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Teleforce

Teleforce

Teleforce was Nikola Tesla's charged particle beam projector, first mentioned in the New York Sun, July 10, 1934.

Introduction

In Tesla's words, written in a letter to J. P. Morgan, Jr., the Teleforce invention was primarily intended to be used as an instrument of national defense akin to an invisible "Chinese Wall of Defense". Tesla stated that nations, when detecting invading armies, could destroy their opponent's military units and reduce incoming aerial craft as far as 200 to 250 miles away. It is not known whether Tesla ever built a model of the Teleforce system, though in 1937, Tesla remarked, "But it is not an experiment ... I have built, demonstrated, and used it. Only a little time will pass before I can give it to the world."

Conditions and inventions

Teleforce applications and particle beam device must meet four conditions and involved four inventions: # Produce a electromotive force, in particular a method and process for producing very great electrical force (in the range of 50,000,000 volts electrical potential). # A method and apparatus to produce rays"and other manifestations of energy" in natural media (e.g., the free air). # Generate a force amplification or a method of amplifying manifestations of force. # and, Generate an electrical repelling force (and this primarily being used in the projector, or "gun", element; this is used today in accelerators) [e.g., this would be the projector, or gun, of the system]. Tesla devised four inventions to accomplish these conditions, some of which he had already tested. The generating device, reportedly from some sources, is embodied upon a large Van de Graaff generator employing a gas stream as its charge carrying belt. Metal droplets or atomic clusters were accelerated in a vacuum, then conducted into the atmosphere by "valvular conduit," a special type of open-ended vacuum tube, comprising a system for the acceleration of very small charged metallic particles to prodigiously high velocity (about 48 times the speed of sound, according to Tesla). The particles were projected out of the tube by means of electrostatic repulsion. The tubes were to be designed to project a single row of highly charged particles, and there would be no dispersion whatever even at great distance (according to Tesla). Since the cross section of the charge carriers might be reduced to almost microscopic dimensions, and since the charged particles would self-focus via "gas focusing," an immense concentration of energy, practically irrespective of distance, could be attained. Specialized generation plants, Tesla estimated at that time (1940), would cost no more than $2,000,000 (and could have been constructed in a few months). Teleforce's mechanical power transmission system (and the associated telegeodynamics) is reportedly based primarily on the reciprocating engine Tesla patented in 1894. The principles of operation in the mechanical oscillators of Tesla are well understood. The reciprocating engine patent provides a means for engines to yield constant oscillatory movements, in wide limits, under the applied forces such as elastic tension of steam or gas under pressure. It also functions at a constant irrespective of the loads on the system, frictional losses, or other negative factors (which degrade other engines). Primarily the engine converts "pressure" into mechanical power. This type of system was first described in record of his time in Colorado Springs.

Principles

Teleforce principles, supposedly, would have introduced a new generalization of physics. The concepts of teleforce is reasonably founded on the alternating current polyphase wireless transmission systems developed by Tesla and is related to general mechanical energy principles. It utilized Tesla's theory of "telegeodynamics" (i.e., Tesla's mechanical earth-resonance theory). In addition, the principles of wirelessly transceiving high potentials (in the millions of volts) and transmitting high tension currents on narrow radiant energy ultraviolet ionizing beams by means of conductive rarefied gasous media (similar to the means of artificially creating auroral displays) are incorporated (and thus eliminates the need of a high vacuum). The width of the beam would be down to one square micrometer. The principles of underground mineral detection are not well understood. Techniques for the location of subterranean mineral deposits used today, e.g. earth batteries, may or may not be the same principles Tesla cited.

Conspiracy

A conspiracy theory is that Tesla's "death ray" research is the basis of the High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program. An associated oddity related to the teleforce concept is Tesla's activities during the time of the Tunguska event.

Quotes

"I have made recent discoveries of inestimable value which are referred in the marked passage of the clipping enclosed... [possibly "Dr. Tesla Visions the End of Aircraft In War," Syracuse Herald, October 21, 1934] "The flying machine has completely demoralized the world, so much that in some cities, as London and Paris, people are in mortal fear from aerial bombing. The new means I have perfected afford absolute protection against this and other forms of attack." - Nikola Tesla (letter to J. P. Morgan, Jr. on November 29, 1934)

External links and references


- Viereck, George Sylvester, "[http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/machine.htm A Machine To End War]" (by Nikola Tesla). Liberty, February, 1935.
- "Nikola Tesla's Teleforce & Telegeodynamics Proposals". Twenty First Century Books, November 14, 1998. 124 pgs. ISBN 0963601288
- "[http://www.tesla.hu/tesla/articles/18960318.doc On Roentgen Rays]". Electrical Review, New York, March 11, 1896. (DOC format)
- "[http://www.tesla.hu/tesla/articles/19340300.doc Possibilities of Electro-Static Generators]". Scientific American, March, 1934. (DOC format)
- "[http://www.tesla-coil-builder.com/Articles/july_10_1934.htm Tesla Invents Peace Ray]". New York Sun, July 10, 1934.
- "Death-Ray Machine Described", New York Sun, July 11, 1934.
- "Tesla, at 78, Bares New 'Death-Beam"', New York Times, July 11, 1934.
- "Tesla's Ray". Time, July 23, 1934.
- "[http://uforeview.tripod.com/tesladeathray2.html 'Death Ray' for Planes]". New York Times, September 22, 1940.
- O'Neill, John J., "[http://www.pbs.org/tesla/res/res_art12.html Tesla Tries To Prevent World War II]". (unpublished Chapter 34 of Prodigal Genius) (PBS)
- "[http://www.netsense.net/tesla/questions.html Question and answer : Ask Dr. Seifer]" (Question 1, Death Ray). MetaScience Productions, Kingston, RI.
- Ventura, Timothy, "[http://www.americanantigravity.com/graphics/tesla/Tesla-Death-Ray-Reconstruction.pdf Tesla Death Ray Reconstruction]". 1994. (PDF)
- "Nikola Tesla's Teleforce & Telegeodynamics Proposals". Twenty First Century Books, November 14, 1998. 124 pgs. ISBN 0963601288
- Ryeczek, "US4572582 [http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=/netahtml/srchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4572582.WKU.&OS=PN/4572582&RS=PN/4572582 Method of mining metals located in the earth]". This article or an earlier version based on text from Twenty First Century Books' [http://www.tfcbooks.com/teslafaq/q&a_011.htm Tesla FAQ], submitted to this encyclopedia by the original author. Category:Nikola Tesla Category:Pseudoscience

