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Figures

Figures

Figure can refer to any of the following:
- A figure is a synonym for a number.
- Significant figures in a decimal number.
- A person's figure.
- Figure of speech, also called a rhetorical figure.
- Figure skating.
- Figure in wood.
- Miniature representation of something.
- Musical figure, distinguished from musical motif.
- Noise figure.
- Shaping a mirror on a reflective telescope.

Synonym

Synonyms (in ancient Greek syn 'συν' = plus and onoma 'όνομα' = name) are different words with similar or identical meanings and are interchangable. Antonyms are words with opposite or nearly opposite meanings. (Synonym and antonym are antonyms.) An example of synonyms are the words cat and feline. Each describes any member of the family Felidae. Similarly, if we talk about a long time or an extended time, long and extended become synonyms. In the figurative sense, two words are often said to be synonymous if they have the same connotation: :"a widespread impression that … Hollywood was synonymous with immorality" (Doris Kearns Goodwin) Synonyms can be nouns, adverbs or adjectives, as long as both members of the pair are the same part of speech. More examples of English synonyms:
- baby and infant (noun)
- student and pupil (noun)
- pretty and attractive (adjective)
- sick and ill (adjective)
- interesting and fascinating (adjective)
- quickly and speedily (adverb) Note that the synonyms are defined with respect to certain senses of words; for instance, pupil as the "aperture in the iris of the eye" is not synonymous with student. Similarly, expired as "having lost validity" (as in grocery goods) doesn't necessarily mean death. Some lexicographers claim that no synonyms have exactly the same meaning (in all contexts or social levels of language) because etymology, orthography, phonic qualities, ambiguous meanings, usage, etc. make them unique. However, many people feel that the synonyms they use are identical in meaning for all practical purposes. Different words that are similar in meaning usually differ for a reason: feline is more formal than cat; long and extended are only synonyms in one usage and not in others, such as a long arm and an extended arm. Synonyms are also a source of euphemisms. The purpose of a thesaurus is to offer the user a listing of similar or related words; these are often, but not always, synonyms. In a way, hyponyms are similar to synonyms. In contrast, antonyms (an opposite pair) would be:
- dead and alive (compare to synonyms: dead and deceased)
- near and far (compare to synonyms: near and close)
- war and peace (compare to synonyms: war and armed conflict)
- tremendous and awful (compare to synonyms: tremendous and remarkable) In biology, synonym is used with a closely defined meaning, different for animals and plants, see synonym (zoology) and synonym (botany).

Significant figures

The hypothetical idea of significant figures (sig figs or sf), also called significant digits (sig digs) is a method of expressing error in measurement. Sometimes the term is used to describe some rules-of-thumb, known as significance arithmetic, which attempt to indicate the propagation of errors in a scientific experiment or in statistics when perfect accuracy is not attainable or not required. Scientific notation is often used when expressing the significant figures in a number. The concept of significant figures originated from measuring a value and then estimating one degree below the limit of the reading; for example, if an object, measured with a ruler marked in millimeters, is known to be between six and seven millimeters and can be seen to be approximately 2/3 of the way between them, an acceptable measurement for it could be 6.6 mm or 6.7 mm, but not 6.666666 mm as a recurring decimal. This rule is based upon the principle of not implying more precision than can be justified when measurements are taken in this manner.

Determining significant figures

Significant figures conventionally follow certain sets of rules. Such that: All non-zero digits are significant: for example, 87.636 has five significant figures. In addition, any zeros that are between non-zeros are also considered significant; for example, 40.02 has four significant figures. Any zeros that follow immediately to the right of the decimal place in numbers smaller than one are not considered significant, e.g., 0.00057 has two sf. The situation regarding trailing zero digits that fall to the left of the decimal place in a number with no digits provided that fall to the right of the decimal place is less clear, but these are typically not considered significant unless the decimal point is placed at the end of the number to indicate otherwise (e.g., "2000." versus "2000"). However, any zeros that follow the last non-zero digit to the right of the decimal point are significant, e.g.: 0.002400 has four significant figures. Conventionally, a number with value 0 is considered to have one significant figure. In order to indicate exactly which digits are significant, values such as two thousand can be expressed in scientific notation, if necessary, using the correct number of significant figures. If only two digits — the '2' and the first '0' — are significant (i.e., the true value could be anywhere from 1950 to 2049), the conventional representation is 2.0 × 10³; if three are significant (the value is in the range 1995 to 2004) then it is 2.00 × 10³; if four are significant (from 1999.5 to 2000.4), then it could be either 2000 (two, zero, zero, zero) or 2.000 × 10³. (For clarity, the former form could be written 2000., with a decimal point; otherwise, some may read the number as having just one significant digit and three zeros for placement.) If five, it could be either 2000.0 or 2.0000 × 10³. The same can be achieved by using another unit for the quantity expressed. A distance of 2000 m is supposed to have four significant digits, but 2 km has only one. More informally it can be done by using words to express numbers. The value 12 million has two significant digits, while officially 12,000,000 has 8. In practical situations it is wise to consider multiple trailing zeroes as insignificant. Sometimes a bar over a trailing zero is used to indicate that it is significant. For example,

20 \bar 0

appears to have four significant digits; the bar indicates that in fact the second zero is the last significant digit.

Measuring with significant figures

As illustrated in the above example involving the length measurement in millimeters, the significant figures method is that, when measuring using a non-electronic instrument, the observer should estimate within the nearest tenth of a division marked on the instrument. For example, if a graduated cylinder were marked off at every millilitre (ml), the observer should measure the amount of volume contained in the cylinder to the nearest tenth of a millilitre. In order to express the degree of precision to which a value was measured, decimal numerals are used. When using significant figures rules, it should be assumed that the last significant digit of every measurement was estimated. Using the previous example, if the observer read the amount of liquid in the cylinder to be exactly at the 12 ml mark, the observer would write the value as 12.0 ml, which would indicate that the tenths place was the precision obtained, and the 0 was estimated. If the cylinder were marked off to every tenth of a ml, the observer would write the value as 12.00 ml. Note that exact numbers obtained by counting discrete objects are not subject to the rules of significant figures and should be expressed as exact integers. Similarly, mathematical constants (such as π) do not have significant figures—they should be treated as having an infinite number of significant figures. The same is true of defined values, such as the speed of light or the atomic mass of carbon 12. Empirically-determined 'constants', however, do have error bounds; sometimes these bounds can be ignored because the value has been determined to much higher precision than other numbers in the expression. Likewise, some published values (perhaps inevitably) contain false accuracy. An example would be census estimates of a nation's population.

Problems with the concept of significant figures

Although the idea of significant digits attempts to deal with the real problem of expressing measurement and calculation error, the system itself leads to further (and unnecessary) error in expressing a measurement or calculation. The basis of significant figures is that of rounding, and rounding in itself reduces the accuracy of the measurement (this is because rounding is a technique that fundamentally uses addition or subtraction - thus creating artificial error by the amount added or subtracted during rounding).

