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John Kerry

John Kerry

John Forbes Kerry (geboren 11 Gēolmōnaþ 1943) is se junior United States Senator from Massachusetts. On Mǣdmōnþe 29, 2004 wearþ hē se Democratic Party's foresittendlica genamoda for the 2004 U.S. presidential election. For information on his presidential campaign, sēo John Kerry foresittendlic camp, 2004.

Childhood years

Kerry says his first memory is from three, of holding his crying mother's hand while they walked through the broken glass and rubble of her childhood home in Saint-Briac, France. The memorable visit came shortly after the United States had liberated Saint-Briac from the Nazis on August 14, 1944. The family estate, known as Les Essarts, had been occupied and used as a Nazi headquarters during the war. When the Germans fled, they bombed Les Essarts and burnt it down. The sprawling estate was rebuilt in 1954. Kerry and his parents would often spend the summer holidays there. Kerry occupied his time there racing his cousins on bicycles and challenging relatives to games of kick the can. During these summers, he became good friends with his first cousin Brice Lalonde, a future Socialist and Green Party leader in France who ran for president of France in 1981. Because Kerry's family moved often, he attended several schools as a child. Many years later, he said that "to my chagrin, and everlasting damnation, I was always moving on and saying goodbye. It kind of had an effect on you. It steeled you. There wasn't a lot of permanence and roots. For kids, [that's] not the greatest thing." He went to a Swiss boarding school at age 11 while his family lived in Berlin. When he visited home, he biked around the city, exploring the ruins of the former Nazi capital, and even sneaking into the Soviet Sector, until his father found out and grounded him. As a boy, Kerry often spent time alone. He biked through France, took a ferry from Norway to England, one time camping alone in Sherwood Forest. While attending the boarding school, Kerry saw the film Scaramouche, which became his favorite movie. He later named his powerboat after the title character.

Boarding school (1957-1962)

Scaramouche While his father was stationed at the U.S. Embassy in Oslo, Norway, Kerry was sent to Massachusetts to attend boarding school. In 1957, he attended the Fessenden School in West Newton, a village in Newton, Massachusetts. There he met and became friends with Richard Pershing, grandson of the famed U.S. Gen. John Joseph Pershing. The following year, he enrolled at St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire, and graduated from there in 1962. His father's Foreign Service salary was not enough to pay the school's tuition; Kerry's childless great-aunt, Clara Winthrop, then very much advanced in age, voluntarily covered the costs. At St. Paul's, Kerry felt like an outsider because he was a Catholic and liberal while most of his fellow students were Republican Episcopalians. Despite having difficulty fitting in, he made friends and developed his interests. He learned skills in public speaking and he became deeply interested in politics. In his free time, he enjoyed ice hockey and lacrosse, which he played on teams captained by classmate Robert S. Mueller III, the current director of the FBI. Kerry also played electric bass for the prep school's band The Electras, which produced an album in 1961. Only 500 copies were made. In 2004, one of the copies was auctioned on eBay for $2,551. In 1959 Kerry founded the John Winant Society at St. Paul's to debate the issues of the day; the Society still exists there. In November of 1960, Kerry gave his first political speech, in favor of John F. Kennedy's election to the White House. While living in the U.S., Kerry spent several summers at the Forbes family's estates on Naushon Island off Cape Cod.

Encounters with President Kennedy (1962)

Cape Cod Manitou with President John F. Kennedy off Narragansett, Rhode Island, on August 26, 1962.]] In 1962, Kerry volunteered for Edward Kennedy's first Senatorial campaign. That summer, he began dating Janet Jennings Auchincloss, Jacqueline Kennedy's half-sister. Auchincloss invited Kerry to visit her family's estate, Hammersmith Farm in Rhode Island. It was there that Kerry met President Kennedy for the first time. When Kerry told Kennedy that he was about to enter Yale University, Kennedy grimaced because he had gone to rival school Harvard University. Kerry later recalled, "He smiled at me, laughed and said, 'Oh, don't worry about it. You know I'm a Yale man too now.'" According to Kerry, "The President uttered that famous comment about how he had the best of two worlds now: a Harvard education and Yale degree," in reference to the honorary degree he had received from Yale a few months earlier. Later that day, a White House photographer snapped a photo of Kerry sailing with Kennedy and his family in Narragansett Bay. They met again a few weeks later at the America's Cup race off the coast of Rhode Island.

Yale University (1962-1966)

America's Cup as #14.]] America's Cup In 1962, Kerry entered Yale University. There he majored in political science and graduated with a B.A. in 1966. He also played on the soccer, hockey, lacrosse, and fencing teams; in addition, he took flying lessons. To earn extra money during the summers, he loaded trucks in a grocery warehouse and sold encyclopedias door to door. In his sophomore year Kerry became president of the Yale Political Union. His involvement with the Political Union gave him an opportunity to be involved with important issues of the day, such as the civil rights movement and Kennedy's New Frontier program. He was also inducted into the Skull and Bones Society. Under the guidance of the speaking coach and history professor Rollin Osterweis, Kerry won dozens of debate contests against other college students from across the nation. In March 1965, as the Vietnam War escalated, he won the Ten Eyck prize as the best orator in the junior class for a speech that was critical of U.S. foreign policy. In the speech he said, "It is the specter of Western imperialism that causes more fear among Africans and Asians than communism, and thus it is self-defeating." Because of his public speaking skills, he was chosen to give the class oration at graduation. The speech was hastily rewritten at the last moment, and was a broad criticism of American foreign policy, including the war.

