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George Salmon

George Salmon

George Salmon (September 25, 1819 - January 22, 1904) was an Irish mathematician and theologian[http://turnbull.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Miscellaneous/other_links/Salmon_theology.html]. Salmon was an algebraic geometer and discovered, with Cayley, the 27 lines on the cubic surface. He worked at Trinity College Dublin, was a contemporary of Hamilton and MacCullage, he was also provost of the College and achieve long term notoriety through his strong opposition to women students. After 1874 he had reached a point where he felt he likely had little to add to math. From here on most of his writing concerns theology. These concerned the nature of the Church of Ireland, eternal punishment, and whether miracles existed. He eventually became chancellor of St. Patrick's Cathedral. Salmon was born in Cork, Ireland. [http://turnbull.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Salmon.html Biography] from the St Andrew's mathematical biography site. Salmon, George Salmon, George Salmon, George Salmon, George Salmon, George Salmon Salmon, George

September 25

September 25 is the 268th day of the year (269th in leap years). There are 97 days remaining.

Events

- 275 - M. Claudius Tacitus is appointed Roman emperor by the senate
- 303 - On a voyage preaching the gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France.
- 1066 - The Battle of Stamford Bridge marks the end of the Viking era.
- 1396 - Ottoman Emperor Beyazid I defeats a Christian army at the Battle of Nicopolis.
- 1513 - Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa reached the Pacific Ocean.
- 1555 - The Peace of Augsburg is signed in Augsburg by Charles V and the princes of the Schmalkaldic League.
- 1690 - "Publick Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestick", the first newspaper published in the Americas, published for the first and only time.
- 1789 - The Congressional Apportionment Amendment to the United States Constitution is proposed at the U.S. Congress.
- 1804 - The Teton Sioux (a subdivison of the Lakota) demand one of the boats from the Corps of Discovery as a toll for moving further upriver.
- 1846 - U.S. forces led by Zachary Taylor captured the Mexican city of Monterrey.
- 1890 - Yosemite National Park established in California.
- 1912 - Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism is founded in New York,_New York.
- 1929 - Jimmy Doolittle performs the first blind flight from General Mitchell leading to the development of Instrument Flying.
- 1955 - The Royal Jordanian Air Force is founded.
- 1959 - Solomon Bandaranaike, prime minister of Sri Lanka is assassinated by a Buddhist monk, Talduwe Somarama, and dies the next day.
- 1957 - Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, is integrated through the use of United States Army troops.
- 1962 - The People's Democratic Republic of Algeria is formally proclaimed. Ferhat Abbas is elected President of the provisional government.
- 1972 - In the Norwegian EC referendum, 1972, the people of Norway reject membership.
- 1978 - PSA Flight 182, a Boeing 727-214, collides in mid-air with a Cessna 172 and crashes in San Diego, California, resulting in the deaths of 144 people.
- 1980 - The first congress of the Democratic Youth Organization of Afghanistan held in Kabul.
- 1981 - Sandra Day O'Connor was the 102nd Justice sworn in as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, the first woman to hold the office.
- 1996 - The last of the Magdalen Asylums was closed in Ireland.
- 1998 - A Pauknair BAE146 crashes into hillside in Morocco killing 38.
- 2002 - The Vitim event, a possible bolide impact in Siberia, Russia.
- 2003 - A magnitude-8.0 earthquake strikes just offshore of Hokkaido, Japan.
- 2005 - Fernando Alonso wins his first Formula 1 World Drivers Championship by finishing 3rd in the Brazilian Grand Prix.
- 2005 - Pinoy Big Brother suspended from Filipino television for broadcasting scenes of a sexual nature by the Filipino television council.