External links

- [http://ostermiller.org/calc/sigfig.html Significant Figures Calculator] - Displays a number with the desired number of significant digits. Category:Numerical analysis

Number

: This article is about numbers such as counting numbers and measurements. For other uses of the term, see Number (disambiguation). A number originally was a count or a measurement. Mathematicians have extended this concept to include abstractions such as the square root of minus one. In common usage, number symbols are often used as labels (highway numbers) or to indicate order (serial numbers).

Examples

The most familiar numbers are the counting numbers or natural numbers. Some writers include 0, thus: . Others do not: . In the base ten number system, now in almost universal use worldwide, the symbols for natural numbers are written using ten digits, 0 through 9. The symbol for the set of all natural numbers is N. If the negative whole numbers are combined with the positive whole numbers and zero, one obtains the integers Z (from the German word "zahlen"). (Some authors use W for the whole numbers, but other authors use W for the natural numbers, so the W symbol is ambiguous.) Negative numbers are used to indicate an opposite. If a positive number is used to indicate distance to the right of some fixed point, a negative number indicates distance to the left. If a positive number indicates a bank deposit, a negative number indicates a withdrawal. Rational numbers are made up of all numbers that can be expressed as a fraction, with integer numerator and non-zero natural number denominator. The fraction m/n represents the quantity arrived at when a whole is divided into n equal parts, and m of those equal parts are chosen. If m is greater than n, the fraction is greater than one. Fractions can be positive, negative, or zero. The set of all fractions includes the integers, since every integer can be written as a fraction with denominator 1. The symbol for the rational numbers is a bold face Q (for "quotient"). The real numbers are made up of all numbers that can be expressed as a decimal. These are the measuring numbers, and in the base ten number system are written as a string of digits, with a dot (US) or a comma (Europe) to the right of the ones place. The symbol for the real numbers is R. All measurements are necessarily approximations; the accuracy of the approximation depends on the accuracy of the measuring device. Therefore all measurements are properly represented by decimals that end, the last decimal place indicating the accuracy of the measurement. For example, 1.23 inches indicates a measurement accurate to the nearest hundredth of an inch. However, mathematically, when a rational number is expressed as a decimal, it may never end. Thus 1/3 becomes 0.3333... (unending threes). Mathematicians, therefore, consider both decimals that end and decimals that go on forever. The latter represent an infinite series. Some real numbers can be written as fractions, 0.3333... for example. Others cannot, 0.1010010001... for example. A decimal that can be written as a fraction is called rational, a decimal that cannot be written as a fraction is called irrational. A decimal is rational when it either ends or repeats forever. There is a technical sense in which the real numbers are the ideal set of numbers. They are the only complete ordered field. Moving to a greater level of abstraction, and away from counting and measuring, the real numbers can be extended to the complex numbers C. This set of numbers arose, historically, from consideration of the question of whether or not there was any sense in which negative numbers can have a square root. A new number was invented, the square root of negative one, denoted by i, a symbol assigned to this new number by Leonhard Euler. The complex numbers consist of all numbers of the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers. If b is zero, then a + bi is real. If a is zero, then a + bi is called imaginary. The complex numbers are an algebraically closed field, meaning that every polynomial with complex coefficients can be factored into linear factors with complex coefficients. The above symbols are often written in blackboard bold, thus: :

\mathbb\sub\mathbb\sub\mathbb\sub\mathbb\sub\mathbb

While the natural numbers and the real numbers suffice for most everyday purposes, mathematicians have invented many other sets of numbers with specialized uses. Some are subsets of the complex numbers. For example the roots of polynomials with rational coefficients are called the algebraic numbers. Real numbers that are not algebraic are called transcendental numbers. The Gaussian integers are complex numbers a + bi where a and b are integers. Sets of numbers that are not subsets of the complex numbers include the quaternions H, invented by Sir William Rowan Hamilton, in which multiplication is not commutative, and the octonions, in which multiplication is not associative.

Further generalizations

Elements of function fields of finite characteristic behave in some ways like numbers and are often regarded as a kind of number by number theorists.

Numerals and numbering

Numbers should be distinguished from numerals, the symbols used to represent numbers. The number five can be represented by both the base ten numeral 5 and by the Roman numeral V. Notations used to represent numbers are discussed in the article numeral systems. Numbers are often used to give objects unique names. Examples are telephone numbers, social security numbers, and ISBNs.

Extensions

Superreal, hyperreal and surreal numbers extend the real numbers by adding infinitesimal and infinitely large numbers. While real numbers may have infinitely long expansions to the right of the decimal point, one can also try to allow for infinitely long expansions to the left, with digits in base p, where p is prime. This leads to the p-adic numbers. For dealing with infinite collections, the natural numbers have been generalized to the ordinal numbers and to the cardinal numbers. The former give the ordering of the collection, the latter its size. (For the finite case, the ordinal and cardinal numbers are equivalent; but they differ in the infinite case.) The arithmetical operations of numbers, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, are generalized in the branch of mathematics called abstract algebra, the study of abstract number systems such as groups, rings and fields.

External links

- [http://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~catshaman/13comp/0numer.htm Mesopotamian and Germanic numbers]

References

- Erich Friedman, [http://www.stetson.edu/~efriedma/numbers.html What's special about this number?]
- [http://www.cut-the-knot.org/do_you_know/numbers.shtml What's a Number?] at cut-the-knot Category:Group theory Category:Numbers __NOTOC__ ko:수 (수학) ja:数 simple:Number th:จำนวน

Figure of speech

A figure of speech, sometimes termed a rhetorical figure or device, or elocution, is a word or phrase that departs from straightforward, literal language. Figures of speech are often used and crafted for emphasis, freshness of expression, or clarity. However, clarity may also suffer from their use. Note that not all theories of meaning necessarily have a concept of "literal language" (see literal and figurative language). Under theories that do not, figure of speech is not an entirely coherent concept. As an example of the figurative use of a word, consider the sentence, I am going to crown you. It may mean:
- I am going to place a literal crown on your head.
- I am going to symbolically exalt you to the place of kingship.
- I am going to punch you in the head with my clenched fist.
- I am going to put a second checker on top of your checker to signify that it has become a king (as in the game of draughts).