Military service (1966-1970)

imperialism. The first line reads, "I request duty in Vietnam."]] Vietnam

Commission, training, and tour of duty on the USS Gridley

After an application for a 12-month deferment to study in Paris was denied, Kerry volunteered for service and enlisted in the United States Naval Reserves [http://www.johnkerry.com/pdf/jkmilservice/Request_For_History_of_Service.pdf] on February 18, 1966. He began his active duty military service on August 19. After completing sixteen weeks of Officer Candidate School at the U.S. Naval Training Center in Newport, Rhode Island, he received his commission on December 16. On Christmas Day, Kerry said goodbye to his relatives as he left for the ten-week Officer Damage Control Course at the Naval Schools Command on Treasure Island, California, which began on January 3, 1967. On March 22, he reported to the U.S. Fleet Anti-Air Warfare Training Center for training as a Combat Information Center Watch Officer. Kerry began his first tour of duty June 8, 1967, serving as an ensign in the electrical department on the guided missile frigate USS Gridley. On February 9, 1968, the Gridley set sail for Western Pacific deployment. The next day, Kerry requested duty in Vietnam, listing as his first preference a position as the commander of a Fast Patrol Craft (PCF), also known as a "Swift boat." These 50-foot boats have aluminum hulls and have little or no armor, but are heavily armed and rely on speed. (Kerry's second choice was to be an officer in a river patrol boat, or " PBR", squadron.) "I didn't really want to get involved in the war," Kerry said in a book of Vietnam reminiscences published in 1986. "When I signed up for the swift boats, they had very little to do with the war. They were engaged in coastal patrolling and that's what I thought I was going to be doing."[http://www.boston.com/globe/nation/packages/kerry/061603.shtml] The Gridley traveled to several places, including Wellington in New Zealand, Subic Bay in the Philippines, and the Gulf of Tonkin off North Vietnam, where the ship supported aircraft carriers. The ship had no enemy contact during this time, and departed for the U.S. on May 27, returned to port at Long Beach, California on June 6. Ten days after returning, on June 16, Kerry was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant, junior grade; on June 20, Kerry left Gridley for special training at the Naval Amphibious Base in Coronado. After completing Swift boat commander training on November 17, Kerry reported for duty at Coastal Squadron 1 of Coastal Division 14 at the Cam Ranh Bay in South Vietnam, arriving on 1 Géomónaþ.

Kerry's tour of duty as commander of a Swift boat

The two Swift boats that Kerry successively commanded took part in Operation Sealords, the brainchild of Admiral Elmo Zumwalt. The goal was to project a U.S. military presence more aggressively into an area that had long been a Viet Cong stronghold. As part of that plan, the Swift boats were assigned to patrol the narrow waterways — inlets, canals, and coves — of the Mekong River delta, to monitor enemy movements, interdict enemy river-based supply lines, invite attack and otherwise draw out hostile forces. During a four-month tour of duty as boat commander, Kerry led five-man crews on patrols into enemy-controlled areas near the Cua Long River. His first command was Swift Boat PCF-44. In late January 1969 Kerry was transferred to PCF-94, which he led on 18 missions over the next 48 days.

First Purple Heart

On the night of December 2, 1968, while Kerry and his crew were patrolling Cam Ranh Bay, they saw people running from a boat on a nearby shoreline, according to two crewmen who were on duty with Kerry that night. When the Vietnamese refused to obey an order to stop running, Kerry ordered the crew to open fire. During this encounter, Kerry suffered a shrapnel wound in the left arm above the elbow. The shrapnel was removed and the wound was treated with bacitracin antibiotic and bandaged. Kerry returned to duty the next day, conducting a regular Swift boat patrol. It was for this injury that Kerry was awarded his first Purple Heart.

Kerry's meeting with Zumwalt and Abrams

At the time, the U.S. military command in Vietnam had an established policy of "free-fire zones" — areas in which soldiers were to shoot anyone moving around after curfew, without first making sure that they were hostile. Such encounters could result in the deaths of innocent civilians. Kerry has stated that he never thought he or his crew were at fault: "There wasn't anybody in that area that didn't know you don't move at night, that you don't go out in a sampan on the rivers, and there's a curfew." Nevertheless, he soon concluded that the policy should be changed. On January 22, 1969, Kerry and several other officers had an unusual meeting in Saigon with Zumwalt and with Army Gen. Creighton Abrams, the overall commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam. Kerry and the other officers reported their view that the "free-fire" policy was alienating the Vietnamese. In addition, Kerry (though only a lieutenant) bluntly told Vice-Admiral Zumwalt that the Swift boats' actions were not accomplishing their ostensible goal of interdicting Viet Cong supply lines. Creighton Abrams According to some who retell the story, Kerry and the other visiting officers' concerns were dismissed with what amounted to a pep talk. One of the other officers who participated later recalled, "We all looked at each other and thought, 'What is this crap?'" Kerry later said that the Saigon meeting left him "more depressed than when I came." Nevertheless, he returned to his unit. Then, in late January, he was transferred to Swift Boat #94. This boat conducted 18 missions in the next 48 days, almost all of which were in the Mekong Delta.

Second Purple Heart

Kerry received his second Purple Heart for action on the Bo De River on February 20, 1969. The plan had been for the Swift boats to be accompanied by support helicopters. On the way up the Bo De, however, the helicopters were attacked. They returned to their base to refuel and were unable to return to the mission for several hours. Kerry recorded the situation in his notebook: "We therefore had a choice: to wait for what was not a confirmed return by the helos [and] give any snipers more time to set up an ambush for our exit or we could take a chance and exit immediately without any cover. We chose the latter." As the Swift boats reached the Cua Lon, Kerry's boat was hit by a rocket-propelled grenade round, and a piece of hot shrapnel hit Kerry's left leg. Thereafter, they had no more trouble, and reached the Gulf of Thailand safely. Kerry still has shrapnel in his left thigh because the doctors tending to him decided to remove the damaged tissue and close the wound with sutures rather than make a wide opening to remove the shrapnel. Kerry received his second Purple Heart for this injury, but he did not take any time off from duty. suture, who made a special flight to An Thoi, Vietnam, to give the award. For his service during the Vietnam War, Kerry was also awarded the Bronze Star and three Purple Hearts.]]

