Ugo Province

Ugo (羽後国 ; -no kuni) is an old province of Japan, which today composes the major parts of Akita prefecture and Yamagata prefecture. ja:羽後国 Category:Old provinces of Japan

Old provinces of Japan

Before the modern prefecture system was established, the land of Japan was divided into tens of kuni (国, countries). The English-language term provinces is used to encompass all of these units. Each province was divided into gun (郡, counties; earlier kōri). The provinces were originally established as both administrative units and geographic regions. In the late Muromachi period however, their function as administrative units was effectively and gradually supplanted by each domains of sengoku-daimyo. Under the rule of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the provinces as administrative units were totally replaced with daimyos' fiefs. In the Edo period, the fiefs became known as han. The provinces remained as a geographical units and people referred often a certain place with a couple of province and han. At the Meiji restoration, the han were legitimized as administrative units but quickly replaced by fu (urban prefectures) and ken (rural prefectures). Provinces as part of the address system, meanwhile, were not abolished but, on the contrary, augumented. As of 1871, the number of prefectures was 304, while the number of provinces was 68, not including Hokkaido and Ryukyu Province. The boundaries between the many prefectures were not only very complicated, but also did not match those of the provinces. Prefectures were gradually merged to reduce the number to 37 by 1881; a few were then divided to give a total by 1885 of 45. Adding Hokkaido and Okinawa produces the current total of 47 prefectures. To date, no official order has been issued abolishing provinces. Provinces are nonetheless today considered obsolete. However, their names are still widely used as parts of natural feature names, company names, and brands. In the early 2000s, the governor of Nagano Prefecture proposed the renaming of his prefecture as "Shinshu" (a name derived from Shinano Province). Provinces are classified into kinai (within the capital), and seven or eight do (routes, or circuits). Note that, however, do in this context should not be confused with modern traffic lines such as Tokaido from Tokyo to Kyoto or Kobe. Also, Hokkaido in this context should not be confused with Hokkaido Prefecture, although these two overlap geographically.

Early eighth century

See also Gokishichido.
- Kinai 畿内　(Area.near.capital-Within)
- Yamato 大和国 (then imperial seat) (written as 倭国 in ancient times until the reign of Genmei Tennō, who established Japan's first permanent capital at Nara, which is located within this province, in 710 CE)
- Kawachi　河内国
- Settsu　摂津国
- Yamashiro　山城国 (formerly also written as 山背国 or 山代国; this is the province in which Kyoto is located)
- Tosando 東山道　(East-Mountain-Route)
- Omi　近江国 (literally "(Near) Freshwater Sea," see Lake Biwako)
- Mino　美濃国
- Hida　飛騨国
- Shinano　信濃国
- Kozuke 上野国 (literally "Upper Keno," part of ancient Keno Province)
- Musashi　武蔵国
- Shimotsuke 下野国 (literally "Lower Keno," part of ancient Keno Province)
- Mutsu 陸奥国 (also called Michinoku　陸奥（みちのく）, literally "Obscure Recesses of the Land")
- Dewa 出羽国
- Tokaido 東海道 (East-Sea-Route)
- Iga　伊賀国
- Ise　伊勢国
- Shima　志摩国
- Owari　尾張国
- Mikawa　三河国
- Totomi 遠江国 (literally "Far Freshwater Sea," see Lake Hamanako)
- Suruga　駿河国
- Izu　伊豆国
- Kai　甲斐国
- Sagami　相模国
- Kazusa 上総国 (literally "Upper Fusa," part of ancient Fusa Province)
- Shimo-Usa 下総国 (literally "Lower Fusa," part of ancient Fusa Province)
- Hitachi 常陸国 (literally "Sun-Rise," i.e. /hi-tachi/, implying the east end, but the Chinese characters used to write the name actually mean "Always-Land," i.e. /hita-chi/)
- Hokurikudo 北陸道 (North-Land-Route)
- Wakasa　若狭国
- Echizen 越前国 (part of ancient Koshi Province)
- Etchu 越中国 (part of ancient Koshi Province)
- Echigo 越後国 (part of ancient Koshi Province)
- Sado　佐渡国 (the largest island in the Sea of Japan (called East Sea in Korea), situated northwest of Niigata City)
- San'indo 山陰道 (Mountain-Back-Route)
- Tamba　丹波国
- Tajima　但馬国
- Inaba　因幡国
- Hoki　伯耆国
- Izumo　出雲国
- Iwami　石見国
- Oki　隠岐国 (a group of several islands in the Sea of Japan north of Shimane Prefecture)
- San'yodo 山陽道 (Mountain-Front-Route)
- Harima　播磨国
- Bizen 備前国 (part of ancient Kibi Province)
- Bitchu 備中国 (part of ancient Kibi Province)
- Bingo 備後国 (part of ancient Kibi Province)
- Aki　安芸国
- Suo　周防国
- Nagato　長門国
- Nankaido 南海道　(South-Sea-Route)
- Kii 紀伊国 (also called Ki)
- Awaji 淡路国 (literally Path to Awa Province; the largest island in the Seto Inland Sea, located between the Kii Peninsula of Honshu to the east and the island of Shikoku to the west)
- Awa　阿波国
- Sanuki　讃岐国
- Iyo　伊予国
- Tosa　土佐国
- Saikaido 西海道　(West-Sea-Route)
- Chikuzen　筑前国(part of ancient Chikushi Province)
- Chikugo　筑後国(part of ancient Chikushi Province)
- Buzen 豊前国　(part of ancient Toyo Province)
- Bungo 豊後国　(part of ancient Toyo Province)
- Hizen 肥前国　(part of ancient Hi Province)
- Higo 肥後国　(part of ancient Hi Province)
- Hyuga　日向国
- Tane 多褹国 (small islands south of Kyushu)
- Satsuma　薩摩国
- Iki 壱岐国　(an island in the Genkai-Nada region of the Sea of Japan north of Kyushu)
- Tsushima 対馬国　(a pair of islands between Japan and Korea, separating the Korea Strait from the Tsushima Strait)

