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Otto Wilhelm Struve

Otto Wilhelm Struve

:Not to be confused with his grandson Otto Struve (1897–1963) Otto Wilhelm von Struve (May 7 1819 (Julian calendar: April 25), in Dorpat, now Tartu, Estonia – April 14 1905, in Karlsruhe, Germany) was a Russian astronomer of German ethnic origin. In Russian, his name is normally given as Otto Vasil'evich Struve (Отто Васильевич Струве). He was the son of Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve and the grandfather of Otto Struve. He had two sons: Ludwig Struve (November 1 1858 – November 4 1920), who was the father of Otto Struve; and Hermann Struve (October 3 1854 – August 12 1920). He worked as his father's assistant and succeeded him as director of Pulkovo Observatory (until 1889). In 1885 a 30-inch refractor was installed at Pulkovo, at the time the largest in the world. He continued his father's work in discovering double stars. He also observed satellites of Uranus and Neptune, and measured the rings of Saturn. He won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1850. The asteroid 768 Struveana was named jointly in his honour and that of Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve and Karl Hermann Struve. Struve, Otto Wilhelm von Struve, Otto Wilhelm von Struve, Otto Wilhelm von

Otto Struve

:Not to be confused with his grandfather Otto Wilhelm von Struve (1819-1905) Otto Struve (August 12 1897 - April 6 1963) was a Russian-American astronomer. In Russian, his name is sometimes given as Otto Lyudvigovich Struve (Отто Людвигович Струве); however, he spent most of his life and his entire scientific career in the United States. He was the grandson of Otto Wilhelm von Struve and great-grandson of Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve, who were Russian astronomers of ethnic German origin. He was also the nephew of Hermann Struve. He interrupted his studies to enlist for World War I, and then during the Russian Civil War he fought on the side of the White Russian forces and was wounded. When it was clear that the Whites were losing the civil war, he retreated with them into exile, his father Ludwig Struve accompanying him as far as Sevastopol, where he died in November 1920. In a year and a half spent in exile in Gallipoli, Turkey and later Constantinople, he became an impoverished refugee and found work as a lumberjack. He learned that his brother Werner, also a White Russian officer, had died of tuberculosis and a younger sister had died of drowning. He wrote to his uncle Hermann Struve in Germany for assistance, but the latter had coincidentally also died a few months earlier. However, his widow asked her late husband's successor at the Berlin-Babelsberg Observatory to write to the director of Yerkes Observatory in Chicago, Edwin B. Frost, and a job offer soon resulted. Otto Struve then moved to the United States and began a prominent career in astronomy. He did his Ph.D. dissertation in 1923 and his mother Elizaveta joined him that same year in the US. He became a citizen in 1927 and eventually succeeded Frost as director of Yerkes Observatory. Eventually, he served as director of four different observatories in all, in addition to serving as editor of the Astrophysical Journal and writing numerous books, in addition to his astronomical research. He also served as president of the International Astronomical Union. In 1925 he married the singer Mary Martha Lanning. They had no children, and thus the famous Struve astronomical dynasty came to an end.

Honors

Awards
- Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1944)
- Bruce Medal (1948)
- Henry Draper Medal (1949)
- Henry Norris Russell Lectureship of the American Astronomical Society (1957) Named after him
- Struve crater on the Moon (named for three of the Struve astronomers)
- Asteroid 2227 Otto Struve
- Otto Struve Telescope of McDonald Observatory Struve, Otto Struve, Otto Struve, Otto Struve, Otto Struve, Otto Struve, Otto Struve, Otto ja:オットー・シュトルーベ

1897

1897 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar).

Events

common year starting on Friday
- January 1 - Brooklyn, New York merges with New York City.
- January 4 - A British force is ambushed by Chief Ologbosere, son-in-law of the Oba of Benin. This leads to a Punitive Expedition against Benin.
- February 2 - Harrisburg, the Pennsylvania state capitol, is destroyed by fire.
- February 18- Benin is put to the torch by the Punitive Expedition.
- March 4 - William McKinley succeeds Grover Cleveland as President of the United States.
- March 13 - San Diego State University founded.
- April 5 - "Ordinance of April 5," equalizing German and Czech in Bohemia, signed in Austria-Hungary (see Kasimir Felix Graf Badeni).
- April 27 - Grant's Tomb is dedicated.
- May 19 - Oscar Wilde is released from prison.
- June 2 - Mark Twain, responding to rumors that he was dead, is quoted by the New York Journal as saying, "The report of my death was an exaggeration."
- July 17 - Klondike Gold Rush begins when first successful prospectors arrive in Seattle.
- July 25 - Writer Jack London sails to join the Klondike Gold Rush where he will write his first successful stories.
- July 31 - First ascent of Mount Saint Elias, second highest peak in the United States and Canada.
- August 29 - First Zionist Congress convenes in Basel, Switzerland.
- September 1 - The Boston subway opens, becoming the first underground metro in North America.
- September 10 - In the Lattimer Massacre, a sheriff's posse killes more than nineteen unarmed immigrant miners in Pennsylvania.
- September 11 - After months of searching, generals of Menelik II of Ethiopia capture Gaki Sherocho, the last king of Kaffa, bringing an end to that ancient kingdom.
- December 9 - First issue of the feminist newspaper La Fronde is published by Marguerite Durand.
- December 28 - The play Cyrano de Bergerac, by Edmond Rostand, premieres in Paris.
- December 30 - Natal annexes Zululand.
- Queen Victoria celebrates her Diamond Jubilee.
- France allows women to study at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts.
- First use of the word computer meaning an electronic calculation device.
- Coseley Urban District Council formed
- Dos Equis first brewed in anticipation of new century

Births

January-March


- January 3 - Marion Davies, American actress (d. 1961)
- January 23 - Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky, Austrian architect and anti-Nazi activist (d. 2000)
- February 4 - Ludwig Erhard, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1977)
- February 7 - Quincy Porter, American composer (d. 1966)
- February 10 - John F. Enders, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1985)
- February 10 - Dame Judith Anderson, Australian actress (d. 1992)
- February 27 - Marian Anderson, American contralto (d. 1993)
- March 1 - Shoghi Effendi, Guardian of the Bahá'í Faith (d.1957)
- March 2 - Violet Baudelaire, heiress to the Baudelaire inheritance (d.1980)
- March 4 - Lefty O'Doul, baseball player and restaurateur (d. 1969)
- March 15 - Jackson Scholz, American sprinter (d. 1986)
- March 24 - Wilhelm Reich, Austrian psychotherapist (d. 1957)
- March 28 - Sepp Herberger, German football coach (d. 1977)