Classification

Figures of speech have been classified into a number of different categories. Most figures originated out of centuries of philological commentary on ancient texts, and so most are named from Greek or Latin, as they originally were meant to classify grammatical peculiarities of those languages. Scholars of classical Western rhetoric have divided figures of speech into two main categories: schemes and tropes. Schemes (from the Greek schēma, form or shape) are figures of speech in which there is a deviation from the ordinary or expected pattern of words. For example, the phrase, "John, my best friend" uses the scheme known as apposition. Tropes (from the Greek tropein, to turn) involve changing or modifying the general meaning of a term. An example of a trope is the use of irony, which is the use of word in a way that conveys a meaning opposite to its usual meaning ("For Brutus is an honorable man; / So, are they all, honorable men"). During the Renaissance, a time when scholars in every discipline had a passion for classifying all things, writers expended a great deal of energy in devising all manner of classes and sub-classes of figures of speech. Henry Peacham, for example, in his The Garden of Eloquence (1577) enumerated 184 different figures of speech. For the sake of simplicity, this article divides the figures between schemes and tropes, but does not attempt further sub-classification (e.g., "Figures of Disorder"). Within each category, words are listed alphabetically. Each figure links to a page that provides greater detail and relevant examples, but a short definition is placed here for convenience. Some of those listed may be considered rhetorical devices, which are similar in many ways.

Schemes

- accumulatio: Summarization of previous arguments in a forceful manner
- alliteration: Repetition of consonants in nearby words
- anacoluthon: A change in the syntax within a sentence
- anadiplosis: Repetition of a word at the end of a clause at the beginning of another
- anaphora: The repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses
- anastrophe: Inversion of the usual word order
- antimetabole: Repetition of words in successive clauses, in reverse order
- antistrophe: The repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses
- antithesis: The juxtaposition of opposing or contrasting ideas
- aposiopesis: Breaking off or pausing speech for dramatic or emotional effect
- apposition: The placing of two elements side by side, in which the second defines the first
- assonance: The repetition of vowel sounds, most commonly within a short passage of verse.
- asyndeton: Omission of conjunctions between related clauses
- cacophony: The juxtaposition of words producing a harsh sound
- chiasmus: Reversal of grammatical structures in successive clauses
- climax: The arrangement of words in order of increasing importance
- dystmesis: A synonym for tmesis
- ellipsis: Omission of words
- enallage: The substitution of forms that are grammatically different, but have the same meaning
- enthymeme: Informal method of presenting a syllogism
- epanalepsis: Repetition of a word at the end of a clause at the beginning of another
- epistrophe: Repetition of a word at the beginning and end of a clause
- hendiadys: Use of two nouns to express an idea when the normal structure would be a noun and a modifier
- hendiatris: Use of three nouns to express one idea
- hypallage: Changing the order of words so that they are associated with words normally associated with others
- hyperbaton: Schemes featuring unusual or inverted word order
- isocolon: Use of parallel structures of the same length in successive clauses
- parallelism: The use of similar structures in two or more clauses
- paraprosdokian: Unexpected ending or truncation of a clause
- parenthesis: Insertion of a clause or sentence in a place where it interrupts the natural flow of the sentence
- perissologia: The fault of wordiness
- pleonasm: The use of superfluous or redundant words
- polyptoton: Repetition of words derived from the same root
- polysyndeton: Repetition of conjunctions
- synchysis: Interlocked word order
- synesis: An agreement of words according to the sense, and not the grammatical form
- synonymia: The use of two or more synonyms in the same clause or sentence
- tautology: Redundancy due to superfluous qualification; saying the same thing twice
- tmesis: Insertion of one word between the syllables of a word or between the elements of a compound word

Tropes

- allegory: An extended metaphor in which a story is told to illustrate an important attribute of the subject
- anacoenosis: Posing a question to an audience, often with the implication that it shares a common interest with the speaker
- antanaclasis: A form of pun in which a word is repeated in two different senses
- anthimeria: The substitution of one part of speech for another, often turning a noun into a verb
- antiphrasis: A word or words used contradictory to their usual meaning, often with irony
- antonomasia: The substitution of a phrase for a proper name or vice versa
- aphorism: Calling into question the meaning of a term
- apophasis: Invoking an idea by denying its invocation
- aporia: Deliberating with oneself, often with the use of rhetorical questions
- apostrophe: Addressing a thing, an abstraction or a person not present
- archaism: Use of an obsolete, archaic, word
- auxesis: A form of hyperbole, in which a more important sounding word is used in place of a more descriptive term
- catachresis: A mixed metaphor (sometimes used by design and sometimes a rhetorical fault)
- circumlocution: "Talking around" a topic by substituting or adding words, as in euphemism or periphrasis
- denominatio: Another word for metonymy
- erotema: Synonym for rhetorical question
- euphemism: Substitution of a less offensive or more agreeable term for another
- hyperbole: Use of exaggerated terms for emphasis
- hypophora: Answering one's own rhetorical question at length
- hysteron proteron: Reversal of anticipated order of events
- innuendo: Having a hidden meaning in a sentence that makes sense whether it is detected or not
- irony: Use of word in a way that conveys a meaning opposite to its usual meaning
- litotes: Emphasizing the magnitude of a statement by denying its opposite
- malapropism: Using a word through confusion with a word that sounds similar
- meiosis: Use of understatement, usually to diminish the importance of something
- metalepsis: Referring to something through reference to another thing to which it is remotely related
- metaphor: An implied comparison of two things
- metonymy: Substitution of a word to suggest what is really meant
- oxymoron: Using two terms together, that normally contradict each other
- parable: An extended metaphor told as an anecdote to illustrate or teach a moral lesson
- paradox: Use of apparently contradictory ideas to point out some underlying truth
- paralipsis: Drawing attention to something while pretending to pass it over
- paronomasia: A form of pun, in which words similar in sound but with different meanings are used
- pathetic fallacy: Using a word that refers to a human action on something non-human
- periphrasis: Substitution of a word or phrase for a proper name
- personification/prosopopoeia/anthropomorphism: Attributing a personality to some impersonal object
- praeteritio: Another word for paralipsis
- procatalepsis: Refuting anticipated objections as part of the main argument
- prolepsis: Another word for procatalepsis
- proslepsis: An extreme form of paralipsis in which the speaker provides great detail while feigning to pass over a topic
- rhetorical question: Asking a question as a way of asserting something
- simile: An explicit comparison between two things
- syllepsis: A form of pun, in which a single word is used to modify two other words, with which it normally would have differing meanings
- synecdoche: A form of metonymy, in which a part stands for the whole
- transferred epithet: The placing of an adjective with what appears to be the incorrect noun
- truism: a self-evident statement
- zeugma: a figure of speech related to syllepsis, but different in that the word used as a modifier is not compatible with one of the two words it modifies

References

- Aristotle. The Art of Rhetoric. (Translated by J. H. Freese) Loeb Classical Library.
- Baldwin, Charles Sears. Ancient Rhetoric and Poetic: Interpreted from Representative Works. Peter Smith, Gloucester, 1959 (reprint).
- Rhetorica ad Herennium. (Translated by Henry Caplan) Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, 1954.
- Corbett, Edward P.J. Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student Oxford University Press, New York, 1971.
- Kennedy, George. Art of Persuasion in Greece. Princeton Univ Press, 1969 (4th printing).
- Mackin, John H. Classical Rhetoric for Modern Discourse. Free Press, New York, 1969.
- Quintilian. Institutio oratoria. (In five volumes, trans. Donald A. Russell) Loeb Classical Library, 2002.