Early ninth century to Meiji restoration

- Kinai (Area.near.capital-Within)
- Yamashiro (then imperial seat)
- Yamato
- Kawachi
- Izumi (since 757, divided from Kawachi)
- Settsu
- Tosando (East-Mountain-Route)
- Omi
- Mino
- Hida
- Shinano
- (Musashi was transferred to Tokaido)
- Kozuke
- Shimotsuke
- Mutsu
- Dewa (since 713, divided from Echigo and Mutsu)
- Tokaido (East-Sea-Route)
- Iga
- Shima
- Ise
- Owari
- Mikawa
- Totomi
- Suruga
- Izu
- Kai
- Sagami
- Musashi (since 771, transferred from Tosando)
- Awa (since 781, divided from Kazusa)
- Kazusa
- Shimo-Usa
- Hitachi
- Hokurikudo (North-Land-Route)
- Wakasa
- Echizen
- Kaga (since 757, divided from Echizen)
- Noto (since 823, divided from Etchu)
- Etchu
- Echigo
- Sado
- San'indo (Mountain-Back-Route)
- Tamba
- Tango (since 713, divided from Tamba)
- Tajima
- Inaba
- Hoki
- Izumo
- Iwami
- Oki
- San'yodo (Mountain-Front-Route)
- Harima
- Mimasaka
- Bizen
- Bitchu
- Bingo
- Aki
- Suo
- Nagato
- Nankaido (South-Sea-Route)
- Kii
- Awaji
- Awa
- Sanuki
- Iyo
- Tosa
- Saikaido (West-Sea-Route)
- Chikuzen
- Chikugo
- Buzen
- Bungo
- Hizen
- Higo
- Hyuga
- Osumi (since 713, divided from Hyuga)
- (Tane was merged into Hyuga)
- Satsuma
- Iki
- Tsushima

After Meiji restoration (1868)

- Kinai (Area.near.capital-Within)
- Yamashiro
- Yamato
- Kawachi
- Izumi
- Settsu
- Tosando (East-Mountain-Route)
- Omi
- Mino
- Hida
- Shinano
- Kozuke
- Shimotsuke
- (Mutsu is divided into five)
- Mutsu
- Rikuchu (divided from Mutsu)
- Rikuzen (divided from Mutsu)
- Iwaki (divided from Mutsu)
- Iwashiro (divided from Mutsu)
- (Dewa is divided into two)
- Uzen (divided from Dewa)
- Ugo (divided from Dewa)
- Tokaido (East-Sea-Route)
- Iga
- Shima
- Ise
- Owari
- Mikawa
- Totomi
- Suruga
- Izu
- Kai
- Sagami
- Musashi
- Awa
- Kazusa
- Shimosa
- Hitachi
- Hokurikudo (North-Land-Route)
- Wakasa
- Echizen
- Kaga
- Noto
- Etchu
- Echigo
- Sado
- San'indo (Mountain-Back-Route)
- Tamba
- Tango
- Tajima
- Inaba
- Hoki
- Izumo
- Iwami
- Oki
- San'yodo (Mountain-Front-Route)
- Harima
- Mimasaka
- Bizen
- Bitchu
- Bingo
- Aki
- Suo
- Nagato
- Nankaido (South-Sea-Route)
- Kii
- Awaji
- Awa
- Sanuki
- Iyo
- Tosa
- Saikaido (West-Sea-Route)
- Chikuzen
- Chikugo
- Buzen
- Bungo
- Hizen
- Higo
- Hyuga
- Osumi
- Satsuma
- Iki
- Tsushima
- Ryukyu (previously not counted region)
- Hokkaido (North-Sea-Route)
- Oshima (previously not counted region)
- Shiribeshi (previously not counted region)
- Iburi (previously not counted region)
- Ishikari (previously not counted region)
- Teshio (previously not counted region)
- Kitami (previously not counted region)
- Hidaka (previously not counted region)
- Tokachi (previously not counted region)
- Kushiro (previously not counted region)
- Nemuro (previously not counted region)
- Chishima (previously not counted region)