Nikola Tesla

Nikola Tesla (July 10, 1856 – c. January 7, 1943; Serbian cyrillic: Никола Тесла) was an inventor, physicist, mechanical engineer, and electrical engineer of profound genius. He is often regarded as one of the greatest scientists in the history of technology. [http://www.neuronet.pitt.edu/~bogdan/tesla/otherson.htm] In addition, Tesla is recognized among the most innovative engineers of the late 19th century and early 20th century. His patents and theoretical work form the basis of modern alternating current electric power (AC) systems, including the polyphase power distribution system and AC motor, with which he helped usher in the Second Industrial Revolution. Nikola Tesla was of Serbian descent and a citizen of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, after 1918, Yugoslavia. While conducting his work in the United States of America, he became a naturalized American citizen in 1891. The surname "Tesla" is a Serbian word that means adze. In America, Tesla's fame paralleled that of any other inventor or scientist in history and in popular culture. His name became a byword for innovation and practical achievement. He was deemed a "magician" who conjured up technical feats. After his demonstration of wireless communication in 1893 and after being the victor in the "War of Currents", he was widely respected as America's greatest electrical engineer. Much of his early work pioneered modern electrical engineering and many of his discoveries were of groundbreaking importance. In his later years, Tesla was regarded as a mad scientist, and he ended his life impoverished and forgotten. Tesla's legacy can be seen across modern civilization wherever electricity is used. Tesla considered his exploration of various questions raised by science as ultimately a means to improve the human condition with the principles of science and industrial progress, and one that was compatible with nature. However, many of his achievements have been used, sometimes inappropriately and with some controversy, to support various pseudosciences, UFO theories, and New Age occultism.

Early years

Tesla was born at the stroke of midnight during a lightning storm in Smiljan near Gospić, in the former Austro-Hungary and now Croatia. Tesla was baptised in the Serbian Orthodox Church. His baptism certificate reports that he was born on June 28 (Julian calendar; July 10 in the Gregorian calendar) 1856, and christened by the Serbian Orthodox priest, Toma Oklobdžija. His father was Rev. Milutin Tesla, a priest in the Serb Orthodox Church Metropolitanate of Sremski Karlovci. His mother was Đuka Mandić, herself a daughter of a Serbian Orthodox priest, who was talented in making home craft tools. His godfather, Jovan Drenovac, was a captain in the army protecting the Military Frontier. Tesla was one of five children, having one brother and three sisters. In Tesla's youth, he had a pet cat (named Mačak, which simply means male cat in Serbian language). His family moved to Gospić in 1862. Tesla went to school in Karlovac (today's Croatia), then studied electrical engineering at the Austria Politechnic in Graz, Austria (1875). While there, he studied the uses of alternating current. Tesla engaged in reading many works, as he stated, alternating current : "At that age [24], I knew entire books by heart, word for word. One of these was Goethe's Faust." Tesla related in his autobiography that he experienced detailed moments of inspiration. From an early age Tesla would visualise an invention in his brain in precise form before moving to the construction stage. This is sometimes known as picture thinking). In 1881 he moved to Budapest to work for a telegraph company, the American Telephone Company. On the opening of the telephone exchange in Budapest, 1881, Tesla became the chief electrician to the company, and was later engineer to the Yugoslav government and the country's first telephone system. He also developed a device that, according to some, was a telephone repeater or amplifier, but according to others could have been the first loudspeaker. For a while he stayed in Maribor, where he was first employed as an assistant engineer. He suffered a nervous breakdown during this time. In 1882 he moved to Paris, France to work as an engineer for the Continental Edison Company, designing improvements to electric equipment. In the same year, Tesla conceived of the induction motor and began developing various devices that use rotating magnetic fields (for which he received patents in 1888). Soon thereafter, Tesla hastened from Paris to his mother's side as she lay dying, arriving hours before her death in 1882. Her last words to him were, "You've arrived, Nidžo, my pride." After her death, Tesla fell ill. He spent two to three weeks recuperating in Gospić and the village of Tomingaj near Gračac, the birthplace of his mother. In 1884, when Tesla first arrived in the US, he had little besides a letter of recommendation from Charles Batchelor, his manager in his previous job. In the letter of recommendation to Thomas Edison, Charles Batchelor wrote, "I know two great men and you are one of them; the other is this young man." Edison hired Tesla to work for his company Edison Machine Works. Tesla's work for Edison began with simple electrical engineering and quickly progressed to solving the company's most difficult problems. Tesla was offered to undertake a complete redesign of the Edison company's continuous current dynamos. After Tesla described the nature of the benefits from his proposed modifications, Edison offered him US$50,000 if they were successfully completed. Tesla worked nearly a year to redesign them and gave the Edison company several enormously profitable new patents in the process. When Tesla inquired about the $50,000, Edison replied to him, "Tesla, you don't understand our American humor," and reneged on his promise. Edison reportedly offered to raise Tesla's salary by $10 per week as a compromise - at which rate it would have taken almost 100 years to earn the money Edison had originally promised. Tesla resigned on the spot.

Middle years

In 1886, Tesla formed his own company, Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing. The initial financial investors disagreed with Tesla on his plan for an alternating current motor and eventually relieved him of his duties at the company. Tesla worked in New York as a common laborer from 1886 to 1887 to feed himself and raise capital for his next project. In 1887, he constructed the initial brushless alternate-current induction motor, which he demonstrated to the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (now IEEE) in 1888. In the same year, he developed the principles of his Tesla coil and began working with George Westinghouse at Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs. Westinghouse listened to his ideas for polyphase systems which would allow transmission of alternating current electricity over large distances. In April of 1887, Tesla began investigating what would later be called X-rays using his own single node vacuum tubes (similar to his ). This device differed from other early X-ray tubes in that they had no target electrode. The modern term for the phenomena produced from this device is termed the bremsstrahlung process. He also used Geissler tubes. By 1892, Tesla became aware of what Wilhelm Röntgen later identified as effects of X-rays. Tesla commented on the hazards of working with single node X-ray producing devices, attributing the skin damage to ozone rather than the radiation: "As to the hurtful actions on the skin... I note that they have been misinterpreted... They are not due to the Röntgen rays, but merely to the ozone generated in contact with the skin. Nitrous acid may also be responsible, but to a small extent". (Tesla, in Electrical Review, 30 November 1895). This is incorrect concerning cathodic X-ray tubes. Tesla later observed an assistant severely "burnt" by X-rays in his lab. He performed several experiments (including photographing the bones of his hand; later, he sent these images to Röntgen) but didn't make his findings widely known; much of his research was lost in the 1895 Houston Street lab fire. On July 30, 1891, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States of America at the age of 35 and established his Houston Street laboratory in New York at 46 E. Houston St. He lit vacuum tubes wirelessly in it, providing evidence for the potential of wireless power transmission. Around this time, Tesla developed a close and lasting friendship with Mark Twain. They spent a lot of time together in Tesla's lab and elsewhere. Some of Tesla's closest friends were artists. He befriended Century Magazine editor Robert Underwood Johnson, who adapted several Serbian poems of Jovan Jovanović Zmaj (which Tesla translated). Also during this time, as seen in the PBS documentary film, Tesla was influenced by the Vedic philosophy teachings of the Swami Vivekananda. Swami Vivekananda circuits to transport energy across great distances. It is contained in US390721.]] When Tesla was 36 years old, the first patents concerning the polyphase power system were granted. He continued research of the system and rotating magnetic field principles. Tesla served as the vice president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (now part of the IEEE) from 1892 to 1894. From 1893 to 1895, he investigated high frequency alternating currents. He generated AC of one million volts using a conical Tesla coil and investigated the skin effect in conductors, designed tuned circuits, invented a machine for inducing sleep, cordless gas discharge lamps, and transmitted electromagnetic energy without wires, effectively building the first radio transmitter. In St. Louis, Missouri, Tesla made a demonstration related to radio communication in 1893. Addressing the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the National Electric Light Association, he described and demonstrated in detail its principles. Tesla's demonstrations were written about widely through various media outlets. At the 1893 World's Fair, the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois, an international exposition was held which for the first time devoted a building to electrical exhibits. It was an historic event as Tesla and George Westinghouse introduced visitors to AC power by using it to illuminate the Exposition. On display were Tesla's fluorescent lights and single node bulbs. Tesla also explained the principles of the rotating magnetic field and induction motor by demonstrating how to make an egg made of copper stand on end in his demonstration of the device he constructed known as the "Egg of Columbus". It was used to demonstrate and explain the principles of the rotating magnetic field model and the induction motor. In 1896, according to an interview he gave in 1916, Tesla invented a type of loudspeaker. The sounds were of about the same quality as telephones of that time. The invention was never patented nor released publicly until years later by Tesla himself. Also in the late 1880s, Tesla and Edison became adversaries in part due to Edison's promotion of direct current (DC) for electric power distribution over the more efficient alternating current advocated by Tesla. As a result of the "War of Currents," Edison and Westinghouse were almost bankrupt, so in 1897, Tesla released Westinghouse from contract, providing Westinghouse a break from Tesla's patent royalties. Also in 1897, Tesla researched radiation which led to setting up the basic formulation of cosmic rays. When Tesla was 41 years old, he filed the first basic radio patent (). A year later, he demonstrated a radio controlled boat to the US military, believing that the military would want things such as radio controlled torpedoes. Tesla developed the "Art of Telautomatics", a form of robotics. In 1898, a radio-controlled boat was demonstrated to the public during an electrical exhibition at Madison Square Garden. These devices had an innovative coherer and a series of logic gates. Radio remote control remained a novelty until the 1960s. In the same year, Tesla devised an "electric igniter" or spark plug for Internal combustion gasoline engines. He gained , "Electrical Igniter for Gas Engines", on this mechanical ignition system.