Births

- 1358 - Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, Japanese shogun (b. 1408)
- 1525 - Steven Borough, English explorer (d. 1584)
- 1599 - Francesco Borromini, Swiss sculptor (d. 1667)
- 1644 - Ole Rømer, Danish astronomer (d. 1710)
- 1683 - Jean-Philippe Rameau, French composer (d. 1764)
- 1694 - Henry Pelham, Prime Minister of Great Britain (d. 1754)
- 1711 - Qianlong Emperor of China (d. 1799)
- 1725 - Nicolas Joseph Cugnot, French automobile pioneer (d. 1804)
- 1738 - Nicholas Van Dyke, American lawyer and President of Delaware (d. 1789)
- 1764 - Fletcher Christian, English Bounty mutineer (d. 1793)
- 1773 - Agostino Bassi, Italian entomologist (d. 1856)
- 1782 - Charles Robert Maturin, Irish playwright and novelist (d. 1824)
- 1796 - Antoine-Louis Barye, French sculptor (d. 1875)
- 1862 - Billy Hughes, seventh Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1952)
- 1866 - Thomas Morgan, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1945)
- 1881 - Lu Xun, Chinese writer (d. 1936)
- 1896 - Sandro Pertini, President of the Italian Republic (d. 1990)
- 1897 - William Faulkner, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1962)
- 1898 - Robert Brackman American artist (d. 1980)
- 1903 - Mark Rothko, Latvian-born painter (d. 1970)
- 1906 - Dmitri Shostakovich, Russian composer (d. 1975)
- 1917 - Johnny Sain, baseball player
- 1918 - Phil Rizzuto, baseball player and announcer
- 1920 - Sergei Bondarchuk, Ukrainian-born actor (d. 1994)
- 1921 - Sir Robert Muldoon, Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1992)
- 1922 - Hammer DeRoburt, first President of Nauru (d. 1992)
- 1926 - Aldo Ray, American actor (d. 1991)
- 1927 - Sir Colin Davis, English conductor
- 1929 - Ronnie Barker, British comedian and actor (d. 2005)
- 1930 - Shel Silverstein, American humorist and author (d. 1999)
- 1931 - Barbara Walters, American broadcaster
- 1932 - Glenn Gould, Canadian pianist and composer (d. 1982)
- 1932 - Adolfo Suárez, Prime Minister of Spain
- 1933 - Hubie Brown, American basketball coach and broadcaster
- 1936 - Juliet Prowse, British actress and dancer (d. 1996)
- 1938 - Jonathan Motzfeldt, first Prime Minister of Greenland
- 1943 - Robert Gates, American director of the Central Intelligence Agency
- 1944 - Michael Douglas, American actor and producer
- 1944 - Doris Matsui, U.S. Congresswoman from California
- 1946 - Felicity Kendal, British actress
- 1947 - Cheryl Tiegs, American model
- 1947 - Russ Abbott, British actor and singer
- 1951 - Mark Hamill, American actor
- 1952 - Christopher Reeve, American actor and activist (d. 2004)
- 1952 - Anson Williams, American actor and director
- 1958 - Michael Madsen, American actor
- 1961 - Heather Locklear, American actress and model
- 1962 - Aida Turturro, American actress
- 1965 - Scottie Pippen, American basketball player
- 1968 - Will Smith, American actor and rapper
- 1969 - Hansie Cronje, South African cricketer
- 1969 - Catherine Zeta-Jones, Welsh actress
- 1970 - Dean Ween, American musician (Ween)
- 1971 - John Lynch, American football player
- 1971 - Hal Sparks, American actor
- 1975 - Declan Donnelly, English television presenter
- 1975 - Matt Hasselbeck, American football player
- 1976 - Chauncey Billups, American basketball player
- 1978 - Ricardo Gardner, Jamaican footballer
- 1978 - Jodie Kidd, English model