Silver Star

Only eight days later, on February 28, came the incident for which Kerry was awarded the Silver Star. On this occasion, Kerry was in tactical command of his Swift boat and two others. Their mission included bringing a demolition team and dozens of South Vietnamese soldiers to destroy enemy sampans, structures and bunkers. Along the Bay Hap River, they ran into an ambush. Kerry directed the boats “to turn to the beach and charge the Viet Cong positions,” and he “expertly directed” his boat’s fire and coordinated the deployment of the South Vietnamese troops, according to the Navy’s medal citation to Kerry. When Kerry heard that another Swift boat had been ambushed, he and his crew rushed to assist them. Kerry’s boat came under fire from several Viet Cong B-40 rockets, with one hitting and shattering the crew cabin windows. The normal procedure would have been to fire to shore and then retreat to an off-shore location. Instead, Kerry ordered Del Sandusky, the second-in-command and navigator, to take the boat ashore, directly towards the enemy's position. As they reached the shore, a Viet Cong soldier jumped out of the brush, carrying a rocket launcher that could have seriously damaged the boat. With the enemy soldier only a short distance away from the boat and crew, forward gunner Tommy Belodeau shot him in the leg with the boat's 7.62x51-caliber M-60 machine gun. "Tommy in the pit tank winged him in the side of the legs as he was coming across," Fred Short said. "But the guy didn't miss stride. I mean, he did not break stride." According to crewmate accounts, Belodeau's machine gun jammed after he fired, and while fellow crewmate Michael Medeiros attempted to fire, he was unable to do so. Kerry leaped ashore and, followed by one of his crewmembers, pursued the fleeing man, who was still armed with a loaded rocket launcher, and killed him. The medal citation notes that Kerry "then led an assault party and conducted a sweep of the area" until the enemy had "been completely routed." As the Swift boats returned from the mission they again came under fire, but Kerry "maneuvered his craft through several strafing runs which completely silenced the enemy." Kerry and Medeiros searched the soldier's corpse and took the rocket launcher, returning to the boat. The mission was judged highly successful for having destroyed numerous targets and confiscated substantial combat supplies while sustaining no casualties. Kerry's commanding officer, Capt. George Elliott, joked that he didn't know whether to court-martial him for beaching the boat without orders or give him a medal for saving the crew. Elliott recommended Kerry for the Silver Star, and Admiral Zumwalt flew into An Thoi to personally award the medal to Kerry. The Navy's account of Kerry's actions is presented in his medal citation. Sources close to Kerry say the incident had a profound effect on him: "It's the reason he gets so angry when his patriotism is challenged. It was a traumatic experience that's still with him, and he went through it for his country." It affects the way Kerry lives his life every day, the source said, since "he knows he very well would not be alive today had he not taken the life of another man [he] never ever met." [http://abcnews.go.com/sections/Nightline/Politics/kerry_medal_040624-1.html] his medal citation

Bronze Star and third Purple Heart

On March 13, Kerry's boat hit a mine while cruising the Bay Hap River. Army Lt. James Rassmann, a Green Beret who was sitting on the deck of the pilothouse eating a chocolate chip cookie, was knocked overboard as Kerry's arm was hit. Just afterwards, the boat came under attack from sniper fire on both sides of the bank. Rassmann dived to the riverbottom as the Swift boats escaped. Coming back up for air, the enemy repeatedly fired at him. Rassmann was heading to the north bank, expecting to be taken prisoner, when Kerry realized he was gone and came back for him. Kerry rescued Rassmann under heavy fire, and the boat escaped to the Gulf of Siam. Rassmann later put Kerry in for a Bronze Star, which he was later awarded with Valor device. The Navy's account of Kerry's actions is presented in his medal citation: :Lt. Kerry directed his gunners to provide suppressing fire, while from an exposed position on the bow, his arm bleeding and in pain, with disregard for his personal safety, he pulled the man aboard. Lt. Kerry then directed his boat to return and assist the other damaged craft and towed the boat to safety. Lt. Kerry's calmness, professionalism and great personal courage under fire were in keeping with the highest traditions of the US Naval Service. (Wikisource) Kerry was again wounded in this incident, for which he also received his third Purple Heart. His injuries included several shrapnel wounds in his left upper buttock, which were treated with antiseptic lotion and bandaged. He also suffered bruising and contusions from hitting the bulkhead, which was treated with warm soaking. He spent two days out of service while recovering. Kerry lost five friends in war, including Yale classmate Richard Pershing, who was killed in action on February 17, 1968. An additional account of the incidents for which Kerry was decorated appears in Snopes. [http://www.snopes.com/politics/kerry/service.asp]

Return from Vietnam

On March 17, 1969, shortly after his third wound, Commodore Charles Horne, the commander of Kerry's coastal squadron and a military administrator, filed a document allowing Kerry's reassignment to the U.S. He was entitled to this early departure from Vietnam (subject to approval by the Bureau of Naval Personnel), because those who had been wounded three times, "regardless of the nature of the wound or treatment required...will not be ordered to serve in Vietnam and contiguous waters or to duty with ships or units which have been alerted for movement to that area." After a final patrol, Kerry was transferred to Cam Ranh Bay for five or six days. His tour of duty in Vietnam ended in early April. On April 11, he reported to the Brooklyn-based Atlantic Military Sea Transportation Service, where he would remain on active duty for one more year as a personal aide to an officer. On January 1, Kerry was promoted to full Lieutenant; on January 3, he requested discharge. After having been listed as completing his service on April 29, he officially left active duty on March 1. In total, Kerry served on active duty for three and a half years, from August 1966 until March 1970. He was transferred to the Naval Reserve in 1970, and was later transferred to the Standby Reserve in 1972, where he no longer was required to participate in Reserve activities. He received his honorable discharge in 1978.

Criticism of military service and awards

Critics have questioned several aspects of Kerry's military service. As the presidential campaign of 2004 developed, around 200 Vietnam-era veterans formed the group Swift Boat Veterans for Truth. SBVT held press conferences, ran ads, and endorsed a book questioning Kerry's service record and his military awards. Several SBVT members were in the same unit with Kerry, but only one, Stephen Gardner, served on the same boat. Other SBVT members included two of Kerry's former commanding officers, Grant Hibbard and George Elliott. Hibbard and Elliot have alleged, respectively, that Kerry's first Purple Heart and Silver Star were undeserved. In addition, members of SBVT have questioned his other medals and his truthfulness in testimony about the war. Defenders of John Kerry's war record, including nearly all of his surviving former crewmates, have charged that organizers of SBVT had close ties to the Bush presidential campaign and that the accusations were false and politically motivated. For more detail on this, see John Kerry military service controversy.

