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Robert Orchard

Robert Orchard

Robert Orchard is a British radio journalist and presenter. Robert Orchard was educated at the University of Oxford in the 1970s,where he was a member of the Oxford University Broadcasting Society. While at Oxford, he wrote and directed student revues with Rowan Atkinson and Richard Curtis. He also attended the Edinburgh Fringe Festival. Orchard started his career at the Western Mail newspaper and BBC Wales in Cardiff. Most of his career has been in broadcasting with the BBC, especially on Radio 4, although he has also written for the BBC's website. He is a BBC parliamentary correspondent.

External link

- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/presenters/robert_orchard.shtml BBC information] Category:British radio personalities Category:British journalists

University of Oxford

The University of Oxford, located in the city of Oxford, England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. The university traces its roots back to at least the end of the 11th century, although the exact date of foundation remains unclear. According to legend, after riots between scholars and townsfolk broke out in 1209, some of the academics at Oxford fled north-east to the town of Cambridge, where the University of Cambridge was founded. The two universities have since had a long history of competition with each other, and are widely seen as the most prestigious universities in the United Kingdom (see Oxbridge rivalry). Oxford has recently topped two university-ranking league tables produced by British newspapers: it came first according to The Guardian and, for the fourth consecutive year, in The Times table. Although widely contested (as with most league tables) on the basis of their ranking criteria, recent international tables produced by Shanghai Jiao Tong University rated Oxford tenth[http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/rank/2005/ARWU2005_Top100.htm] in the world. Oxford is a member of the Russell Group of research-led British universities, the Coimbra Group (a network of leading European universities), the LERU (League of European Research Universities), and is also a core member of the Europaeum.

History

Europaeum The date of the University's foundation is unknown, and indeed it may not have been a single event, but there is evidence of teaching there as early as 1096. When Henry II of England forbade English students to study at the University of Paris in 1167, Oxford began to grow very quickly. The foundation of the first halls of residence, which later became colleges, dates from this period. Rioting in 1209 led many scholars to leave Oxford for other parts of the country, leading to the establishment of a university in Cambridge. On June 20 1214, a charter of liberties was granted to the University by Nicholas de Romanis, the papal legate, which authorised the appointment of a chancellor of the University. Riots between townsmen and scholars ("town and gown") were common until the St Scholastica Day riot in 1355 led to the king confirming the supremacy of the University over the town. In 1555 - 6 the Protestant Oxford Martyrs, Latimer, Ridley and Cranmer were burned at Oxford. The University's status was formally confirmed by an Act for the Incorporation of Both Universities in 1571, in which the University's formal title is given as The Chancellor, Masters and Scholars of the University of Oxford. In 1603 the University granted the right to appoint two Members of Parliament, a right which lasted until the abolition of university constituencies in 1949. The comprehensive set of statutes, known as the Laudian Code, was drawn up by Archbishop William Laud in 1636 and ratified by Charles I. The University supported the king during the English Civil War, and was the site of his court and parliament, but clashed with his grandson, the Roman Catholic James II, who was later overthrown in the Glorious Revolution. In the 1830s the University was the site of the Oxford Movement in the Church of England. A Royal Commission to reform the University was appointed in 1850 and its proposals, accepted by Parliament, revolutionised the medieval workings of the University, until then still governed by the code of 1636. Later royal commissions were appointed in 1872 and 1919. In 1871 the Universities Tests Act opened the University to Dissenters and Roman Catholics. The first women's halls were established in 1878, and women were admitted to degrees in 1920.

Organisation

Oxford is a collegiate university, consisting of the University's central facilities, such as departments and faculties, libraries and science facilities, and 39 colleges and 7 Permanent Private Halls (PPHs). All teaching staff and degree students must belong to one of the colleges (or PPHs). These colleges are not only houses of residence, but have substantial responsibility for the teaching of undergraduates and postgraduates. Some colleges only accept postgraduate students. Only one of the colleges, St Hilda's, remains single-sex, accepting only women (though several of the religious PPHs are male-only). Oxford's collegiate system springs from the fact that the University came into existence through the gradual agglomeration of independent institutions in the city of Oxford. : See also: Colleges of Oxford University, and a list of Cambridge sister colleges. Image:brasnose.JPG
Brasenose College in the 1670s As well as the collegiate level of organisation, the University is subdivided into departments on a subject basis, much like most other universities. Departments take a major role in graduate education and an increasing role in undergraduate education, providing lectures and classes and organising examinations. Departments are also a centre of research, funded by outside bodies including major research councils; while colleges have an interest in research, few are subject-specialized in organisa

Oxford University Broadcasting Society

The Oxford University Broadcasting Society (OUBS) was a student society at the University of Oxford. It covered radio and television broadcasting. For some years it used the BBC Radio Oxford studio in Wellington Square, Oxford to produce radio programmes for hospital radio and sometimes Radio Oxford itself.

Former members

- Jackie Ashley
- Jonathan Bowen
- Sally Jones
- Robert Orchard Broadcasting Society Category:Oxford student societies Category:Radio

Rowan Atkinson

, Germany August, 1997]] Rowan Sebastian Atkinson (born January 6, 1955 in Consett, County Durham, England) is an English comedian, actor and writer best known for playing the title roles in the UK TV series Blackadder and Mr. Bean.

Early life

Atkinson was born to Eric Atkinson and Ella May, Anglican farmers. He was educated at Durham Choristers School followed by St Bees School and studied electrical engineering at Newcastle University then at Oxford (Queen's College), starting his comedy career at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival. Atkinson toured with a one-man show, with Angus Deayton as the straight man. The one-man show was filmed for television, and is still popular on video. It characterises Atkinson's comedy style, which is tightly planned and scripted, often physically-based comedy – comedy as performance, rather than comedy as observation or discussion, observant of life as many of the routines were. Atkinson's talent for physical comedy has seen him described as "the man with the rubber face". In 1978 he was offered his own television series by ITV but turned it down in favour of Not the Nine O'Clock News.

Career

The success of Not the Nine O'Clock News lead to his starring in the mediaeval sitcom The Black Adder, which he also co-wrote with Richard Curtis, in 1983. Despite a mixed reception, a second series was written, this time by Curtis and Ben Elton, and first screened in 1985. Blackadder II followed the fortunes of one of the descendants of Atkinson's original character, this time in the Elizabethan era. The same pattern was repeated in two sequels Blackadder the Third (1987) (set in the Regency era), and Blackadder Goes Forth (1989), set in the First World War. The Blackadder series went on to become one of the most successful BBC situation comedies of the 1980s. Atkinson's other famous creation, the hapless Mr Bean first appeared the following year in a half hour special for Thames Television. Several sequels followed at irregular intervals before the character transferred to film in 1997. In 2003, Atkinson was listed in The Observer as one of the 50 funniest acts in British comedy, and in a 2005 poll to find The Comedian's Comedian, he was voted amongst the top 50 comedy acts ever by fellow comedians and comedy insiders. The Comedian's Comedian