April-June


- April 1 - Nita Naldi, American film actress (d. 1961)
- April 7 - Walter Winchell, American broadcast journalist (d. 1972)
- April 9 - John B. Gambling, American radio talk-show host (d. 1974)
- April 19 - Peter de Noronha, Indian businessman
- April 23 - Lester B. Pearson, Prime Minister of Canada, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1972)
- April 25 - Mary, Princess Royal of England (d. 1965)
- April 26 - Douglas Sirk, German-born director (d. 1987)
- April 26 - Eddie Eagan, American boxer and bobsledder (d. 1967)
- May 14 - Sidney Bechet, American musician (d. 1959)
- May 17 - Odd Hassel, Norwegian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1981)
- May 18 - Frank Capra, American producer, director, and writer (d. 1991)
- May 19 - Frank Luke, American World War I pilot (d. 1918)
- May 21 - Nikola Avramov, Bulgarian painter (d. 1945)
- May 27 - John Cockcroft, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1967)
- May 29 - Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Austrian composer (d. 1957)
- June 7 - George Szell, Hungarian conductor (d. 1970)
- June 10 - Grand Duchess Tatiana of Russia (d. 1918)
- June 13 - Paavo Nurmi, Finnish runner (d. 1973)
- June 16 - Georg Wittig, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987)
- June 19 - Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1967)
- June 19 - Moe Howard, American comedian and actor, Three Stooges member (d.1975)

July-September


- July 20 - Tadeus Reichstein, Polish-born chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1996)
- July 24 - Amelia Earhart, American aviator
- July 29 - Sir Neil Ritchie, British general (d. 1983)
- August 2 - Max Weber, Swiss Federal Councilor (d. 1974)
- August 28 - Charles Boyer, French actor (d. 1978)
- September 8 - Jimmie Rodgers, American singer (d. 1933)
- September 12 - Irene Joliot-Curie, French physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 1956)
- September 17 - Earl Webb, baseball player (d. 1965)
- September 23 - Walter Pidgeon, Canadian actor (d. 1984)
- September 25 - William Faulkner, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1962)
- September 26 - Pope Paul VI (d. 1978)
- September 26 - Arthur Rhys Davids, English pilot (d.1917)

October-December


- October 3 - Louis Aragon, French author (d. 1982)
- October 15 - Johannes Sikkar, Estonian statesman (d. 1960)
- October 20 - Yi, Eun, Korean Crown Prince (d. 1970)
- October 29 - Joseph Goebbels, German Nazi propagnadist (d. 1945)
- November 9 - Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1978)
- November 15 - Sacheverell Sitwell, English author (d. 1988)
- November 18 - Patrick Blackett, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974)
- November 23 - Nirad C. Chaudhuri, Bengali author (d. 1999)
- December 18 - Fletcher Henderson, American musician (d. 1952)
- December 30 - Alfredo Bracchi, Italian author (d. 1976)

Deaths


- February 4 - Major Charles Bendire, U.S. Army captain and ornithologist (b. 1836)
- February 19 - Karl Weierstrass, German mathematician (b. 1815
- March 19 - Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie, Irish-born traveler (b. 1810)
- April 3 - Johannes Brahms, German composer (b. 1833)
- September 9 - Richard Holt Hutton, English writer and theologian (b. 1826)
- September 21 - Wilhelm Wattenbach, German historian (b. 1819)
- October 29 - Henry George, American economist (b. 1839)
- November 19 - William Seymour Tyler, American educator and historian (b. 1810)
- November 20 - Ernest Giles, Australian explorer (b. 1835)
- December 17 - Alphonse Daudet, French writer (b. 1840)
- Jang Seung-eop, Korean painter (b. 1843) Category:1897 ko:1897년 ms:1897 simple:1897 th:พ.ศ. 2440

May 7

May 7 is the 127th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (128th in leap years). There are 238 days remaining.

Events


- 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses. Justinian I immediately orders the dome rebuilt.
- 1429 - Joan of Arc leads a French attack on English bridgeheads on the south side of the Loire River.
- 1274 - In France, the Second Council of Lyons opens to regulate the election of the Pope.
- 1697 - Stockholm's royal castle (dating back to medieval times) is destroyed in a huge fire (in the 18th century, it is replaced with the current Royal Palace).
- 1763 - Indian Wars: Pontiac's Rebellion begins - Chief Pontiac begins the "Conspiracy of Pontiac" by attacking British forces at Fort Detroit.
- 1824 - World premiere of Ludwig van Beethoven's Ninth Symphony in Vienna, Austria. Work was conducted by Michael Umlauf, under the deaf composer's supervision.
- 1832 - Greece is recognised independent by the Treaty of London. Otto of Wittelsbach, Prince of Bavaria is chosen King.
- 1840 - The Great Natchez Tornado strikes Natchez, Mississippi, killing 317 people. It is the second deadliest tornado in U.S. history.
- 1847 - In Philadelphia, the American Medical Association (AMA) is founded.
- 1864 - American Civil War: The Army of the Potomac, under General Ulysses S. Grant, breaks off from the Battle of the Wilderness and moves southwards.
- 1895 - In Saint Petersburg, Russian scientist Alexander Stepanovich Popov demonstrates an invention which became the prototipe of radio. In the former Soviet Union this day is celebrated as Day of Radio.
- 1896 - H. H. Holmes is hanged in Philadelphia.
- 1915 - World War I: a German U-boat sinks the RMS Lusitania, killing 1,198 people.
- 1920 - Polish-Bolshevik War: Polish-Ukrainian troops capture Kyiv during the Kiev Offensive.
- 1937 - Spanish Civil War: The German Condor Legion, equipped with Heinkel He 51 biplanes, arrive in Spain to assist Franco's forces.
- 1945 - World War II: General Alfred Jodl signs unconditional surrender terms at Reims, France, ending Germany's participation in the war. The document will take effect the next day.
- 1946 - Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering (later renamed Sony) is founded with about 20 employees.
- 1947 - Kraft Television Theater debuts, running for the next 11 years.
- 1948 - The Council of Europe is founded during the Hague Congress.
- 1952 - The concept for the integrated circuit, the basis for all modern computers, is first published by Geoffrey W.A. Dummer.
- 1954 - Indochina War: The Battle of Dien Bien Phu ends in a French defeat (the battle began on March 13).
- 1960 - Cold War: U-2 Crisis - Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev announces that his nation is holding American U-2 pilot Gary Powers.
- 1964 - A Pacific Air Lines Fairchild F-27 airliner crashes near San Ramon, California, killing all 44 aboard; the FBI later reports that a cockpit recorder tape indicates that the pilot and co-pilot had been shot by a suicidal passenger.
- 1992 - Michigan ratifies a 203-year-old proposed amendment to the United States Constitution making the 27th Amendment law. This amendment bars the U.S. Congress from giving itself a mid-term pay rise.
- 1992 - Space Shuttle Endeavour is launched on its maiden voyage.
- 1992 - Three employees at a McDonald's Restaurant in Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada, are brutally murdered and a fourth permanently disabled after a botched robbery. It is the first fast-food murder in Canada.
- 1998 - Apple Computer unveils the iMac.
- 1998 - Mercedes-Benz buys Chrysler for US$40 billion and forms DaimlerChrysler in the largest industrial merger in history.
- 1999 - Pope John Paul II travells to Romania becoming the first pope that had visited a predominantly Eastern Orthodox country since the Great Schism in 1054.
- 1999 - A jury finds The Jenny Jones Show and Warner Bros. liable in the shooting death of Scott Amedure, after the show purposely deceived Jonathan Schmitz to appear on a secret same-sex crush episode. Schmitz later killed Amedure and the jury awarded Amedure's family US$25 million.
- 1999 - Kosovo War: In Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, three Chinese embassy workers are killed and 20 wounded when a NATO aircraft mistakenly bombs the Chinese embassy in Belgrade.
- 1999 - In Guinea-Bissau, President João Bernardo Vieira is ousted in a military coup.
- 2002 - A China Southern Airlines MD-82 plunges into the Yellow Sea, killing 112 people.