Colorado Springs

mechanical ignition system.)]] In 1899, Tesla decided to move and began research in Colorado Springs, Colorado, where he could have room for his high-voltage high-frequency experiments. Upon his arrival he told reporters that he was conducting wireless telegraphy experiments transmitting signals from Pikes Peak to Paris. Tesla's time at this lab has been a source for urban legends about him. Tesla's diary contains explanations of his experiments concerning the ionosphere and the ground's telluric currents via transverse waves and longitudinal waves. Tesla, at his lab, proved that the earth was a conductor and produced artificial lightning (with the discharges consisting of millions of volts and up to 135 feet long). . Tesla also investigated atmospheric electricity, observing lightning signals via his receivers. Reproductions of Tesla's receivers and coherer circuits show an unpredicted level of complexity (e.g., distributed high-Q helical resonators, radio frequency feedback, crude heterodyne effects, and regeneration techniques). Tesla stated that he observed stationary waves during this time. In the Colorado Springs lab, he "recorded" signals of what he believed were extraterrestrial radio signals. His announcements and data were rejected by the scientific community. He noted measurements of repetitive signals from his receiver which are substantially different from the signals he had noted from storms and earth noise. Specifically, he later recalled that the signals appeared in groups of one, two, three, and four clicks together. Tesla spent the latter part of his life trying to signal Mars. In 1996 Corum and Corum published an analysis of Jovian plasma torus signals which indicate that there was a correspondence between the setting of Mars at Colorado Springs, and the cessation of signals from Jupiter in the summer of 1899 when Tesla was there. Tesla left Colorado Springs on January 7, 1900. The lab was torn down and its contents sold to pay debts. The Colorado experiments prepared Tesla for his next project, the establishment of a wireless power transmission facility that would be known as Wardenclyffe. Tesla was granted for the means for increasing the intensity of electrical oscillations. The United States Patent Office classification system currently assigns this patent to the primary Class 178/43 ("telegraphy/space induction"), although the other applicable classes include 505/825 ("low temperature superconductivity-related apparatus").

Later years

United States Patent Office, Long Island, New York.]] In 1900, with $150,000 (51% from J. Pierpont Morgan), Tesla began planning the Wardenclyffe Tower facility. In June 1902, Tesla's lab operations were moved to Wardenclyffe from Houston Street. The tower was finally dismantled for scrap during wartime. Newspapers of the time labeled Wardenclyffe "Tesla's million-dollar folly." In 1904, the US Patent Office reversed its decision and awarded Guglielmo Marconi the patent for radio. Tesla began his fight to re-acquire the radio patent. On his 50th birthday in 1906, Tesla demonstrated his 200 hp (150 kW) 16,000 rpm Bladeless Turbine. During 1910-1911 at the Waterside Power Station in New York, several of his bladeless turbine engines were tested at 100-5000 hp. Later in 1907, Marconi was awarded the Nobel Prize for radio. Tesla was deeply resentful. In 1915, Tesla filed a lawsuit against Marconi attempting, unsuccessfully, to obtain a court injunction against the claims of Marconi. Around 1916, Tesla filed for bankruptcy because he owed so much in back taxes. He was living in poverty. After Wardenclyffe, Tesla built the Telefunken Wireless Station in Sayville, Long Island. Some of what he wanted to achieve at Wardenclyffe was accomplished with the Telefunken Wireless. In 1917 the facility was seized and torn down by the Marines because it was suspected that it could be used by German spies. Prior to the World War I, Tesla looked overseas for investors to fund his research. When the war started, Tesla lost funding he was receiving from his European patents. After the war ended, Tesla made predictions regarding the relevant issues of the post-World War I environment in a printed article (December 20, 1914). Tesla believed that the League of Nations was not a remedy for the times and issues. Tesla started to exhibit pronounced symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the years following. He became obsessed with the number three. He often felt compelled to walk around a block three times before entering a building, demanded a stack of three folded cloth napkins beside his plate at every meal, etc. The nature of OCD was little understood at the time and no treatments were available, so his symptoms were considered by some to be evidence of partial insanity and this probably hurt what was left of his reputation. At this time, he was staying at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, renting in an arrangement for deferred payments. Eventually, the Wardenclyffe deed was turned over to George Boldt, proprietor of the Waldorf-Astoria to pay a $20,000 debt. In 1917, around the time that the Wardenclyffe Tower was demolished by Boldt to make the land a more viable real estate asset, Tesla received AIEE's highest honor, the Edison Medal. The irony of this honor was probably not lost on Tesla. Tesla, in August 1917, first established principles regarding frequency and power level for the first primitive radar units. In 1934, Emile Girardeau, working with the first French radar systems, stated he was building radar systems "conceived according to the principles stated by Tesla". By the twenties, Tesla was reportedly negotiating with the United Kingdom government about a ray system. Tesla had also stated that efforts had been made to steal the so called "death ray". The Chamberlain government was removed, though, before any final negotiations occurred. The incoming Baldwin government found no use for Tesla's suggestions and ended negotiations. On Tesla's seventy-fifth birthday in 1931, Time magazine put him on its cover. The cover caption noted his contribution to electrical power generation. Tesla received his last patent in 1928 for an apparatus for aerial transportation which was the first instance of VTOL aircraft. In 1934, Tesla wrote to consul Janković of his homeland. The letter contained the message of gratitude to Mihajlo Pupin who initiated a donation scheme by which American companies could support Tesla. Tesla refused the assistance, and chose to live by a modest pension received from Yugoslavia and to continue researching. When he was eighty-one, Tesla stated he had completed a unified field theory. He stated that it was "worked out in all details" and hoped to give to the world the theory soon. The theory was never published. At the time of his announcement, it was considered by the scientific community to exceed the bounds of reason. Most believe that Tesla never fully developed a unified field theory. His theory is of interest to some historical researchers but is disregarded in the field of physics.

