Protection of the Adirondacks]
- [http://www.apa.state.ny.us/Research/index.html NYS Adirondack Park Agency - Extensive park information]
- [http://www.adirondack.net/history/ Adirondack History]
- [http://www.adkresearch.org/ Adirondack Research Consortium]
- [http://www.adirondackhistory.org/newguides/index.html Adirondack History - Guides and Guiding] Category:Mountain ranges of New York

Essex County, New York

Essex County is a county located in the state of New York. As of 2000, the population is 38,851. Its name is from the English county of Essex. Its county seat is Elizabethtown.

History

When counties were established in New York State in 1683, the present Essex County was part of Albany County. This was an enormous county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in theory, extending westward to the Pacific Ocean. This county was reduced in size on July 3, 1766 by the creation of Cumberland County, and further on March 16, 1770 by the creation of Gloucester County, both containing territory now in Vermont. On March 12, 1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the other pieces, Charlotte County, contained the eastern portion. In 1784, the name "Charlotte County" was changed to Washington County to honor George Washington, the American Revolutionary War general and later President of the United States of America. In 1788, Clinton County was split off from Washington County. This was a much larger area than the present Clinton County, including several other counties or county parts of the present New York State. Essex County was split from Clinton County in 1799.

Geography

Essex County is in the northeastern part of New York State, just west of Vermont along the eastern boundary of the State. The eastern boundary of Essex County is Lake Champlain, which serves as the New York-Vermont border. The highest point in New York, Mount Marcy is in the Town of Keene. The Ausable River forms a partial northern boundary for the county. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 4,964 km² (1,916 mi²). 4,654 km² (1,797 mi²) of it is land and 310 km² (120 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 6.25% water.

Demographics

As of the census2 of 2000, there are 38,851 people, 15,028 households, and 9,828 families residing in the county. The population density is 8/km² (22/mi²). There are 23,115 housing units at an average density of 5/km² (13/mi²). The racial makeup of the county is 94.84% White, 2.81% Black or African American, 0.31% Native American, 0.41% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 0.69% from other races, and 0.86% from two or more races. 2.19% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 15,028 households out of which 29.20% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.20% are married couples living together, 8.90% have a female householder with no husband present, and 34.60% are non-families. 28.30% of all households are made up of individuals and 12.60% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.39 and the average family size is 2.93. In the county the population is spread out with 22.80% under the age of 18, 6.90% from 18 to 24, 29.80% from 25 to 44, 24.50% from 45 to 64, and 16.00% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 39 years. For every 100 females there are 107.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 108.60 males. The median income for a household in the county is $34,823, and the median income for a family is $41,927. Males have a median income of $30,952 versus $22,205 for females. The per capita income for the county is $18,194. 11.60% of the population and 7.80% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 14.50% of those under the age of 18 and 8.60% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Cities, Towns, Villages, and other locations


- Chesterfield (town)
- Crown Point (town)
- Elizabethtown (town)
- Elizabethtown
- Essex (town)
- Jay (town)
- Keene (town)
- Keeseville (village)
- Lake Placid (village)
- Lewis (town)
- Minerva (town)
- Mineville-Witherbee
- Moriah (town)
- Newcomb (town)
- North Elba (town)
- North Hudson (town)
- Port Henry (village)
- Saranac Lake (village)
- Schroon (town)
- St. Armand (town)
- Ticonderoga (town)
- Ticonderoga
- Westport (town)
- Willsboro (town)
- Wilmington (town) : => Designation in parentheses is the official political level.

External links


- [http://www.co.essex.ny.us Essex County]
- [http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ny/state/his/bk6/ch1.html Historical informaton on Essex County] Category:Essex County, New York Category:New York counties

North Elba, New York

North Elba is a town located in Essex County, New York. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 8,661. The Town of North Elba is on the western edge of the county.

History

The town was formed from part of the Town of Keene in 1849.

Geography

Some of the High Peaks of the Adirondack State Park are in the town. The west town line is the border of Franklin County, New York. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 405.2 km² (156.4 mi²). 393.4 km² (151.9 mi²) of it is land and 11.8 km² (4.6 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 2.92% water.