Births


- 1328 - Louis VI the Roman, Duke of Bavaria and Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1365)
- 1530 - Louis I de Bourbon, Prince de Condé, French Huguenot general (d. 1569)
- 1643 - Stephanus Van Cortlandt, first native Mayor of New York (d. 1700)
- 1700 - Gerard van Swieten, Dutch-born physician (d. 1772)
- 1711 - David Hume, English philosopher (d. 1776)
- 1724 - Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser, Alsatian-born Austrian general (d. 1797)
- 1763 - Józef Antoni Poniatowski, Polish prince and Marshal of France (d. 1813)
- 1812 - Robert Browning, English poet (d. 1889)
- 1833 - Johannes Brahms, German composer (d. 1897)
- 1840 - Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Russian composer (d. 1893)
- 1847 - Archibald Primrose, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1929)
- 1857 - William A. MacCorkle, Governor of West Virginia (d. 1930)
- 1861 - Rabindranath Tagore, Indian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1941)
- 1867 - Władysław Reymont, Polish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1925)
- 1882 - Willem Elsschot, Flemish writer (d.1960)
- 1885 - George 'Gabby' Hayes, American actor (d. 1969)
- 1892 - Archibald MacLeish, American poet and Librarian of Congress (d. 1982)
- 1892 - Josip Broz Tito, President of Yugoslavia (d. 1980)
- 1901 - Gary Cooper, American actor (d. 1961)
- 1909 - Edwin H. Land, American inventor (d. 1991)
- 1911 - Ishiro Honda, Japanese film director
- 1919 - Eva Peron, wife of Argentine President Juan Peron (d. 1952)
- 1922 - Darren McGavin, American actor
- 1923 - Anne Baxter, American actress (d. 1985)
- 1927 - Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, German screenwriter
- 1930 - Totie Fields, American comedienne (d. 1978)
- 1931 - Teresa Brewer, American singer
- 1933 - Johnny Unitas, American football player (d. 2002)
- 1939 - Sidney Altman, Canadian-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1939 - Ruud Lubbers, Prime Minister of the Netherlands
- 1939 - Jimmy Ruffin, American singer
- 1940 - Angela Carter, English novelist and journalist (d. 1992)
- 1943 - Harvey Andrews, English singer and songwriter
- 1946 - Thelma Houston, American singer
- 1946 - Bill Kreutzmann, American drummer (Grateful Dead)
- 1950 - Randall 'Tex' Cobb, American boxer and actor
- 1950 - Tim Russert, American television host
- 1951 - Janis Ian, American singer and songwriter
- 1954 - Amy Heckerling, American director
- 1956 - Jan Peter Balkenende, Prime Minister of the Netherlands
- 1956 - Anne Dudley, British composer and musician
- 1965 - Owen Hart, Canadian professional wrestler (d. 1999)
- 1968 - Traci Lords, American actress
- 1969 - Eagle Eye Cherry, Swedish musician
- 1973 - Kristian Lundin, Swedish Songwriter/Producer
- 1980 - Johan Kenkhuis, Dutch swimmer
- 1987 - Asami Konno, Japanese singer (Morning Musume and Tanpopo)

Deaths


- 973 - Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 912)
- 1427 - Thomas la Warr, 5th Baron De La Warr, English churchman
- 1523 - Franz von Sickingen, German soldier (b. 1481)
- 1539 - Guru Nanak Dev, Pakistani founder of Sikhism (b. 1469)
- 1539 - Ottaviano Petrucci, Italian printer (b. 1466)
- 1615 - Sanada Yukimura, Japanese samurai (b. 1567)
- 1617 - David Fabricius, German astronomer (b. 1564)
- 1667 - Johann Jakob Froberger, German composer (b. 1616)
- 1682 - Tsar Feodor III of Russia (b. 1661)
- 1718 - Mary of Modena, queen of James II of England (b. 1658)
- 1793 - Pietro Nardini, Italian composer (b. 1722)
- 1800 - Niccola Piccinni, Italian composer (b. 1728)
- 1825 - Antonio Salieri, Italian composer (b. 1750)
- 1840 - Caspar David Friedrich, German painter (b. 1774)
- 1868 - Henry Peter Brougham, Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain (b. 1778)
- 1896 - H. H. Holmes, American serial killer (b. 1861)
- 1941 - Sir James George Frazer, Scottish anthropologist (b. 1854)
- 1942 - Felix Weingartner, Yugoslavian conductor (b. 1863)
- 1951 - Warner Baxter, American actor (b. 1889)
- 1998 - Allan McLeod Cormack, South African-born physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1924)
- 1998 - Eddie Rabbitt, American musician (b. 1941)
- 2000 - Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., American actor (b. 1909)
- 2004 - Waldemar Milewicz, Polish reporter (b. 1956)