External links

- [http://www.uky.edu/ArtsSciences/Classics/rhetoric.html A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples]
- [http://rhetoric.byu.edu/ Silva Rhetoricae, a guide to rhetorical ideas]
- [http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/writing/style Stylistic Devices on English Grammar Online]
- [http://www.figarospeech.com It Figures - Figures of Speech] Category:Rhetoric

Figure skating

Figure skating is an ice skating sporting event where individuals, mixed couples, or groups perform spins, jumps, and other "moves" on the ice, often to music. There are international competitions for figure skating, such as the World Championships, and figure skating is also an official event in the Winter Olympics. In languages other than English, figure skating is usually referred to by a name that translates as "artistic skating". The sport is closely associated with show business, such as "spectaculars" where performers skate unjudged, and the crowd pleasing routines at the end of competition held at many tournaments. Many skaters both during and after their competitive careers also skate in ice-skating exhibitions or shows. Many shows are run by individual clubs to show off their members' accomplishments.

Equipment

Figure skates differ from hockey skates most visibly in having a set of large, jagged teeth called toe picks (also known as "toe rakes") on the front of the blade. The toe picks are used primarily in jumping and should not be used for stroking or spins. Toe pick designs have become quite elaborate in recent years and sometimes include additional teeth on the sides of the blade. The figure skating blade is curved from front to back with a radius of about 2 meters. Recently, parabolic figure skating blades have been designed to increase skaters' stability on the ice. The blade is also hollow ground; a groove on the bottom of the blade creates two distinct edges, inside and outside. In figure skating it is always desirable to skate on only one edge of the blade, and never on both at the same time (which is referred to as a flat). The apparently effortless power and glide across the ice exhibited by elite figure skaters fundamentally derives from efficient use of the edges to generate speed. Figure skating boots are traditionally made by hand from many layers of leather. In recent years, boots made of synthetic materials with heat-moldable linings have become popular with many skaters because they combine strength with lighter weight than leather boots, and are easier to "break in". The latest development in boot technology is a boot that is hinged at the ankle to provide lateral support while allowing more flexibility. Blades are mounted to the sole and heel of the boot with screws. Typically, high-level figure skaters will be professionally fitted for their boots at a reputable skate shop in their area. Other equipment used by skaters includes pads called butt pads or crash pads that are inserted into the pants or stockings and provide relief from the pain of hard falls, especially when learning new jumps. Another piece of equipment is the guard, which is put on the blade when the skater must walk in his or her skates when not on the ice. The guard protects the blade from dirt or material on the ground that may dull the blade. Soft blade covers called soakers are used to absorb condensation and protect the blades from rust when the skates are not being worn. Clothing worn while ice skating includes dresses and skirts for women. For competition, these pieces of clothing can be heavily beaded or trimmed, and cost up to thousands of dollars if designed by a top level dress-maker. For practice, figure skaters of both sexes usually wear leggings or tight fitting, flexible pants. Tights are also worn with dresses and skirts and underneath leggings for extra warmth and aesthetic qualities. Competition outfits for skaters of both sexes, especially in ice dance, are often theatrical and revealing, in spite of repeated attempts to ban clothing that gives the impression of "excessive nudity" or that is otherwise inappropriate for athletic competition. Some rinks use harness systems to help skaters learn jumps faster in a controlled manner. The rink installs a heavy-duty cable that is securely attached to two walls of the rink. A set of pulleys ride on the cable. The skater wears a vest or belt that has a cable or rope attached to it. That cable/rope is threaded through the movable pulley on the cable above. The coach holds the other end of the cable and lifts the skater by pulling the cable/rope. The skater can then practice the jump, with the coach assisting with the completion.

Disciplines

International competitions in figure skating comprise the following disciplines:
- Singles competition for men and women (who are referred to as "ladies" in the official terminology of the sport). Singles skaters must perform jumps, spins, and step sequences in their programs.
- Pairs consisting of one lady and one man. Pairs perform singles elements in unison as well as pair-specific elements such as throw jumps, in which the male skater 'throws' the female into a jump; lifts, in which the female is held above the male's head in a number of different grips and positions; pair spins, in which both skaters spin together about a common axis; and death spirals, where the man in a pivot swings the lady around him on a deep edge in a position low to the ice.
- Ice dancing, again for couples consisting of a lady and man skating together. Ice dance differs from pairs in focusing on difficult steps performed in close dance holds exactly to the beat of the music rather than acrobatic jumps, throws, and lifts. In addition to free dances to music of their own choice, ice dancers must perform compulsory dances with fixed steps and patterns to standard ballroom dance rhythms. In spite of the lack of obvious "tricks", ice dance is considered by many to be the most technical and detailed of the skating disciplines.
- Synchronized skating, for mixed-gender groups of up to 20 skaters. This discipline resembles a group form of ice dance with additional emphasis on precise formations of the group as a whole and complex transitions between formations. Other disciplines of skating include:
- Compulsory figures, in which skaters use their blades to draw circles, figure 8s, and similar shapes in ice, and are judged on the accuracy and clarity of the figures and the cleanness and exact placement of the various turns on the circles. Figures were formerly included as a component of singles competitions but were eliminated from those events in 1990. Today figures are rarely taught or performed. The United States was the last country to retain a separate test and competitive structure for compulsory figures, but the last national-level figures championship was held in 1999.
- Moves in the field (known in the UK as field moves), which have replaced compulsory figures as a discipline to teach the same turns and edge skills in the context of fluid free skating movements instead of being constrained to artificially precise circles.
- Fours, a discipline that is to pairs as pairs is to singles. A fours team consists of two men and two women who perform singles and pairs elements in unison as well as unique elements that involve all four skaters.
- Theatre on ice, also known as ballet on ice in Europe. This is a form of group skating that is less structured than synchronized skating and allows the use of props and theatrical costuming.
- Adagio skating, a form of pair skating most commonly seen in ice shows, where the skaters perform many spectacular acrobatic lifts but few or none of the singles elements which competitive pairs must perform.