Private life

He suffered from a stutter as a child and it sometimes returns when he is in stressful situations. In particular, the letter "B" poses a problem for him. He managed to overcome the problem through over articulation; however, this over articulation, somewhat ironically, evolved into one of his trademark comic devices in itself (his pronunciation of "Bob" in Blackadder being a famous example). In June 2005, Atkinson led a coalition of the UK's most prominent actors and writers, including Nicholas Hytner and Ian McEwan, to the British Parliament in an attempt to force a review of the controversial Racial and Religious Hatred Bill – on the grounds that the Bill would give religious groups a "weapon of disproportionate power" whose threat would engender a culture of self-censorship among artists. He has also appeared in television advertising campaigns for Hitachi electrical goods, Fujifilm, the Give Blood campaign and, most famously, as an espionage agent for Barclaycard from which his title role was based for the film Johnny English. He also made appearances at the Just for Laughs comedy festival in Montreal, which also airs on television. He was present at the fifth festival in 1987 and the seventh in 1989. Atkinson married Sunetra Sastry in 1990; they have two children, Lily and Benjamin. His major hobby is fast cars, of which he has a giant collection, consisting of Aston Martins, various other models, and a purple McLaren F1. He has written for the British magazine Car. He holds a UK HGV licence, and currently writes for the British magazine Evo on running an MG XPower SV. In 1995 he appeared in the straight role of racing driver Henry Birkin in the television play Full Throttle.

Selected television appearances

- The Secret Policeman's Ball (1979), a charity special for Amnesty International.
- Not the Nine O'Clock News (1979-1982)
- Blackadder (1983, 1985, 1987, 1989)
- Mr. Bean (1989-1995, 2002)
- Bernard and the Genie, (1991)
- Funny Business (1992), a documentary about the craft of comedy
- The Thin Blue Line (1995-96)
- the Comic Relief Red Nose Day telecasts (notably starring in the "Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death" skit in the 1999 telecast)

Filmography

Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death
- Never Say Never Again (1983)
- The Appointments of Dennis Jennings (1989)
- The Tall Guy (1989)
- The Witches (1990)
- Hot Shots! Part Deux (1993)
- Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994)
- The Lion King (1994, voice of Zazu)
- Bean (1997)
- Rat Race (2001)
- Scooby-Doo (2002)
- Johnny English (2003)
- Love Actually (2003)
- Keeping Mum (2005) In Production
- Bean 2 (2006) Announced

External links

-
- [http://www.rowanatkinson.org/ Fan site – biography, roles] Atkinson, Rowan Atkinson, Rowan Atkinson, Rowan Atkinson, Rowan Atkinson, Rowan Atkinson, Rowan Atkinson, Rowan Atkinson, Rowan Atkinson, Rowan Atkinson, Rowan Atkinson, Rowan ja:ローワン・アトキンソン

Richard Curtis

Richard Curtis (born November 8, 1956), a New Zealand-born British comedy scriptwriter, is best known for the TV series Blackadder and The Vicar of Dibley and the movies Four Weddings and a Funeral and Notting Hill. In 2003, he worked as a director for the first time on his own movie Love Actually. Curtis has lived in England since he was 11 and is a graduate of Oxford University (Christ Church). The son of an executive at Unilever, a multinational company specialising in food and personal care products, Curtis and his family lived in several different countries during his childhood, including Sweden and The Philippines. Part of the family still resides in Sydney, Australia. Curtis was the co-writer with Philip Pope of the Hee Bee Gee Bees' single "Meaningless Songs" (B-side "Posing in the Moonlight") released in 1980 to parody the style of a series of Bee Gees disco hits. He then began to write comedy for film and TV. He was a regular writer on the TV series Not the Nine O'Clock News, where he wrote many of the show's songs with Howard Goodall and many sketches, often with Rowan Atkinson. Richard Curtis is married to script editor and broadcaster Emma Freud, with whom he has four children. He is also the co-founder of the charity, Comic Relief. Every other year, for the past twenty years, Comic Relief has run Red Nose Day, a comedy telethon event on British television to raise money for charity. In 2003, he was listed in The Observer as one of the 50 funniest acts in British comedy. In much of his writing, there appears a character named Bernard; examples include the eponymous hero in Bernard and the Genie (1991), Nursy in Blackadder the Second, the second groom in Four Weddings and a Funeral, and a minor character in Bridget Jones's Diary. A "Bernie" appears in Notting Hill and Love Actually. Some press reports have stated, erroneously, that this tradition stems from Curtis' time at college, when his then-girlfriend left him for Bernard Jenkin (later a British MP). The Bernards are generally mild, mocking caricatures, or in the case of Nursy, female.

Campaigning

Curtis was a founder of both Comic Relief and Make Poverty History. He organised the Live 8 concerts with Bob Geldof to publicize poverty, particularly in Africa, and pressure G8 leaders to adopt his proposals for ending it. To date Comic Relief has raised £337 million for Africa and Britain.

Western Mail

The Western Mail is a daily newspaper published by Western Mail and Echo Ltd in Cardiff, Wales. It describes itself as "the national newspaper of Wales". It was published in broadsheet format until 2004, when it became a tabloid. The newspaper devotes a great deal of its coverage to Welsh rugby. Historically in South Wales the Western Mail has always been associated with it's original owners the coal and iron owners. Often this led to the paper being regarded with a considerable degree of enmity, especially during the strikes in the coal industry of the twentieth century. This association between newspaper and its owner the industrial bourgeoisie was so strong that there is still a degree of distrust of the paper in South Wales. On the other hand, and particularly following devolution, the newspaper has adopted a populist,localist, pro-Wales stance, mainly in trying to find a welsh focus on any given world event, no matter how unrelated to Wales it might be. This approach has been the source of some critizisms in the past.

External link

- [http://www.icwales.co.uk Website of the Western Mail and South Wales Echo] Western Mail, The Western Mail, The Western Mail, The

Cardiff

:See Cardiff (disambiguation) for other terms meaning Cardiff Cardiff (disambiguation)] Cardiff (disambiguation)] Cardiff (disambiguation)]] Cardiff (Welsh: Caerdydd) is the capital and largest city of Wales. Located on the South Wales coast it is administered as a unitary authority. It was a small town until the early nineteenth century and came to prominence following the arrival of industry in the region and the use of Cardiff as a major port for the transport of coal. Cardiff was made a city in 1905 and proclaimed capital of Wales in 1955. In the Census 2001 the population of Cardiff was 305,340, making it the 16th largest settlement in the United Kingdom. People from Cardiff are called Cardiffians.

Industry

The industrial development and growth of Cardiff was initially centred on the transportation of coal, where coal mined from the Rhondda Valley was sent to the port by barge along the River Taff. A logical extension of the coal business was the development of an iron and steel industry, based largely on the port and the coal of the South Wales valleys. The 1980s brought closures to the industry in the entire region, and thousands of local workers were made redundant as the steel industry moved out of Cardiff, including the largest GKN steelworks in Newport Road. Cardiff's port, known as Tiger Bay, was once one of the busiest ports in the world and - for some time - the world's most important coal port. Indeed, Cardiff's Coal Exchange was reputedly the first host to a business deal for a million pounds Sterling. The Tiger Bay area also housed one of the UK's earliest immigrant communities. After a long period of neglect as Cardiff Bay, it is now being regenerated as a popular area for arts, entertainment and nightlife. Much of the growth has been thanks to the building of the Cardiff Barrage. The city's central region, extending from the Hayes (a name derived from hedge) is now full of attractive modern buildings. This area of Cardiff will also shortly be redeveloped, as part of [http://www.stdavids2.com St Davids Centre - Phase 2] project. Highlights of this project will include a new Central Library and a John Lewis store. The affected area is bounded by The Hayes, Mill Lane, Mary Ann St and Bute Terrace. The city is also host to S A Brain, a brewery with premises in Cardiff since 1882.