Demographics

As of the census2 of 2000, there are 8,661 people, 2,944 households, and 1,675 families residing in the town. The population density is 22.0/km² (57.0/mi²). There are 3,991 housing units at an average density of 10.1/km² (26.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 85.71% White, 10.10% African American, 0.40% Native American, 0.87% Asian, 0.20% Pacific Islander, 1.82% from other races, and 0.90% from two or more races. 6.51% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 2,944 households out of which 26.4% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.9% are married couples living together, 8.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 43.1% are non-families. 35.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 12.7% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.21 and the average family size is 2.90. In the town the population is spread out with 17.6% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 39.6% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 37 years. For every 100 females there are 146.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 158.2 males. The median income for a household in the town is $35,329, and the median income for a family is $44,828. Males have a median income of $27,787 versus $23,356 for females. The per capita income for the town is $19,259. 10.9% of the population and 7.3% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 11.9% of those under the age of 18 and 10.2% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Communities and locations in North Elba


- Buck Island -- An island in Lake Placid.
- Lake Placid -- A lake in the north-central part of the town.
- Lake Placid -- The Village of Lake Placid is near the center of the town.
- Lake Placid Airport (LKP) -- A general aviation ariport south of Lake Placid village.
- Moose Island -- An island in Lake Placid.
- North Elba -- The hamlet of North Elba is southeast of Lake Placid village on Route 73.
- Ray Brook -- A hamlet between Saranac Lake and Lake Placid villages on Route 86.
- Saranac Lake -- Part of the Village of Saranac Lake is at the western border of the town. It is the site of a federal penitentiary.
- Undercliff -- A location near the north end of Lake Placid lake.
- Whiteface -- A location north of Lake Placid village.

North Elba Facts

John Brown's body, commemorated in song, is buried on his family's farm in North Elba. The Adirondack Scenic Railroad traverses the town.

External links


- [http://www.townofnorthelba.org/ Town of North Elba] Category:Essex County, New York Category:Towns in New York

1980 Winter Olympics

The XIII Olympic Winter Games were held in 1980 in Lake Placid, New York, United States of America. Another candidate city was Vancouver-Garibaldi, Canada; they withdrew before the final vote.

Highlights


- This was the second time the Games were held in Lake Placid.
- First use of artificial snow in Olympic competition.
- Although they didn't get any medals, the People's Republic of China returned to the Olympics Games after the IOC agreed to designate the ROC "Chinese Taipei".
- Ingemar Stenmark won both the giant slalom and the slalom.
- Hanni Wenzel won the women's giant slalom and slalom, making Liechtenstein the smallest country to produce an Olympic champion.
- Ulrich Wehling of the East Germany and Irina Rodnina won their respective events for the third time.
- Aleksandr Tikhonov of the USSR earned his fourth straight gold medal.
- Nikolay Zimyatov of the USSR earned three gold medals in cross-country skiing.
- Eric Heiden won all five speed skating races.
- Robin Cousins won gold for Great Britain in the men's ice skating
- An upstart United States ice hockey team, made up primarily of collegiate players, won the gold medal, defeating the heavily favored Soviet team and then Finland in the medal round. Their defeat of the Soviet team in the medal round became known as the "Miracle on Ice" in the US press. A film was made in 2004 based on the event called Miracle.

Medals awarded

See the medal winners, ordered by sport:
- Alpine skiing
- Biathlon
- Bobsleigh
- Cross country skiing
- Figure skating
- Ice Hockey
- Luge
- Nordic Combined
- Speed Skating
- Ski jumping

Medal count

Top medal-collecting nations:
(for the full table, see 1980 Winter Olympics medal count) (Host nation in bold.)

See also


- 1980 Winter Paralympics
- Olympic Games
- Summer Olympic Games
- International Olympic Committee
- WikiProject Sports Olympics
- IOC country codes

External links


- [http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=2&OLGY=1980 IOC Site on 1980 Winter Olympics]
- [http://www.orda.org Lake Placid Olympic Regional Development Authority]
- [http://www.mybigadventure.com/index.php?action=Stats&stat=Sites&date=20040926&page=13 Tour of 1980 Winter Olympic Sports Complex] - My Big Adventure (328 Images) Category:1980 Winter Olympics ja:レークプラシッドオリンピック (1980年)

Miracle on Ice

The "Miracle on Ice" is the popular nickname for the ice hockey game in the 1980 Olympic Winter Games, in which a team of amateur and collegiate players from the United States beat the Soviet Union against near-impossible odds on February 22, 1980, in Lake Placid, New York. The United States went on to win the gold medal. USSR received the silver medal, and Sweden received the bronze. [http://www.olympic.org/uk/athletes/results/search_r_uk.asp?SPO_S_CODE=IH&OLG_I_YEAR=1980&OLGT_I_ID=2&RESULT=TRUE&DIS_S_CODE=IH&SEARCH_TYPE=3&GET_C_ID=W,M,X&MED_I_ID=1,2,3] The term Miracle on Ice was also applied to another surprising Olympic ice hockey victory: The Belarusian defeat of heavily-favored Sweden in the quarterfinals of the 2002 Winter Olympic Games.