Jumps

Jumps involve the skater leaping into the air and rotating rapidly to land after completing one or more rotations. There are many types of jumps, identified by the way the skater takes off and lands, as well as by the number of rotations that are completed. Most skaters rotate all their jumps in the counterclockwise direction. Some prefer to rotate clockwise, and a very small number of skaters can perform jumps in both directions. For clarity, all jumps will be described for the counterclockwise skater. There are six major jumps in figure skating. All six are landed on a right back outside edge (with counterclockwise rotation, for single and multi-revolution jumps), but have different takeoffs, by which they may be distinguished. The two categories of jumps are toe jumps and edge jumps. (Descriptions below are for counterclockwise rotation skaters; reverse for clockwise rotation jumps.) Toe jumps are launched by tapping the toe pick of one skate into the ice, and include (in order of difficulty from easiest to hardest): #Toe loops take off from the back outside edge of the right foot and are launched by the left toe pick (toe walleys are similar, but take off from the back inside edge of the right foot); #Flips, which take off from the back inside edge of the left foot and are launched by the right toe pick; #Lutzes, which take off from the back outside edge of the left foot and are launched by the right toe pick. Edge jumps use no toe assist, and include: #Waltzes, which take off from a left forward outside edge and land on a back right outside edge. This jump is similar to an axel, but it is only a half rotation. #Salchows, which take off from a left back inside edge. Swinging the opposite leg around helps launch the jump; #Loops take off from a right back outside edge and land on the same edge; #Axels, which are the only jump to take off from a forward edge (the left outside edge). Because they take off from a forward edge, they include one-half extra rotations and are usually considered the hardest jump of the six. The similar jump with only half a rotation is called a waltz jump and is typically the first jump a skater learns. The number of rotations performed in the air for each jump determines whether the jump is a single, double, triple, or quad. Most elite male skaters perform triples and quads as their main jumps, while most elite female skaters perform all the triples except the axel, which is usually double. Only a handful of female skaters have successfully landed triple axels in competition. One variation, known as the Tano, is far more difficult than a normal jump because the jumper keeps one arm raised above his or her head while jumping. The name is derived from Brian Boitano, who made a triple lutz with an upraised arm his signature jump. There are also a number of other jumps which are usually performed only as single jumps and are typically used as transitional movements or highlights in step sequences. These include: #Half Loops, which take off from a right back outside edge like a loop, but land on the left back inside edge; #Walley jumps, which takes off from a right back inside edge. It is debatably more difficult than the axel, because the flow of the inside edge is clockwise and opposes the counterclockwise rotation in the air; #Split jumps, which are half-rotation jumps based on a flip, lutz, or loop entrance; #Inside axels, one-and-a-half-rotation jumps that take off from the right forward inside edge; #One-foot axels, one-and-a-half-rotation jumps with a regular axel takeoff from the left forward outside edge, but landing on the left back inside edge. In addition to jumps performed singly, jumps may also be performed in combination or in sequence. For a set of jumps to be considered a combination, each jump must take off from the landing edge of the previous jump, with no steps, turns, or change of edge in between jumps. This limits all jumps except the first to toe loops and loops (which take off from the right back outside edge on which the basic six jumps are landed). In order to use other jumps on the back end of a combination, connecting jumps such as a half loop (which is actually a full rotation, but lands on a left back inside edge) can be used, enabling the skater to put a salchow or flip at the end of the combination. Jump sequences are sets of jumps which may involve steps or changes of edge between the jumps.

Spins

There are also several types of spins, identified by the position of the arms, legs, and angle of the back. Spins are done on the round part of the blade, just behind the toe pick. The round part of the blade is called the ball of the foot. (Contrary to popular thought, spins are NOT done on the toe picks -- they're mainly for jumps!) Spins may be performed on either foot. For skaters who rotate in a counterclockwise direction, a spin on the left foot is called a forward spin, while a spin on the right foot is called a back spin.
- Upright spin (or corkscrew spin), in which a skater maintains a vertical position, often with the free leg crossed in front of the skating leg. A fast spin in this position is known as a scratch spin.
- Camel spin (also known as a parallel spin), in which the skater assumes an "airplane" position (or spiral position) with the free leg extended behind at hip level, parallel to the ice surface.
- Sit spin, in which the knee of the skating leg bent very low, and the free leg stretched out in front, parallel to the ice.
- Crossfoot spins, an upright spin in which the free leg is crossed behind the skating foot.
- Layback spins, in which the skater bends backward gracefully and positions arms artistically.
- Biellmann spins, where the skater pulls free leg from behind her (or very rarely him), over the head. She (or he) usually holds onto the blade of the skate. (Obviously, this requires extreme flexibility.) Named after Denise Biellmann, 1981 ladies' world champion from Switzerland.
- Doughnut spins, a variation of a back camel spin where the skater pulls the blade of the skate of the free leg backward with one or both arms while arching the back to create a horizontal circular shape with the body.
- Other spins where the skater extends the free leg in front or to the side in a split or near-split position. Flying spins are spins that are initiated with a jump. These include the flying camel, flying sit spin, death drop, and butterfly spin. Usually, they go from a forward spin, to a back spin.

Steps and turns

Step sequences are a required element in competition programs. They involve a combination of turns, steps, hops and edge changes, performed in a straight line down the ice, in a circle, or in an S shape (serpentine step sequence). The various turns which skaters can incorporate into step sequences include:
- Three turns, so called because the blade turns into the curve of the edge or lobe to leave a tracing resembling the numeral "3".
- Bracket turns, in which the blade is turned counter to the curve of the lobe, making a tracing resembling a bracket ("{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{

Figurine

figurine]]Figurine is a diminutive form of the word figure, and generally refers to a small human-made statue that represents a human (or deity or animal). They are typically smaller than life-size, and may be realistic or iconic depending on the skill and intention of the creator. The earliest figurines were made of stone; more recent creations are also made of ceramic, metal, wood, plastic, etc. The earliest figurines are often of pregnant women, and are called Venus figurines, in reference to their presumed representation of a female goddess, or in any case some connection to fertility. The two oldest so far are made of stone, were found in Africa and Asia, and are several hundred thousand years old. Many more have been found that date to 25-30,000 BC in Europe, and are the oldest ceramic known. If the earlier finds are genuine, they are one of the first signs of human culture. We cannot know for certain how they were used. They probably had religious or ceremonial significance, and been used in marriage and other rituals. They may also have been meant to amuse, that is, children in particular (a crying infant for example). Some may have been worn as jewelry. A more recent adaptation is the use of figurines in board games, such as chess. Players of tabletop role playing games often use miniatures to represent their characters' position and facing on a map. Recently, the terms inaction figures (originally used to describe Kevin Smith's View Askew figurines) and staction figures (a portmanteau of static and action figures coined by Four Horsemen artists to describe Masters of the Universe figures) have been used to refer to figurines of comic book characters or sci-fi/fantasy characters without movable parts. Figures with movable parts (e.g. allowing limbs to be posed) have also been developed, but these are more likely to be called dolls or action figures (or robots or automata if they can move on their own). Old figurines have been used to discount some historical theories, such as the origins of chess.