Holidays and observances


- Russia - Radio Day (see Alexander Popov)
- Bulgaria - Radio and Television Day

Recorded this date


- 1941 - "Chattanooga Choo-Choo" (w. Mack Gordon, m. Harry Warden) Glenn Miller and his Orchestra

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/7 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20050507.html The New York Times: On This Day] ---- May 6 - May 8 - April 7 - June 7 -- listing of all days ko:5월 7일 ms:7 Mei ja:5月7日 simple:May 7 th:7 พฤษภาคม

Julian calendar

The Julian calendar was introduced in 46 BC by Julius Caesar and took force in 45 BC (709 ab urbe condita). It was chosen after consultation with the Alexandrian astronomer Sosigenes and was probably designed to approximate the tropical year, known at least since Hipparchus. It has a regular year of 365 days divided into 12 months, and a leap day is added to February every four years. Hence the Julian year is on average 365.25 days long. The Julian calendar remained in use into the 20th century in some countries and is still used by many national Orthodox churches. However, too many leap days are added with respect to the astronomical seasons on this scheme. On average, the astronomical solstices and the equinoxes advance by about 11 minutes per year against the Julian year, causing the calendar to gain a day about every 134 years. While Hipparchus and presumably Sosigenes were aware of the discrepancy, although not of its correct value, it was evidently felt to be of little importance. However, it accumulated significantly over time, and eventually led to the reform of 1582, which replaced the Julian calendar with the more accurate Gregorian calendar. The notation "Old Style" (OS) is sometimes used to indicate a date in the Julian calendar, as opposed to "New Style", which indicates a date in the Gregorian Calendar. This notation is used when there might otherwise be confusion about which date is found in a text.

From Roman to Julian

The ordinary year in the previous Roman calendar consisted of 12 months, for a total of 355 days. In addition, an intercalary month, the Mensis Intercalaris, was sometimes inserted between February and March. This intercalary month was formed by inserting 22 days before the last five days of February, creating a 27-day month. It began after a truncated February having 23 or 24 days, so that it had the effect of adding 22 or 23 days to the year, forming an intercalary year of 377 or 378 days. According to the later writers Censorinus and Macrobius, the ideal intercalary cycle consisted of ordinary years of 355 days alternating with intercalary years, which were alternately 377 and 378 days long. On this system, the average Roman year would have had 366¼ days over four years, giving it an average drift of one day per year relative to any solstice or equinox. Macrobius describes a further refinement wherein, for 8 years out of 24, there were only three intercalary years each of 377 days. This refinement averages the length of the year to 365¼ days over 24 years. In practice, intercalations did not occur schematically according to these ideal systems, but were determined by the pontifices. So far as can be determined from the historical evidence, they were much less regular than these ideal schemes suggest. They usually occurred every second or third year, but were sometimes omitted for much longer, and occasionally occurred in two consecutive years. If managed correctly this system allowed the Roman year, on average, to stay roughly aligned to a tropical year. However, if too many intercalations were omitted, as happened after the Second Punic War and during the Civil Wars, the calendar would drift rapidly out of alignment with the tropical year. Moreover, since intercalations were often determined quite late, the average Roman citizen often did not know the date, particularly if he were some distance from the city. For these reasons, the last years of the pre-Julian calendar were later known as years of confusion. The problems became particularly acute during Julius Caesar's pontificate, 63 BC to 46 BC, when there were only five intercalary months, whereas there should have been eight, and none at all during the five Roman years before 46 BC. The Julian reform was intended to correct this problem permanently. Before it took effect, the missed intercalations during Julius Caesar's pontificate were made up by inserting 67 days (22+23+22) between November and December of 46 BC in the form of two months, in addition to 23 days which had already been added to February. Thus 90 days were added to this last year of the Roman Republican calendar, giving it 445 days. Because it was the last of a series of irregular years, this extra-long year was, and is, referred to as the last year of confusion. The first year of operation of the new calendar was 45 BC.

Leap years error

Despite the new calendar being much simpler than the Roman calendar, the pontifices apparently misunderstood the algorithm. They added a leap day every three years, instead of every four years. According to Macrobius, the error was the result of counting inclusively, so that the four year cycle was considered as including both the first and fourth years. This resulted in too many leap days. Caesar Augustus remedied this discrepancy by restoring the correct frequency after 36 years of this mistake. He also skipped several leap days in order to realign the year. The historic sequence of leap years (i.e. years with a leap day) in this period is not given explicitly by any ancient source, although the existence of the triennial leap year cycle is confirmed by an inscription that dates from 9 or 8 BC. The chronologist Joseph Scaliger established in 1583 that the Augustan reform was instituted in 8 BC, and inferred that the sequence of leap years was 42, 39, 36, 33, 30, 27, 24, 21, 18, 15, 12, 9 BC, AD 8, 12 etc. This proposal is still the most widely accepted solution. It has also sometimes been suggested that 45 BC was a leap year. Other solutions have been proposed from time to time. Kepler proposed in 1614 that the correct sequence of leap years was 43, 40, 37, 34, 31, 28, 25, 22, 19, 16, 13, 10 BC, AD 8, 12 etc. In 1883 the German chronologist Matzat proposed 44, 41, 38, 35, 32, 29, 26, 23, 20, 17, 14, 11 BC, AD 4, 8, 12 etc., based on a passage in Dio Cassius that mentions a leap day in 41 BC that was said to be contrary to (Caesar's) rule. In the 1960s Radke argued the reform was actually instituted when Augustus became pontifex maximus in 12 BC, suggesting the sequence 45, 42, 39, 36, 33, 30, 27, 24, 21, 18, 15, 12 BC, AD 4, 8, 12 etc. In 1999, an Egyptian papyrus was published which gives an ephemeris table for 24 BC with both Roman and Egyptian dates. From this it can be shown that the most likely sequence was in fact 44, 41, 38, 35, 32, 29, 26, 23, 20, 17, 14, 11, 8 BC, AD 4, 8, 12 etc, very close to that proposed by Matzat. This sequence shows that the standard Julian leap year sequence began in AD 4, the twelfth year of the Augustan reform. Also, under this sequence the actual Roman year coincided with the proleptic Julian year between 32 and 26 BC. This suggests that one aim of the realignment portion of the Augustan reform was to ensure that key dates of his career, notably the fall of Alexandria on 1 August 30 BC, were unaffected by his correction. Roman dates before 32 BC were typically a day or two before the day with the same Julian date, so 1 January in the Roman calendar of the first year of the Julian reform actually fell on 31 December 46 BC (Julian date). A curious effect of this is that Caesar's assassination on the Ides (15th day) of March in 44 BC fell on 14 March 44 BC in the Julian calendar.