Death and afterwards

physics] Tesla died alone in the New Yorker hotel of heart failure, some time between the evening of January 5 and the morning of January 8, 1943, at the age of 86. Despite selling his AC electricity patents, Tesla was essentially destitute and died with significant debts. Later that year the US Supreme Court upheld Tesla's patent number [http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=/netahtml/srchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=645576.WKU.&OS=PN/645576&RS=PN/645576 645,576] in effect recognizing him as the inventor of radio. Immediately after Tesla's death became known, the Federal Bureau of Investigation instructed the Office of Alien Property to take possession of his papers and property, despite his US citizenship. At the time of his death, Tesla had been working on some form of teleforce weapon, or death ray. It appears that his proposed death ray was related to his research into ball lightning and plasma. After the FBI was contacted by the War Department, his papers were declared to be top secret. All of his personal effects were seized on the advice of presidential advisors, and J. Edgar Hoover declared the case "most secret", because of the nature of Tesla's inventions and patents. Tesla's Serbian-Orthodox family and the Yugoslav embassy struggled with American authorities to gain these items after his death due to the potential significance of some of his research. Eventually, his nephew, Sava Kosanovich, got possession of some of his personal effects which are now housed in the Nikola Tesla Museum in Belgrade, Serbia. Tesla's funeral took place on January 12, 1943, at the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine in Manhattan, New York City. After his funeral, Tesla's body was cremated. His ashes were taken to Belgrade Yugoslavia in 1957. The urn was placed in the Nikola Tesla museum, where it resides to this day. In 1976, a bronze statue of Tesla was placed at Niagara Falls, New York. A similar statue was also erected in Tesla's hometown of Gospić, Croatia in 1981, but was later removed. Niagara Falls, New York In the years after, many of his innovations and theories have been used, sometimes unsuitably in particular occasions and at other times with some controversy, to support various bodies of knowledge and practices that are regarded as unscientific by some (though much of Tesla's own work conformed with the principles and methods used in science), to extrapolate about anomalous unidentified flying object (especially concerning their propulsion systems but includes other fringe theories), and in spiritual exploration by spiritual seekers for 'hidden knowledge' (in the sense of that some knowledge has been kept hidden). Many contemporary admirers of Dr. Tesla have affectionately deemed him "the man who invented the twentieth century". Tesla's house in Smiljan is nowadays open for visitors, as a memorial museum.

Personal views

Tesla believed that war could not be avoided until the cause for its recurrence was removed, but was opposed to wars in general. He sought to reduce distance, such as in communication for better understanding, transportation, and transmission of energy, as a means to ensure friendly international relations. A system for "Projecting Concentrated Non-Dispersive Energy Through Natural Media" known as teleforce was reportedly developed later in his life. Teleforce was supposed to have been a type of defensive particle-beam weapon. Like many of his era, Tesla became a proponent of an self-imposed selective breeding version of eugenics. The totality of his ideas, though, are difficult to place in any eugenicist school of thought. In a 1937 interview, he stated, : [...] man's new sense of pity began to interfere with the ruthless workings of nature. The only method compatible with our notions of civilization and the race is to prevent the breeding of the unfit by sterilization and the deliberate guidance of the mating instinct [...]. The trend of opinion among eugenists is that we must make marriage more difficult. Certainly no one who is not a desirable parent should be permitted to produce progeny. A century from now it will no more occur to a normal person to mate with a person eugenically unfit than to marry a habitual criminal. In 1926, Tesla in an interview, commenting on the ills of the social subservience of women and the struggle of women toward sex equality, indicated that humanity's future would be run by "Queen Bees". He believed that women would become the dominant sex in the future.

Education

Other than in mother tongue Serbian language, Tesla was fluent in seven other languages (Croatian - see differences from Serbian, English, Czech, Hungarian, French, German, Italian) ;Primary
- Elementary school: Gospić (Austria-Hungary, later Yugoslavia, now Croatia)
- Secondary school: Karlovac (Austria-Hungary, later Yugoslavia, now Croatia) ;Degrees
- Baccalaureate of Physics: Austrian Polytechnic Institute (Graz)
- Baccalaureate of Mathematics: Austrian Polytechnic Institute (Graz)
- Baccalaureate of Mechanical Engineering: Austrian Polytechnic Institute (Graz)
- Baccalaureate of Electrical Engineering: Austrian Polytechnic Institute (Graz) ;Graduate studies
- Physics at University of Prague (Prague) ;Docteur Honoris Causa For his work Tesla received numerous honorary doctoral degrees from a number of universities to include: Columbia University, Graz Polytechnic Institute, Polytechnic Institute of Bucharest, University of Belgrade, University of Brno, University of Grenoble, University of Paris, University de Poitiers, University of Prague, University of Sofia, University of Zagreb, Vienna Polytechnic Institute, and Yale University ;Further reading For a detailed outline of Dr. Tesla's education and certifications, see: : W.C. Wysock, J.F. Corum, J.M. Hardesty and K.L. Corum, "[http://www.ttr.com/Who%20Was%20Dr%20Tesla.pdf Who Was The Real Dr. Nikola Tesla]? (A Look At His Professional Credentials)". Antenna Measurement Techniques Association, posterpaper, October 22-25, 2001 (PDF)