Prelude and group play

The United States entered the competition without a great deal of fanfare of favor, having been seeded seventh in the final round of twelve teams which qualified for the Lake Placid Olympics. They were composed of collegiate players and amateurs; only a few had signed a contract to play in the National Hockey League, the world's premier professional league, but none had yet actually played in the League. The Soviet Union, on the other hand, were the favored team going into the tournament. Though classed as amateur, Soviet players essentially played professionally in a well-developed league with excellent training facilities. They were led by legendary players in world ice hockey, such as Boris Mikhailov, a center who served as the team captain, and Vladislav Tretiak, considered by many to be the best ice hockey goaltender in the world at the time, as well as talented, young, and dynamic players such as defenseman Viacheslav Fetisov. Viacheslav Fetisov The two teams were natural rivals because of the Cold War. In addition, President Jimmy Carter was at the time considering an American boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics, to be held in Moscow, in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, which began the year before. Carter eventually decided in favor of the boycott. On February 9, the two teams met for an exhibition match in order to practice for the upcoming competition. The Soviet Union won, 10-3. In group play, the United States surprised many observers with their physical, cohesive play, including a 7-3 victory against a very strong team from Czechoslovakia, and finished with 4 wins and 1 draw to advance to the medal round. In the other group, the Soviets stormed through their opposition, defeating, among others, Japan 16-0, the Netherlands 17-4, and Poland 8-1, and easily qualified for the next round. Sweden and Finland also qualified for the medal round. The two teams prepared for the medal round in different ways. Coach Viktor Tikhonov of the Soviets rested most of his best players, preferring to let them study plays rather than actually skate. U.S. coach Herb Brooks, however, continued with his tough, confrontational style, skating "hard" practices, and berating his players for any perceived weaknesses. The day before the match, columnist Dave Anderson wrote in the New York Times, "Unless the ice melts, or unless the United States team or another team performs a miracle, as did the American squad in 1960, the Russians are expected to win the Olympic gold medal for the sixth time in the last seven tournaments."

Medal round: U.S. vs. USSR

The home crowd, reinforced by the Americans' improbable run during group play and the Cold War "showdown" mentality, were in a patriotic fervor throughout the match, waving American flags and singing patriotic songs such as "God Bless America." The rest of America would have to wait to see the game, however, as ABC decided not to cover the games live, but rather on tape delay so the 5:00 game could be seen in primetime. The Americans, however, fell behind early, as they had in many of their preliminary games. Vladimir Krutov deflected a slap shot by Aleksei Kasatonov past U.S. goaltender Jim Craig to give the Soviets a 1-0 lead, and after Buzz Schneider scored for the Americans to tie the game, the Soviets rallied again with a Sergei Makarov goal. Sergei Makarov Down 2-1, Craig began to improve his play, turning away many Soviet shots before the Americans had another shot on goal. With one second left in the first period, Dave Christian fired a desperate slap shot on Tretiak. The Soviet goalie saved the shot but uncharacteristically misplayed the rebound, and Mark Johnson scooped it past Tretiak to tie the score again. The frustrated Soviet team played the final second of the period with just three players on the ice, as the rest of the team had retired to their dressing room for intermission. In the second period, Coach Tikhonov decided to replace Tretiak with backup goalkeeper Vladimir Myshkin, a move which surprised many players on both teams, including Fetisov, who would later identify the move as the "turning point of the game". The move seemed to work at first, however, and Myshkin allowed no goals in the second, while Aleksandr Maltsev scored on the power play to make the score 3-2. Jim Craig was knocked down on the play by Kharlemov. Despite being in obvious pain, Craig got up and remained in the game. In the third, however, Johnson scored again for the U.S., firing a loose puck past Myshkin to tie the score. Later, with ten minutes to go in the game, Mark Pavelich passed to U.S. captain Mike Eruzione, who was left undefended in the high slot (the area directly in front of the goal). Eruzione fired a shot past Myshkin, who was unable to see the shot because his own defenseman was blocking his view. Craig withstood another series of Soviet shots to finish the match, though the Soviets did not remove their goalkeeper for an extra attacker. As the U.S. team tried desperately to clear the zone (move the puck over the blue line, which they did with seven seconds remaining), the crowd began to count down the seconds left. Sportscaster Al Michaels, who was calling the game on ABC along with former Montreal Canadiens goalie Ken Dryden, picked up on the countdown in his broadcast, and delivered the famous, ad-libbed line for which the match would later be known:

Medal round: U.S. vs. Finland

The match against the great Soviet team was very emotional and so memorable that many Americans still do not realize that it did not win the gold medal for the U.S. Once again, Coach Brooks skated a "hard" practice the day before the game, determined to disabuse his team of the idea that the game was anti-climactic. Ken Dryden Again, the U.S. fell behind early, this time 2-1 after two periods, due to excellent play by the Finnish goalie. Coming into the dressing room, Brooks turned to his players, looked at them and said, "If you lose this game, you'll take it to your fucking grave." He then paused, took a few steps, turned again, said, "your fucking grave," and walked out. In the third period, the U.S. got three unanswered goals from Phil Verchota, Rob McClanahan, and Mark Johnson, and held on for a 4-2 victory. Again, Michaels delivered a famous line to end the game: Five seconds to the gold medal, four seconds to the gold... This impossible dream comes true! The U.S. had won the gold medal. Players mobbed the ice, sticks and gloves flying. Jim Craig roamed the ice, draped in an American flag, scanning the crowd for his father, with whom he wanted to share the moment. Craig's mother had recently died, after expressing her dream that he play on the Olympic squad. Millions of Americans were moved to overjoyed tears as this team that was given no shot by the sports world to even medal, celebrated its gold medal–clinching victory. Often, the game against Soviet Union is called the "semifinal" and the game against Finland is called the "final" or the "gold medal game". This is not quite accurate. In 1980 Olympics, each of the four teams who qualified for the medal round (U.S., USSR, Sweden, Finland) played the teams that they did not yet play. The team with the most points against the other teams in the medal round would become the Olympic Champion. After the U.S. upset of the Soviet Union, each team in the medal round still had a chance to win the Gold Medal, depending on the results of the two last games (U.S.–Finland and Sweden–USSR, both played on the same day).

Aftermath

Eruzione accepted the Gold Medal for the United States, inviting all of his teammates onto the podium with him to do so in a minor breach of Olympic etiquette. etiquette The match versus the Soviets popularized the "U-S-A! U-S-A!" chant, which has been used by U.S. supporters at many international sports competitions since 1980. Some historians and political commentators actually consider the 1980 hockey game as a major turning point in the political races that were taking place in 1980. Of the 20 players on the US team, 13 eventually played in the NHL. Five of them would go on to play over 500 NHL games.
- Neal Broten had arguably the most successful pro career, appearing in 1099 NHL games over 17 seasons, mostly with the Minnesota North Stars/Dallas Stars. A two-time All-Star, he tallied 923 career points (289 goals, 634 assists) and won a Stanley Cup as a member of the New Jersey Devils in 1994-95.
- Ken Morrow won a Stanley Cup in 1980 as a member of the New York Islanders, becoming the first hockey player to win an Olympic gold medal and the Cup in the same year. He went on to play 550 NHL games and win three more Cups, all with the Islanders.
- Mike Ramsey had the longest NHL career, playing in 1070 games over 18 years. Fourteen of those years were spent with the Buffalo Sabres, for whom he was a five-time All-Star and served as team captain from 1990-93.
- Dave Christian spent 14 years in the NHL, the bulk of them for the Winnipeg Jets and Washington Capitals. He ended his career with 773 points (340 goals, 443 assists) in 1009 games and made the All-Star team in 1991.
- Mark Johnson bounced around the NHL for several years before finding a home in New Jersey, but he was a scoring threat wherever he went, tallying 508 career points (203 goals, 305 assists) in 669 games over 11 seasons. Jack O'Callahan, Steve Christoff, Rob McClanahan, Mark Pavelich, and Dave Silk also went on to have modestly successful pro careers. One of Brooks's assistant coaches, Craig Patrick, went on to become a successful general manager in the NHL and is now in the Hockey Hall of Fame. Brooks himself would coach several NHL teams following the Olympics, with mixed results. Long NHL careers were not in the cards for every member of the team, however. Most notably, team captain Mike Eruzione played his last high-level hockey game in the 1980 Olympics, as he felt that he had accomplished his hockey goals with the gold medal win. Despite the loss, Soviet ice hockey was still recognized for superior play and talent, and Soviet players began to appear in the NHL with more regularity – although initially many had to defect in order to do so because of the Cold War. Today, many of the NHL's top players, such as Sergei Fedorov, Igor Larionov, Ilya Kovalchuk, Sergei Gonchar, and Pavel Bure, come from the former Soviet Union. Michaels was named "Sportscaster of the Year" in 1980 for his coverage of the event, and the team received Sports Illustrated magazine's "Sportsmen of the Year" award. In 2002, the members of the team jointly lit the Olympic Flame at the climax of the opening ceremonies of the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah. In 2004, ESPN, as part of their 25th anniversary, declared the Miracle on Ice game vs. the Soviets the top sports headline, moment, and game of the period 1979–2004.