Naming of the months

Immediately after the Julian reform, the twelve months of the Roman calendar were named Ianuarius, Februarius, Martius, Aprilis, Maius, Iunius, Quintilis, Sextilis, September, October, November, and December, just as they were before the reform. Their lengths were set to their modern values. The old intercalary month, the Mensis Intercalaris, was abolished and replaced with an single intercalary day at the same point (i.e. five days before the end of Februarius). The first month of the year continued to be Ianuarius, as it had been since 153 BC. The Romans later renamed months after Caesar and Augustus, renaming Quintilis (originally, "the Fifth month", with March = month 1) as Iulius (July) in 44 BC and Sextilis ("Sixth month") as Augustus (August) in 8 BC. (Note that the letter J was not invented until the 17th century). Quintilis was renamed to honour Caesar because it was the month of his birth. According to a senatusconsultum quoted by Macrobius, Sextilis was renamed to honour Augustus because several of the most significant events in his rise to power, culminating in the fall of Alexandria, fell in that month. Other months were renamed by other emperors, but apparently none of the later changes survived their deaths. Caligula renamed September ("Seventh month") as Germanicus; Nero renamed Aprilis (April) as Neroneus, Maius (May) as Claudius and Iunius (June) as Germanicus; and Domitian renamed September as Germanicus and October ("Eighth month") as Domitianus. At other times, September was also renamed as Antoninus and Tacitus, and November ("Ninth month") was renamed Faustina and Romanus. Commodus was unique in renaming all twelve months after his own adopted names (January to December): Amazonius, Invictus, Felix, Pius, Lucius, Aelius, Aurelius, Commodus, Augustus, Herculeus, Romanus, and Exsuperatorius. Much more lasting than the ephemeral month names of the post-Augustan Roman emperors were the names introduced by Charlemagne. He renamed all of the months agriculturally into Old High German. They were used until the 15th century, and with some modifications until the late 18th century in Germany and in the Netherlands (January-December): Wintarmanoth (winter month), Hornung (spring), Lentzinmanoth (Lent month), Ostarmanoth (Easter month), Winnemanoth (grazing month), Brachmanoth (plowing month), Heuvimanoth (hay month), Aranmanoth (harvest month), Witumanoth (wood month), Windumemanoth (vintage month), Herbistmanoth (autumn/harvest month), and Heilagmanoth (holy month). Translations of these month names are still used to this day in some Slavic languages, such as Polish.

Lengths of the months

According to the 13th century scholar Sacrobosco, the original scheme for the months in the Julian Calendar was very regular, alternately long and short. From January through December, the month lengths according to Sacrobosco for the Roman Republican calendar were: :30, 29, 30, 29, 30, 29, 30, 29, 30, 29, 30, and 29, totaling 354 days. He then thought that Julius Caesar added one day to every month except February, a total of 11 more days, giving the year 365 days. A leap day could now be added to the extra short February: :31, 29 (30), 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, and 30 He then said Augustus changed this to: :31, 28 (29), 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, and 31 giving us the irregular month lengths which we still use today, so that the length of Augustus would not be shorter than (and therefore inferior to) the length of Iulius. Although this theory is still widely repeated, it is certainly wrong. First, a wall painting of a Roman Republican calendar has survived [http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/w/x/wxk116/RomanCalendar/Fasti4.gif] which confirms the literary accounts that the months were already irregular before Julius Caesar reformed it: :29, 28, 31, 29, 31, 29, 31, 29, 29, 31, 29, and 29 Also, the Julian reform did not change the dates of the Nones and Ides. In particular, the Ides are late (on the 15th rather than 13th) in March, May, July and October, showing that these months always had 31 days in the Roman calendar, whereas Sacrobosco's theory requires that the length of October was changed. Further, Sacrobosco's theory is explicitly contradicted by the third and fifth century authors Censorinus and Macrobius, and, finally, it is inconsistent with seasonal lengths given by Varro, writing in 37 BC, before the Augustan reform, with the 31-day Sextilis given by the new Egyptian papyrus from 24 BC, and with the 28-day February shown in the Fasti Caeretani, which is dated before 12 BC.

Year numbering

The dominant method that the Romans used to identify a year for dating purposes was to name it after the two consuls who took office in it. Since 153 BC, they had taken office on 1 January, and Julius Caesar did not change the beginning of the year. Thus this consular year was an eponymous or named year. Roman years were named this way until the last consul was appointed in 541. Only rarely did the Romans number the year from the founding of the city (of Rome), ab urbe condita (AUC). This method was used by Roman historians to determine the number of years from one event to another, not to date a year. Different historians had several different dates for the founding. The Fasti Capitolini, an inscription containing an official list of the consuls which was published by Augustus, used an epoch of 752 BC. The epoch used by Varro, 753 BC, has been adopted by modern historians. Indeed, Renaissance editors often added it to the manuscripts that they published, giving the false impression that the Romans numbered their years. Most modern historians tacitly assume that it began on the day the consuls took office, and ancient documents such as the Fasti Capitolini which use other AUC systems do so in the same way. However, the Varronian AUC year did not formally begin on 1 January, but on Founder's Day, 21 April. This prevented the early Roman church from celebrating Easter after 21 April because the festivities associated with Founder's Day conflicted with the solemnity of Lent, which was observed until the Saturday before Easter Sunday. In addition to consular years, the Romans sometimes used the regnal year of the emperor. Anno Diocletiani, named after Diocletian, was often used by the Alexandrian Christians to number their Easters during the fourth and fifth centuries. In AD 537, Justinian required that henceforth the date must include the name of the emperor, in addition to the indiction and the consul (the latter ending only four years later). The indiction caused the Byzantine year to begin on 1 September, which is still used in the Eastern Orthodox Church for the beginning of the liturgical year. In AD 525 Dionysius Exiguus proposed the system of anno Domini, which gradually spread through the western Christian world, once the system was adopted by Bede. Years were numbered from the supposed date of the incarnation or annunciation of Jesus on 25 March, although this soon changed to Christmas, then back to Annunciation Day in Britain, and the numbered year even began on Easter in France.