Recognition and honors

;Scientific societies As the result of his achievements in the development of electricity and radio, Nikola Tesla received many awards and accolades. He was selected as a fellow of the IEEE (at the time the AIEE) and was awarded its most prestigious prize, the Edison Medal. He was also made a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and accepted invitations to become a member of the American Philosophical Society, and the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Because of his research in electrotherapy and his invention of high frequency oscillators, he was also made a fellow of the American Electro-Therapeutic Association. ;SI Unit The scientific compound derived SI unit measuring magnetic flux density or magnetic induction (commonly known as the magnetic field B), the tesla, was named in his honor (at the Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures, Paris, 1960). ;IEEE Nikola Tesla Award In 1975 the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) created a Nikola Tesla Award via an agreement between the IEEE Power Engineering Society and the IEEE Board of Directors. It is given to individuals or a team that has made outstanding contributions to the generation or utilization of electric power. The Tesla award is considered the most prestigious award in the area of electric power. ;Yugoslavian/Serbian currency electric power electric power Nikola Tesla was featured on the currency of the former Yugoslavia. The current 100 Serbian dinar banknotes issued by the National Bank of Serbia have a picture of a handsome young Tesla on the obverse (front side). On the reverse side there is portion of drawing of an induction motor from his patent application and a photograph of Tesla holding a gas filled tube emitting light as a result of electric induction. ;Cosmological objects In honor of Tesla's achievements, the Tesla crater on the far side of the moon was named after him. It is 43 km in diameter and is located at selenographic coordinates 38.5° N, 124.7° E. As well the minor planet 2244 Tesla, discovered by Milorad Protic, is named after Tesla. 2244 Tesla is approximately 29.6 km in diameter, and has a orbital period of 4.7 years. ;Electric power stations Two of the coal fired power stations run by Electric Power Industry of Serbia, TPP Nikola Tesla A and TPP Nikola Tesla B, are named in honor of Tesla. Together these power plants have a combined generating capacity of 2262 megawatts producing 47% of the total power within the electric power industry of Serbia. ;Commerce The Croatian subsidisary of Ericsson is named Ericsson Nikola Tesla D.D in honor of Nikola Tesla's pioneering work in wireless communication ;Science fiction and computer games Tesla technology is recurring in alternate history works like steampunk, or stories concerning secret pre WWII technology
- Tesla appears as a character in the 1995 novel The Prestige by Christopher Priest.
- Tesla also makes a brief appearance as a character in the 1989 novel "Moon Palace" by Paul Auster.
- Tesla is a continuing character in a series of novels by Spider Robinson concerned with Callahan's Crosstime Saloon.
- In the ZBS series of audio plays The Adventures of Ruby, Tesla is considered to be the deity of technicians and engineers and can be summoned with a special chant near a reproduction of a Tesla Coil.
- The Tesla Coils and Tesla troopers of the PC games Command & Conquer: Red Alert and Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2 are named in his honor.
- The superperson Nikola Tesla is a Japanese comic (manga).
- Tesla is a character in the DC Elseworlds comic, JLA: Age of Wonder
- Tesla is a playable character in the game Martian Dreams, from the Worlds of Ultima spin-off series by Origin games
- The Tesla Cannon in the Blood series of computer games is a weapon that shoots electric projectiles, possibly intended to represent ball lightning.
- The Tesla Gun in the computer game Return to Castle Wolfenstein is a weapon that projects lightning-like electrical arcs.
- The Tesla Armor of the Fallout series of computer games provides excellent protection against laser and plasma/electrical attack types.
- In the computer game Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura,we find items like the Tesla Ring and the Tesla Rod,both items can be created by the player using the technological skill Electricity.
- The Tesla Shield in the PS2 game Ratchet & Clank is a powerful force field that protects the player and kills nearby enemies with electricity.
- The Tesla Claw in the PS2 game Ratchet & Clank is a powerful weapon shooting electricity arcs which are self-guiding due to the fact that the lighning grounds itself in the nearest enemy. ;Arts The rock band Tesla is named after him. They referenced his life and works a number of times, such as in the song Edison's Medicine (and accompanying music video) and the album The Great Radio Controversy. ;Opera Australian Composer Constantine Koukias wrote his two-act opera TESLA - Lightning in his Hand about the life and times of Nikola Tesla. It premiered at the 10 Days on the Island Festival in Hobart, Tasmania in 2003.

Further readings and films

;Movies and films There are at least two films describing Tesla's life. In the first, arranged for TV, Tesla was portrayed by Rade Šerbedžija. In 1980, Orson Welles produced a Yugoslavian film named Tajna Nikole Tesle (The Secret of Nikola Tesla), in which Welles himself played the part of Tesla's patron, J.P. Morgan. Documentary film
- "[http://www.pbs.org/tesla/boutiq/index.html Tesla: Master of Lightning]". 1999. ISBN 0760710058 (Book) ISBN 0793635497 (PBS Video) Books
- Anderson, Leland I., "Dr. Nikola Tesla (1856-1943)", 2d enl. ed., Minneapolis, Tesla Society. 1956. LCCN 56047430 /L
- Childres, David H., "The Fantasic inventions of Nikola Tesla". ISBN 0-932813-19-4
- Glenn, Jim, "The Complete Patents of Nikola Tesla", ISBN 1-566192-66-8
- Martin, Thomas C., "The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla". ISBN 0-880298-12-X
- O'Neill, John H., "Prodigal Genius". ISBN 0-914732-33-1
- Seifer, Marc J., "Wizard, the Life and Times of Nikola Tesla". ISBN 1-559723-29-7 (HC), ISBN 0-806519-60-6 (SC)
- Tesla, Nikola, "Colorado Springs Notes, 1899-1900", ISBN 0-899187-82-X
- Tesla, Nikola, "My Inventions'", ISBN 0-760700-85-0
- Valone, Thomas, "Harnessing the Wheelwork of Nature". ISBN 1-931882-04-5 Magazines
- Carlson, W. Bernard, "Inventor of dreams". Scientific American, March 2005 v292 i3 p78(7).
- Jatras, Stella L., "The genius of Nikola Tesla". The New American, July 28, 2003 v19 i15 p9(1)
- Rybak, James P., "Nikola Tesla: Scientific Savant". Popular Electronics, 1042170X, Nov99, Vol. 16, Issue 11.
- Lawren, B., "Rediscovering Tesla". Omni, Mar88, Vol. 10 Issue 6.

External links

Wikibooks has more about this subject:
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations by or about:
Wikisource has original works written by or about:
History and family
- Wagner, John W., "[http://www.ntesla.org/ Nikola Tesla, Forgotten American Scientist]".
- Vujovic, Ljubo, "[http://www.teslasociety.com/ Tesla Memorial Society of New York]", New York, USA.
- "[http://www.teslascience.org/ The Tesla Wardenclyffe Project]". Shoreham, New York. (Aims to reuse Wardenclyffe.)
- "[http://www.serbnatlfed.org/Archives/Tesla/tesla-father.htm Nikola Tesla's Father - Milutin Tesla (1819 - 1879)]". Serb National Federation.
- Kosanovic, Bogdan R., "[http://www.neuronet.pitt.edu/~bogdan/tesla/index.htm Serbian-American inventor, electrical engineer, and scientist]". December 29, 2000.
- Mrkich, D., "[http://www.serbnatlfed.org/Archives/Tesla/TeslaBook.htm Tesla - The European Years]", Serb National Federation. Patents
- Pepe, "[http://www.tesla.hu/ Pepe's Tesla Pages]", 2004-12-25.
  - [http://www.tesla.hu/tesla/tesla.htm Nikola's Page] (Hungarian - original images of text)
- Fred Walters' hand-scanned [http://www.keelynet.com/tesla/ Tesla patents] (PDFs) Radio shows
- Science Friday, "[http://www.sciencefriday.com/pages/1998/Aug/hour2_080798.html Strange Scientists]", August 7, 1998
- Science Friday, "[http://www.sciencefriday.com/pages/1995/Oct/hour2_101395.html The Science of Radio]", October 13, 1995 Other
- [http://www.tesla-museum.org/ The Nikola Tesla museum]
- [http://www.flyingmoose.org/truthfic/tesla.htm Nikola Tesla Story]: Tells more about Tesla and Edison.
- Seifer, Marc J., and Michael Behar, [http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/6.10/tesla.html Electric Mind], Wired Magazine, October 1998.
- Palmer, Stephen E., "[http://supernaturalminds.com/Wardenclyffe.html Wardenclyffe: Nikola Tesla's Dream For Free Energy And The Conspiracy Which Destroyed It]".
-