Films about the event

A movie of the same name, starring Karl Malden as Brooks and Steve Guttenberg as Craig, aired on television in 1981, and was released in theaters in 1989. A movie about the hockey victory called Miracle was released in 2004.

Members of the USA team


- Jim Craig
- Steve Janaszak
- Bill Baker
- Dave Christian
- Ken Morrow
- Jack O'Callahan
- Mike Ramsey
- Bob Suter
- Neal Broten
- Steve Christoff
- Mike Eruzione
- John Harrington
- Mark Johnson
- Rob McClanahan
- Mark Pavelich
- Buzz Schneider
- Dave Silk
- Eric Strobel
- Phil Verchota
- Mark Wells

Members of the USSR team


- Vladislav Tretiak
- Helmuts Balderis
- Zinetula Bilyaletdinov
- Viacheslav Fetisov
- Aleksandr Golikov
- Alexei Kasatonov
- Valeri Kharlamov
- Vladimir Krutov
- Yuri Lebedev
- Sergei Makarov
- Aleksandr Maltsev
- Boris Mikhailov
- Vladimir Myshkin
- Vasili Pervukhin
- Vladimir Petrov
- Aleksandr Skvortsov
- Sergei Starikov
- Valeri Vasiliev
- Viktor Zhlutkov

References


- Coffey, Wayne. The Boys of Winter. New York City: Crown Publishers, 2005.
- Do You Believe in Miracles? The Story of the 1980 U.S. Hockey Team. HBO Home Video, 2001.
- Dolezar, Jon A (2002). [http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/hockey/news/2002/09/27/soviet_legacy/ "Russian hockey looked different after '72 Summit Series"]. Sports Illustrated. Sep. 27, 2002.
- [http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/hockey/news/2003/08/11/brooks_obit_ap/?cnn=yes "Herb Brooks killed in car accident"]. Sports Illustrated. Aug. 11, 2003.
- Kindred, Dave. "[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/sports/longterm/olympics1998/history/memories/80-kindred.htm Born to Be Players, Born to the Moment]". Washington Post. February 23, 1980, Page A1.
- Shapiro, Leonard. "[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/sports/longterm/olympics1998/history/memories/80-hock.htm U.S. Shocks Soviets in Ice Hockey, 4-3]". Washington Post. February 23, 1980, Page D1.
- Swift, E.M (1980). [http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/si_online/the_golden_goal/ "With one seemingly harmless shot, Mike Eruzione staked the U.S. to a lead and a Miracle on Ice"]. Sports Illustrated. Mar. 3, 1980.

See also


- Ice hockey at the 1980 Winter Olympics Category:1980 Winter Olympics 1980 Miracle on Ice Category:ABC Sports Category:Memorable moments in sports

Gold medal

:This article is about gold medals as awards or prizes. There is also an article on Gold Medal, an album by The Donnas. A gold medal will generally represent the highest award for achievement in a non-military field, with no restriction on eligibility. The concept comes from the military, initially with a simple recognition of military rank, and later decorations for admission to military orders dating back to medieval times. Since at least the 18th Century, gold medals have been awarded in the arts (for example by the Royal Danish Academy), usually as a symbol of a financial award to give an outstanding student some freedom. Others offer only the prestige of the award. Many organizations now award gold medals either annually or extraordinarily including UNESCO and various academic societies.

Olympic Games

Without qualification, the term is likely to refer to a winner's prize at the modern Olympic Games (medals were not awarded at the ancient games). In 1896 winners' medals were in fact silver. The custom of gold-silver-bronze for the first three places dates from the 1904 games and has been copied for many other sporting events. Minting the medals is the responsibility of the host city. From 1928-1968 the design was always the same: the obverse showed a generic design by Florentine artist Giuseppe Cassioli with text giving the host city; the reverse showed another generic design of an Olympic champion. From 1972-2000, Cassioli's design (or a slight reworking) remained on the obverse with a custom design by the host city on the reverse. Noting that Cassioli's design showed a Roman amphitheatre for what was originally a Greek games, a new obverse design was commissioned for the Athens 2004 Games. Winter Olympics medals have been of more varied design. Most gold medals (including Olympic gold medals) are gold plated, exceptions being the Congressional Gold Medal and Nobel Prizewinners medals which are solid gold.