Deaths

- 1066 - Killed at the Battle of Stamford Bridge:
- Tostig Godwinson, Earl of Northumbria
- Harald III of Norway (b. 1015)
- 1086 - William VIII, Duke of Aquitaine (b. 1025)
- 1333 - Prince Morikuni, Japanese shogun (b. 1301)
- 1496 - Piero Capponi, Italian soldier and statesman (b. 1447)
- 1506 - King Philip I of Castile (b. 1478)
- 1534 - Pope Clement VII (b. 1478)
- 1536 - Johannes Secundus, Dutch poet (b. 1511)
- 1602 - Caspar Peucer, German reformer (b. 1525)
- 1617 - Emperor Go-Yozei of Japan, (b. 1617)
- 1626 - Lancelot Andrewes, English scholar and Bishop of the Church of England (b. 1555)
- 1630 - Ambrosio Spinola, marqués de los Balbases, Spanish general (b. 1569)
- 1665 - Maria Anna of Austria (b. 1610)
- 1703 - Archibald Campbell, 1st Duke of Argyll, Scottish privy councillor (b. 1658)
- 1774 - John Bradstreet, Canadian-born soldier (b. 1714)
- 1791 - William Bradford, American printer (b. 1719)
- 1792 - Adam Gottlob Moltke, Danish statesman (b. 1710)
- 1794 - Paul Rabaut, French Huguenot pastor (b. 1718)
- 1825 - Joachim Heer, Swiss politician (b. 1879)
- 1849 - Johann Strauss, Senior, Austrian composer (b. 1804)
- 1867 - Oliver Loving, American pioneer rancher (b. 1812)
- 1905 - Jacques Marie Eugène Godefroy Cavaignac, French politician (b. 1853)
- 1970 - Erich Maria Remarque, German author (b. 1898)
- 1979 - Tapio Rautavaara, Finniah athlete, actor, and singer (b. 1915)
- 1980 - John Bonham, British drummer (Led Zeppelin) (b. 1948)
- 1980 - Lewis Milestone, Moldovan film director (b. 1895)
- 1980 - Marie Under, Estonian author and poet (b. 1883)
- 1983 - King Léopold III of Belgium (b. 1901)
- 1984 - Walter Pidgeon, Canadian actor (b. 1897)
- 1986 - Nikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov, Russian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1896)
- 1987 - Mary Astor, American actress (b. 1906)
- 1987 - Emlyn Williams, Welsh actor (b. 1905)
- 1996 - Nicu Ceauşescu, Romanian politician (b. 1951)
- 1997 - Jean Françaix, French composer (b. 1912)
- 1999 - Marion Zimmer Bradley, American writer (b. 1930)
- 2000 - R. S. Thomas, Welsh poet (b. 1913)
- 2003 - Aquila al-Hashimi, Iraqi politician
- 2003 - Herb Gardner, American playwright (b. 1934)
- 2003 - Franco Modigliani, Italian-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1918)
- 2003 - George Plimpton, American writer and actor (b. 1927)
- 2005 - Don Adams, American actor (b. 1923)
- 2005 - George Archer, American golfer (b. 1939)
- 2005 - M. Scott Peck, American psychiatrist and writer (b. 1936)
- 2005 - Friedrich Peter, Austrian poltitician (b. 1921)

Holidays and observances

- R.C. Saints - Virgin of Fuencisla; Saint Finbarr Also see September 25 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Mozambique - Armed Forces Day

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/25 BBC: On This Day] ---- September 24 · September 26 · August 25 · October 25 · more historical anniversaries ko:9월 25일 ja:9月25日 simple:September 25 th:25 กันยายน

1819

1819 common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar).

Events

- January 17 - Simón Bolívar proclaims the Republic of Gran Colombia
- January 29 - Sir Stamford Raffles lands on the island of Singapore
- February 6 - Formal treaty between Sultan Hussein of Johor and the British Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles originates Singapore
- February 15 - The United States House of Representatives agrees to Tallmadge Amendment to bar slaves from new state of Missouri--opening vote in controversy that leads to Missouri Compromise
- February 22 - Spain cedes Florida to the United States. (See Adams-Onís Treaty)
- March 1 - USS Columbus launched
- March 20 – Burlington Arcade opened in London
- May 22 - The SS Savannah leaves port at Savannah, Georgia on a voyage to become the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean. The ship will arrive at Liverpool, England on June 20
- August 6 Norwich University founded by Captain Alden Partridge in Vermont as the first private military school in the United States
- August 7 – Battle of Boyacá in Colombia – Simón Bolívar wins
- August 16 - Peterloo massacre in St. Peter's Field, Manchester, UK. Cavalry charge into a crowd of protesters causes deaths of 400.
- December 14 - Alabama is admitted as the 22nd U.S. state.

Month/day unknown

- Panic of 1819 - first major financial crisis in the United States
- 'Ai Noa in Hawaii.
- French paradox first identified.
- Physician Dr. Thomas Sewall convicted on multiple counts of grave robbing in Massachusetts.

