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Paraná
Paraná a zo anv ur stêr vras e Suamerika hag eo bet roet an anv-se ivez d'ur gêr arc'hantinat ha d'ur stad kevredet e Bro-Brazil.
Sell ouzh :
- Ar stêr : Paraná (stêr)
- Ar gêr : Paraná (kêr) war riblenn gleiz ar stêr e Bro-Arc'hantina
- Ar stad kevredet brazilian : Paraná (stad kevredet)
StêrCategory:Dourredenn
Un dourredenn naturel eo ar stêr hag e gas e dour eus he mammenn (pe he andon) betek mont en ur stêr all pe betek tizhañ ar mor. En ur draonienn emañ ar stêr hag al lec'h m'emañ o red ennañ a zo an naoz.
Dre astenn (n'eus ket un aber e pep kroas-dour), al lec'h ma mesk e dour ar stêr en ur stêr all a zo ar c'hember (ken+aber). Un adstêr eo ar stêr a ya e-barzh ur stêr ledanañ.
Skouer : Un adstêr d'al Liger eo an Erzh.
Ledanoc'h eo ur stêr eget ur gwazh pe ur froud (Sell ouzh ar pennad Dourredenn).
Stêranvadurezh eo anv ar c'helenn a zo e bal studiañ anvioù ar stêrioù hag o gerdarzh (o orin).
ja:川
ko:강
ms:Sungai
simple:River
th:แม่น้ำ
zh-min-nan:Hô
BrazilRepublik Federal ar Bresil (pe ar Brasil) zo ur vro indepandant, ar vrassañ ha pobletañ heni zo ba an Amerik Latin. Kemer a ra kreis ha nort-reter Amerik ar C'hreistez. Frontieroù he-deus d'an Nort gant ar Venezuela, ar Guiana, ar Suriname ha gant departamant frañses ar Guyane ; aochoù ar Mor Atlantik e kaver ba he zu reter. D'ar Su, he-deus frontieroù gant an Uruguay, an Argentina, hag ar Paraguay ; d'ar C'hornog gant ar Bolivi, ar Peroú, ha d'ar Gwalarn gant ar C'h-Colombi. Setu emà stok da doud broioù Amerik ar C'hreisteiz nemed ar Chili hag an Ecuador. Ouzhpenn an terouerioù kontinental-se, e ra c'hoazh parti deus Bresil enesennoù tost d'an oad, ha tammoù archipeligoù ha enesennigoù ba kreis an Atlantik.
Istor
Araog na oa deued an Europeaned, dibaoe penn-kentañ milved 5 araog J.-C., e oa Amerindianed é chom war terouer ar Bresil, tribuioù hanter-nomad an darn vrassañ deusoute.
Pedro Álvares Cabral, un navigatour portuges, a vefe bed an european kentañ da vud deued beteg aochoù ar vro, an 22 à vis Ebrel 1500. An terouer zo deuet neuze da vud ur c'holoni portuges. Heb dale, a-benn esploatiñ ressoursoù naturel ar c'holoni, ispicial ar c'hoad "brasil", ha reiñ tud da labourad ewid ar g-koloned newez-staliet, e oa bet degasset gant ar b-Portugesed esklaved bet paked war aochoù an Afrik. E-pad ouzhpenn tri c'hantved, e oa bed paked ha divroëd milionoù à Afrikaned a-benn tudañ ar c'hontinant newez. An esclavaj-se zo bed abolissed d'an 13 à vis Mae 1888.
Ar Brasil zo indepandant, oficielamant, dibaoe ar 7 à vis Gwengolo 1822. Goude ar c'holoni zo bet un Ampir, beteg bloawezh 1889, ha neuse e oa bed embanned Republik ar Brasil. Ur republik gant putch-où ha rejimoù kreñv ingal a-walc'h, e-gis ba ar broioù all ba an Amerik Latin d'an amser.
Ar 27 à vis Here 2002, eo bet dilennet Luís Inácio da Silva (les-hanwet Lula) presidant, kentañ presidant socialist ar Brasil, gant 61,4 % ar mouezhioù.