From Julian to Gregorian

The Julian calendar was in general use in Europe from the times of the Roman Empire until 1582, when Pope Gregory XIII promulgated the Gregorian Calendar, which was soon adopted by most Catholic countries. The Protestant countries followed later, and the countries of Eastern Europe even later. Great Britain had Thursday 14 September 1752 follow Wednesday 2 September 1752. Sweden adopted the new style calendar in 1753, but also for a twelve-year period starting in 1700 used a modified Julian Calendar. Russia remained on the Julian calendar until after the Russian Revolution (which is thus called the 'October Revolution' but occurred in November according to the Gregorian calendar), in 1917, while Greece continued to use it until 1923. Although all Eastern European countries had adopted the Gregorian calendar on or before 1923, their national Eastern Orthodox churches had not. A revised Julian calendar was proposed during a synod in Constantinople in May of 1923, consisting of a solar part which was and will be identical to the Gregorian calendar until the year 2800, and a lunar part which calculated Easter astronomically at Jerusalem. All Orthodox churches refused to accept the lunar part, so almost all Orthodox churches continue to celebrate Easter according to the Julian calendar (the Finnish Orthodox Church uses the Gregorian Easter). The solar part was only accepted by some Orthodox churches, those of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Greece, Cyprus, Romania, Poland, Bulgaria (in 1963), and the Orthodox Church in America (although some OCA parishes are permitted to use the Julian calendar). Thus, these churches celebrate the Nativity on the same day that Western Christians do, 25 December Gregorian until 2800. The Orthodox churches of Jerusalem, Russia, Serbia, Georgia, Ukraine, and the Greek Old Calendarists continue to use the Julian calendar for their fixed dates, thus they celebrate the Nativity on 25 December Julian (7 January Gregorian until 2100).

See also


- Gregorian calendar
- Julian date
- Julian day
- Julian year
- Old Style and New Style dates
- Proleptic Julian calendar
- Roman calendar
- Week

External links


- [http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/JulianDate.html Julian-Gregorian Converter]
- [http://webexhibits.org/calendars/index.html Calendars through the ages] on WebExhibits.
- [http://www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk/Egypt/ptolemies/chron/roman/chron_rom_cal.htm Roman Dates]
- [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/calendar/romancalendar.html The Roman Calendar]
- [http://5ko.free.fr/jul-greg.php?e=en Synoptical Julian-Gregorian Calendar] - compare the Julian and Gregorian calendars for any date between 1582 and 2100 using this side-by-side reference. Category:Ancient Rome Category:Specific calendars als:Julianischer Kalender ko:율리우스력 ja:ユリウス暦 simple:Julian calendar th:ปฏิทินจูเลียน

Tartu

Tartu (formerly, German and Swedish: Dorpat, (Derpt) or Юрьев (Yuryev)) is the second largest town of Estonia, with a population of 101,297 (as of 2004) and an area of 38.8 km². In contrast to Estonia's political and financial capital Tallinn, Tartu is often considered the intellectual and cultural centre, especially since it is home to Estonia's oldest and most renowned university. Situated 180 km southeast of Tallinn, Tartu is the centre of Southern Estonia. The Emajõgi river, which connects the two largest lakes of Estonia, crosses the city for a length of 10 km.

History

Beginnings

Archaeological evidence of first permanent settlement on the site of modern Tartu dates to as early as the 5th century AD. By the 7th century, the local inhabitants had built a wooden fortification on the east side of Toome Hill (Toomemägi). The first documented record of the place was made in 1030 by chroniclers of Kievan Rus. Yaroslav the Wise, Prince of Kiev, raided Tartu that year, built his own fort there, and named it Yuryev (literally "Yury's" - Yury being Yaroslav's Christian name). Kievan rulers then collected tribute from the surrounding ancient Estonian county of Ugaunia, possibly until 1061, when, according to chronicles, Yuryev was burned down by another tribe of Chudes (Sosols).

Germans in Dorpat (Tartu)

In 1224 Tartu (Tharbata) was conquered by German crusaders and came under the control of the Sword Brethren (Livonian Order). Subsequently known as Dorpat, Tartu became a commercial centre of considerable importance during the later Middle Ages. It was a member of the Hanseatic League and the capital of the semi-independent Bishopric of Dorpat. As in all of Estonia and Latvia, the largely German-speaking nobility, but in Tartu/Dorpat (as in Tallinn) even more so the Baltic bourgeoisie, the literati, dominated culture, religion, architecture, education, and politics until the late 19th century. For example, the town hall of Tartu was built by an architect from Mecklenburg, from the city of Rostock, while the university buildings were built by another German. Many, if not most, of the students, and more than 90% of the faculty members were of German heritage, and numerous statues of notable scientists with German names can still be found in the city today.

Polish and Swedish Rule

Rostock In the 16th century, Livonia and Tartu both came under Polish rule, and a Jesuit grammar school was established in the city in 1583. In addition, a translators' seminary was organized in Tartu and the city received its red and white flag from the Polish king Stephen Bathory. The activities of both the grammar school and the seminary were stopped by the Polish-Swedish War (1601). Tartu then became Swedish in 1629, which led to the foundation of the university in 1632 by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.

Tartu in Imperial Russia

With the Treaty of Nystad in 1721, the city became part of the Russian Empire and was known as Derpt. Due to fires in the 18th century which destroyed much of the medieval architecture, the city was rebuilt along Late Baroque and Neoclassical lines. During the second-half of the 19th century, Tartu was the cultural center for Estonians in the era of Romantic nationalism. The city hosted Estonia's first song festival in 1869, as well as the Vanemuine, the first national theatre, in 1870. It was also the setting for the foundation of the Society of Estonian Writers in 1872. In 1893, the city was officially retitled to the ancient Russian name Yuryev. The university began to be Russified in 1895 with the introduction of compulsory Russian in teaching. This Russian imperial university was relocated to Voronezh in 1918, but the Estonian University of Tartu opened in 1919. With Estonian independence after World War I, the city officially became known by the Estonian name Tartu.

Soviet Influence

During the Russian Civil War following World War I, a peace treaty between the Bolsheviks and Estonia was signed on 2 February 1920 in Tartu. The treaty meant that Bolshevist Russia renounced territorial claims to Estonia "for all time." However, the Soviet Union occupied Estonia and Tartu as a result of the Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939. During World War II, a large part of the city as well as the historical Kivisild (stone bridge) (built by Catherine II of Russia in 1776-1778) over the Emajõgi were destroyed by the Soviet forces, partly in 1941 and almost totally in 1944. During the Soviet occupation Tartu was a "closed town" to foreigners, as there was a Soviet air base constructed on the outskirts. The old runways there now house a large used-car market. During Soviet times the population of Tartu grew almost two times from 57000 to 100000 people.