Reference articles

;Tesla's publications
- Tesla, Nikola, "[http://www.teslaplay.com/autobody.htm My Inventions]", Electrical Experimenter magazine, Feb, June, and Oct, 1919. ISBN 0910077002 (teslaplay.comversion; [http://www.rastko.org.yu/istorija/tesla/ntesla-autobiography.html also the version at rastko.org])
- Tesla, Nikola, "[http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/energy.htm The Problem of Increasing Human Energy]", Century Illustrated Magazine, June 1900.
- Tesla, Nikola, "[http://earlyradiohistory.us/1901talk.htm Talking with Planets]". Collier's Weekly, February 19, 1901. (EarlyRadioHistory.us)
- Tesla, Nikola, "[http://www.tesla.hu/tesla/articles/19370710.doc Prepared Statement of Tesla]". July 10, 1937. (Interview with press on 81st birthday observance; DOC format)
- Tesla, Nikola, "[http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/wireless07.htm The True Wireless]". Electrical Experimenter, May 1919. ([http://www.pbs.org/tesla/res/res_art06.html also at pbs.org])
- Tesla, Nikola, "[http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/system.htm A New System of Alternating Current Motors and Transformers]". American Institute of Electrical Engineers, May 1888. ;Source information
- "[http://www.pbs.org/tesla/boutiq/index.html Tesla: Master of Lightning]". 1999. ISBN 0793635497 (PBS Video; [http://www.pbs.org/tesla/ Tesla] )
- Childress, David Hatcher, (ed.) "The Tesla Papers: Nikola Tesla on Free Energy & Wireless Transmission of Power". Adventures Unlimited Press, 2000. ISBN 0932813860
- Lomas, Robert, "[http://www.robertlomas.com/Tesla/Independent_Article.html The essay]", Spark of genius. Independent Magazine, 21 August 1999.
- Kelley, Thomas Lee, "[http://www.ajnpx.com/pdf/NaturalPhil/Tesla/TeslaComplete.pdf The enigma of Nikola Tesla]". Arizona State University. [Thesis] (PDF)
- "[http://www.tfcbooks.com/teslafaq/q&a_040.htm Did Tesla really invent the loudspeaker?]". Twenty First Century Books, Breckenridge, CO 80424-2001.
- Waser, André, "Nikola Tesla’s Radiations and the Cosmic Rays".
- Grotz, Toby, "[http://www.sumeria.net/free/sanskrit.html The Influence of Vedic Philosophy on Nikola Tesla's Understanding of Free Energy]".
- Krumme, Katherine, [http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/dept/Courses/E-24/E-24Projects/Krumme1.pdf Mark Twain and Nikola Tesla: Thunder and Lightning]. December 4, 2000 (PDF)
- Gillispie, Charles Coulston, "Dictionary of Scientific Biography"; Tesla, Nikola. Charles Scribne

Projector

Projectors are used for displaying an image on a projection screen or similar surface for the view of an audience.
- Electronic projectors:
  - Digital projector
  - LCD projector
  - CRT projector
  - DLP projector
  - LCOS projector
- Transparency projectors:
  - Movie projector
  - Slide projector
  - Overhead projector
  - Magic Lantern
  - Enlarger - see also (Contact printer)
- Other
  - Handheld projector (To be used with PDAs and Digital Cameras)
  - Opaque projector (Reflective projector)
  - Ceiling projector (Used to measure the base of cloud heights)
- Mathematics
  - Projection operator Projector was also the name of a version control system developed by Apple Computer as part of the Macintosh Programmer's Workshop software development system. It has been superseded by CVS.

External links


- [http://www.projectorpeople.com/tutorials/default.asp Projector Tutorials] Projector People has done the research for you. Find simple answers to your projector questions here. (ProjectorPeople.com)
- [http://www.theprojectorpros.com/learn.php?s=learn&p=theater_dlp_vs_lcd_vs_lcos Projectors] DLP vs. LCD vs. LCOS - Most Common Questions About Projectors and the Technologies They Use (theprojectorpros.com) Category:Display technology

July 10

July 10 is the 191st day (192nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 174 days remaining.

Events


- 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia.
- 1584 - William I of Orange was assassinated in his home in Delft, Holland by Balthasar Gérard.
- 1778 - American Revolution: Louis XVI of France declares war on the Kingdom of Great Britain.
- 1789 - Alexander Mackenzie reaches Mackenzie River Delta.
- 1821 - The United States takes possession of its newly-bought territory of Florida from Spain.
- 1832 - President Andrew Jackson vetoes a bill that would re-charter the Second Bank of the United States.
- 1850 - Millard Fillmore is inaugurated as the 13th President of the United States.
- 1890 - Wyoming is admitted as the 44th U.S. state.
- 1913 - Death Valley, California hits 134 °F (~56.7 °C), which is the highest temperature recorded in the United States (as of 2003).
- 1925 - The Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS), the official news agency of the Soviet Union , is established.
- 1925 - Scopes Trial: In Dayton, Tennessee, the so-called "Monkey Trial" begins with John T. Scopes, a young high school science teacher, accused of teaching evolution in violation of a Tennessee state law.
- 1938 - Howard Hughes sets a new record by completing a 91 hour airplane flight around the world.
- 1940 - World War II: Vichy France government established.
- 1940 - World War II: Battle of Britain - The German Luftwaffe begin to hit British convoys in the English Channel thus starting the battle (this start date is contested, though).
- 1943 - World War II: The launching of Operation Husky begins the Italian Campaign.
- 1951 - Korean War: At Kaesong, armistice negotiations begin.
- 1951 - Randy Turpin becomes the middleweight boxing champion after defeating Sugar Ray Robinson.
- 1962 - Telstar, the world's first communications satellite, is launched into orbit.
- 1967 - Uruguay becomes a member of the Berne Convention copyright treaty.
- 1968 - Maurice Couve de Murville becomes Prime Minister of France
- 1973 - The Bahamas gain full independence within the British Commonwealth.
- 1978 - ABC News World News Tonight premieres.
- 1985 - Greenpeace vessel Rainbow Warrior is bombed and sunk in Auckland, New Zealand Harbor by French DGSE agents.
- 1985 - In response to market demand, Coca-Cola re-introduces it's old formula cola as "Coca-Cola Classic" (see New Coke).
- 1991 - Boris Yeltsin begins his 5-year term as the first elected President of Russia.
- 1992 - In Miami, Florida, former Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega is sentenced to 40 years in prison for drug and racketeering violations.
- 1997 - London, scientists report their DNA analysis findings from a Neandertal skeleton which support the out of Africa theory of human evolution placing an "African Eve" at 100,000 to 200,000 years ago.
- 1998 - The remains of United States Air Force 1st Lt. Michael Joseph Blassie are returned to his family in St. Louis, Missouri from the Tomb of the Unknowns upon identification through DNA analysis. The remains had been in the first tomb since 1984.
- 1998 - Catholic priests' sex abuse scandal: The Diocese of Dallas agrees to pay $23.4 million to nine former altar boys who claimed they were sexually abused by former priest Rudolph Kos.
- 2000 - A leaking southern Nigerian petroleum pipeline explodes, killing about 250 villagers scavenging gasoline.
- 2000 - EADS, the world's second largest aerospace group is formed by the merger of Aérospatiale-Matra, DASA, and CASA.
- 2002 - At a Sotheby's auction, Peter Paul Rubens' painting "The Massacre of the Innocents" is sold for £49.5million (US$76.2 million) to Lord Kenneth Thomson.
- 2003 - A Neoplan bus, owned by Kowloon Motor Bus, collides with a truck, falls off a bridge on Tuen Mun Road, Hong Kong, and plunges into the underlying valley, killing 21 people. This is the deadliest bus accident to date in Hong Kong.