History

The name Cardiff is an Anglicisation of Welsh name "Caerdydd". There is uncertainty concerning the origin of "Caerdydd"—"Caer" means "fort" or "castle," but although "Dydd" means "Day" in modern Welsh, it is unclear what was meant in this context. Some believe that "Dydd" or "Diff" was a corruption of "Taff", the river on which Cardiff castle stands, in which case "Cardiff" would mean "the fort on the river Taff" (in Welsh the T mutates to D). Others favour a link with Aulus Didius Gallus, as it is known that the Romans established a fort in Cardiff when he was governor of the nearby province, in which case Cardiff might mean "the Fort of Didius". A Norman castle still exists, within the site of the earlier Roman fort, but was substantially altered and extended during the Victorian period by John Crichton-Stuart, the 3rd Marquess of Bute, and the architect William Burges. There is a second castle north of the city, called Castell Coch (Welsh: "the Red Castle"). The current castle is an elaborately decorated Victorian folly designed by Burges for the Marquess and built in the 1870s. However, the Victorian castle stands on the site of a much older medieval castle built by Ivor Bach, a regional baron with links to Cardiff Castle also. The exterior has become a popular location for film and television productions. King Edward VII granted Cardiff city status on October 28, 1905. It was then proclaimed capital city of Wales on December 20, 1955. Therefore, Cardiff celebrates two important anniversaries in 2005. The city is county town of Glamorgan, although this role has diminished since council reorganisation in 1974 paired Cardiff and the Vale of Glamorgan together as the new administrative county of South Glamorgan. Further local government restructuring in 1996 resulted in Cardiff City's district council becoming a unitary authority. On March 1, 2004, Cardiff was granted Fairtrade City status.

Culture, media, sport and tourism

:See also List of cultural venues in Cardiff The city has a professional football team, Cardiff City F.C., nicknamed "The Bluebirds". There is also the world-famous Cardiff RFC or Cardiff Blues rugby union team, and the Cardiff Devils Ice Hockey team. The city also features an international sporting venue, the Millennium Stadium. Cardiff hosted the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games. Cardiff is home to Cardiff Castle, the National Assembly for Wales, [http://www.stdavidshallcardiff.co.uk/English/ St. David's Hall], the National Museum and Gallery, and Cathays Park (including municipal buildings modelled on those in New Delhi), and the [http://www.cardiffmetropolitancathedralchoir.macwebsitebuilder.com/cathedralbuilding.html Cardiff Metropolitan Cathedral]. The Welsh National Opera moved into the Wales Millennium Centre in November 2004. Cardiff's centre is a particularly green one with Bute Park, formally the castle grounds, extending northwards from the top of the Cardiff's main shopping street (Queen Street); when combined with the adjacent Llandaff Fields to the northwest it produces a massive open space skirting the river Taff. Unfortunately Cardiff's central green spaces are now under threat of development. Other popular parks include Roath Park in the north, donated to the city by the 3rd Marquess of Bute in 1887 and which includes a very popular boating lake; Victoria Park, Cardiff's first official park; and Thompson's Park, formerly home to an aviary removed in the 1970s. The city has its own university, Cardiff University, as well as two University of Wales colleges, the University of Wales Institute, Cardiff and the [http://www.rwcmd.ac.uk/index.asp Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama]. Cardiff has also been repeatedly mentioned in the BBC TV show Doctor Who, where it was often filmed. The mentions are a bit tongue-in-cheek, of the "Where are we? It's not Cardiff again is it?" variety. Cardiff hosted the National Eisteddfod in 1883, 1899, 1938, 1960 and 1978. [http://www.cardiffphilatelicsociety.org.uk| Cardiff Philatelic Society] is the oldest Philatelic Society in Wales. It was formed in 1899. The South Wales hardcore scene, one of the UK's largest such music scenes, is largely centred in Cardiff.

Twinning

Cardiff has twinning arrangements with:
- Luhans'k, Ukraine
- Hordaland, Norway
- Nantes, France
- Stuttgart, Germany
- Xiamen, China It was previously but is no longer twinned with Baltimore County, USA

Politics

Since gaining autonomy at the county level in 1996, Cardiff has been governed by Cardiff County Council. Following the 2004 local elections, no individual political party has a majority on Cardiff County Council. The Liberal Democrats have 33 councillors, Labour have 27, the Conservatives have 12 and Plaid Cymru have 3. The Leader of the Council, Cllr Rodney Berman, is from the Liberal Democrats.

Transport links

- by cycle: links to the north using the National Cycle Network and Taff Trail
- by rail: has several rail links: South Wales Main Line and regional Valley Lines
- by bus and coach: on the National Express network, as well as served by regional buses
- by road: linked to the east and west by the M4 motorway, to the north by the A470.
- by air: Cardiff International Airport is located 10miles to the south west of the city
- by waterbus: [http://www.cardiffcats.com/] across Cardiff Bay from Mermaid Quay to Custom House at Penarth adjacent to Cardiff Barrage

Natives of Cardiff

- Michael Aspel
- Jeremy Bowen
- Ryan Giggs
- Jason Barron
- John Humphrys
- Griff Rhys Jones
- Shirley Bassey
- Roald Dahl
- Ivor Novello
- Charlotte Church
- Lauren Harries
- Rhodri Morgan
- Dr Bobi Jones
- Shakin' Stevens
- Terry Nation
- Toy Mic Trevor
- Ioan Gruffudd
- John Toshack

External links

- [http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/ Cardiff Council site]
- [http://www.cardiffonline.net/ Cardiff Online]
- [http://www.astrobiology.cf.ac.uk/ Cardiff Centre for Astrobiology (CCAB) ]
- [http://www.regiochannel.co.uk/cardiff/index.html Directory for Cardiff and surroundings] Category:Glamorgan Category:Cities in Wales Category:Coastal cities Category:Principal areas of Wales Category:Ports and harbours of Wales Category:Welsh county towns Category:Capitals in Europe ja:カーディフ simple:Cardiff