Births

- February 8 - John Ruskin, English writer, artist, and social critic (d. 1900)
- February 11 - Samuel Parkman Tuckerman, American composer (d. 1890)
- February 14 - Joshua A. Norton, self-proclaimed "Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico"
- February 20 - Alfred Escher, Swiss politician, railroad entrepreneur (d. 1882)
- February 22 - James Russell Lowell, American poet and essayist (d. 1891)
- March 3 - Gustave de Molinari, Belgian economist (d. 1912)
- April 4 - Queen Maria II of Portugal (d. 1853)
- April 9 - Annibale de Gasparis, Italian astronomer (d. 1892)
- April 11 - Charles Hallé, German pianist and conductor (d. 1895)
- April 18 - Franz von Suppé, Austrian composer (d. 1895)
- April 28 - Ezra Abbot, American Biblical scholar (d. 1884)
- May 5 - Stanisław Moniuszko, Polish composer (d. 1872)
- May 24 - Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom (d. 1901)
- May 31 - Walt Whitman, American poet (d. 1892)
- June 5 - John Couch Adams, English astronomer (d. 1892)
- June 10 - Gustave Courbet, French painter (d. 1877)
- June 20 - Jacques Offenbach, German-born composer (d. 1880)
- July 19 - Gottfried Keller, Swiss writer (d. 1890)
- August 1 - Richard Dadd, British painter (d. 1886)
- August 1 - Herman Melville, American novelist (d. 1891)
- August 13 - Sir George Gabriel Stokes, Irish mathematician and physicist (d. 1903)
- August 25 - Allan Pinkerton, American detective (d. 1884)
- August 26 - Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Prince Consort to Queen Victoria (d. 1861)
- September 13 - Clara Schumann, German composer and pianist (d. 1896)
- September 17 - Thomas Hendricks, Vice President of the United States (d. 1885)
- September 22 - Wilhelm Wattenbach, German historian (d. 1897)
- October 20 - The Báb, Persian founder of the Bábi Faith (d. 1850)
- November 22 - George Eliot, British novelist (d. 1880)
- December 30 - Theodor Fontane, German writer (d. 1898)
- Felice Orsini, Italian revolutionary (d. 1858)

Deaths

- July 1 - Jemima Wilkinson, American preacher (b. 1754)
- August 19 - James Watt, Scottish inventor (b. 1736)
- August 23 - Oliver Hazard Perry, American naval officer (b. 1785)
- September 12 - Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, Prussian general (b. 1742)
- December 5 - Friedrich Leopold Graf zu Stolberg, German poet (b. 1750)
- December 19 - Sir Thomas Fremantle, English naval officer and politician (b. 1765)
- Kamehameha I, King of Hawaii Category:1819 ko:1819년 ms:1819

1904

1904 (MCMIV) is a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar).

Events

January-March

- January 7 - The distress signal CQD is established only to be replaced two years later by SOS.
- February 7 - The Great Baltimore Fire in Baltimore, Maryland destroys over 1,500 buildings in 30 hours.
- February 8 - Japanese surprise attack on Port Arthur (Lushun) starts Russo-Japanese War
- February 10 – Roger Casement publishes his account of Belgian atrocities in Congo
- February 23 - For $10 million the United States gains control of the Panama Canal Zone.
- March 3 - Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany becomes the first person to make a political recording of a document, using Thomas Edison's cylinder.
- March 4 - Russo-Japanese War: Russian troops in Korea retreat toward Manchuria followed by 100,000 Japanese troops.
- March 8 – The first tunnel beneath the Hudson River completed
- March 21 – Battle of Chumik Shenko – British under general Francis Younghusband defeat ill-equipped Tibetan troops.

April-June

- April 8 - Entente Cordiale signed between the UK and France.
- April 8 - Longacre Square in Midtown Manhattan is renamed Times Square after The New York Times.
- April 8, April 9, and April 10 - Aleister Crowley receives The Book of the Law in Cairo, Egypt.
- April 18 – Hurricane in Goliad, Texas kills 114.
- April 27 - The Australian Labor Party becomes the first such party to gain national government, under Chris Watson.
- April 30 - Louisiana Purchase Exposition World's Fair opens in Saint Louis, Missouri (closes December 1)
- May 4 - First Rolls-Royce manufactured
- May 5 - Pitching against the Philadelphia Athletics at the Huntington Avenue Grounds, Cy Young of the Boston Americans threw the first perfect game in the modern era of baseball.
- May 18 - in Paris, 12 nations sign the International Agreement for the Suppression of the White Slave Trade
- June 15 - A fire aboard the steamboat General Slocum in New York City's East River kills 1000.
- June 16 - Eugen Schauman assassinates Nikolai Bobrikov, Governor-General of Finland.
- June 16 - Leopold Bloom walks through Dublin (First Bloomsday).