Births


- 1419 - Emperor Go-Hanazono of Japan (d. 1471)
- 1452 - King James III of Scotland (d. 1488)
- 1509 - John Calvin, French religious reformer (d. 1564)
- 1592 - Pierre d'Hozier, French historian (d. 1660)
- 1614 - Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey, English royalist statesman (d. 1686)
- 1625 - Jean Herauld Gourville, French adventurer (d. 1703)
- 1638 - David Teniers III, Flemish painter (d. 1685)
- 1666 - John Ernest Grabe, German-born Anglican theologian (d. 1711)
- 1682 - Roger Cotes, English mathematician (d. 1716)
- 1723 - William Blackstone, English jurist (d. 1780)
- 1830 - Camille Pissarro, French painter (d. 1903)
- 1832 - Alvan Graham Clark, American telescope maker and astronomer (d. 1897)
- 1834 - James McNeil Whistler, American painter (d. 1903)
- 1835 - Henryk Wieniawski, Polish composer (d. 1880)
- 1842 - Adolphus Busch, German-born brewer (d. 1913)
- 1856 - Nikola Tesla, Croatian physicist (d. 1943)
- 1871 - Marcel Proust, French writer (d. 1922)
- 1888 - Giorgio de Chirico, Italian painter (d. 1978)
- 1895 - Carl Orff, German composer (d. 1982)
- 1899 - John Gilbert, American actor (d. 1936)
- 1902 - Kurt Alder, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)
- 1903 - John Wyndham, British author (d. 1969)
- 1914 - Joe Shuster, Canadian-born cartoonist
- 1920 - David Brinkley, American television reporter (d. 2003)
- 1920 - Owen Chamberlain, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1921 - Harvey Ball, American inventor (d. 2001)
- 1921 - Jake LaMotta, American boxer
- 1921 - Eunice Kennedy Shriver, American activist
- 1923 - Earl Hamner Jr., American author and television producer
- 1923 - Jean Kerr, American author (d. 2003)
- 1925 - Mahathir bin Mohamad, Malaysian fourth Prime Minister
- 1926 - Fred Gwynne, American actor (d. 1993)
- 1928 - Moshe Greenberg, American-Israeli Bible scholar
- 1931 - Nick Adams, American actor (d. 1968)
- 1931 - Alice Munro, Canadian writer
- 1934 - Olga Sebenik, Slovenian economist
- 1938 - Paul Andreu, French architect
- 1939 - Ahmet Taner Kışlalı, Turkish politician, journalist, and educator (d. 1999)
- 1940 - Helen Donath, American soprano
- 1942 - Ronnie James Dio, American musician
- 1942 - Pyotr Klimuk, cosmonaut
- 1943 - Arthur Ashe, American tennis player (d. 1993)
- 1945 - Virginia Wade, British tennis player
- 1946 - Sue Lyon, American actress
- 1947 - Arlo Guthrie, American musician
- 1951 - Cheryl Wheeler, American singer and songwriter
- 1954 - Neil Tennant, British musician
- 1959 - Janet Julian, American actress
- 1968 - Hassiba Boulmerka, Algerian athlete
- 1969 - Gale Harold, American actor
- 1980 - Thomas Ian Nicholas, American actor
- 1980 - Adam Petty, American race car driver (d. 2000)
- 1980 - Jessica Simpson, American singer
- 1982 - Alex Arrowsmith, American musician

Deaths


- 138 - Hadrian, Roman Emperor (b. 76)
- 1099 - El Cid, of Castile (b. 1044)
- 1103 - King Eric I of Denmark
- 1298 - King Ladislaus IV of Hungary (b. 1262)
- 1460 - Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, English military leader (b. 1402)
- 1480 - King René I of Naples (b. 1410)
- 1559 - King Henry II of France (b. 1519)
- 1584 - William I of Orange (b. 1533)
- 1590 - Archduke Charles II of Austria (b. 1540)
- 1594 - Paolo Bellasio, Italian composer (b. 1554)
- 1621 - Karel Bonaventura Buquoy, French soldier (b. 1571)
- 1653 - Gabriel Naudé, French librarian and scholar (b. 1600)
- 1680 - Louis Moréri, French encyclopedist (b. 1643)
- 1683 - François-Eudes de Mézeray, French historian (b. 1610)
- 1686 - John Fell, English churchman (b. 1625)
- 1776 - Richard Peters, English-born clergyman (b. 1704)
- 1806 - George Stubbs, British painter (b. 1724)
- 1884 - Paul Morphy, American chess player (b. 1837)
- 1908 - Phoebe Knapp, American hymn writer (b. 1839)
- 1920 - Jackie Fisher, British admiral (b. 1841)
- 1941 - Jelly Roll Morton, American musician (b. 1890)
- 1978 - John D Rockefeller III, American businessman (b. 1906)
- 1978 - Joe Davis, English snooker player (b. 1901)
- 1979 - Arthur Fiedler, American conductor (b. 1894)
- 1987 - John Hammond, American record producer (b. 1910)
- 1989 - Mel Blanc, American voice actor (b. 1908)
- 2003 - Winston Graham, English writer (b. 1908)
- 2003 - Hartley Shawcross, British prosecutor at the Nuremberg Trials (b. 1902)
- 2005 - A.J. Quinnell, English writer (b. 1940)
- 2005 - Freda Wright-Sorce, American radio performer (b. 1955)
- 2005 - Freddy Soto, American comedian and actor (b. 1970)

Holidays and observances


- Bahamas - Independence Day
- Silence Day - celebrated by followers of Meher Baba
- Mauritania - Armed Forces Day
- Ancient Latvia - Septinu Bralu Diena observed
- New Zealand - Rainbow Warrior Commemmoration

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/10 BBC: On This Day] ---- July 9 - July 11 - June 10 - August 10 -- listing of all days ko:7월 10일 ms:10 Julai ja:7月10日 simple:July 10 th:10 กรกฎาคม

1934

1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar).