Anti-Vietnam War activism (1970-1971)

John Kerry military service controversy

Joining the Vietnam Veterans Against the War

Once back in the United States, Kerry joined the Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW). Numbering about 20,000 [http://www.vvaw.org/veteran/article/?id=378], VVAW was considered to be an effective component of the antiwar movement. VVAW's members, including Kerry, could speak with personal knowledge about what they had seen in Vietnam. Beyond such specifics, however, they were seen as having "paid their dues" in Vietnam, and therefore being entitled to at least a respectful hearing. Americans who opposed the war were grateful for VVAW's work. Many Vietnam veterans saw the organization as giving voice to the views of the common soldier in exposing official deceit. Many other veterans, however, such as those who in 2004 formed Swift Boat Veterans for Truth, deeply resented the VVAW's activities, feeling that their own military service was being attacked or cheapened.

Testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee

Vietnam Veterans Against the War On April 22, 1971, Kerry became the first Vietnam veteran to testify before a special Senate committee hearing on proposals relating to the ending of the war in Southeast Asia. Wearing green fatigues and service ribbons, he spoke for nearly two hours with the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in what has been named the Fulbright Hearing, after the Chairman of the proceedings, Senator J.W. Fulbright. Kerry began with a prepared speech, in which he presented the conclusions of the Winter Soldier Investigation, where veterans described personally committing or witnessing war crimes. Kerry did not say he had seen them himself. He also addressed the problems faced by returning veterans. On the larger policy issues, Kerry expressed his view that the war was essentially a civil war and that nothing in Vietnam was a realistic threat to the United States. He argued that the real reason for the continued fighting was political purposes: "Someone has to die so that President Nixon won't be, and these are his words, 'the first President to lose a war.'" That conclusion led him to ask: "How do you ask a man to be the last man to die for a mistake?" Senator Fulbright asked Kerry if he supported any of the proposals before the committee. Kerry responded that, based on his conversations in Paris with both delegations to the peace talks, he agreed with Senator Vance Hartke that, if the United States set a date for its withdrawal, it could then obtain the release of its prisoners of war. [http://www.c-span.org/vote2004/jkerrytestimony.asp transcript][http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/02/20/1535232 audio]

The protest at the U.S. Capitol

The day after this testimony, Kerry participated in a demonstration with 800 other veterans in which he and other veterans threw their medals and ribbons over a fence at the front steps of the U.S. Capitol building to dramatize their opposition to the war. Jack Smith, a Marine, read a statement explaining why the veterans were returning their military awards to the government. For more than two hours, angry veterans tossed their medals, ribbons, hats, jackets, and military papers over the fence. Each veteran gave his or her name, hometown, branch of service and a statement. As Kerry threw his ribbons and the medals of two other absent veterans over the fence, his statement was: "I'm not doing this for any violent reasons, but for peace and justice, and to try and make this country wake up once and for all." Some have questioned whether he gave up his own medals or just the ribbons during the demonstration at the Capitol; see John Kerry VVAW controversy for a full discussion.

Media appearances

Because Kerry was a decorated veteran who took a stand against the government's official position, he was frequently interviewed by broadcast and print media. He was able to use these occasions to bring the themes of his Senate testimony to a wider audience. For example, Kerry appeared more than once on The Dick Cavett Show on ABC television. On one Cavett program (June 30, 1971), in debating John O'Neill, Kerry argued that some of the policies instituted by the U.S. military leaders in Vietnam, such as free-fire zones and burning noncombatants' houses, were contrary to the laws of war. In the Washington Star newspaper (June 6, 1971), he recounted how he and other Swift boat officers had become disillusioned by the contrast between what the leaders told them and what they saw: "That's when I realized I could never remain silent about the realities of the war in Vietnam." Washington Star during a protest rally at New York City's Bryant Park in the summer of 1971.]] Bryant Park

Operation POW

Kerry's prominence also made him a frequent leader and spokesman at antiwar events around the country in 1971. One of particular note was Operation POW, organized by the VVAW in Massachusetts. The protest got its name from the group's concern that Americans were prisoners of the Vietnam War, as well as to honor American POWs held captive by North Vietnam. The event sought to tie antiwar activism to patriotic themes. Over the Memorial Day weekend, veterans and other participants marched from Concord to a rally on Boston Common. The plan was to invoke the spirit of the American Revolution and Paul Revere by spending successive nights at the sites of the Battle of Lexington and Concord and the Battle of Bunker Hill, culminating in a Memorial Day rally with a public reading of the Declaration of Independence. The second night of the march, May 29, was the occasion for Kerry's only arrest, when the participants tried to camp on the village green in Lexington. At 2:30 a.m. on May 30, local and state police awoke and arrested 441 demonstrators, including Kerry, for trespassing. All were given the Miranda Warning and were hauled away on school buses to spend the night at the Lexington Public Works Garage. Kerry and the other protestors later paid a $5 fine and were released. At the time, Kerry's wife kept $100 under her pillow in case she needed to bail her husband out of jail if he was arrested at a protest. The mass arrests caused a community backlash and ended up giving positive coverage to the VVAW. Despite his important role in Operation POW and other VVAW events, as time went on Kerry found that VVAW was becoming more radical. Kerry was trying to moderate the group, to push it in the direction of nonviolence and working within the system. Other members, however, were more militant. Kerry eventually quit the organization over this difference in approach. Some have raised questions about exactly when Kerry left VVAW; see John Kerry VVAW controversy for a full discussion.

Early career (1972-1985)

Campaigning for Congress (1970s)