External link


- [http://www.olympic.org/uk/passion/collectors/search_uk.asp?CatId=3&TypeId=4 Medal Designs for all Olympic Games]
- Gold medal Category:Olympic medals Category:Sports terminology ja:金メダル

19th century

:Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) The 19th century lasted from 1801 to 1900 in the Gregorian calendar (using the Common Era system of year numbering). Historians sometimes define a "Nineteenth Century" historical era stretching from 1815 (The Congress of Vienna) to 1914 (The outbreak of the First World War).

Europe

For Europe, the period is marked with revolution, social upheaval, and the emergence of a united conservatism from the monarchs of Europe in response to the emerging republican firestorm spreading from revolutionary France. There were many revolutions in Europe in 1848. Furthermore, the later end of the century was dominated by what many call the New Imperialism, which was the rapid aquisition of colonies worldwide by European powers, most noteworthy is the Scramble for Africa. Many countries in Europe underwent an Industrial Revolution, especially Britain and Germany, that spread elsewhere by the end of the century, with factories and railway lines built all over the continent. The start of the 19th century there was a struggle between France and Britain and their allies for control of Europe and the world during the Napoleonic Wars, with Napoleon being finally defeated at Waterloo in 1815. During the rest of the century, the British empire became the largest and most powerful empire in history, during the period known as the Pax Britannica.

Americas

In the Americas, the United States slowly grew economically, militarily, and politically, but nevertheless faced dramatic changes domestically, best seen in the Civil War, the end of slavery, and the expansion across the American continent known as Manifest Destiny. Industrially, America will explode following the Civil War, and would eventually begin expansion outward across the Pacific Ocean and in Latin America.

Other countries

For the rest of the world, there were few places not influenced by the West in some fashion, whether through colonialism, imperialism, or war. European powers gained increasing influence in China, where Qing control had weakened, and wars were fought by the western powers against China, such as the first and the second Opium wars and Sino-French War. Japan, which was forcibly opened to Western trade, began a rapid industrialisation. Africa which was largely free from European control at the start of the century, was almost completely dominated by Europe at the end of it, with the Scramble for Africa in the 1880s and 1890s. Large European settlement, especially British, of colonies such as Australia, New Zealand and the Cape Colony continued during the nineteenth century.

Events


- 1801: The Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland merge to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
- 1803: The United States buys out France's territorial claims in North America via the Louisiana Purchase.
- 1804-06: Americans Meriwether Lewis and William Clark lead an expedition to the Pacific Coast and back.
- 1805-48: Muhammad Ali modernizes Egypt.
- 1806: Holy Roman Empire dissolved as a consequence of the Treaty of Lunéville.
- 1809: Napoleon strips the Teutonic Knights of their last holdings in Bad Mergentheim.
- 1813-1917: The contest between the British Empire and Imperial Russia for control of Central Asia is referred to as the Great Game.
- 1815: Congress of Vienna redraws the European map.
- 1815: Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo brings a conclusion to the Napoleonic Wars and marks the beginning of a Pax Britannica which lasts until 1870.
- 1816: Year Without a Summer
- 1816-28: Shaka's Zulu kingdom becomes the largest in Southern Africa.
- 1819: The modern city of Singapore is established by the British East India Company.
- 1820: Liberia founded by the American Colonization Society for freed American slaves.
- 1830: France invades and occupies Algeria.
- 1830: The Belgian Revolution in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands led to the creation of Belgium.
- 1833: Slavery Abolition Act bans slavery throughout the British Empire.
- 1834: Spanish Inquisition officially ends.
- 1835-36: The Texas Revolution in Mexico resulted in the short-lived Republic of Texas.
- 1837-1901: Queen Victoria's reign is considered the apex of the British Empire and is referred to as the Victorian era.
- 1845-49: Irish Potato Famine
- 1848: The Communist Manifesto published.
- 1848: Revolutions of 1848 in Europe
- 1848-58: California Gold Rush
- 1850: The Little Ice Age ends around this time.
- 1851-60s: Victorian gold rush in Australia
- 1851-64: The Taiping Rebellion in China
- 1854: The Convention of Kanagawa formally ends Japan's policy of Sakoku.
- 1855: Bessemer process enables steel to be mass produced.
- 1856: World's first oil refinery in Romania
- 1857-58: Indian rebellion of 1857
- 1859: The Origin of Species published.
- 1864-67: French intervention in Mexico
- 1865-77: Reconstruction in the United States
- 1866: Successful transatlantic telegraph cable follows an earlier attempt in 1858.
- 1866: Creation of the North German Confederation and the Austrian-Hungarian Dual Monarchy.
- 1866-69: Meiji Restoration in Japan
- 1867: The United States purchased Alaska from Russia.
- 1867: Canadian Confederation formed.
- 1869: First Transcontinental Railroad completed in United States.
- 1869: The Suez Canal opens linking the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea.
- 1870-71: Unifications of Germany and Italy.
- 1871-1914: Second Industrial Revolution
- 1870s-90s: Long Depression in Western Europe and North America
- 1872: Yellowstone National Park created.
- 1874: The British East India Company is dissolved.
- 1877: Great Railroad Strike in the United States may have been the world's first nationwide labor strike.
- 1877-78: The Balkans are freed from the Ottoman Empire after another Russo-Turkish War.
- 1878: First commercial telephone exchange in New Haven, Connecticut.
- 1880-1902: Great Britain conquers Dutch settlers in South Africa in two Boer Wars.
- 1882: First electrical power plant and grid in Manhattan.
- 1884-85: The Berlin Conference signals the start of the European Scramble for Africa. Attending nations also agree to ban trade in slaves.
- 1885: Unification of Bulgaria
- 1890: The Wounded Knee Massacre is the last battle in the American Indian Wars.
- 1894-95: After the First Sino-Japanese War, China cedes Taiwan to Japan and grants Japan a free hand in Korea.
- 1895-1896: Ethiopia defeated Italy in the First Italo-Abyssinian War.
- 1896: Olympic games revived in Athens.
- 1896: Klondike Gold Rush in Canada
- 1898: The United States gains control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines after the Spanish-American War.
- 1898-1900: The Boxer Rebellion in China is suppressed by an Eight-Nation Alliance.