Events

January-April


- January 1 - Alcatraz becomes a federal prison.
- January 1 - Nazi Germany passes the "Law for the Prevention of Genetically Diseased Offspring."
- January 7 - First Flash Gordon comic strip is published.
- January 10 - Execution of Marinus van der Lubbe
- January 24 - Einstein visits White House
- January 26 - The Apollo Theater opens in Harlem, New York City.
- February 9 - Gaston Doumergue forms a new government in France
- February 12 - The Export-Import Bank is incorporated.
- February 12 to February 16 - Austrian Civil War
- February 23 - Léopold III becomes King of Belgium.
- March 1 - Manchuria becomes Manchukuo
- March 3 - John Dillinger escapes from jail in Crown Point, Indiana, using a wooden pistol
- March 8 - Prince Sigvard of Sweden loses his titles because of his marriage
- March 20 - All the police forces in Germany come under command of Heinrich Himmler
- April 1 - Clyde Barrow and Henry Methvin kill two young highway patrolmen near Grapevine, Texas.
- April 6 - Rudyard Kipling and William Butler Yeats are awarded the Gothenburg Prize for Poetry.
- April 19 - Surgeon R.K. Wilson allegedly takes a photograph of the Loch Ness Monster.
- April 22 - John Dillinger and two others shoot their way out of the FBI ambush in northern Wisconsin

May-June


- May 7 - Pearl of Lao-Tze, 24 x 14 cm, is found in a giant clam off Palawan, Philippines
- May 11 - Dust Bowl: A strong two-day dust storm removes massive amounts of Great Plains topsoil in one of the worst dust storms of the Dust Bowl.
- May 15 - The United States Department of Justice offers a $25,000 reward for John Dillinger.
- May 15 - Kārlis Ulmanis establishes an authoritarian government in Latvia.
- May 23 - Near their hide-out in Black Lake, Louisiana, FBI men ambush bank robbers Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow and fire, killing them.
- May 24 - Tomás Masaryk re-elected president of Czechoslovakia
- May 28 - Near Callander, Ontario, the Dionne quintuplets are born to Olivia and Elzire Dionne later becoming the first quintuplets to survive infancy.
- June 6 - New Deal: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Securities Exchange Act into law, establishing the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
- June 9 - Release of the animated short The Wise Little Hen, directed by Bert Gillett for the Silly Symphonies series, featuring the debut of Donald Duck.
- June 10 - Italy beat Czechoslovakia 2-1 after extra time to win the 1934 World Cup.
- June 12 - Political parties banned in Bulgaria
- June 27 - Emir of Yemen and ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia conclude a peace treaty
- June 30 - The Nazi SA camp Oranienburg becomes national camp, taken over by the SS.
- June 30 - Night of the Long Knives - Nazis purge the SA

July-September


- July 10 - German social democrat and author Erich Mühsam killed in Oranienburg concentration camp
- July 17 - Supreme court of North Dakota declares lieutenant governor of the state, Ole Olsen, the legitimate governor and tells William Langer to resign. Langer proceeds to declare North Dakota independent. He revokes the declaration after the Supreme Court justices meet him
- July 19 - Francisco Sá Carneiro, Prime Minister of Portugal (1980; died in office).
- July 22 - Outside Chicago, Illinois's Biograph Theatre, "Public Enemy No. 1" John Dillinger is mortally wounded by FBI agents.
- July 25 - Austrian Nazis assassinate chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss during a failed coup attempt.
- August 2 - Adolf Hitler becomes Führer of Germany, becoming head of state as well as Chancellor.
- August 19 - The first All-American Soap Box Derby is held in Dayton, Ohio.
- September 8 - Off the New Jersey coast, a fire aboard the passenger liner Morro Castle kills 134 people.
- September 19 - Soviet Union joins the League of Nations
- September 21 - Hurricane in Honshu, Japan - 4000 dead
- November 27 - A running gun battle between FBI agents and bank robber Baby Face Nelson results in the death of one FBI agent and the mortal wounding of special agent Sam Cowley, who is still able to mortally shoot Nelson.
- September 28 - Afghanistan joins the League of Nations
- September 28 - Trial for the custody of young Gloria Vanderbilt begins - it lasts seven weeks and ends with a compromise
- September 29 - Stanley Matthews makes his England debut, beginning a record 23-year international career

October-December


- October 2 - Tornado in Osaka and Kyoto and destroys the rice harvest - 1660 dead, 5400 injured
- October 6 - Catalonian separatists rebel
- October 9 - King Alexander of Yugoslavia and French foreign minister Louis Barthou are assassinated during the king's state visit in Marseille
- October 16 - The Long March of Chinese communists begins
- November 13 - Italian government decrees that teachers must use a military or party uniform in a class
- November 21 - MCC makes an ultimately controversial decision to alter the lbw rule so a batsman can be lbw to a ball pitching outside off stump. The change is later blamed for many problems developing during the 1950s - primarily negative bowling outside leg stump to a field of short-leg fieldsmen.
- November 23 - An Anglo-Ethiopian boundary commission in the Ogaden discovers an Italian garrison at Walwal, which lay well within Ethiopian territory. This encounter leads to the Abyssinia Crisis.
- December 1 - In the Soviet Union, Politburo member Sergei Kirov is shot dead at the Communist Party headquarters in Leningrad by Leonid Nikolayev (it is widely thought that Soviet leader Joseph Stalin ordered this murder).
- December 5 - Abyssinia Crisis: Ethiopian and Italian troops exchange gunfire. Reported casualties for the Ethiopians are 150, and for the Italians 50.
- December 14 - Female suffrage in Turkey
- December 18 - Low-key fascist conference in Moreaux
- December 27 - Persia becomes Iran
- December 29 - Japan renounces the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 and the London Naval Treaty of 1930.

Unknown dates


- The sonoluminescence effect is discovered.
- First Jay Gordon record is made.
- The GPU becomes the NKVD.
- The Maginot Line is finished.
- Abidjan becomes the capital of the French colony of Côte d'Ivoire.

Births

January


- January 7 - Charlie Jenkins, American runner
- January 9 - Bart Starr, American football player
- January 11 - Jean Chrétien, Prime Minister of Canada
- January 16 - Marilyn Horne, American mezzo-soprano
-