Jeografi
Luís Inácio da Silva
Ar forest amazonian a g'holo an darn vrassañ deus ar vro. Gwraet e vez deusouton « o mar interior » (ar mor diabarzh). An Amazon, eil hirrañ stêr zo ba ar bed ha kentañ heni ewid é z-debit, a dreus ar forest toud kent mond da en-em daoler e-barzh an Atlantik ba Nort ar vro.
Memestra e vez kavet paisajoù à beb sort ba ar Brasil : hanter-krin, menezus, tropikal, subtropikal, gant klimaioù à beb sort iwe, sec'h e-barzh ar Sertão (nort-reter), glaweg (tomm ha doureg-tre) ba kreis ar vro, un tammig yénnoc'h d'ar Su.
Demografi
Pobl ar Brasil a vesk meur à raç ha meur à gultur : an amerindianed, kentañ pobl ar vro ; an europeaned, alouberion pe imigreed ; afrikaned degassed evel esklaved. Deued zo iwe un nebeudig tud deus an Asi : brassañ diaspora japones er bed oll, ouzhpenn 900 000 à dud, zo é chom ba São Paulo.
Hiziw an dez en em zeklar an vrasilianed evel-mañ : 53% gwenn ; 38% mesked du ha gwenn ; 6% du, etc. Ar metissaj zo ba kultur ar vro, sañset - mes an arc'hant a jom c'hoazh ba daouarn ar re wenn, ha n'eo ked un tammig.
Política
De acordo com a Constituição de 1988, o Brasil é uma República Federativa Presidencialista, de inspiração estadunidense quanto à forma do Estado. No entanto, o sistema legal brasileiro segue a tradição romano-germânica. O Poder Executivo é exercido pelo Presidente, eleito quadrienalmente. Concomitantemente às eleições presidenciais, vota-se para o Congresso Nacional, sede do Poder Legislativo, dividido em duas Câmaras: a dos Deputados, que têm mandato de quatro anos, e o Senado, que renova um terço e dois terços de seus membros em eleições alternadas.
Embora o peso de cada voto individual seja o mesmo no sufrágio para o Executivo, o mesmo não ocorre com o Legislativo. Por um lado, há três Senadores representando cada Unidade da Federação (atualmente 27). Por outro, a se considerar o modelo federativo clássico, a representação do povo pelos Deputados deveria ser consoante à população de cada UF; seu número é, entretanto, limitado a no mínimo 8 e no máximo 70. De qualquer forma, adota-se o sistema majoritário para a eleição dos Senadores e o proporcional para os Deputados.
Finalmente, há o Poder Judiciário, cuja instância máxima é o Supremo Tribunal Federal, composto de onze Ministros indicados pelo Presidente sob referendo do Senado. Os ministros do STF não são completamente renovados a cada presidente; o presidente indica um novo ministro quando um deles se aposenta ou morre.
Divisões políticas
Poder Judiciário
As 27 unidades da federação são agrupadas, para fins estatísticos e, em alguns casos, de orientação da atuação federal, em cinco grandes regiões: Centro-Oeste, Nordeste, Norte, Sudeste e Sul. Cada Estado, bem como o Distrito Federal, tem seus próprios órgãos executivos (na figura do Governador), legislativos (Assembléia Legislativa unicameral) e judiciários (tribunais estaduais).
Apenas aos Estados cabe subdividir-se em Municípios, que variam em número, entre 15 (Roraima) e 853 (Minas Gerais). As menores unidades autônomas da Federação dispõem apenas do poder Executivo, exercido pelo Prefeito, e Legislativo, sediado na Câmara Municipal. Esta última é uma entidade com uma história secular na Península Ibérica e áreas por ela colonizadas.