July-December

- July 21 - Trans-Siberian railway completed
- July 23 - In St. Louis, Missouri, Charles E. Menches invents the ice cream cone during the Louisiana Purchase Exposition.
- August 3 - A British expedition under colonel Francis Younghusband takes Lhasa in Tibet
- August 17 – Japanese infantry charge fails to take Port Arthur.
- August 18 - Chris Watson resigns as Prime Minister of Australia and is succeeded by George Reid.
- September 7 - Fire spreads over downtown Baltimore in USA - 1500 buildings destroyed, no known fatalities.
- September 7 - Dalai Lama signs the Anglo-Tibetan Treaty with colonel Francis Younghusband
- October 21 - Russian Baltic Fleet fires on British trawlers it mistakes for Japanese torpedo boats in the North Sea, in what would be known as the Dogger Bank incident.
- October 27 - The first underground line of the New York City Subway opens (IRT); the system is now the largest in the United States, and one of the largest in the world.
- November 4 - In Florence, Italy, the Arno River floods.
- November 8 - Theodore Roosevelt defeats Alton B. Parker in the U.S. presidential election
- November 24 - The first successful caterpillar track is made (it would later revolutionize construction vehicles and land warfare).
- December 2 - St. Petersburg Soviet urges run on the banks. Attempt fails and the executive committee is arrested
- December 27 - The stage play Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up premiered in London
- December 31 - The first New Year's Eve celebration is held in Times Square, then known as Longacre Square, in New York, New York.

Unknown dates

- Ismael Montes becomes president of Bolivia.
- Herero Wars begin.
- The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints President Joseph F. Smith issues a "Second Manifesto" against polygamy.
- 1904-1905 Welsh Revival- Christian revival breaks out in Wales.
- Subject of alcohol and heart attacks first investigated.

Births

January-February

- January 1 - Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry, Pakistani politician (d. 1982)
- January 3 - Jeane Dixon, American astrologer (d. 1997)
- January 10 - Ray Bolger, American actor, singer, and dancer (d. 1987)
- January 14 - Cecil Beaton, English photographer (d. 1980)
- January 18 - Cary Grant, English actor (d. 1986)
- January 22 - George Balanchine, Russian-born choreographer (d. 1983)
- January 22 - Arkady Gaidar, Russian children's writer (d. 1941)
- January 26 - Ancel Keys, American scientist (d, 2004)
- January 26 - Seán MacBride, Irish statesman, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1988)
- January 29 - Arnold Gehlen, German philosopher (d. 1976)
- January 29 - Luigi Nono, Italian composer (d. 1990)
- February 1 - S. J. Perelman, American humorist and author (d. 1979)
- February 3 - Luigi Dallapiccola, Italian composer (d. 1975)
- February 3 - Pretty Boy Floyd, American gangster (d. 1934)
- February 4 - MacKinlay Kantor, American writer and historian (d. 1977)
- February 11 - Sir Keith Holyoake, Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1983)
- February 16 - George F. Kennan, American diplomat (d. 2005)
- February 20 - Aleksei Kosygin, Premier of the Soviet Union (d. 1980)
- February 29 - Jimmy Dorsey, American bandleader (d. 1957)

March-April

- March 1 - Glenn Miller, American bandleader (d. 1944)
- March 2 - Dr. Seuss, American author (d. 1991)
- March 4 - George Gamow, Ukrainian-born physicist (d. 1968)
- March 6 - Joseph Schmidt, Austrian tenor (d. 1942)
- March 7 - Reinhard Heydrich, Nazi official (d. 1942)
- March 20 - B. F. Skinner, American behavioral psychologist (d. 1990)
- March 26 - Joseph Campbell, American author on mythology (d. 1987)
- March 26 - Xenophon Zolotas, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 2004)
- April 3 - Sally Rand, American dancer and actress (d. 1979)
- April 7 - Ralph Bunche, American diplomat, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1971)
- April 8 - John Hicks, English economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1989)
- April 9 - Sharkey Bonano, American jazz musician (d. 1972)
- April 14 - Sir John Gielgud, English actor (d. 2000)
- April 16 - Fifi D'Orsay, Canadian actress (d. 1983)
- April 22 - Robert Oppenheimer, American physicist (d. 1967)
- April 24 - Willem de Kooning, Dutch artist (d. 1997)
- April 26 - Jimmy McGrory, Scottish footballer (d. 1982)
- April 27 - Cecil Day-Lewis, English poet (d. 1972)

May-July

- May 6 - Moshe Feldenkrais, Ukrainian-born engineer (d. 1984)
- May 6 - Harry Martinson, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1978)
- May 11 - Salvador Dalí, Spanish artist (d. 1989)
- May 17 - Jean Gabin, French actor (d. 1976)
- May 21 - Fats Waller, American pianist and comedian (d. 1943)
- May 21 - Robert Montgomery, American actor and director (d. 1981)
- May 27 - Chuhei Nambu, Japanese athlete (d. 1997)
- June 2 - Frantisek Planicka, Czech footballer (d. 1996)
- June 2 - Johnny Weissmuller, American swimmer and actor (d. 1984)
- June 3 - Jan Peerce, American tenor (d. 1984)
- June 26 - Peter Lorre, Austria-Hugarian-born film actor (d. 1964)
- July 5 - Ernst Mayr, German-born biologist and author (d. 2005)
- July 12 - Pablo Neruda, Chilean poet, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1973)
- July 17 - Tsarevich Alexei of Russia (d. 1918)
- July 28 - Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1990)
- July 31 - Brett Halliday, American writer (d. 1977)