Independence

After the regaining of Estonian independence in 1991, Tartu has again evolved as a beautiful and intellectually-oriented cultural city with a strong university and an old town centre that is successively being renovated.

Education and Culture

The city is best known for being the home to the University of Tartu, founded by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden in 1632. Mainly for this reason, Tartu was and is also - tongue-in-cheek - known as the "Athens of the Emajõgi" or as the "Heidelberg of the North". Tartu is also the seat of the Estonian University of Life Sciences, the Baltic Defence College, and the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research. The Estonian Supreme Court, which was reestablished in Tartu in the autumn of 1993, is likewise in the city, as well as the Estonian Historical Archives.

Architecture & Sightseeing

1993 The architecture and city planning of historical Tartu mainly go back to the pre-independence period, with Germans forming the upper and middle classes of society, and therefore contributing many architects, professors, local politicians, etc. Most notable are the old Lutheran St. John's Church (Johanneskirche or Jaani Kirik), the 18th-century town hall, the university building, the remainders of the 13th-century cathedral, the botanical gardens, the main shopping street, and many buildings around the town hall square. In the suburbs, classic Soviet neighbourhoods were built during the period between the Second World War and restoration of Estonian independence in 1991. Presently, Tartu is also known for several modern, rather sterile-looking buildings of the "steel, concrete and glass" type, but has managed to retain a mix of old buildings and new buildings in the historical centre of town. Being the intellectual and cultural centre of Estonia, the Estonian Prime Minister often takes state guests to Tartu. Famous guests have included Charles, Prince of Wales, the presidents of Finland, Latvia, Hungary, the Republic of Ireland, and Lithuania, as well as religious leaders like the Dalai Lama and the head of the Orthodox Church of Constantinople, Patriarch Bartholomew I. Tartu's large student population means that it has a comparatively thriving nightlife, with some bars, restaurants, and nightclubs. Some of the more popular destinations for tourists include the [http://www.wilde.ee Wilde Irish Pub] and the [http://www.pyss.ee Gunpowder Cellar].

See also:


- University of Tartu
- Estonia

External links


- [http://www.tartu.ee/?lang_id=2/ City of Tartu]
- [http://www.ut.ee/ University of Tartu]
- [http://www.bdcol.ee/ Baltic Defence College]
- [http://www.arena.ee/ Tartu Open Air Festival Arena]
- [http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=58.374138,26.725960&spn=0.154924,0.236790&t=k&hl=en Landsat photo of Tartu, via Google Maps]
- [http://www.tartuhash.org/ Tartu Hash House Harriers - running and socialising club open to all]
- [http://www.bh.org.il/Communities/Synagogue/Tartu.asp/ The Great Synagogue of Tartu] Category:Populated places in Estonia Category:Municipalities of Estonia ja:タルトゥ fiu-vro:Tarto

April 14

April 14 is the 104th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (105th in leap years). There are 261 days remaining.

Events


- 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum. Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in Mutina, defeats the forces of the consul Pansa, who is killed.
- AD 69 - Vitellius, commander of the Rhine armies, defeats Emperor Otho in the Battle of Bedriacum and seizes the throne.
- 1028 - Henry III, son of Conrad, was elected king of the Germans.
- 1205 - Battle of Adrianople between Bulgars and Crusaders.
- 1450 - Battle of Formigny. French attack and nearly annihilate English, ending English domination in northern France.
- 1471 - In England, the Yorkists under Edward IV defeated the Lancastrians under Warwick at the battle of Barnet; the Earl of Warwick was killed and Edward IV resumed the throne.
- 1632 - Battle of Rain, Swedes under Gustavus Adolphus defeat the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years' War.
- 1775 - The first abolition society in the North America was established. The "Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage" was organized in Philadelphia by Benjamin Franklin and Benjamin Rush.
- 1828 - Noah Webster copyrights the first edition of his dictionary.
- 1849 - Hungary declared itself independent of Austria with Louis Kossuth as its leader.
- 1860 - The first Pony Express rider reaches Sacramento, California.
- 1861 - At the start of the American Civil War, the battle of Fort Sumter ended after the Confederates under Beuaregard bombarded the fort with 4,000 shells. The first causualty of the Civil War died when his cannon backfired.
- 1864 - Battle at the Düppeler Schanzen: The Prussian Army defeats the Danish and finally separates Schleswig from Danmark, Schleswig becomes a part of Germany.
- 1865 - Abraham Lincoln is shot by John Wilkes Booth; he dies the next day.
- 1890 - The Pan American Union was founded by the First International Conference of American States at their meeting in Washington. Known originally as the International Bureau of American Republics, William Elleroy Curtis became its first director.
- 1894 - Thomas Edison demonstrates the kinetoscope, a device for peep-show viewing using photographs that flip in sequence, a precursor to movies.
- 1910 - President William Howard Taft becomes the first president to throw out the first baseball on opening day.
- 1912 - The British ocean liner RMS Titanic strikes an iceberg in the North Atlantic on its maiden voyage, plunging beneath the waves and taking with it over 1,500 lives at about 2:20 a.m. the following morning.
- 1931 - Spanish Cortes deposes King Alfonso XIII and proclaims the 2nd Spanish Republic.
- 1935 - "Black Sunday", the worst dust storm of the Dust Bowl.
- 1935 - Babe Ruth played his first National League game in Fenway Park in Boston, Massachusetts. He was playing for the Boston Braves, not his old team the Red Sox, in this, his last year of pro ball in the major leagues. In this season, Ruth played 28 games, getting 13 hits and six home runs, before retiring.
- 1940 - Royal Marines land in Namsos, Norway, occupying key points, preparatory to a larger force arriving two days later.
- 1944 - Huge explosion rocks the Bombay harbour killing 300 and causing a loss of 20 million pounds at that time. See: Bombay Explosion (1944).
- 1956 - Videotape is first demonstrated at the 1956 NARTB (now NAB) convention in Chicago, Illinois. It was the demonstation of the first practical and commercially successful format called 2" Quadruplex.
- 1962 - Georges Pompidou becomes Prime Minister of France.
- 1964 - A Delta rocket's third-stage motor prematurely ignites in an assembly room at Canaveral, killing 3.
- 1965 - In Cold Blood killers Richard Hickock and Perry Smith, convicted of murdering four members of the Herbert Clutter family of Holcomb, Kansas, are executed by hanging at the Kansas State Penitentiary For Men in Lansing, Kansas.
- 1969 - At the Academy Awards, a tie between Katharine Hepburn and Barbra Streisand results in the two sharing the Best Actress Oscar; Hepburn also becomes the only actress to win three Best Actress Oscars.
- 1981 - The Space Shuttle Columbia passes its first test flight.
- 1986 - In retaliation for the April 5 bombing of the La Belle Discotheque in West Berlin in which two U.S. servicemen were killed, Ronald Reagan ordered major bombing raids against Tripoli and Benghazi, in Libya, which killed 60 people.
- 1986 - 2.2 lb (1 kg) hailstones fall on the Gopalganj district of Bangladesh, killing 92. These are the heaviest hailstones ever recorded.
- 1988 - USS Samuel B. Roberts strikes a mine in the Persian Gulf during Operation Earnest Will. U.S. retaliates against Iran on April 18 with Operation Praying Mantis, the world's largest naval battle since World War II.
- 2003 - Human Genome Project successfully completed with 99% of the human genome sequenced to 99.99% accuracy.
- 2003 - Jean Charest's Parti libéral du Québec defeats Bernard Landry and the Parti Québécois in Quebec's general elections.