Abaixo, os Estados que compõem cada região:
- Região Centro-Oeste
- Distrito Federal (DF)
- Goiás (GO)
- Mato Grosso (MT)
- Mato Grosso do Sul (MS)
- Região Nordeste
- Alagoas (AL)
- Bahia (BA)
- Ceará (CE)
- Maranhão (MA)
- Paraíba (PB)
- Pernambuco (PE)
- Piauí (PI)
- Rio Grande do Norte (RN)
- Sergipe (SE)
- Região Norte
- Acre (AC)
- Amapá (AP)
- Amazonas (AM)
- Pará (PA)
- Rondônia (RO)
- Roraima (RR)
- Tocantins (TO)
- Região Sudeste
- Espírito Santo (ES)
- Minas Gerais (MG)
- Rio de Janeiro (RJ)
- São Paulo (SP)
- Região Sul
- Paraná (PR)
- Rio Grande do Sul (RS)
- Santa Catarina (SC)
Maiores Regiões Metropolitanas
# São Paulo - 19,7 milhões de habitantes
# Rio de Janeiro - 11,6 milhões de habitantes
# Belo Horizonte - 4,6 milhões de habitantes
# Porto Alegre - 3,6 milhões de habitantes
# Recife - 3,5 milhões de habitantes
Economia
A economia do país é bastante diversificada e abrange diversos tipos de atividade econômica e industrial, dentre as principais encontram-se:
- Agricultura e Agroindústria
- Extrativismo
- Mineração
- Indústria têxtil
- Indústria automotiva
- Indústria aeronáutica
- Indústria petroquímica
- Indústria de transformação
- Indústria de eletro-eletrônicos
- Turismo
- Serviços
- Divisão Geoeconômica
Demografia
Migrações
- Migrações internacionais recentes no Brasil
- Migrações internas no Brasil
Cultura
Liammoù diavaes oficiel
- [http://www.brasil.gov.br/ Governo Federal]
- [http://www.senado.gov.br/ Senado Federal]
- [http://www.camara.gov.br/ Câmara dos Deputados]
- [http://www.mre.gov.br/ Ministério das Relações Exteriores]
- [http://www.stf.gov.br/ Supremo Tribunal Federal]
- [http://www.bcb.gov.br Banco Central do Brasil]
- [http://www.mec.gov.br/seed/tvescola/historia/entrevista_1a.asp História do Brasil]
- [http://www.riodejaneiro-turismo.com.br/pt/ Riotur - orgão da Secretaria Especial de Turismo da cidade do Rio de Janeiro]
Category:Bro souveren
Rummad:Brazil
fiu-vro:Brasiilia
ja:ブラジル
ko:브라질
ms:Brazil
simple:Brazil
th:ประเทศบราซิล
zh-min-nan:Pa-se Listing of noted agnostics
The people in this list have been included because they are or were agnostics, that is, they believe that the truth value of any claim regarding the existence of God, gods, or deities is unknown, inherently unknowable, or incoherent; and they have themselves expressed it openly (on the record), or in their works, personal correspondence, diaries, etc. Presumed agnostics are not included here.
Given the different possible qualifications and uses through time of "agnostic" and other words relating to doubt, unbelief, or uncertainty about the existence of God or gods, labels other than "agnostic" (such as skeptic, atheist or nontheist) might also apply to some of these people, but the list attempts to be inclusive on this matter. The reader should consult the relevant biographical articles for details.
The list includes agnostics who are or were notable defenders of agnosticism, or who advocated views that could accurately be described as "agnostic." In short, these people are or were important for other agnostics, since they contribute(d) to the popularization, understanding, and acceptance of agnosticism in society, either through their works or through their deeds.
The list also includes famous people who just happen/happened to be agnostics, and whose agnosticism is/was relevant in their life, but who do not/did not actively advocate the position.
:There might not be a consensus on whether a given person belongs on this list, since obviously there is no way of listing all famous people who just happen to be agnostics (there is no point, either). Many of these profess their agnosticism as just a peripheral issue in their lives, or simply keep quiet about it, and they will not be listed here.