In the early 1970s, Kerry wanted to extend his political work beyond protesting. Although some antiwar activists were dismissive of electoral politics, Kerry's choice was to run for the U.S. House of Representatives. Although his activism had brought him national recognition, he had no strong ties to any particular congressional district in Massachusetts. He was then living in Waltham, where he considered running in 1970. Early in that election, however, there was an agreement among the prospective antiwar candidates that all would participate in a caucus to unite behind a single Democratic primary challenger to the pro-war incumbent, Philip J. Philbin. In the caucus, Kerry placed second to Father Robert Drinan, a Jesuit priest. Kerry accordingly supported Drinan, who won the seat. In 1972, Kerry had no reason to challenge Drinan. In February, Kerry's wife, Julia, bought a house in Worcester. Residence there would have enabled Kerry to run against a different incumbent, Harold D. Donohue. Instead of moving to Worcester, however, the couple rented an apartment in Lowell. The incumbent in that district, F. Bradford Morse, was a Republican who was thought to be retiring. Kerry entered the Democratic primary against nine other candidates. His campaign headquarters and one of his opponents', state Representative Anthony R. DiFruscia of Lawrence, were in the same building. On the eve of the September primary, Kerry's younger brother Cameron and campaign field director Thomas J. Vallely, both then 22 years old, were found in the basement, where telephone lines were located. They were arrested and charged with "breaking and entering with the intent to commit grand larceny," but the case was dismissed about a year later by superior court. DiFruscia charged that they were trying to disrupt his get-out-the vote efforts. Vallely and Cameron Kerry maintained that they were only checking their own telephone lines because they had received an anonymous call warning that the Kerry lines would be cut. Cameron Kerry, saying that the police arrived with suspicious alacrity, concluded that political opponents had set him up. "It was an impulsive, rash thing that we did and that John Kerry ended up having to deal with," he added. [http://www.boston.com/globe/nation/packages/kerry/061803.shtml] [http://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/15/politics/campaign/15CAM.html?ex=1092196800&en=b491c7d0d4b6bc2c&ei=5070&pagewanted=1] Although Kerry's campaign was hurt by the election-day report of the arrest, he still won the primary by a comfortable margin over state Representative Paul J. Sheehy. DiFruscia placed third. Kerry lost in Lawrence and Lowell, his chief opponents' bases, but placed first in 18 of the district's 22 towns. In the general election, Kerry was initially favored to defeat the Republican candidate, former state Representative Paul W. Cronin, and an independent, Roger P. Durkin. A major obstacle, however, was the district's leading newspaper, the conservative Lowell Sun. The paper editorialized against him. It also ran critical news stories about his out-of-state contributions and his "carpetbagging", because he had moved into the district only in April. The final blow came when, four days before the election, Durkin withdrew in favor of Cronin. Cronin won the election.

Career in law and politics (1972-1985)

After Kerry's 1972 defeat, he and his wife bought a house in Lowell. He spent some time working as a fundraiser for the Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE), an international humanitarian organization. He decided that the best way for him to continue in public life was to study law. In September 1973, he entered Boston College Law School at Newton, Massachusetts. In July 1974, while attending law school, Kerry was named executive director of Mass Action, a Massachusetts advocacy association. He received his law degree in 1976. While in law school he had been a student prosecutor in the office of the District Attorney of Middlesex County, John J. Droney. After passing the bar exam and being admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1976, he went to work in that office as a full-time prosecutor. In January 1977, Droney promoted him to First Assistant District Attorney. In that position, Kerry balanced two key roles. First, he tried cases and won convictions in both a high-profile rape case and a murder. Second, he played a role in administering the office of the district attorney by initiating the creation of special white-collar and organized crime units, creating programs to address the problems of rape and other crime victims and of witnesses, and managing trial calendars to reflect case priorities. In 1979, Kerry resigned from the District Attorney's office to set up a private law firm with another former prosecutor. He also joined with a friend to open a small cookie and muffin shop in Boston's Quincy Market area. The partners named it "Kilvert & Forbes" after their mothers' maiden names. Kerry sold his interest in the business in 1988. (The store still exists today as "Maggie's Sweets." The current owners, Carol Troxell and Sara Youngelson, supplied 1,000 gift bags of "John Kerry Chocolate Chip Cookies"—made with Kerry's mother's original recipe—to the media walkthrough at the Democratic Convention.) Although his private law practice was a success, Kerry was still interested in public office. He decided to re-enter electoral politics by running for Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts. He won a narrow victory in the 1982 Democratic primary. The ticket, with Michael Dukakis as the gubernatorial candidate, won the general election without difficulty. The position of Lieutenant Governor carried few inherent responsibilities. Dukakis, however, delegated additional matters to Kerry. In particular, Kerry's interest in environmental protection led him to become heavily involved in the issue of acid rain. His work contributed to a National Governors Association resolution in 1984 that was a precursor to the 1990 amendments to the federal Clean Air Act. One of the U.S. Senators from Massachusetts, Paul Tsongas, announced in 1984 that he would be stepping down for health reasons. Kerry decided to run for the seat. As in his 1982 race for Lieutenant Governor, he did not receive the endorsement of the party regulars at the state Democratic convention. Again as in 1982, however, he prevailed in a close primary. In his campaign he promised to mix liberalism with tight budget controls. As the Democratic candidate he was elected to the Senate despite a nationwide landslide for the re-election of Republican president Ronald Reagan. In his acceptance speech, Kerry asserted that his win meant that the people of Massachusetts "emphatically reject the politics of selfishness and the notion that women must be treated as second-class citizens." Kerry was sworn in as a U.S. Senator in January 1985.

Service in the U.S. Senate (1985-present)

Meeting with Ortega

On April 18, 1985, a few months after taking his Senate seat, Kerry got his first taste of the Washington, DC spotlight as a politician as he and Senator Tom Harkin of Iowa traveled to Nicaragua and met the country's president, Daniel Ortega. Though Ortega was democratically elected, the trip was criticized because Ortega and his leftist Sandinista government had strong ties to Cuba and the USSR. The Sandinista government was opposed by the right-wing CIA-backed rebels known as the Contras. While in Nicaragua, Kerry and Harkin talked to people on both sides of the conflict. Through the senators, Ortega offered a cease-fire agreement in exchange for the US dropping support of the Contras. The offer was denounced by the Reagan administration as a "propaganda initiative" designed to influence a House vote on a $14 million Contra aid package, but Kerry said "I am willing...to take the risk in the effort to put to test the good faith of the Sandinistas." The House voted down the Contra aid, but Ortega flew to Moscow to accept a $200 million loan the next day, an act which in part prompted the House to pass a larger $27 million aid package six weeks later.