BBC

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is the national public service broadcaster of the United Kingdom (see British television). It produces programmes and information services, broadcasting on television, radio, and the Internet. It is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world. The BBC's main domestic services on television include BBC One, BBC Two, BBC Three, BBC Four, the news channel BBC News 24, and the children's channels CBBC and CBeebies. BBC One and BBC Two are available via conventional analogue transmission — the remainder can be viewed only by those with digital reception equipment. The BBC also operates the UK's only dedicated politics channel, BBC Parliament, covering events in the British Parliament, Scottish Parliament, Welsh Assembly, and European Parliament, as well as highlights of overseas legislatures such as the US Congress. National radio services include Radio 1, Radio 2, Radio 3, and Radio 4, and BBC Radio Five Live. Digital radio services include 1Xtra, BBC 6 Music, BBC 7, BBC Five Live Sports Extra, and the BBC Asian Network. There is also a huge catalogue of BBC Local Radio stations (such as BBC Hereford and Worcester), Open Centres, BBC Buses, and BBC Big Screens. In addition the BBC operates the BBC World Service on radio, funded by and operated in cooperation with the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. The BBC's commercial operations are run by BBC Worldwide. These include its international television services which are funded commercially and include the international news channel BBC World, as well as entertainment channels BBC Prime, BBC America, BBC Canada and BBC Japan. There is also a Canadian children's channel BBC Kids. BBC Worldwide also co-runs, with Flextech, the UKTV network of stations in the UK, producers of amongst others UKTV Gold. In Australia and New Zealand, BBC Worldwide runs the UK.TV network jointly with Foxtel and Fremantle Media. The BBC produces a large body of programming for domestic and worldwide broadcast. Many programmes (especially documentaries) are sold to foreign television stations, and comedy, documentaries and historical drama productions are popular on the international DVD market. It is an autonomous corporation run by a board of governors appointed by the government for a term of four years (formerly five years). This is soon to be changed to a BBC trust. Management of the organisation is in the hands of a Director-General appointed by the governors. Its domestic programming and broadcasts are funded by levying television licence fees upon the owners of television sets.

History

television licence broadcast]] The British Broadcasting Company was founded in 1922 by various private firms, to broadcast experimental radio services. The first transmission was on 14 November. The BBC, with John Reith as general manager, took on its current form in 1927 when it was granted a Royal Charter of incorporation. It started experimental television broadcasting in 1932, becoming a regular service (known as the BBC Television Service) in 1936. Television broadcasting was suspended from September 1, 1939 to June 7, 1946 during the Second World War. Competition to the BBC was introduced for the first time in 1955 with the commercially and independently operated ITV. The BBC introduced a second TV channel, (BBC 2), in 1964, renaming the existing channel BBC 1. BBC 2 was broadcast in colour from July 1, 1967, and was joined by BBC 1 and ITV on November 15, 1969. Since the deregulation of the UK television and radio market in the 1980s, the BBC has faced increased competition from the commercial sector (and from the advertiser-funded public service broadcaster Channel 4), especially on satellite television, cable television, and digital television services. The BBC Research Department has played a major part in the development of broadcasting and recording techniques. In the early days it carried out essential research into acoustics, programme level measurement, and noise measurement and established standards that rapidly spread, particularly throughout the British Empire. In this respect it filled a role that is now lacking in many areas, since it was motivated by the desire for quality, not profit.

The Corporation

Funding

The principal means of funding the BBC is through the television licence. Such a licence is required to operate a broadcast television receiver within the UK. The television licence is set by the government and enforced by the criminal law but is collected privately and does not pass through the state before reaching the BBC, and hence it is inaccurate to refer to the BBC as a "state" broadcaster. A similar licence used to exist for radios, but was abolished in 1971. These licences were originally issued by the British General Post Office (GPO), which was then the regulator of public communications within the UK. For a more detailed historical explanation see British Broadcasting Company. In the case of the elderly (over 75), TV licences are funded by the government. Subsidised TV licences are available for the blind and the residents of residential care homes. Licence fees are set by the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport (a Cabinet Minister). Collecting them has been the responsibility of [http://www.tvlicensing.co.uk/ TV Licensing] (an autonomous arm of the BBC) since 1990, but much of the collection work is subcontracted to the independent companies Capita and AMV. The television licence is often the subject of controversy; a number of people — including the Sunday Times journalist Jonathan Miller — argue that the licence is a regressive tax, in that the very poorest are those least likely to have a licence, and least able to pay the fine for not having a licence. However, supporters of the licence fee claim that it helps maintain a higher quality of programming on the BBC compared to its commercial rivals. Some also claim that it also leads to better programmes on the commercial channels as they seek to draw viewers/listeners away from the BBC's output. Because government regulation controls its funding, the BBC is able to provide domestic public service broadcasting to educate, inform and entertain, free of commercial advertising. However, the BBC does engage in commercial advertising in its publications and some broadcasting activities. In theory the BBC is answerable only to the licence payer. World Service external broadcasting is funded by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. The BBC has the largest budget of any UK broadcaster. Income from commercial enterprises and from overseas sales of its catalogue of programmes has substantially increased over recent years. Its annual budget is approximately £3.7 billion.

Revenue sources

The [http://www.bbcgovernors.co.uk/annreport/report05_keysections_dl.html#section6 2005 Annual report] gave revenue sources in millions of:
- £2,940.3m licence fees collected from consumers.
- £624.3m from BBC Commercial Businesses.
- £247.2m from the World Service, of which £225.1m is from grants (primarily funded by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office), £16.7m from subscriptions, and £5.4m from other sources.
- £23.5m from other income, such as providing content to overseas broadcasters and concert ticket sales. In total, the BBC's group income is estimated at £3835.3m for 2005.

Licence fee expenditure

The BBC [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/4309325.stm gives] the following figures for expenditure of licence fee income:
- 50% - BBC One and BBC Two
- 15% - local TV and radio
- 12% - network radio
- 10% - digital (BBC Three, BBC Four, BBC News 24, BBC Parliament, CBBC, CBeebies)
- 10% - transmission costs and licence fee collection
- 3% - BBC Online, Ceefax, and Interactive Content (including bbc.co.uk and BBCi)

Management

The BBC is a nominally autonomous corporation, independent from direct government intervention. It is run by an appointed Board of Governors. General management of the organisation is in the hands of a Director-General appointed by the governors. The governors at 19 January 2005 are:
- Michael Grade (Chairman)
- Anthony Salz (Vice Chairman)
- Professor Ranjit Sondhi (National Governor for the English regions)
- Professor Fabian Monds (National Governor for Northern Ireland)
- Professor Merfyn Jones (National Governor for Wales)
- Jeremy Peat (National Governor for Scotland)
- Deborah Bull
- Dame Ruth Deech
- Dermot Gleeson
- Angela Sarkis
- Richard Tait, appointed for a four-year term on 1 August 2004. The current Director-General is Mark Thompson. On his first day in the role he announced a shake-up of senior management, including the replacement of the Executive Committee, formed by directors of divisions within the BBC, with a streamlined nine-member Executive Board currently consisting of:
- Mark Thompson (Director-General)
- Mark Byford (Deputy Director-General)
- John Smith (Chief Operating Officer)
- Zarin Patel (Group Finance Director)
- Caroline Thomson (Strategy)
- Stephen Dando (BBC People)
- Tim Davie (Marketing, Communications & Audiences)
- Jana Bennett (Television)
- Jenny Abramsky (Radio and Music)
- Ashley Highfield (New Media and Technology)

Current review of Royal Charter

The BBC's Royal Charter is currently under review. Although the Charter is widely expected to be renewed in 2006, some proposals have suggested dramatic changes. On 2 March 2005 the Culture Secretary Tessa Jowell published a green paper setting out her proposals for the future of the BBC. The main points of this are:
- Maintenance of the licence fee system until at least 2016
- Abolition of the BBC Governors, to be replaced by a "BBC Trust"
- Increasing outsourcing of production (a process already started by Mark Thompson)
- Reduced emphasis on "ratings for ratings' sake" and copycat programmes (such as reality television).