Some brief periods

- Chichibu (some time before 645, merged into Musashi)
- Aizu (some time before 645, merged into Mutsu)
- Ho (some time before 645, merged into Mikawa)
- Shinaga (some time before 645, merged into Sagami)
- Izumi Gen (circa 716 to circa 738, divided from Kawachi)
- Yoshino Gen (circa 716 to circa 738, divided from Yamato)
- Suwa (circa 721 to circa 738, divided from Shinano)
- Iwaki (circa 718 to circa 724, divided from Mutsu)
- Iwase (circa 718 to circa 724, divided from Mutsu)

Today

These province names are considered to be mainly of historical interest. They are also used for the name of items most of which was popularized in or after Edo period. Examples include sanuki udon, iyokan, and awa odori.

Akita Prefecture

Akita Prefecture (秋田県; Akita-ken) is located in the Tohoku region of northern Japan. The capital is the city of Akita.

History

The famous Heian period waka poet, Ono no Komachi, is said to have been born here (but the true location of her birth is uncertain).

Geography

Located in the north of Honshu Island, Akita Prefecture faces the Sea of Japan in the west and is bordered by Aomori in the north, Iwate in the east, Miyagi in the south east, and Yamagata in the south. Akita Prefecture is rectangular in shape, roughly 181 km from north to south and 111 km from west to east. The Ou Mountains mark the eastern border of the prefecture, and the higher Dewa Mountains run parallel through the center of the prefecture. Like much of northern Japan, the prefecture has cold winters, particularly away from the sea.

Cities

- Akita (capital)
- Daisen
- Katagami
- Kazuno
- Kitaakita
- Nikaho
- Noshiro
- Oga
- Odate
- Senboku
- Yokote
- Yurihonjo
- Yuzawa

Towns and villages

These are the towns and villages in each district.

Mergers

A former district, Kawabe including the towns of Kawabe and Yuwa, merged into the city of Akita on January 11 2005. The town of Misato in Senboku District was formed on November 1 2004 from the merger of the village Sennan and the towns Rokugou and Senhata. The city of Kita-Akita was founded on March 22 2005 from the merger of the former towns of Aikawa, Ani, Moriyoshi, and Takanosu, all from Kita-Akita District. On March 22 2005, city of Omagari merged with the towns of Kamioka, Nishisenboku, Nakasen, Kyowa, Senboku, Ota, and the village of Nangai from Senboku District to form the new city of Daisen On March 22 2005 the city of Yurihonjo was formed from the merger of the former city of Honjo and the former town of Chokai, Higashiyuri, Iwaki, Nishime, Ouchi, Yashima and Yuri. On March 22 2005, the towns of Tennō, Iitagawa and Shōwa merged together to form the city of Katagami. On March 22 2005, the village of Minase, and the towns of Inakawa, and Ogachi merged into Yuzawa. On March 22 2005, the town of Wakami merged into the city of Oga. On June 20 2005, the towns of Hinai and Tashiro were merged into the city of Ōdate. On September 20 2005 the city of Senboku was formed from the merger of Kakunodate, Tazawako, and Nishiki. On October 1 2005, the towns of Hiraka, Jūmonji, Masuda, Omonogawa, Ōmori, and the villages of Sannai, and Taiyū merged into the city of Yokote. On October 1 2005, the town of Nikaho merged with the towns of Kisakata and Konoura to form the city of Nikaho. More information on merger and dissolution of municipalities of Japan

Economy

Like much of Tohoku, Akita's economy remains dominated by traditional industries, such as agriculture, fishing, and forestry. This has led many young people to migrate to Tokyo and other large cities.

Tourism

Near Lake Tazawa, there are a number of hot springs resorts (onsen), these are popular with tourists from all over Japan. In addition there are a number of seasonal festivals (matsuri) which offer a glimpse of rural or traditional Japan. Kakunodate is a particularly charming old town, full of preserved samurai houses. The Aoyagi house is the former residence of Odano Naotake, the man who illustrated Japan's first modern guide to the human anatomy. The house is now a museum and gallery of medical illustrations and traditional crafts.

External links

- [http://www.pref.akita.jp/e/ Official Akita Prefecture homepage]
- [http://www.links.net/vita/trip/japan/akita/ Links.net Akita - Travel Reporting] Category:Tohoku region Category:Akita Prefecture ko:아키타 현 ja:秋田県

Esmeraldas (river)

The Esmeraldas River is a river in northwestern Ecuador that flows into the Pacific Ocean. category:rivers of Ecuador

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