Iran-Contra hearings

In April 1986, Kerry and Senator Christopher Dodd, a Democrat from Connecticut, proposed that hearings be conducted by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee regarding charges of Contra involvement in cocaine and marijuana trafficking. Sen. Richard Lugar of Indiana, the Republican chairman of the committee, agreed to conduct the hearings. Meanwhile, Kerry's staff began their own investigations, and on October 14 issued a report which exposed illegal activities on the part of Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North, who had set up a private network involving the National Security Council and the CIA to deliver military equipment to right-wing Nicaraguan rebels (Contras). In effect, North and certain members of the President's administration were accused by Kerry's report of illegally funding and supplying armed militants without the authorization of Congress. These parties were said to be involved in shipping cocaine and marijuana to the United States, with the profits from the sales going to pay for the Contra weaponry. The investigation, Kerry's report said, raised "serious questions about whether the United States has abided by the law in its handling of the contras over the past three years." The Kerry report generated a firestorm of controversy and marked the beginning of years of investigations, hearings, and televised proceedings, which altogether, were referred to by some as the Iran-Contra affair. On May 4, 1989, North was convicted of charges relating to the Iran/Contra controversy, including three felonies. On September 16, 1991, however, North's convictions were overturned on appeal because North's testimony before Congress under immunity may have affected testimony in the trial. [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/991224onthisday_big.html][http://www.snopes.com/rumors/north.htm]

Other investigations

Kerry's inquiry eventually widened, expanding its focus from the Contras to U.S. involvement in Cuba, Haiti, the Bahamas, Panama, and Honduras. In 1989, he released a report that slammed the Reagan administration for neglecting and undermining anti-drug efforts while pursuing other objectives in foreign policy. The report contended that the U.S. government "turned a blind eye" in the 1980s to the corruption and drug dealings of CIA-backed Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega, who had assisted the Contras. Kerry's report concluded that the CIA and the State Department had known that "individuals who provided support for the contras were involved in drug trafficking...and elements of the contras themselves knowingly received financial and material assistance from drug traffickers." While some critics attacked him as being a "conspiracy theorist," the CIA inspector general released a pair of reports that confirmed Kerry's findings ten years later.

Kerry and the George H.W. Bush administration

On November 15, 1988, at a businessmen's breakfast in East Lynn, Massachusetts, Kerry made a joke about president-elect George H.W. Bush and his running mate, saying "if Bush is shot, the Secret Service has orders to shoot Dan Quayle." He apologized the following day. During their investigation of Noriega, Kerry's staff found reason to believe that the Pakistan-based Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) had facilitated Noriega's drug trafficking and money laundering. This led to a separate inquiry into BCCI, and as a result, banking regulators shut down BCCI in 1991. In December 1992, Kerry and Senator Hank Brown, a Republican from Colorado, released The BCCI Affair, a report on the BCCI scandal. The report showed that the bank was crooked and w

11 Gēolmōnaþ

11 Gēolmōnaþ is se 345a dæg (346a in hlīepgēarum) þæs gēares in þǣre Gregoriscan gerīmbēc. Heonan sind 20 belīfendra daga (21 in hlīepgēarum).

Belimpas

- 1205 - John Grey, Biscop Norþwices, elected Arcebiscop Cantwaraburges
- 1792 - Cyning Louis XVI Franclandes goes on trial for treason
- 1816 - Indiana wierþ the 19th U.S. state.
- 1816 - Citizens of Geneva, Switzerland repel attack by Savoy
- 1901 - Guglielmo Marconi sendeþ the first trans-Atlantic feorranhīering signal, fram Cornwalas tō Nīwfundlande
- 1917 - Liþuania declares its independence (Kingdom of Lithuania)
- 1931 - Statute of Westmynster gives complete legislative independence to Canada, Australia, Nīwe Sǣland, Sūþ Africa, Irland and Newfoundland
- 1937 - Edward VIII's abdication as Cyning þæs Geanlǣhtan Cȳnedōmes gelǣstaþ mid dǣdum.
- 1937 - Italy leaves the League of Nations
- 1941 - Þēodiscland and Italy declare war wiþ þǣm Geānlǣhtan Underrīcum
- 1944 - JCI (Junior Chamber International) biþ gegrundweallod in Mexicoburg
- 1946 - The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) is established.
- 1954 - The Americanisc Nuclear Fēolagascipe biþ gefounded
- 1958 - Hēah Volta declares its independence from Francland
- 1970 - John Lennon releases the classic album Plastic Ono Band.
- 1971 - The United States Libertarian Party is formed.
- 1972 - Apollo 17 lendeþ on þone Mōnan
- 1981 - Muhammad Ali's last fight – he loses to Trevor Berbick
- - Javier Pērez de Cuēllar of Peru becomes UN Secretary-General
- - The Salvadoran armed forces massacre 900 villagers in the El Mozote massacre
- 1994 - Boris Ieltsin orders Russisc troops into Checenia
- 1994 - A small bomb explodes on Filipin Airlines Flight 434, killing a Japanese businessman. The bombing was a field test done by Ramzi Yousef to test explosives that would have been used in Project Bojinka, a terrorist attack plan that would be exposed after an apartment fire.
- 1998 - A Thai Airways Airbus A310-200 crashes just short of runway at Surat Thani airport, located in southern Thailand, killing 101.
- 2001 - DrinkOrDie raids.
- 2001 - The Cinisc Folcisc Republic joins the World Trade Organization

Gebyrda

- 1475 - Pope Leo X (d. 1521)
- 1725 - George Mason, U.S. patriot, "Father of the Bill of Rights" (d. 1792)
- 1781 - Sir David Brewster, physicist (d. 1868)
- 1801 - Christian Dietrich Grabbe, writer (d. 1836)
- 1803 - Hector Berlioz, composer (d. 1869)
- 1810 - Alfred de Musset, poet (d. 1857)
- 1843 - Robert Koch, bacteriologist and 1905 Nobel laureate (d. 1910)
- 1863 - Annie Jump Cannon, astronomer (d. 1941)
- 1873 - Josip Plemelj, mathematician (d. 1967)
- 1882 - Max Born, physicist and 1954 Nobel laureate (d. 1970)
- 1882 - Fiorello LaGuardia, mayor of Nīwe Eoforwīc (d. 1947)
- 1882 - Subramanya Bharathy, a Tamil Indian poet (d. 1921)
- 1883 - Victor McLaglen, actor (d. 1959)
- 1890 - Mark Tobey, painter (d. 1976)
- 1905 - Gilbert Roland, actor (d. 1994)
- 1911 - Naguib Mahfouz, Egyptian novelist, 1988 Nobel laureate
- 1912 - Carlo Ponti, Italian film producer
- 1913 - Jean Marais, actor (d. 1998)
- 1918 - Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Russisc author, 1970 Nobel laureate
- 1919 - Marie Windsor, actress (d. 2000)
- 1920 - Big Mama Thornton, sangestre (d. 1984)
- 1924 - Doc Blanchard, Heisman Trophy winner
- 1925 - Paul Greengard, scientist, 2001 Nobel laureate
- 1930 - Jean-Louis Trintignant, actor
- 1931 - Rita Moreno, sangestre, dancer, actress
- 1935 - Pranab Mukherjee, Indian politician
- 1936 - Taku Yamasaki, Japanese politician
- 1939 - Tom Hayden, American radical and politician
- 1943 - John Kerry, US politician
- 1944 - Booker T. Jones, musician
- 1944 - Brenda Lee, sangestre
- 1950 - Christina Onassis shipowner (d. 1988)
- 1954 - Jermaine Jackson, musician
- 1958 - Nikki Sixx, musician