Political and commercial independence

The BBC motto is Nation Shall Speak Peace Unto Nation and many have claimed that it is the most respected broadcaster in the world. The BBC is, in theory, free from both political and commercial influence and answers only to its viewers and listeners. However, the BBC is regularly accused by the government of the day of bias in favour of the opposition and, by the opposition, of bias in favour of the government. This gave rise to the satirical name "Buggers Broadcasting Communism". Similarly, during times of war, the BBC is often accused by the UK government, or by strong supporters of British military campaigns, of being overly sympathetic to the view of the enemy. This gave rise, during the first Gulf War, to the satirical name "Baghdad Broadcasting Corporation". Conversely, some of those who style themselves anti-establishment in the United Kingdom or who oppose foreign wars have accused the BBC of pro-etablishment bias or of refusing to give an outlet to "anti-war" voices. Some have argued that a current of anti-BBC thinking exists in many parts of the political spectrum and that, since the BBC's theoretical impartiality means they will broadcast many views and opinions, people will see the bias they wish to see. Quite often domestic audiences have affectionately referred to the BBC as the Beeb, or as Auntie; the latter originated because of the somewhat fuddy duddy [http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2004/10_october/21/hull.shtml Auntie knows best] attitude which goes back to the early days when John Reith was in charge. Political influence may manifest itself via appointments to its Board of Governors and by threats to change the level of the licence fee. Commercial competition has influenced BBC programming on both radio and television throughout its history. Despite these criticisms, many still regard the BBC as a trusted and politically neutral news source across the globe, and in some areas the BBC World Service radio is the only available free press.

Location

Broadcasting House in Portland Place, London is the official headquarters of the BBC. It is home to the national radio networks Radio 2, 3, 4, 6 Music, and BBC 7. On the front of the building are statues of Prospero and Ariel (from Shakespeare's The Tempest), by Eric Gill. Broadcasting House is currently undergoing renovation, scheduled for completion in 2010. As part of a major reorganisation of BBC property, Broadcasting House is to become home to BBC News (both television and radio), national radio, and the BBC World Service. The major part of this plan involves the demolition of the two post-war extensions to the building and construction of a new building, to be of equal "architectural creativity", beside the existing structure. While the rebuilding process is being undertaken many of the BBC Radio networks have been relocated to other buildings in the vicinity of Portland Place. The whole project is expected to be completed by 2010. In 2007/2008 BBC News is expected to relocate from the News Centre at BBC Television Centre to what's being described as "one of the world's largest live newsrooms". As well as the various BBC buildings in London, there are major BBC production centres located in Cardiff, Belfast, Glasgow, Birmingham, Manchester, Bristol, Southampton and Newcastle upon Tyne. There are also many smaller local and regional studios scattered throughout the UK, some of which are known locally as "Broadcasting House" in imitation of the BBC's London headquarters.

BBC Services

Newcastle upon Tyne Among its many services are domestic radio and television stations. The BBC also jointly operates a number of other broadcasting services, namely the UKTV channels, some of the Discovery channels, and several other services available on satellite & cable services in the UK. It also has many non-broadcasting commercial ventures within the United Kingdom including book & magazine publishing (BBC Books), and multimedia production services (DVDs, CDs, computer games) provided by BBC Multimedia. The BBC has both satellite and cable broadcasting joint-ventures serving the United States, Canada, and other countries. In addition the BBC operates a number of radio and television world services in cooperation with funding from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, one of which includes a recently set up TV news station in the Middle East in the Arabic language. Before the introduction of Independent Television in 1955 and subsequently Independent Radio in 1973, it held a monopoly on broadcasting. More recent de-regulation of the British television broadcasting market produced analogue cable television and satellite broadcasting and later digital satellite, digital cable and digital terrestrial television (DTT). Today the BBC broadcasts in almost all media and operates an award-winning Internet service, bbc.co.uk, itself indicative of the corporation's continued ability to move with the times.

BBC Departments

- Governances & Accountability
- Programming Groups
- News
- Drama Entertainment & CBBC
- Factual & Learning
- Sport
- Broadcasting Groups
- World Service
- TV
- New Media & Technology
- Radio & Music
- Nations & Regions
- Professional Services
- Strategy (formerly Strategy and Distribution and merged with Policy and Legal)
- Marketing & Comms
- Finance Property & Business Affairs
- BBC People (to 2004, Human Resources & Internal Communications)
- Commercial Groups
- BBC Resources Ltd
- BBC Worldwide Ltd

BBC News

BBC News is the largest broadcast news gathering operation in the world and it produces almost 160 hours of news output every hour. BBC News provides its services to BBC domestic radio as well as television networks such as; BBC News 24, BBC Parliament, BBC World, as well as BBCi, Ceefax and BBC News Online. New BBC News services that are also proving popular are mobile services to mobile phones and PDAs. Desktop news alerts, e-mail alerts, and digital TV alerts are also available. The BBC News Centre maintains its headquarters within the BBC Television Centre. It also operates regional news offices throughout the UK and bureaux in almost every country around the world. Coverage of political events is controlled from the Millbank Studios in Westminster. On 5 July 2004 the BBC celebrated 50 years of television news. Its first bulletin was telecast in 1954. The BBC had carried news programmes prior to this, but in the form of newsreels. Although the BBC news service in the UK is mostly non-commercial by reason of its financial base, it does compete for its audience with commercial companies such as Sky News and ITN. During major events the majority of domestic television viewers in the UK tune to BBC news for information, but its coverage does not come without criticism.

Radio

The BBC has five major national stations, Radio 1 ("the best in new music"), Radio 2 (the UK's most listened to radio station, with 13.7 million weekly listeners), Radio 3 (specialist-interest music such as classical, world, arts, drama and jazz), Radio 4 (current affairs, drama and comedy), and Radio 5 Live (24 hour news, sports and talk). There is also a network of local stations with a mixture of talk, news and music in England and the Channel Islands as well as national stations of BBC Radio Wales, BBC Radio Cymru (in Welsh), BBC Radio Scotland, BBC Radio nan Gaidheal (in Scots Gaelic), BBC Radio Ulster, and BBC Radio Foyle. The BBC has been in the forefront of digital radio broadcasting with Five Live Sports Extra (a companion to Five Live for additional events coverage), 1Xtra (for black, urban and gospel music), BBC 6 Music (alternative genres of music), BBC7 (Comedy, Drama & Kids shows), Asian Network (Asian talk, music and news in many Asian languages), and World Service. For a world-wide audience, the BBC produces the BBC World Service, which is broadcast on shortwave radio (DAB Digital Radio in the UK) and can be received in many places across the globe. It can be received in most capital cities and it is a major source of news and information programming, and it is funded by the British Foreign Office. It broadcasts in 43 different languages, (including English) in the most relevant local language. The German Service, created in 1938, which has recently been discontinued, played an important part in the propaganda war against Nazi Germany. The authoritative source is Carl Brinitzer's book "Hier spricht London". Brinitzer, a German lawyer from Hamburg living in exile in London, was a founding member. Another famous member of staff was Egon Jameson (Egon Jacobsson), a former Ullstein journalist from Berlin. Since 1943, the BBC has also provided radio programming to the British Forces Broadcasting Service, which broadcasts in countries where British troops are stationed. All of the national BBC radio stations, as well as the BBC World Service, are available over the Internet in the RealAudio streaming format. The BBC has also recently experimented with the free, open source Ogg Vorbis streaming audio format and podcasting.