August-December

- August 4 - Witold Gombrowicz, Polish novelist and dramatist (d. 1969)
- August 7 - Ralph Bunche, American diplomat, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1971)
- August 16 - Wendell Meredith Stanley, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971)
- August 17 - Leopold Nowak, Austrian musicologist (d. 1991)
- August 21 - Count Basie, American musician and bandleader (d. 1984)
- August 22 - Deng Xiaoping, de facto Chinese leader (d. 1997)
- August 23 - Thelma Morgan, Viscountess Furness, American socialite twin (d. 1970)
- August 23 - Gloria Morgan-Vanderbilt, American socialite twin (d. 1965)
- August 28 - Secondo Campini, Italian jet pioneer (d. 1980)
- August 29 - Werner Forssmann, German physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1979)
- September 9 - Feroze Khan, Pakistani field hockey player (d. 2005)
- September 22 - Joseph Valachi, gangster (d. 1971)
- September 29 - Greer Garson, English actress (d. 1996)
- October 1 - A.K. Gopalan, Indian communist leader (d. 1977)
- October 3 - Charles J. Pedersen, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1989)
- October 23 - Harvey Penick, American golfer (d. 1995)
- October 25 - Vladimir Peter Tytla, American animator (d. 1968)
- November 2 - Louis Eugène Félix Néel, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2000)
- November 11 - J. H. C. Whitehead, British mathematician (d. 1960)
- November 12 - Jacques Tourneur, French director (d. 1977)
- November 14 - Dick Powell, American actor and singer (d. 1963)
- November 14 - Michael Ramsey, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1988)
- November 25 - Lillian Copeland, American athlete (d. 1964)
- November 30 - Clyfford Still, American painter (d. 1980)
- December 12 - Baron Nicolas de Gunzburg, magazine editor, socialite (d. 1981)
- December 18 - George Stevens, American film director (d. 1975)
- December 25 - Gerhard Herzberg, German-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999)
- December 26 - Alejo Carpentier, Cuban writer (d. 1980)
- December 30 - Dmitri Borisovich Kabalevsky, Russian composer (d. 1987)

Unknown dates

- Gustave Biéler, Swiss-born hero of World War II (executed) (d. 1944)
- Bernard Castro, Italian inventor (d. 1991)
- J. J. Gibson, Gay psychologist (d. 1979)

Deaths

- January 2 - James Longstreet, American Confederate general (b. 1821)
- January 20 - Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, Russian chemist (b. 1834)
- March 5 - John Lowther du Plat Taylor, British founder of the Army Post Office Corps (b. 1829)
- May 1 - Antonin Dvorak, Czech composer (b. 1841)
- May 19 - Auguste Molinier, French historian (b. 1851)
- June 4 - George Frederick Phillips, Canadian-born military hero (b. 1862)
- July 3 - Theodor Herzl, Austrian founder of Zionism (b. 1860)
- July 5 - Abai Kunanbaiuli, Kazakh poet (b. 1845)
- July 14 - Anton Chekhov, Russian writer (b. 1860)
- July 14 - Paul Kruger, South African resistance leader (b. 1825)
- July 22 - Wilson Barrett, English actor (b. 1846)
- August 6 - Eduard Hanslick, Austrian music critic (b. 1825)
- August 22 - Kate Chopin, American author (b. 1851)
- August 25 - Henri Fantin-Latour, French painter (b. 1836)
- August 29 - Murad V, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1840)
- September 25 - Niels Ryberg Finsen, Danish physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1860)
- September 26 - John F. Stairs, Canadian businessman and statesman (b. 1848)
- October 4 - Frédéric Bartholdi, Alsatian sculptor (b. 1834)

Nobel Prizes

- Physics - The Lord Rayleigh
- Chemistry - Sir William Ramsay
- Physiology or Medicine - Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
- Literature - Frédéric Mistral, José Echegaray Y Eizaguirre
- Peace - Institut De Droit International Category:1904 ko:1904년 ms:1904 ja:1904年 simple:1904 th:พ.ศ. 2447

Irish ethnicity

Irish ethnicity is common in many western, especially commonwealth, countries. Many people are descended from Irish emigrants.