Figure (music)

In music, a figure is a recurring fragment or succession of notes that may be used to construct the accompaniment. A figure is distinguished from a motif in that a figure is background while a motif is foreground: "A figure resembles a moulding in architecture: it is 'open at both ends', so as to be endlessly repeatable. In hearing a phrase as a figure, rather than a motif, we are at the same time placing it in the background, even if it is...strong and melodious." (Scruton 1997: 61) A figure may be melodic (pitch) and/or rhythmic (duration). A phrase originally presented or heard as a motif may become a figure which accompanies another melody, such as in the second movement of Claude Debussy's String Quartet: String Quartet Roger Scruton (1997: 63) describes some music by Philip Glass as "nothing but figures...endless daisy-chains," such as Ekhnaton. The 1964 Grove's Dictionary defines figure as follows:
- "any short succession of notes, either as melody or group of chords, which produces a single complete and distinct impression. The term is the exact counterpart of the German 'motiv' and the French 'motif'. It is the shortest idea in music."

Source

- Scruton, Roger (1997). The Aesthetics of Music. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0198166389.
- Nattiez, Jean-Jacques (1990). Music and Discourse: Toward a Semiology of Music (Musicologie générale et sémiologue, 1987). Translated by Carolyn Abbate (1990). ISBN 0691027145.
- Scruton, Roger (1997).
- (1964). Grove's Dictionary. Category:Melodic sections

Noise figure

In telecommunication, noise figure (NF) is the ratio of the output noise power of a device to the portion thereof attributable to thermal noise in the input termination at standard noise temperature (usually 290 K). The noise figure is thus the ratio of actual output noise to that which would remain if the device itself did not introduce noise. In heterodyne systems, output noise power includes spurious contributions from image-frequency transformation, but the portion attributable to thermal noise in the input termination at standard noise temperature includes only that which appears in the output via the principal frequency transformation of the system, and excludes that which appears via the image frequency transformation.

Xenogears/Eldridge

Xenogears is a role-playing game for the Sony PlayStation. This is a glossary of names and terms in the game.

A

Abel

Another term for a Shepherd, a catch-all term for a citizen of Solaris. The term obviously came from the man Abel, the sole survivor of the Eldridge crash and the only true Human on the planet.

Abel's Ark

The device that Krelian planned to use to transport humans to the Wave Existence's dimension via the Path of Sephirot.

Antitype

A piece of Deus. It was born of the mother's will instilled inside the Wave Existence when Abel made contact with it in trying to find his mother. Destined to be eternally reincarnated alongside the Contact, she is always identified to him as "Elly", despite whatever name she may be given in any set era (Sophia, for instance). Whether by fate or coincidence, the Contact almost always sees a great tragedy occur which results in the Antitype's death. The name 'Antitype' refers to her being the figurative opposite of Miang.

Alignment

The psychological relationship between a person and ether power.

Anima Relic

Ancient artifacts dating back to Kadamony's creation of the world. They are used to power gears up to Omnigear status. In Xenosaga, they are used with A.M.W.S. mechs in the same fashion.

Animus/Anima

Animus was originally part of System Deus before being split from Anima (Anima Relics) and eventually evolving into the Gazel Ministry and their descendants (Fei, etc). Hence, one of the Animus' primary goals is to reunite with the Anima.

Ark Plan

Krelian's master plan to "save" humanity by using Deus as a new Noah's Ark (called Abel's Ark) and transport the souls of the entire human race en masse to a higher dimension where the Wave Existence came from. The journey to the higher dimension would be taken via the Path of Sephirot. This would be the final phase or result of -Project Noah-. Krelian's plan worked, but only for himself.

B

Bartweiser

The most common form of alcohol in Xenogears, consumed by many people including Big Joe.

Bernoulli Effect

A maneuver that uses low pressure on the wings of a craft to glide over an object. Sigurd used this concept against Id.

Bomb Collar

A primitive, yet highly explosive device worn around the neck of prisoners in Nortune's D-Block.

C

Chi

A form of powerful combat Ether used by Fei Fong Wong, Grahf, Wiseman, and Kahn Wong. See Ether.

Contact

The term for a person who makes contact with the Zohar and the Wave Existence. The Contact was the only person with the power to destroy both Deus and the Zohar and thus free the Wave Existence from its "corporeal prison" and allow it to ascend back to the higher dimension whence it came. The first Contact was a young boy named Abel who made contact with the Wave Existence and the Zohar shortly before the Eldridge crashed. From there the Contact, and the corresponding Antitype, have been continually reborn throughout history emerging as a distinct new person in every generation, yet still looking exactly like the original Contact Abel. Known Contacts throughout history have included Kim Kasim, Lacan the Painter of Nisan, and Xenogears main character Fei Fong Wong. A Contact is able to use all the latent power of the Zohar at will and is for all intents and purposes the most powerful corporeal being in the universe. Each Contact throughout history is born without the memories or knowledge of the previous Contact who existed before him, so if a previous Contact realises that he is a Contact then dies that knowledge is not carried over to his successor. Two other types of Contacts are known to exist; Imperfect Contacts and Artificial Contacts. Grahf was an Imperfect Contact, when he found the Zohar he only made contact with it and did not contact the Wave Existence. Kahran Ramsus was an Artificial Contact created by Krelian with the intent of using him in his plan in Fei's place, however when Fei was discovered Ramsus was simply disposed of.
D

Deathblows
Special attacks which are mastered by all lifeforms throughout their life.
Demi-Human
A being who is not entierly human. Demi-humans are the result of genetic modification, mutation or sometimes just race. Notable demi-humans in Xenogears include Rico, Hammer, Dominia, Seraphita, Franz, Hans and the Captain of the Thames. In the Kislev Empire, Kaiser Sigmund (a demi-human himself) has enacted harsh anti-demi-human laws and legislations that require all demi-humans to live in permanent incarceration in Nortune City's prison district D Block.
Deus
Deus is the complex weapons system that seized control over the Eldridge, causing the ship to crash land into the planet. In order to repair itself, Deus used its biological generator (Kadamony) to create the first batch of humans that would ultimately repair Deus and free it from the planet. However, at the same time as the Eldridge crash, Deus took complete control over Zohar, trapping the higher dimension being known as the Wave Existence in the process. The physical/superweapon portion of Deus (Merkava) houses the system's core, which is originally featured as a larvae. The core eventually evolves into a large monster that serves as the final barrier between Fei Fong Wong and the freedom of the Wave Existence. For more information on the actual network that comprises Deus, see System Deus.
E