Television

BBC One and BBC Two are the BBC's flagship television channels. The BBC is also promoting the new channels BBC Three and BBC Four, which are only available via digital television. The BBC also runs BBC News 24, BBC Parliament, and two children's channels, CBBC and CBeebies. The BBC's commercial subsidiary BBC Worldwide is also part of a joint venture with Flextech in the TV company UKTV, and provides various channels for overseas markets, such as BBC World, BBC Prime, BBC America, BBC Canada and BBC Kids (in Canada), and BBC Japan. Since 1975, the BBC has also provided its TV programmes to the British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS), allowing members of HM Forces serving all over the world to watch and listen to their favourite programmes from home on two dedicated TV channels.

Worldwide

BBC Worldwide Limited is the wholly owned commercial subsidiary of the BBC responsible for the commercial exploitation of BBC programmes and other properties. It broadcasts television stations throughout the world. The cable and satellite stations BBC Prime (in Europe, Africa the Middle East, and Asia), BBC America, BBC Canada, and BBC Japan broadcast popular BBC programmes to people outside the UK, as does UK.TV in Australasia. BBC Worldwide also runs a 24-hour news channel, BBC World. In addition, BBC television news appears nightly on many Public Broadcasting Service stations in the United States, as do reruns of BBC programmes from Lionheart TV. BBC Worldwide also maintains the publishing arm of the BBC and it is the third-largest publisher of consumer magazines in the United Kingdom [http://www.bbcworldwide.com/aboutus/corpinfo/annualreps/review2001/Documents/Magazines.pdf]. BBC Magazines, formerly known as BBC Publications, publishes the Radio Times and a number of magazines that support BBC programming such as BBC Top Gear, BBC Good Food, and BBC Music. In addition, BBC Worldwide acquired the independent magazine publisher Origin Publishing in 2004.

Internet

The bbc.co.uk [http://www.bbc.co.uk/] website, formerly BBCi and before that BBC Online, includes a comprehensive news website and archive. It is the UK's most-visited digital destination with over 3 million web pages and that number is rising fast every day. According to Alexa's TrafficRank system, in August 2005 bbc.co.uk was the 10th most popular English Language website in the world. (References: [http://www.alexa.com/site/ds/top_sites?ts_mode=global&lang=none Global Top 500 Sites] - [http://www.alexa.com/site/ds/top_sites?ts_mode=lang&lang=en Top English Language Sites]) The website allows the BBC to produce sections which complement the various programmes on television and radio, and it is common for viewers and listeners to be told website addresses for the bbc.co.uk sections relating to that programme. The site also allows users to listen to most Radio output live and for seven days after broadcast using its RealPlayer-based "Radio Player"; some TV content is also distributed in RealVideo format. A new system known as iMP is currently under development, which uses peer-to-peer and DRM technology to deliver both radio and TV content for offline use for up to 7 days. In recent years some major on-line companies and politicians have complained that the bbc.co.uk website receives too much funding from the television licence, meaning that other websites are unable to compete with the vast amount of advertising-free on-line content available on bbc.co.uk. Some have proposed that the amount of licence fee money spent on bbc.co.uk should be reduced — either being replaced with funding from advertisements or subscriptions, or a reduction in the amount of content available on the site. In response to this the BBC carried out an investigation, and has now set in motion a plan to change the way it provides its online services. bbc.co.uk will now attempt to fill in gaps in the market, but will guide users to other websites for currently existing market provision. (For example, instead of providing local events information and timetables, users will be guided to outside websites already providing that information.) Part of this plan included the BBC closing some of its websites, and rediverting money to redevelop other parts.

Interactive

BBCi is the brand name for the BBC's interactive digital television services, which are available through Freeview (digital terrestrial), as well as satellite and cable. Unlike Ceefax, BBCi is able to display full-colour graphics, photographs, and video, as well as allow the viewer to interact with the programme. Recent examples include the interactive sports coverage for football and rugby football matches and an interactive national IQ test. All of the BBC's digital television stations, with the exception of BBC Parliament on digital satellite, allow access to the BBCi service. However, the amount of content available on the digital television BBCi service does not currently match the amount available on Ceefax, which is still available on analogue terrestrial television. BBCi provides viewers with over 120 interactive TV programmes every year, as well as the 24/7 service.

Unencrypted satellite transmissions

In March 2003 the BBC announced that from the end of May 2003 (subsequently deferred to 14 July) it intended to transmit all eight of its domestic television channels (including the 15 regional variations of BBC 1) unencrypted from the Astra 2D satellite. This move was estimated to save the BBC £85 million over the next five years. While the "footprint" of the Astra 2D satellite was smaller than that of Astra 2A, from which it was previously broadcast encrypted, it meant that viewers with appropriate equipment were able to receive BBC channels "free-to-air" over much of Western Europe. Consequently, some rights issues have needed to be resolved with programme providers such as Hollywood studios and sporting organisations, who have expressed concern about the unencrypted signal leaking out. This led to some broadcasts being made unavailable on the Sky Digital platform, such as Scottish Premier League and Scottish Cup football, while viewers watching on other platforms can see the broadcasts without issue, although when rights contracts were renewed, these issues were resolved.

References

#Briggs, Asa. - The BBC - The First Fifty Years - Condensed version of the five-volume history by the same author. - Oxford University Press, 1985. ISBN 0-19-212971-6 #Coulton, Barbara. - Louis MacNeice in the BBC - Writer and producer from 1941 to 1961 in the Features Department of BBC radio. - Faber and Faber, 1980. ISBN 0-571-11537-3 #Gilder PhD., Eric. - Mass Media Moments in the United Kingdom, the USSR and the USA. - Historical background relating to the British Broadcasting Company, Ltd., its founding companies; their transatlantic connections; General Post Office licensing system; commercial competitors from Europe prior to World War II and offshore during the 1960s. - "Lucian Blaga" University of Sibiu Press, Romania. 2003. ISBN 973-651-596-6 #Milne, Alasdair. - The memoirs of a British broadcaster - History of the Zircon spy satellite affair, written by a former Director General of the BBC. A series of BBC radio programmes called "The Secret Society" led to a raid by police in both England and Scotland to seize documents as part of a government censorship campaign. - Coronet, 1989. - ISBN 0-34-049750-5 #Moran, Lord. - Churchill at War 1940 to 1945 - The Memoirs of Churchill's Doctor, with an introduction by Lord Moran's son, John, the present Lord Moran. - This diary paints an intimate portrait of Churchill by Sir Charles Watson, his personal physician (Lord Moran), who spent the war years with the Prime Minister. In his diary, Moran recorded insights into Churchill's character, and moments when he let his guard down, including his views about the BBC being riddled with communists. - Carroll & Graf, 2002. Reissue ISBN 0-78-671041-1 #Parker, Derek. - David & Charles - Radio: The Great Years - History of BBC radio programmes from the beginning until the date of publication. 1977. ISBN 0-7153-7430-3 #Spangenberg, Jochen. - The BBC in Transition. Reasons, Results and Consequences - Encompassing account of the BBC and influencing external factors until 1996. - Deutscher Universitaetsverlag. 1997. ISBN 3-8244-4227-2 #Wilson, H.H. - Pressure Group - History of the political fight to introduce commercial television into the United Kingdom. - Rutgers University Press, 1961. #West, W.J. - Truth Betrayed a critical assessment of the BBC, London, 1987, ISBN 0-7156-2182-3