Descent

On the island of Ireland, most people consider themselves to be descended from a mixture of three broad groups: the nameless, prehistoric indigenous people(s) of the isles; the successive waves from continental Europe who arrived in the centuries BC, particularly the Celts; and subsequent groups (Vikings, Normans, English and Lowland Scots) who either invaded or settled Ireland from the Middle Ages onwards. The names the ancient peoples of Ireland (creators of the Ceide Fields and Newgrange) used for themselves are not known, nor are their language(s). As late as the middle centuries of the first millennium AD the inhabitants of Ireland did not appear to have a collective name for themselves. Ireland itself was known by a number of different names – Banba, Fódla, Ériu by the islanders; Hibernia to the Romans; Ierne to the Greeks. Likewise, the terms for people from Ireland – all from Roman sources – in the late Roman era were varied. They included Attacotti, Scoti, and Gael. This last word, derived from the Welsh gwyddell (meaning raiders), was eventually adopted by the Irish for themselves. However as a term it is on a par with Viking, as it describes an activity (raiding, piracy) and its proponents, not their actual ethnic affiliations. The general term Briton was sometimes applied to all the indigenous inhabitants of Britannias and Britanniae (i.e. of the British Isles) by the Romans. The term Irish and Ireland is derived from the Érainn, a people who once lived in what is now central and south Munster. Possibly their proximity to overseas trade with western Britain, Gaul and Hispania led to the name of this one people to be applied to the whole island and its inhabitants. As may be perceived from the above, there was much ethnic diversity according to the historical inhabitants of Ireland. Or at the very least they perceived the situation as such. They included the Airgialla, Fir Ol nEchmacht, Delbhna, Fir Bolg, Érainn, Éoganacht, Mairtine, Conmaicne, Soghain and Ulaid. However, as the earliest Irish records demonstrate that they all shared a collective language and culture, in most cases these divisions may have been more apparent than real. Doubtless in many cases the divisions were of a purely dynastic or political dynamic. The shared language and culture of these peoples is one that can be placed within the realm of the Celtic/Indo-European peoples. Yet intriguingly, recent Y-chromosome (male descent) DNA studies have shown that most Irish people (in addition to the Welsh, some Highland Scots and to a much lesser degree, some lowland Scots and English) are close genetic relatives of the Basque people, setting them all apart from most European peoples (mtDNA, or female descent shows their maternal ancestors to be of broad north European origin). No fully satisfactory explanation for this apparent contradiction between ethnic origins on the one hand, and language/culture on the other, has yet been put forth. The Vikings were mainly Danes and Norwegians and despite their notorious reputation in Irish history, did not settle in particularly large numbers nor did they significantly alter the Irish polity. The arrival of the Normans brought Welsh, Flemish, Normans, Anglo-Saxons and Bretons, many of whom suffered the same fate as the Vikings, being assimilated in great numbers into Irish culture and polity by the 15th century. The late medieval era saw Scots gallowglass families of mixed Scots-Norse-Pict descent settle, mainly in the north; due to similarities of language and culture they too were assimilated. The Plantation of Ulster in the 17th century introduced great numbers of Scots, English as well as French Huguenots. Despite these divergent backgrounds most of their descendants consider themselves Irish first and last – even where they are aware of such ancestry – mainly due to their lengthy presence in Ireland. Historically, religion has played a more divisive role than ethnicity. It is thought that the majority of the Irish population is descended from the initial settlers who arrived after the end of the last Ice Age.