Eldridge
A Philadelphia Class interstellar war ship. The Eldridge was sent to Miktam04B, the planet destroyed by Deus, to collect survivors and retrieve the weapon. Eldridge was to transport the weapon to an uninhabited planet but Deus realized what was happening and took control of the ship. The captain tried to regain control, but could not. He decided to self-destruct the ship, and its remains crash-landed on an unidentified planet, where the game's events transpire. Abel, the child who had made contact with Zohar, was the sole survivor of the crash. Debris from the crash was littered all across the planet and has become intertwined with the modern world's mythos and ethos (not the church). Babel Tower, Ft. Jasper and Mahanon were all once part of the Eldridge before it crashed. It is interesting to note that Eldridge is the name of the small US Navy ship alleged to have been involved in the famed Philadelphia Experiment. See also Eldridge.
Ether
Special abilities similar to magic, but using nanotechnology. See Ether, Chi
F

Fatima Dynasty
The descendants of Roni Fatima, the first king and founder of the nation of Aveh. All the members of the Fatima Dynasty possess strikingly unique jasper blue eyes referred to as the "Fatima Jasper".
Fatima Family Treasure
See the Omnigear Andvari.
Fatima Jasper
The key to the "Fatima Family Treasure", the Omnigear Andvari. Shakhan thought that the Jasper was a crest which Margie carried around with her, when he captured her. The Jasper was actually the jasper-blue eyes that all the descendants of the Fatima Dynasty possess by genetic descent. The rumour that Bart and Margie each had half of the Jasper came from the fact that because of an accident Bart was left with only one eye so he could not unlock the treasure and needed Margie there with him to stand in for his other eye.
G

Gaetia Key
The artifact to be used by the Gazel Ministry to revert humans back to their original forms (Wels) via gene manipulation. It was to be used at the time of Deus' resurrection, in order to convert humans to "replacement parts" for Deus to absorb in order to rebuild itself.
Gazel
A term used when referring to pure-blooded citizens of Solaris. "Gazel" means "wild plum", the color of Miang's hair.
Gears
Human-shaped robots used for fighting. Most Gears are powered via slave generators that draw energy from Zohar.
H

Hawwa
The name of the biological system known as "Miang." Also known as System Hawwa and Miang Hawwa. Hawwa is also a form of the Hebrew name for Eve.
I

Introns
Seemingly useless gene sections. However, Krelian discovered that Elly's "introns" held the Urobolos Ring.
J

Jugend
The young, elite corps of the Solaris military similar to Nazi Germany both in leadership and strict discipline. Jugend is the German word for "youth."
K

Kadamony
A biological supercomputer capable of creating sentient artificial life. Abel's will and desire for a mother created the Original Elhaym out of Miang. Deus used this computer to create Cain, the Gazel Ministry and the rest of Humanity who it would use in a grand scheme to repair itself. Therefore, many argue that Kadamony is a part of the Deus network. Kadamony was grafted into the Zohar by the humans of the Cosmic War Era creating the Zohar Modifier. After the crash of the Eldridge Kadamony was separated from the Zohar and came to rest on a cliff overlooking a valley somewhere close to where the Zohar itself landed. Both of these systems were controlled by Deus and were necessary in ensuring the weapon system's survival.
L

Lamb
Term used by the people of Solaris when referring to people that live on the planet's surface. This slang term is always used as an racist insult, along with "Surface Dwellers."
Life Extension
A process that has been used for ten thousand years to keep Cain, the equalizer of the delicate political factions and events, alive. When Cain struck an alliance with Krelian, Krelian repaid him for his services by performing an extensive Life Extension procedure on him that ensured he would survive until the "Time of the Gospel," the resurrection of Deus. However, Cain is eventually murdered by Ramsus at the behest of the Gazel ministry because he had become an obstruction rather than an ally.
Limiter
A nanomachine implanted in all surface dwelling life forms (even animals) at birth by agents of Gazel Ministry. Limiters do exactly what their name suggests they do, limit the physical and mental capacity of the beings they are implanted in. Special permission must be given from the Ministry in order for a Limiter to be removed. In Shevat Fei and his party have their Physical Limiters removed by Gaspar. With her Limiter removed Chu-Chu exhibited her race's recessive ability to grow to an enormous size, which came in quite handy when Shevat came under attack from Solaris. In Solaris Citan removed the other half of the party's Limiters, the Mental Limiter. In Disc 2 the Limiters of everyone on the planet are removed when Citan, Elly and Emerelda use the Mass Driver to seed the planet with nanomachines destined to deactivate the Limiters and hopefuly counteract the effects the Gaetia Key's activation had on the human race.
Lost Jerusalem
The name given to Earth in the year T.C. 0016, around the same time as the rise of the National Institute and the explorations of the Immigrant Fleet. Due to unknown reasons Earth became inaccessible to humans during that time. Since then it has been called Lost Jerusalem and is considered a holy place. Deus redirected the Eldridge's path to Lost Jerusalem immediately before the crash. See also Jerusalem, Neo Jerusalem.
M

"M Project"
See Ark Plan.
Mass Driver
A facility complete with a large device that used magnetism for repulsion. It was often used to launch missiles and other items into space, especially during the Zeboim era. This was perhaps one of the key facilities during the nuclear war that ended the Zeboim civilization 4000 years prior to Xenogears. Taura used it to spread nanoassemblers that would deactivate the Limiters of the human race and reverse the effects of the Gaetia Key. In reality, mass drivers have been proposed as a method to prevent an asteroid or comet from impacting Earth. See asteroid, mass driver, magnetism.
Memory Cube
Also known as the Save Points in Xenogears. The game did something rather unconventional and included the onscreen Save Points into the game's actual storyline. The data, in the game's case thoughts, feelings and personal statistics, that a person "saves" on a Memory Cube is transmitted back to Etrenank in Solaris where it is meticulously studied by the Gazel Ministry. The Ministry uses the Memory Cubes to keep track of Fei and his party over the course of the game. The in-game appearance of the Memory Cube is a human-sized transparent yellow monolith, not entirely dissimilar to the Zohar which floats and spins above the ground. Gear-sized Memory Cubes are also seen across the world in places where only Gears can travel. On the World Map the player does not need to save through a Memory Cube, but in a town or dungeon they must.
Miktam04β
The Immigrant Planet destroyed by Deus in its disastrous initial test in T.C. 4767. Most of the population was located on a satellite of the planet. The planet shares a name with the planet Michtam from Monolith Soft's spiritual successor series to Xenogears Xenosaga.
N

Neo Jerusalem
The name of the planet that the humans settled after Lost Jerusalem became inaccessible. Neo Jerusalem was discovered in the year T.C. 294 by the Immigrant/Pilgrimage Fleet. In T.C. 295, it became the capital of the Milky Way/Star Cluster Federation. Neo Jerusalem is located in the M24 Milky Way Star Cloud within the Sagittarius constellation.
O