Dēaðas

- 384 - St. Damasus, Pāpa
- 1282 - Llywelyn the Last, Prince of Wales
- 1920 - Olive Schreiner, writer (b. 1855)
- 1941 - John Gillespie Magee, Jr., American poet and aviator (b. 1922)
- 1945 - Charles Fabry, physicist
- 1950 - Leslie Comrie, astronomer and computing pioneer (b. 1893)
- 1964 - Sam Cooke (b. 1931)
- 1996 - Willie Rushton, UK comedian, satirist, actor and cartoonist (b. 1937)

Symbeldagas and observances

Gēarlice belimpas

- Tango Dæg, Buenos Aires ---- 10 Gēolmōnaþ - 12 Gēolmōnaþ - 11 Blōtmōnaþ - 11 Æfterra Gēola -- getalu ealra daga C-11 Category:Trametas tō āreccenne on Englisc ja:12月11日 ko:12월 11일 simple:December 11

Colorado

Colorado is rīce þāra Geānlǣhtra Rīca American. Category:Geānlǣht Rīcu American

Czech Republic

Cecland (Cec: Česká republika) is land in Europan. Category:Land

Austria

The Lēodarīce Ēastrīces (on Þēodisce Republik Österreich) is a sǣstrandlēas land in Middel Europa. It is a mōtlic þringgeweald. Ēastrīce has been a member of the UN since 1955 and the European Union siþþan 1995. It borders Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the sūþ, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west.

Stǣr

Main article: Stǣr Ēastrīces After being conquered by the Lǣdenware, Huns, Lombards, Ostrogoths, Bavarii and Franks, Ēastrīce was under the rīce of the Babenbergs from the 10th to the 13th century. The Babenbergs were then succeeded by the Habsburgs, whose line continued to govern Ēastrīce until the 20th century. After the abolition of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Hēafodrīce of Austria was founded, which was transformed in 1867 into the double-monarchy Ēastrīce-Hungary. The hēafodrīce was split into several independent states after the defeat of the Middel Cræftum in World War I, leading to Ēastrīce as it is today. In 1918 wearþ Ēastrīce a lēodaþing, which lasted until 1934 when the chancellor Engelbert Dollfuß established a dictatorship. Ēastrīce was annexed by Nazi Germany in 1938 (sēo Þēodnes). After the defeat of the Nazis, the Allies occupied Ēastrīce at the end of World War II until 1955, when the land again became a fully independent lēodaþing under the condition that it remained neutral (sēo ēac: Ēastrīclic Rīces Nǣming). However, after the collapse of communism in Ostlic Europa, Ēastrīce became increasingly involved in Europisc affairs, and in 1995, Ēastrīce joined the European Union, and the Euro feoh system in 1999.

Fruma þæs naman

Se Þēodisca nama Österreich can bēon āreaht sāmwell in Englisc swā hwæðer ēastern realm oþþe ēastern rīce, which is derived from the Eald Þēodisc Ostarrîchi. The term probably originates in a lēodþēaw translation of the Medieval Latin name for the region: Marchia orientalis, which translates as "eastern border," as it was situated at the eastern edge of the Holy Roman Empire. Interestingly, the derivation of the Latin name from the original Old German gives rise to the use of "Aust-" for east, rather than south as in Classical Latin.

Ūtanwearde bendas

- [http://www.bundeskanzleramt.at/ Website of the Federal Chancellery of Austria (Þēodisc, Englisc)]
- [http://www.austria-tourism.at/ "Alltag raus, Österreich rein"] Official homepage of the Austrian National Tourist Office (German, English and other languages)
- [http://www.aeiou.at/ Aeiou - Austrian cultural information system of the Federal Ministry for Education, Science and Culture] Hyperwave-based cultural information system, a bit like a moderated culture wiki.
- [http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/european/austria/au.html Library of Congress Portals on the World - Austria]
- [http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/au.html CIA's Factbook on Austria]
- [http://peter-diem.at/default_e.htm Þā Tācen Ēastrīces]
- [http://www.tiscover.at/ Austria travel guide]
- [http://www.winterreisen.de/ski_a.htm/ Austria winter and ski guide]
- [http://austria.europe-countries.com Ēastrīces Onlīcnessa]
- [http://radio.orf.at/ ORF - Austria Radio stations (live feed)]
- [http://0rf.at/ 0RF.at - 0€stria nonopoly]
- [http://www.photoglobe.info/ebooks/austria/ Country Studies - Austria] Category:EU countries Category:Ēastrīce als:Österreich ja:オーストリア ko:오스트리아 ms:Austria simple:Austria th:ประเทศออสเตรีย zh-min-nan:Tang-kok