- Clarence Darrow, (1857-1938), American lawyer, who defended John T. Scopes' right to teach Darwin's theory of evolution in the famous Tennessee "Monkey Trial."
- Charles Darwin, (1809-1882), founder of the theory of evolution by natural selection, once described himself as being generally agnostic, though he was a member of the Anglican church and attended Unitarian services.
- Émile Durkheim (1858-1917), French sociologist, who had a Jewish confirmation at thirteen, was briefly interested in Catholicism after a mystical experience, but later became an agnostic.
- Heinz Fischer, (b. 1938), President of Austria
- Thomas Henry Huxley, (1825-1895), coiner of the term agnosticism
- Robert Ingersoll, (1833 - 1899), American political leader and orator, and known as "The Great Agnostic," said that "It seems to me that the man who knows the limitations of the mind, who gives the proper value to human testimony, is necessarily an Agnostic."
- Protagoras, (d.420 BCE), Greek Sophist and first major Humanist, who wrote that the existence of the gods was unknowable.
- Andy Rooney, (b. 1919), broadcast personality, who had specified that he was an agnostic and not an atheist , but has also called himself an atheist.
- Bertrand Russell, (1872-1970), Welsh philosopher and mathematician, who considered himself a philosophical agnostic, but said that the label "atheist" conveyed a more accurate impression to "the ordinary man in the street."
- Carl Sagan, (1934-1996), astronomer and skeptic
- Charles Templeton, (1915-2001) former evangelist, author of A Farewell to God
- Mark Twain has received many labels including agnostic and deist. Many quotations from Twain suggest a sincere belief in a deity, while expressing brutal skepticism and irreverence toward conventional religion's claims to know God's nature.
- Robert Anton Wilson. (b. 1932), author, futurologist, cryptocracy historian
- Lee Kuan Yew, Singapore Minister Mentor
See also
- List of atheists
- List of people by belief
External links
- [http://www.celebatheists.com/w/index.php?title=Category:Agnostic Famous Agnostics] at [http://www.celebatheists.com/w/index.php?title=Main_Page The Celebrity Atheist List].
- [http://www.infidelguy.com/modules.php?name=Black_Freethinkers Famous black freethinkers]
- [http://www.visi.com/~markg/atheists.html Famous Dead Nontheists]
Notes and references
# Darwin wrote: "my judgment often fluctuates...In my most extreme fluctuations I have never been an Atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. I think that generally (and more and more as I grow older), but not always, that an Agnostic would be the more correct description of my state of mind." [http://pages.britishlibrary.net/charles.darwin/texts/letters/letters1_08.html The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin], Ch. VIII, p. 274. New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1905. See Charles Darwin's views on religion
# On Durkheim, Larry R. Ridener, referencing a book by Lewis A. Coser, wrote: "Shortly after his traditional Jewish confirmation at the age of thirteen, Durkheim, under the influence of a Catholic woman teacher, had a shortlived mystical experience that led to an interest in Catholicism. But soon afterwards he turned away from all religious involvement, though emphatically not from interest in religious phenomena, and became an agnostic." See [http://www2.pfeiffer.edu/~lridener/DSS/Durkheim/DURKPER.HTML Ridener's page on famous dead sociologists]. See also Coser's book: Masters of Sociological Thought: Ideas in Historical and Social Context, 2nd Ed., Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1977: 143-144
# [http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/robert_ingersoll/why_am_i_agnostic.html Why Am I Agnostic?], Robert Green Ingersoll, 1889. See also [http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/robert_ingersoll/ Ingersoll's complete works], which includes many speeches and writings on religion and agnosticism.
# Only fragments of Protagoras' treatise On the Gods survive, but it opens with the sentence: "Concerning the gods, I have no means of knowing whether they exist or not or of what sort they may be. Many things prevent knowledge including the obscurity of the subject and the brevity of human life."