Omnigear
A more powerful type of Gear created by aligning an Anima Relic with a Gear and a pilot. Because there are only 12 Anima Relics on the planet there can only be 12 Omnigears. Instead of being piloted by a normal control scheme an Omnigear responds to its pilot's thoughts and emotions; if the pilot envisions the Omnigear doing something, the Omnigear will respond in kind. If a person has an incredibly high alignment ratio with their Relic and Omnigear, then they can be capable of operating the Omnigear from outside its cockpit, like Miang's Opiomorph.
P

Path of Sephirot
The Path of Sephirot is the link between this dimension and the one that is home to the Wave Existence. Krelian also used the Path of Sephirot after the -Project Noah- incident to reach the higher dimension and become "one with god."
Power, The
A surge of ether energy given to enemies of Fei Fong Wong and his allies, with the purpose of testing strength.
-Project Noah-
-Project Noah- was the name of operation to resurrect Deus. Kadamony created life for the sole purpose of reparing the other parts of Deus through Project Noah. Although Cain and the Gazel Ministry had early control over the project, Krelian quickly used Ramsus to kill the former, and deleted the latter's data from the SOL-9000, which gave him complete control over the project. Ultimately, Project Noah would lead to Krelian becoming one with God via the Path of Sephirot. Furthermore, Project Noah was the original title for Xenogears Episode V.
Q

Queenie
"Queenie" is a slang term for queens, including Queen Zephyr.
R

Reaper
The Ethos Church's code name for Wels.
Razael's Tree
A massive supercomputer housed within the main body of the Eldridge, also known as Mahanon. The section of the ship which Razael's Tree was housed in was said to big enough to fit the entire Aveh capital city of Bledavik within it. Razael's Tree is said to be a compendium of all knowledge known to mankind before the Eldridge disaster. This is where Fei, Citan and the party first learn the truth about the interplanetary weapon system known as Deus and the supposed "God" of their world. Before they can get too deep into wealth of knowledge, Krelian, Miang and Grahf show up and defeat them and take all the data stored within the Tree with them. Razael's Tree was based on the Tree of Knowledge in the story of Book of Genesis in the Hebrew Bible, which was said to be tended to by the angel Razael, thus making it Razael's Tree. It is of interest to note that the Save Points (the U.M.N. Points) in Monolith Soft's spiritual successor to Xenogears, Xenosaga look almost identical to the massive holographic representations of Razael's Tree as seen in Xenogears.
S

Seraph
A name given to the angels that guard the mechanical core of Deus (also known as Merkava).
Shepherd
A slang word referring to Solaris citizens of the first two classes.
Shevat
A country that floats in the sky and opposes Solaris. Shevat used to be at the top of Babel Tower but is currently airborne. After the resurrection of Deus, Shevat fell from the sky and crashed in the snowfields near the planet's south pole. See also Shevat.
SOL-9000
After the death of the Gazel Ministry members 500 years prior to Xenogears Episode V, this machine was constructed to hold their data and personalities. The SOL-9000 was the only machine that could activate the Gaetia Key. Krelian slowly erased the Gazel Ministry from the SOL-9000 after the Gaetia Key was used and the digitalized Gazel Ministry had expired their use. This also gave Krelian complete control over -Project Noah- and a chance to begin the Ark Plan.
Surface Dweller
See Lamb.
System Deus
Said to have been created by the humans during the Cosmos War. The main component of Deus was called Omega-1, and its power source was Zohar. During the initial test of the system, it went out of control, and Zohar connected to a higher dimension to attain more power. The resulting connection pulled the Wave Existence from the higher dimension and trapped it inside Zohar. The power it got for the Wave Existence was too much, and Deus went out of control and destroyed a colony planet, Miktam04B, before it shut down. The war ship Eldridge was sent to the planet to search the system and recover any survivors that were left. Some of its parts included the Zohar, which supplied it with energy, and, eventually, Kadamony, which would be used in survival purposes (the creation of humans that would eventually revive Deus if its systems were scattered or shut down). Merkava housed the core of Deus, and was considered to be Deus' major weapon. See also Tetragrammaton. See also Deus.
T

Transcend Christ
In the year A.D. 2510, the world-wide central management organization responsible for the space emigration plan changed the current calendar from A.D. to Transcend Christ (T.C.). This calender system is also used in the Xenosaga story arc.
Transmigration
Several characters in the game, notably Fei, Elly, Miang and Grahf, transmigrate. Transmigration is when a soul moves from one body to another body. Fei and Elly are always reborn into new bodies when they die, but do not keep the memories of their previous existences. Miang awakens within the body of a new host woman every time her previous host dies, while Grahf forcibly takes control of his new host by transmigrating his spirit into a person and subjugating their consciousness.
U

Urobolus
See also Ouroboros.
V

W

Wels
The true form of Humanity that was created by Kadamony. During Disc 1 the term "Wels" (this term is both singular and plural) was a catch-all term for genetically-modified beasts. They prowled the Aquvy region of the world and attack people for no apparent reason. While the Ethos Church supposedly defends the innocent population against these creatures, they are actually part of a system that propagates their continued existence. In Solaris, where Wels are produced, they are used as food and medicine for the population after being processed through the grotesque Soylent System. After the Gaetia Key is used by the Gazel Ministry, a large portion of the population of the Xenogears world is mutated into Wels and used as spare parts for Deus.
X

Y

Yggdrasil
Gazel Ministry A state-of-the-art sand cruiser, the traditional flagship of Aveh. It is held by Prince Bartholomew Fatima and his rebel forces, and is their main vehicle of opposition against Aveh's dictator Shakhan and the Gebler forces. Over the course of the game the player controls four different Yggdrasils; the original sand cruiser Yggdrasil, the submarine Yggdrasil II, the airship Yggdrasil III and the gigantic fortress-Gear Yggdrasil IV. See also Yggdrasil.
Z

Zohar
A monolith-shaped object that was found on Earth in the year 2001. The scientists that studied it discovered that it was capable of producing almost infinite amounts of energy. In the year T.C. 4767 it was made into the power source of the integrated System Deus. In Episode V, Zohar is responsible for the ether power that the people of the world use and is the main power source of all the Gears in the world. See also Zohar.
External links

- [http://www.xgam.org/xenogears/encyclopaedia/ An encylopedia of Xenogears terms at "Xenogears: God and Mind"]
- [http://www.escaflowneonline.com/xenogears/encyclopedia/ The Xenogears Headquarters encyclopedia] Xenogears Terms

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Мон Блан ("бяла планина", на френски: Mont Blanc, на италиански: Monte Bianco) е най-високият връх на Алпите и цяла

Цугшпитце
Цугшпитце (Zugspitze), с височина 2962 м, е най-високият връх в Германия. Той се намира в Баварските Алпи, на австрийско-немск

Цугшпице
Цугшпитце (Zugspitze), с височина 2962 м, е най-високият връх в Германия. Той се намира в Баварските Алпи, на австрийско-немск