Births


- 1336 - Emperor Go-Kogon of Japan (d. 1374)
- 1527 - Abraham Ortelius, Flemish cartographer and geographer (d. 1598)
- 1572 - Adam Tanner, Austrian mathematician and philosopher (d. 1632)
- 1578 - King Philip III of Spain (d. 1621)
- 1629 - Christiaan Huygens, Dutch mathematician & astronomer (d. 1695)
- 1714 - Adam Gib, Scottish religious leader (d. 1788)
- 1788 - David G. Burnet, interim president of the Republic of Texas (d. 1870)
- 1827 - Augustus Pitt-Rivers, English archaeologist (d. 1900)
- 1868 - Peter Behrens, German architect and designer (d. 1940)
- 1872 - Abdullah Yusuf Ali, Islamic scholar and translator (d. 1953)
- 1886 - Ernst Robert Curtius, Alsatian philologist (d. 1956)
- 1897 - Claire Windsor, American actress (d. 1972)
- 1902 - Menachem Mendel Schneerson, Ukrainian rabbi (d. 1994)
- 1904 - Sir John Gielgud, English actor (d. 2000)
- 1907 - François Duvalier, Haitian politician (d. 1971)
- 1917 - Marvin Miller, American labor activist
- 1921 - Thomas Schelling, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1925 - Abel Muzorewa, Prime Minster of Zimbabwe
- 1925 - Gene Ammons, American jazz saxophonist (d. 1974)
- 1925 - Rod Steiger, American actor (d. 2002)
- 1930 - Bradford Dillman, American actor
- 1933 - Morton Subotnick, American composer
- 1935 - Erich von Däniken, Swiss writer
- 1936 - Kenneth Mars, American actor
- 1936 - Frank Serpico, American policeman
- 1940 - Loretta Lynn, American singer
- 1941 - Julie Christie, British actress
- 1941 - Pete Rose, baseball player
- 1942 - Valeri Brumel, Russian athlete (d. 2003)
- 1942 - Valentin Lebedev, cosmonaut
- 1945 - Ritchie Blackmore, English guitarist
- 1949 - John Shea, American actor
- 1951 - Julian Lloyd Webber, English cellist and composer
- 1960 - Brad Garrett, American actor
- 1961 - Robert Carlyle, British actor
- 1966 - David Justice, baseball player
- 1966 - Greg Maddux, baseball player
- 1968 - Anthony Michael Hall, American actor
- 1973 - Adrien Brody, American actor
- 1974 - Da Brat, American rapper
- 1975 - Amy Dumas, American professional wrestler
- 1977 - Sarah Michelle Gellar, American actress
- 1983 - James McFadden, Scottish footballer

Deaths


- 1132 - Prince Mstislav of Kiev (b. 1076)
- 1279 - Duke Boleslaus of Greater Poland
- 1322 - Bartholomew de Badlesmere, 1st Lord Badlesmere, English soldier (b. 1275)
- 1345 - Richard Aungerville, English bishop and writer (b. 1287)
- 1471 - Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, English kingmaker (b. 1428)
- 1574 - Louis of Nassau, Dutch general (killed in battle) (b. 1538)
- 1578 - James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, consort of Mary I of Scotland
- 1599 - Henry Wallop, English statesman
- 1662 - William Fiennes, 1st Viscount Saye and Sele, English statesman (b. 1582)
- 1682 - Avvakum, Russian priest and writer (b. 1621)
- 1716 - Arthur Herbert, 1st Earl of Torrington, British admiral
- 1721 - Michel Chamillart, French statesman (b. 1652)
- 1759 - George Frideric Handel, German composer (b. 1685)
- 1785 - William Whitehead, English writer (b. 1715)
- 1792 - Maximilian Hell, Slovakian astronomer (b. 1720)
- 1912 - Henri Brisson, French statesman (b. 1835)
- 1914 - Hubert Bland, English co-founder of the Fabian Society (b. 1855)
- 1917 - Ludovich Lazarus Zamenhof, Polish creator of Esperanto (b. 1859)
- 1925 - John Singer Sargent, English artist (b. 1856)
- 1930 - Vladimir Mayakovsky, Russian writer (b. 1893)
- 1935 - Amalie Emmy Noether, German mathematician (b. 1882)
- 1964 - Rachel Carson, American writer and environmentalist (b. 1907)
- 1968 - Al Benton, baseball player (b. 1911)
- 1975 - Fredric March, American actor (b. 1897)
- 1986 - Simone de Beauvoir, French feminist writer (b. 1908)
- 1995 - Burl Ives, American singer and actor (b. 1909)
- 1999 - Ellen Corby, American actress (b. 1911)
- 1999 - Anthony Newley, British actor and singer (b. 1931)
- 2000 - Phil Katz, American computer programmer (b. 1962)
- 2001 - Hiroshi Teshigahara, Japanese director (b. 1927)

Holidays and observances


- New Year Celebrations in parts of India and whole of Sri Lanka
- Baisakhi - [Celeberations in Punjab, India]
- Poila Baisakh - [Celeberations in Bengal, India]
- Vishu - [Harvest festival in Kerala, India]
- Black Day - informal celebration day for single people in South Korea
- Youth Day in Angola

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/14 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.tnl.net/when/4/14 Today in History: April 14] ---- April 13 - April 15 - March 14 - May 14 -- listing of all days ko:4월 14일 ja:4月14日 simple:April 14 th:14 เมษายน

1905

1905 (MCMV) was a <