Index

External links

BBC web pages

- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/ bbc.co.uk: BBC Homepage]
- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/info/ bbc.co.uk: About the BBC]
- [http://www.bbcnews.com/ News: BBC News World Edition]
- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/keyfacts/stories/broadcasting_house.shtml BBC Press Office - Broadcasting House]
- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/heritage/buildings/broadcasting_house.shtml History of the BBC - Broadcasting House]
- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/guidelines/editorialguidelines/ BBC Editorial Guidelines]
- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/info/policies/charter/pdf/charter_text.shtml Copy of Royal Charter 1]
- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/features/blog/ Morris Telford's Blog – BBC Shropshire]
- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/testthenation/test2004/index.shtml BBC Test the Nation]

Articles from news websites

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4375652.stm Evolution of bbc broadcasting languages]
- [http://www.sundayherald.com/33018 Sunday Herald: The BBC's war ... caught in crossfire (Mark Damazer, Deputy Director, BBC News)] — 13 April 2003
- [http://www.wired.com/news/culture/0,1284,63857,00.html?tw=wn_tophead_4 Wired: BBC to Open Content Floodgates BBC's Creative Archive project] — 16 June 2004
- [http://media.guardian.co.uk/broadcast/story/0,7493,753213,00.html Media Guardian: BBC renews conflict of interest guide for staff] — 11 July 2002
- [http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1426542,00.html Media Guardian: Tories go to war over 'leftie' BBC] — 27 Feburary 2005
- [http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/politics/article313482.ece The Independent: Blair tells Murdoch: 'gloating' BBC is 'full of hatred for America'] — 18 September 2005

Personal sites

- [http://www.miketodd.net/other/bhhistory/ Broadcasting House - a potted history]
- [http://www.roger.beckwith.btinternet.co.uk/bh/bh32/bh32_i.htm Broadcasting House in 1932]
- [http://www.htw.info/bbc.html Historical Television Website: This is the BBC]
- [http://www.tv-ark.org.uk TV Ark - The British Television Museum]
- [http://www.globalcitizen.co.uk/about/essays/bbc.doc Essay examining the reasons for and against the licence fee]
- [http://www.thetvroom.com The TV Room]
- Category:British television Category:British cultural icons ja:英国放送協会 simple:BBC

Radio 4

Radio 4 may refer to:
- BBC Radio 4, a British radio station
- Radio 4, a New York punk-pop band

Website

Website.]] A website, web site or WWW site (often shortened to just site) is a collection of web pages, typically common to a particular domain name or sub-domain on the World Wide Web on the Internet. A web page is an HTML/XHTML document accessible generally via HTTP. All publicly accessible websites in existence comprise the World Wide Web. The pages of a website will be accessed from a common root URL called the homepage, and usually reside on the same physical server. The URLs of the pages organise them into a hierarchy, although the hyperlinks between them control how the reader perceives the overall structure and how the traffic flows between the different parts of the sites. Some websites require a subscription to access some or all of their content. Examples of subscription sites include many Internet pornography sites, parts of many news sites, gaming sites, message boards, Web-based e-mail services and sites providing real-time stock market data.

Overview

A website will may be the work of an individual, a business or other organization and is typically dedicated to some particular topic or purpose. Any website can contain a hyperlink to any other website, so the distinction between individual sites, as perceived by the user, may sometimes be blurred. Websites are written in, or dynamically converted to, HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) and are accessed using a software program called a web browser, also known as a HTTP client. Web pages can be viewed or otherwise accessed from a range of computer based and Internet enabled devices of various sizes, examples of which include desktop computers, laptop computers, PDAs and cell phones. A website is hosted on a computer system known as a web server, also called an HTTP Server, and these terms can also refer to the software that runs on these system and that retrieves and delivers the web pages in response to requests from the web site users. Apache is the most commonly used web server software (according to Netcraft statistics) and Microsoft's Internet Information Server (IIS) is also commonly used. A static website, is one that has content that is not expected to change frequently and is manually maintained by some person or persons using some type of editor software. There are two broad categories of editor software used for this purpose which are
- Text editors such as Notepad, where the HTML is manipulated directly within the editor program
- WYSIWYG editors such as Microsoft FrontPage and Macromedia Dreamweaver, where the site is edited using a GUI interface and the underlying HTML is generated automatically by the editor software. A dynamic website is one that may have frequently changing information. When the web server receives a request for a given page, the page is automatically generated by the software in direct response to the page request; thus opening up many possibilities including for example: a site can display the current state of a dialogue between users, monitor a changing situation, or provide information in some way personalised to the requirements of the individual user. There are a large range of software systems, such as Active Server Pages (ASP), Java Server Pages (JSP) and the PHP programming language that are available to generate dynamic web systems and dynamic sites also often include content that is retrieved from one or more databases or by using XML-based technologies such as RSS. Static content may also be dynamically generated periodically or if certain conditions for regeneration occur (cached) to avoid the performance loss of initiating the dynamic engine on a per-user or per-connection basis. Plugins are available for browsers, which use them to show active content, such as Flash, Shockwave or applets written in Java. Dynamic HTML also provides for user interactivity and realtime element updating within Web pages (i.e., pages don't have to be loaded or reloaded to effect any changes), mainly using the DOM and JavaScript, support for which is built-in to most modern browsers.