Wars

List of wars 1800–1899
- 1799-1815: Napoleonic Wars.
- 1801-15: Barbary Wars between the United States and the Barbary States of North Africa.
- 1806-12: Russo-Turkish War
- 1810-21: Mexican War of Independence.
- 1810s-20s: South American Wars of Independence.
- 1812-15: War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain.
- 1821-32: Greek War of Independence.
- 1828-29: Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829
- 1833-76: Carlist Wars in Spain.
- 1839-60: After two Opium Wars, Great Britain, France, the United States and Russia gain many concessions from China.
- 1854-56: Crimean War between Great Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire and Russia.
- 1861-65: American Civil War between the Union and seceding Confederacy.
- 1866: Austro-Prussian War.
- 1877-78: Russo-Turkish War.
- 1879: Anglo-Zulu War in South Africa.
- 1879-84: War of the Pacific between Peru, Bolivia and Chile.
- 1880-81: First Boer War.
- 1894-95: First Sino-Japanese War.
- 1895-96: First Italo-Abyssinian War.
- 1899-13: The Philippine-American War.

Significant people


- Gilbert and Sullivan, playwright, composer
- William Gilbert Grace, English cricketer
- Baron Haussmann, civic planner
- Sándor Körösi Csoma, explorer of the Tibetan culture
- Fitz Hugh Ludlow, writer and explorer
- Florence Nightingale, nursing pioneer
- Ignaz Semmelweis, founder of hygiene
- Dr. John Snow, the founder of epidemiology
- F R Spofforth, Australian cricketer

Anthropology


- Franz Boas
- Edward Burnett Tylor
- Karl Verner
- Brothers Grimm

Painters


- Paul Cezanne
- Eugène Delacroix
- Caspar David Friedrich
- Antonio de La Gandara
- Théodore Géricault
- Vincent van Gogh
- Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
- Édouard Manet

Music


- Ludwig van Beethoven
- Hector Berlioz
- Johannes Brahms
- Anton Bruckner
- Frédéric Chopin
- Antonin Dvorak
- Franz Liszt
- Felix Mendelssohn
- Modest Mussorgsky
- Franz Schubert
- Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
- Giuseppe Verdi
- Richard Wagner

Literature


- Charles Baudelaire
- Charlotte Brontë
- Emily Brontë
- François-René de Chateaubriand
- Anton Chekhov
- Kate Chopin
- Samuel Taylor Coleridge
- Charles Dickens
- Emily Dickinson
- Fyodor Dostoevsky
- Ralph Waldo Emerson
- Gustave Flaubert
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
- Nikolai Gogol
- Nathaniel Hawthorne
- Friedrich Hölderlin
- Heinrich Heine
- Victor Hugo
- Henry James
- Stéphane Mallarmé
- Aleksandr Pushkin
- Arthur Rimbaud
- Stendhal
- Leo Tolstoy
- Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens)
- Jules Verne
- Walt Whitman
- Oscar Wilde
- Edgar Allan Poe
- Herman Melville