# Rooney wrote: "I call myself an agnostic, not an atheist, because in one sense atheists are like Christians or Muslims. They’re sure of themselves. A Christian says with certainty, there is a god; an atheist says with certainty, there is no god. Neither knows" Sincerely, Andy Rooney (2001), Public Affairs ISBN 1586480456
# Rooney said: "Why am I an atheist? I ask you: Why is anybody not an atheist? Everyone starts out being an atheist. No one is born with belief in anything. Infants are atheists until they are indoctrinated. I resent anyone pushing their religion on me. I don't push my atheism on anybody else. Live and let live. Not many people practice that when it comes to religion." Boston Globe, Title: CONVERSATIONS / BY MARIAN CHRISTY\ ROONEY: WE MAKE OUR OWN DESTINY' Date: May 30, 1982 (also from Newsbank)
# Rooney said: "I am an atheist... I don't understand religion at all. I'm sure I'll offend a lot of people by saying this, but I think it's all nonsense." From a [http://www.tuftsdaily.com/vnews/display.v/ART/2004/11/19/419d9928aafe0 speech at Tufts University, Nov. 18, 2004].
# Russell said: "As a philosopher, if I were speaking to a purely philosophic audience I should say that I ought to describe myself as an Agnostic, because I do not think that there is a conclusive argument by which one prove that there is not a God. On the other hand, if I am to convey the right impression to the ordinary man in the street I think I ought to say that I am an Atheist... None of us would seriously consider the possibility that all the gods of Homer really exist, and yet if you were to set to work to give a logical demonstration that Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, and the rest of them did not exist you would find it an awful job. You could not get such proof. Therefore, in regard to the Olympic gods, speaking to a purely philosophical audience, I would say that I am an Agnostic. But speaking popularly, I think that all of us would say in regard to those gods that we were Atheists. In regard to the Christian God, I should, I think, take exactly the same line." [http://www.luminary.us/russell/atheist_agnostic.html Am I an Agnostic or an Atheist?], from Last Philosophical Testament 1943-1968, (1997) Routledge ISBN 0415094097. Russell was chosen by Look magazine to speak for agnostics in their well-known series explaining the religions of the U.S., and authored the essay "What Is An Agnostic?" which appeared November 3, 1953 in that magazine.
# "In one of our walks about Hartford, when he was in the first fine flush of his agnosticism, he declared that Christianity had done nothing to improve morals and conditions..." Dean Howells, My Mark Twain [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/3390/3390.txt].
# "[Dean Howells and Mark Twain] had much in common. They were agnostic but compassionate of the plight of man in an indifferent world..." Darrel Abel (2002), Classic Authors of the Gilded Age, iUniverse, ISBN 0595234976
# "At the most, Mark Twain was a mild agnostic, usually he seems to have been an amused Deist. Yet, at this late date his own daughter has refused to allow his comments on religion to be published." Kenneth Rexroth, "Humor in a Tough Age;" The Nation, March 7, 1959. [http://www.bopsecrets.org/rexroth/essays/twain.htm]
# E.g. "To trust the God of the Bible is to trust an irascible, vindictive, fierce, and ever fickle and changeful master; to trust the true God is to trust a being who has uttered no promises, but whose beneficent, exact, and changeless ordering of the machinery of His colossal universe is proof that He is at least steadfast to HIs purposes." Mark Twain, a Biography, v. I, p. 412. "[Man] even believes the Creator loves him; has a passion for him; sits up nights to admire him; yes and watch over him and keep him out of trouble. He prays to him and thinks He listens. Isn't it a quaint idea?" Mark Twain, Letters from the Earth,, p. 7. ed. Bernard DeVoto (1962), Harper and Row, Library of Congress catalog #62-14550. Toward the end of his life he expressed anger toward God, describing Man as "an April-fool joke, played by a malicious urchin Creator," and solipsistic nihilism: "There is nothing. There is no God and no universe, there is only empty space, and in it a lost and homeless and wandering and companionless and indestructible Thought." [http://unquietmind.com/sloan4.html]
# Regarding Carl Sagan: "Unbeliever's Quest" by Jerry Adler, in Newsweek, March 31, 1997.
Category:Agnostics
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