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Ethnic township

The People's Republic of China has created, following Soviet nationality policy, a number of administrative divisions designated as autonomous. Each autonomous entity is specifically associated with one or more ethnic minority, equivalent to the titular nation in Soviet practice. Autonomous administrative divisions can be found at the first (province), second (prefecture), and third (county) levels of local government. They include the following four types:
- Autonomous regions (), at the province level
- Autonomous prefectures (), at the prefecture level
- Autonomous counties (), at the county level
- Autonomous banners (), also at the county level As of June 2005, there are 5 autonomous regions, 30 autonomous prefectures, 117 autonomous counties and 3 autonomous banners in China. Outside these official numbers, there are also county-level cities and county-level districts that, upon their creation, were specified to enjoy the same rights as regular autonomous entities. At the township level, there are 277 ethnic townships and 1 ethnic sumu as of December 31, 2004, but these are not considered to be autonomous entities, and laws pertaining to ethnic autonomous entities do not apply to them. Autonomous entities are provided for according to the constitution of the PRC, and have a number of rights not accorded to other administrative entities. There is some debate over the actual level autonomy, with various groups feeling that is too much or not enough. Since these autonomous entities were created by the PRC, they are not recognised by the Republic of China on Taiwan which ruled Mainland China before PRC takeover.

Nomenclature

The majority of autonomous entities are named by combining the geographical name, the name of the specified nationality, and the entity name used for that administrative level: In Chinese, the nationality name is always suffixed with -族 ("nationality"), unless both of the following conditions apply: the division is found in Xinjiang (or is Xinjiang); the nationality name consists of more than one syllable. This distinction is not reflected in translation into English. Some autonomous entities have more than one specified minority, which tend to be listed in the name of the prefecture, creating rather long names. Two autonomous counties simply use "Various Nationalities" in their names as placeholders, rather than listing out all of their designated ethnicities: A few autonomous entities break the regular nomenclature pattern, because the name of the nationality is already contained within the geographical name, or because there is no geographical name:

Legal basis

Autonomous regions, prefectures, counties, and banners are covered under Section 6 of Chapter 3 (Articles 111-122) of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, and with more detail under the Law of the People's Republic of China on Regional National Autonomy (《中华人民共和国民族区域自治法》). The constitution states that the head of government of each autonomous entity must be of the ethnic group as specified by the autonomous entity (Tibetan, Uyghur, etc). The constitution also guarantees a range of rights including: independence of finance, independence of economic planning, independence of arts, science and culture, organization of local police, and use of local language. In addition, the head of government of each autonomous region is known as a "chairman", unlike provinces, where they are known as "governors".

Demographics

Of the five autonomous regions, only Tibet has an absolute majority (>50%) of the designated majority, namely, the Tibetans. Xinjiang has a relative majority (<50%) of the designated majority, the Uyghurs, though this is disputed by Uyghur independence advocates, who claim that the Han Chinese population in Xinjiang has been severely understated. The remaining 3 autonomous regions have absolute majorities of Han Chinese, the majority ethnicity of China.

History

Autonomous regions, prefectures, counties, and banners were established after communist takeover, following Soviet practice. At first, the nomenclature of these autonomous entities were somewhat confused, with autonomous regions appearing at the province, prefecture, county, and township levels. Eventually the nomenclature was standardized to the conventions used today. The first autonomous region to be established was Inner Mongolia, created within communist-held territory in 1947, two years before the establishment of the People's Republic. Xinjiang was converted from a province to an autonomous region in 1955. Guangxi and Ningxia followed in 1957, and Tibet Autonomous Region was formally established in 1965.

Opinions

Autonomous administrative entities, as well as the various rights granted to them, are affirmed by the government as a positive example of local self-rule in ethnic areas, and an acknowledgement of minority self-determination unprecedented in Chinese history. It is argued that these autonomous entities have facilitated the preservation and development of non-Han Chinese cultures while maintaining the territorial integrity of China. However, they have also drawn criticism from various groups. Some have questioned the necessity of setting up autonomous entities in areas where the designated ethnicity is actually a minority (true for 3 out of the 5 autonomous regions: Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, and Ningxia). They also point out that autonomous regions pursue affirmative action policies which are viewed as discriminatory, such as less preferential treatment in school admissions and government employment opportunities for Han Chinese; this is viewed as unfair, especially in entities where Han Chinese are actually the majority. Finally, some contend that the existence of these autonomous entities, and the extra privileges they enjoy, are a danger to national unity. Conversely, some have said that autonomous entities offer little or no actual autonomy, as officials (minority or not) are appointed from above rather than elected democratically by the people. Independence advocates for Tibet, Xinjiang, and Inner Mongolia would especially view the autonomous regions as facades of so-called autonomy that belie actual policies of repression and assimilation. In addition, real power within the autonomous entity lies with the local Communist Party committee secretary (who is usually Han Chinese) rather than the head of government who is required to be of the designated minority. Also, the ranks of government may become filled with Han Chinese, since only the head of government needs to be of the designated minority.

List of autonomous entities

Autonomous regions

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Autonomous prefectures

Autonomous counties and autonomous banners

There are 117 autonomous counties and 3 autonomous banners. The latter are found in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and the former are found everywhere else. The two are essentially identical except in name. category:Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China ja:民族区域自治

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