Science


- Henri Becquerel, physicist
- Charles Darwin, biologist
- Thomas Alva Edison, inventor
- Michael Faraday, scientist
- Gottlob Frege, mathematician, logician and philosopher
- Carl Friedrich Gauss, mathematician, physicist, astronomer
- James Clerk Maxwell, Scottish physicist
- Gregor Mendel, biologist
- Louis Pasteur, biologist
- Nikola Tesla, inventor
- Amedeo Avogadro, physicist
- Johann Jakob Balmer, mathematician, physicist
- Pierre Curie, physicist
- Christian Doppler, physicist, mathematician

Philosophy and Religion


- Bahá'u'lláh, Persian religious leader and founder of Bahá'í Faith
- Báb, Persian prophet and founder of Bábísm
- Nikolai of Japan, religious leader who introduced Eastern Orthodoxy into Japan.
- Mikhail Bakunin, anarchist
- Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, philosopher
- Søren Kierkegaard, philosopher
- Karl Marx, political philosopher and economist
- John Stuart Mill, philosopher
- Friedrich Nietzsche, philosopher
- Joseph Smith, Jr., religious leader, founder of Mormonism
- Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, Hindu mystic
- Arthur Schopenhauer, philosopher
- Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon, founder of French socialism
- Brigham Young, Mormon religious leader
- William Morris, social reformer

Politics


- Otto von Bismarck, German chancellor
- Napoleon Bonaparte, French general, first consul and emperor
- Guiseppe Garibaldi, unifier of Italy and Piedmontese soldier
- Ulysses S. Grant, U.S. general and president
- Theodor Herzl, founder of modern political Zionism
- Andrew Jackson, U.S. general and president
- Thomas Jefferson, American statesman, philosopher, and president
- Lajos Kossuth, Hungarian governor; leader of the war of independence
- Hong Xiuquan, revolutionary, self-proclaimed Son of God
- Benjamin Disraeli, novelist and politician
- Libertadores, Latin American liberators
- Robert E. Lee, Confederate general
- Abraham Lincoln, U.S. president; led the nation during the Civil War
- Mutsuhito, Japanese emperor
- István Széchenyi, aristocrat, leader of the Hungarian reform movement
- Queen Victoria, British monarch
- Klemens von Metternich, Austrian Chancellor

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

List of 19th century inventions
- Department stores
- Electromagnetism
- Epidemiology
- Mail order businesses
- Philology
- Postage stamps
- Public busses
- Subway
- The invention of the telegraph connected the world like never before, leading to quicker communication and interaction.
- One of the more devestating technologies emerging from this period is the machine gun, first used during the Civil War (considered the first modern war)

Decades and years

Category:19th century Category:Centuries Category:Romanticism als:19. Jahrhundert zh-min-nan:19 sè-kí ko:19세기 ja:19世紀 simple:19th century th:คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 19

1980 Winter Olympics

The XIII Olympic Winter Games were held in 1980 in Lake Placid, New York, United States of America. Another candidate city was Vancouver-Garibaldi, Canada; they withdrew before the final vote.

Highlights


- This was the second time the Games were held in Lake Placid.
- First use of artificial snow in Olympic competition.
- Although they didn't get any medals, the People's Republic of China returned to the Olympics Games after the IOC agreed to designate the ROC "Chinese Taipei".
- Ingemar Stenmark won both the giant slalom and the slalom.
- Hanni Wenzel won the women's giant slalom and slalom, making Liechtenstein the smallest country to produce an Olympic champion.
- Ulrich Wehling of the East Germany and Irina Rodnina won their respective events for the third time.
- Aleksandr Tikhonov of the USSR earned his fourth straight gold medal.
- Nikolay Zimyatov of the USSR earned three gold medals in cross-country skiing.
- Eric Heiden won all five speed skating races.
- Robin Cousins won gold for Great Britain in the men's ice skating
- An upstart United States ice hockey team, made up primarily of collegiate players, won the gold medal, defeating the heavily favored Soviet team and then Finland in the medal round. Their defeat of the Soviet team in the medal round became known as the "Miracle on Ice" in the US press. A film was made in 2004 based on the event called Miracle.

Medals awarded

See the medal winners, ordered by sport:
- Alpine skiing
- Biathlon
- Bobsleigh
- Cross country skiing
- Figure skating
- Ice Hockey
- Luge
- Nordic Combined
- Speed Skating
- Ski jumping

Medal count

Top medal-collecting nations:
(for the full table, see 1980 Winter Olympics medal count) (Host nation in bold.)

See also


- 1980 Winter Paralympics
- Olympic Games
- Summer Olympic Games
- International Olympic Committee
-