Nhạc Phi

Nhạc Phi (Hoa giản thể: 岳飞, Hoa phồn thể: 岳飛, bính ngữ: Yùe Fēi) 17 tháng 3? năm 1103 - 27 tháng 1 năm 1142) tự: Bằng Cử (鵬舉) là một người yêu nước và là một vị tướng của nhà Nam Tống chống lại sự xâm lăng của nhà Kim của người Nữ Chân. Trước sau tổng cộng quân của ông đã đánh nhau với quân Kim 126 trận và toàn thắng. Ông là một trong những vị tướng nổi tiếng nhất trong lịch sử Trung Quốc, chức tước của ông trước khi bị giết là Đại nguyên soái. Người Trung Hoa luôn lấy Nhạc Phi làm gương, đời đời kính nhớ người con chí hiếu, cũng là một người anh hùng dân tộc, một bậc sĩ phu dũng liệt trung thần. Ông sinh ra ở huyện Thang Âm, Tương Châu, nay là huyện Thang Âm tỉnh Hà Nam. Theo chuyện kể lại, những ngày sau khi ông sinh ra thì ngập lụt của sông Hoàng Hà đã tiêu hủy làng của ông. Bố của ông đã chết đuối nhưng đã kịp thời cứu vợ và con của mình bằng cách thả họ trôi xuôi dòng nước trong một cái chum. Sau đó Nhạc Phi và mẹ ông định cư ở tỉnh Hà Bắc. Từ khi còn rất nhỏ ông đã thành thạo trong các chiến lược và chiến thuật chiến tranh cũng như võ thuật. Nhạc Phi khi còn trẻ đã thoát chết trong đường tơ kẽ tóc sau khi ông giết hoàng tử Lương trong một cuộc thi đấu võ thuật. Ông đã không tham gia vào các trận chiến chống lại người Nữ Chân cho đến khi ông 23 tuổi. Theo truyền thuyết, mẹ Nhạc Phi đã xăm bốn chữ 精忠报国 (tinh trung báo quốc tức tận trung báo quốc) trên lưng ông trước khi ông rời nhà. Câu này đã trở thành quan trọng nhất trong phần còn lại của cuộc đời ông. Là một viên tướng can đảm và hiểu biết chiến thuật, Nhạc Phi đã giành được nhiều thắng lợi trong các trận chiến chống lại quân đội nhà Kim. Chiếm ưu thế do những khó khăn mà quân kỵ binh của đối phương gặp phải trong địa hình đồi núi của miền nam Trung Quốc, ông đã giành được những thắng lợi mặc dù quân của ông nói chung là ít hơn. Quân của ông đã thành công trong việc giành lại lãnh thổ phía nam sông Dương Tử và sông Hoài. Tuy nhiên, cố gắng của ông nhằm thu hồi các vùng đất phía bắc mà nhà Nam Tống đã đánh mất trước đó đã bị các quan lại (là những người cho rằng chiến tranh kéo dài có thể sẽ quá tốn kém) khác chống lại. Mong ước này được phản ánh trong bài từ nổi tiếng nhất của ông Mãn giang hồng (滿江紅, Manjiang Hong hay Sông máu), đầy hùng tâm nhưng cũng bi tráng. Trích: ::Ngưỡng thiên trường khiếu,
::Tráng hoài khích liệt.
::Tam thập công danh trần dữ thổ,
::Bát thiên lý lộ vân hoà nguyệt.
::(...)
::Tráng chí cơ xan Hồ lỗ nhục,
::Tiếu đàm khát ẩm Hung Nô huyết.
::Ngóng trời xa,
::Uất hận kêu dài,
::Hùng tâm khích liệt.
::Ba mươi tuổi cát bụi công danh,
::Tám nghìn dặm dầm sương dãi nguyệt.
::(...)
::Đói, vùng lên ăn thịt giặc Hồ,
::Khát, cười chém Hung Nô uống huyết. ::(Nam Trân dịch) Cuối cùng, các quan lại tham nhũng, nổi tiếng nhất là tể tướng Tần Cối (秦檜), một kẻ bán nước, đã thuyết phục vua Tống Cao Tông triệu hồi Nhạc Phi về kinh đô cùng với thập nhị kim bài (tức 12 miếng vàng đại diện cho sự ủy quyền của vua) chỉ ngay sau khi ông định đem quân tấn công kinh đô nhà Kim gần như đã có thể chiến thắng. Đây là một lòng trung thành mù quáng của ông sau khi đã đem hết sức mình ra chiến đấu cho một nhà Tống bạc nhược và suy tàn, mà lại tuân thủ mệnh lệnh của vua mà không hề nghi ngờ, thậm chí là còn biết rằng mình có thể bị giết hại và mọi cố gắng của mình trong chiến tranh là uổng công. Ông và con trai của mình, Nhạc Vân, bị xử tội chết và bị hành quyết tại đình Phong Ba. Giai thoại kể rằng, Nguyên soái Hàn Thế Trung đã chất vấn Tần Cối: xử tội Nhạc Phi, thế bằng chứng đâu? Tần Cối trả lời: Không có, nhưng cũng không cần có. 3 chữ "không cần có" (mạc tu hữu 莫須有) từ đó gắn liền với tên Nhạc Phi và đi vào tiếng Trung để chỉ những lời buộc tội ngụy tạo. Truyền thuyết cũng nói rằng những kẻ có ý định xử tội Nhạc Phi đã bị hồn ma của ông săn đuổi và phải tự sát. Món bánh giò cháo quẩy của người Hoa được làm bằng bột chiên trong dầu, luôn luôn làm từng cặp dính nhau, đó là tượng trưng cho vợ chồng Tần Cối bị trói với nhau và ném vào vạc dầu hành tội. Ngày nay, ông được coi như là một trong các biểu tượng lớn của lòng yêu nước và là anh hùng dân tộc của Trung Quốc; bài từ Mãn giang hồng được người Trung Hoa trên toàn thế giới biết tới và mộ của ông ở Tây Hà, Hàng Châu được nhiều người viếng thăm. Ngoài ra, trong chương trình giảng dạy của trường tiểu học tại Trung Quốc ngày nay học sinh được học ít nhất một bài về Nhạc Phi. Theo Werner, vua Tống Hiếu Tông (1163-1190) sau này đã phục hồi danh dự cho Nhạc Phi, dựng đền thờ, tôn hiệu là Trung Liệt; các tôn hiệu khác là Nhạc Ngạc Vương (1179) và Vũ Mục Vương (1211) còn theo Mayers thì các tôn hiệu là Vũ Mục (武穆) (1179); Ngạc Vương (1204); và Trung Liệt có từ sau năm 1204.
Liên kết ngoài

- [http://www.authenticasian.com/?p=11 Tinh trung bảo quốc] – hình xăm nổi tiếng nhất trong lịch sử Trung Quốc Thể loại:Nhân vật lịch sử Thể loại:Trung Quốc Thể loại:Nhà Tống ja:岳飛

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Guillén de Castro y Bellvis
Guillén de Castro y Bellvis (1569 - July 28, 1631), was a Spanish dramatist. A Valencian by birth, he soon achieved a literary reputation. In 1591 he joined a local literary academy called the Nocturnos. At one time a captain of the coastguard, at another the protégé of Benavente,