Types of websites

There are many varieties of websites, each specialising in a particular type of content or use, and they may be arbitrarily classified in any number of ways. A few such classifications might include:
- Archive site: used to preserve valuable electronic content threatened with extinction. Two examples are: Internet Archive which since 1996 preserves billions of old (and new) Web pages, and Google Groups which in early 2005 was archiving over 845,000,000 messages posted to Usenet news/discussion groups.
- Blog (or weblog) site: site used to log online readings or to post online diaries; may include discussion forums.
- Business site: used for promoting a business or service.
- Commerce site or eCommerce site: for purchasing goods, such as Amazon.com.
- Community site: a site where persons with similar interests communicate with each other, usually by chat or message boards.
- Database site: a site whose main use is the search and display of a specific database's content such as the Internet Movie Database or the Political graveyard.
- Development site: a site whose purpose is to provide information and resources related to software development, Web design and the like.
- Directory site: a site that contains varied contents which are divided into categories and subcategories, such as Yahoo! directory, Google directory and Open Directory Project.
- Download site: strictly used for downloading electronic content, such as software, game demos or computer wallpaper.
- Game site: a site that is itself a game or "playground" where many people come to play, such as MSN Games, Pogo.com and the MMORPGs Planetarion and Kings of Chaos.
- Information site: contains content that is intended merely to inform visitors, but not necessarily for commercial purposes; such as: RateMyProfessors.com, Free Internet Lexicon and Encyclopedia.
- News site: similar to an information site, but dedicated to dispensing news and commentary.
- Pornography site: a site that shows pornographic images and videos.
- Search engine site: a site that provides general information and is intended as a gateway or lookup for other sites. A pure example is Google, and the most widely known extended type is Yahoo!.
- Shock site: includes images or other material that is intended to be offensive to most viewers.
- Vanity site (or "personal site"): run by an individual or a small group (such as a family) that contains information or any content that the individual wishes to include.
- Web portal site: a website that provides a starting point, a gateway, or portal, to other resources on the Internet or an intranet.
- Wiki site: a site which users collaboratively edit (such as Wikipedia). Some sites may be included in one or more of these categories. For example, a business website may promote the business's products, but may also host informative documents, such as white papers. There are also numerous sub-categories to the ones listed above. For example, a porn site is a specific type of eCommerce site or business site (that is, it is trying to sell memberships for access to its site). A fan site may be a vanity site on which the administrator is paying homage to a celebrity. Many business Websites have the appearance of brochures—that is, an advertisement that can be strolled around. Some websites act as vehicles for users to communicate with other people via webchat. Websites are constrained by architectural limits (e.g. the computing power dedicated to the Website). Very large websites, such as Yahoo!, Microsoft, Google and most other very large sites employ several servers and load balancing equipment, such as Cisco Content Services Switches

Mousetrapping

Mousetrapping is a technique employed by some "aggressive" commercial websites, especially ones that are pornographic in nature, which prevents the user from leaving the site, depending on Web browser settings. Typically, this form of trapping is employed by the use of Javascript code (or Dynamic HTML) that detects a user's attempt to either close the browser window or leave the Website to view another site. These attempts may easily fail if the user disabled javascript on their Web browser; however, disabling Javascript may also impact how well certain pages on the current site or other Websites load. Tools such as pop-up blockers can help in preventing this annoyance but by no means will solve the problem entirely. [http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/mousetrapping.html]

Prizes

The Webby Awards are a set of awards presented to the world's "best" Websites.

Spelling

As noted above, there are several different spellings for this term. Although "website" is commonly used (particularly by some newspapers and other media), Reuters, Microsoft, academia, and dictionaries such as Oxford, prefer to use the two-word, capitalised spelling "Web site". An alternate version of the two-word spelling is not capitalised. As with many newly created terms, it may take some time before a common spelling is finalised. (This controversy also applies to derivative terms such as "Web master"/"webmaster".) The Associated Press Stylebook, a guide to newspaper style, suggests "Web site" and "Web page". "WWW site" is rarely used.

External links

- [http://www.w3.org/ World Wide Web Consortium]
- [http://www.isoc.org/ The Internet Society (ISOC)]
- [http://www.icann.org/ Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and Numbers]
- [http://www.useit.com Useit.com Internet Usability]
- [http://www.cgisecurity.com/questions/securewebsite.shtml How do I secure my website?] CGISecurity.com - Website Security Portal
- ko:웹사이트 ja:ウェブサイト simple:Website

Experimental Theatre Club

The Experimental Theatre Club (ETC) is a student dramatic society at Oxford University. In the 1970s, Rowan Atkinson performed some of his early sketches for ETC revues at the Oxford Playhouse and elsewhere, before being discovered at the Edinburgh Festival. For example, the ETC presented After Eights: The Etceteras Eights Week Revue at the Oxford Playhouse, 25 to 29 May 1976, featuring Rown Atkinson, with material written by Richard Curtis among others.

Alumni

People who have contributed to ETC productions include:
- John Albery
- Rowan Atkinson
- Richard Curtis
- Piers Fletcher
- Howard Goodall
- Robert Orchard
- Andrew Rissik

External link

- [http://www.experimental-theatre.co.uk/ ETC website] Category:University of Oxford Category:British student societies Category:Theatre in the United Kingdom

Category:British radio personalities

Radio personalities Category:Radio personalities by nationality Personalities Radio personalities

Category:British journalists

Journalists, British Category:Journalists by nationality Journalists Journalists Journalists, British Journ ko:분류:영국의 언론인

Bibliotheek Breda

De hoofdvestiging van de Bibliotheek Breda is de Centrale Bibliotheek en is gevestigd in het centrum van Breda, op Molenstraat 6. Er zijn 11 wijkbibliotheken gevestigd in de diverse stadswijken. Het moderne gebouw heeft een aparte vormgeving met veel glas en is ontworpen door de architect Herman Hertzberger. die ook het Chassé theater in Breda heeft ontworpen. Een van de voorwaarden was dat de eeuwen oude moerbeibomen met de Zwarte Moerbeiboom gespaard zouden blijven. Deze staan op een binnenplaatsje buiten en zijn vanuit de bibliotheek door een glazen wand te zien. Boven de centrale hoofdvestiging van de bibliotheek is het centrum voor de kunsten de Nieuwe Veste gevestigd.

Externe link

- [http://www.bibliotheekbreda.nl Bibliotheek Breda] Categorie:Gebouw in Breda categorie:Bibliotheek

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Cette page propose aux contributeurs une palette de couleurs utilisable pour le paramétrage de tout objet pouvant être affiché en 256×256×256 (soit 16 777 216) couleurs dans Wikipédia ; notamment pour la création de tableau. Les couleurs sont définies par un nombre hexadécimal à 6 chiffres, résultat de la juxtaposition des valeurs hexadécimales de leurs composantes rouge, verte et bleue : #RRVVBB.

Historique

La construction débute en 1386 et se poursuit aux

Histoire

Le ski alpin est une inventi

Robert Orchard

See also

External link

University of Oxford

History

Organisation

Oxford University Broadcasting Society

Former members

Rowan Atkinson

Early life

Career

Private life

Selected television appearances

Filmography

External links

Richard Curtis

Campaigning

See also

External links

Western Mail

External link

Cardiff

Industry

History

Culture, media, sport and tourism

Twinning

Politics

Transport links

Natives of Cardiff

See also

External links

BBC

History

The Corporation

Funding

Revenue sources

Licence fee expenditure

Management

Current review of Royal Charter

Political and commercial independence

Location

BBC Services

BBC Departments

BBC News

Radio

Television

Worldwide

Internet

Interactive

Unencrypted satellite transmissions

References

Index

See also

External links

BBC web pages

Articles from news websites

Personal sites

Radio 4

Website

Overview

Types of websites

Mousetrapping

Prizes

Spelling

See also

External links

Experimental Theatre Club

Alumni

See also

External link

Category:British radio personalities

Category:British journalists

Bibliotheek Breda

Externe link

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Historique

Histoire