Surnames

:See also: Irish name It is common for some Irish surnames to be anglicised, meaning that they were changed to sound more English. This usually occurred with Irish immigrants arriving in the United States during the 19th and early 20th centuries. It is also very common for people of Gaelic origin to have surnames beginning with "O" or "Mc" (less frequently "Mac" and occasionally shortened to just "Ma" at the beginning of the name). "O" comes from Ua (originally hUa), which means "grandson", or "descendant" of a named person. For example, the descendants of High King of Ireland Brian Boru were known as the O'Brien clan. "Mc" and "Mac", both Irish and Scottish surname prefixes (the Irish and Highland Scots sharing a similar Gaelic heritage), meant "son of"; many names also begin with this. Some common surnames that begin with O are: O Neill, O Brien, O Connor, O Leary, O Shaugnessy, O Donnell, O Toole, O Meara, O Malley, O Hara, and O Bradaigh. Some names that begin with Mc are: McGroyn, McGuinty, McStiofain, McDonagh, McDonald, McQuillan, McGuinness, McGonigle, McGuire and many others. "Fitz" is an Irish version of the Norman word "fis" meaning son. A few names that begin with Fitz are: FitzGerald, FitzSimmons, FitzGibbons, FitzPatrick and FitzHenry. Certain names that begin with Fitz were originally Irish, but were then Normanised through intermarriages and family alliances. For example, FitzSimmons came from MacSioman; Mac Giolla Padhraig became FitzPatrick. In the late 12th and 13th centuries Norman, Welsh, Flemish and Breton peoples arrived in Ireland at the request of King Diarmait Mac Murchada of Lenister, and took over parts of the island. During the next three hundred years, they intermarried with ruling Irish clans, adopted Irish culture and the Irish language and as the English put it "became more Irish than the Irish themselves". Viking surnames:
- Doyle (Dubh Gall)
- Harald (Haraldsson)
- Higgins (h-Uiginn, a Viking)
- MacCottor (Ottarsson)
- MacKitterick (Strigsson)
- Wood (Wode) Norman/Norman-French surnames:
- Archdecon (le Ercedekne)
- Burke (de Burgh)
- Cheevers (La Chieve)
- Courcy (de Courcy)
- Nagle (de Nagle)
- FitzGerald (fitz Gerald)
- FitzHenry (fitz Henri)
- FitzStephen (fitz Stephen)
- Lacy (de Lacy)
- Loundon (de Loudon)
- Plunkett (Blanquet)
- Wall (de Laval) Breton surnames:
- Brett (le Breton)
- Power (le Poer) Flemish surnames:
- Baldwin (Baudoin)
- Fleming (le Fleming) Welsh surnames:
- Breathnach (Welshman)
- Brannagh (Welshman)
- Caddell (ap Cadel)
- Cadogan (ap Cadwgn)
- Griffin (ap Gruffydd)
- Joyce (Sais)
- Merrick (ap Meruig)
- Penrose (ap Rhys)
- Rice (ap Rhys)
- Rerys (ap Rerys)
- Taffe (Daffydd) Anglo-Saxon:
- Ayleward (Ailwerd)
- Barrett (Barat)
- Dolphin (Dolfin)
- Lawless (laighles)
- Sherlock (scirlog)
- Skerrett (Huscarl)
- White (Fwyte) Normanised Gaelic surnames:
- FitzDermot (Mac Gilla Mo-Cholmoc)
- FitzPatrick (Mac Gilla Padraig) Gaelicised Norman-era surnames:
- Mac Oisdealbhaigh (son of Josclyn de Nangle); anglicised as Costello.
- Mac Feoris (son of Piers de Bermingham); anglicised as Corish.
- Mac Gibbon (son of Gilbert de Burgh); anglicised as Gibbons.
- Mac Seonin (son of John Oge de Burgh); anglicised as Jennings.

Recent history

In Northern Ireland almost half of the population are Protestant, whilst a large minority are Roman Catholic. After Ireland became subdued by England in 1603 the English – under James I of England (reigned 1603–25), Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell (term 1653–58), William III of England (reigned 1689–1702) and their successors – began the settling of Protestant English and later Scottish colonists into Ireland, where they settled most heavily in the northern province of Ulster. However, they did not intermarry heavily or integrate with the native Irish like the Normans did centuries earlier. Tens of thousands of native Irish were displaced during the 17th Plantations of Ireland from parts of Ulster and replaced by English and Scottish planters. It is predominately religion, history and political differences (Irish nationalism versus British unionism) that divide the two communities, as many of the Scotch-Irish settlers are of Gaelic origin themselves and therefore related to their Irish Catholic neighbours. Conversely, most Irish people would have at least some English or Scottish ancestry. In 1921, with the formation of the Irish Free State, six counties in the northeast remained in the United Kingdom as Northern Ireland. "Ulster-Irish" surnames tend to differ based on which community families originate from. Ulster Protestants tend to have either English or Scottish surnames while Irish Catholics tend to have Irish surnames, although this is not always the case.

Irish diaspora

The Irish diaspora consists of Irish emigrants and their descendants in countries such as the United States, Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, South Africa and nations of the Caribbean. The diaspora contains over 80 million people. There are also large Irish communities in some mainland European countries as well as Japan, Argentina and Brazil. The classic image of an Irish immigrant is led occasionally by racist and anti-Catholic stereotypes. Irish Americans number over 44 million. They are the second largest ethnic group in the U.S., after German Americans. Large numbers of Irish people immigrated to Latin America in the 18th and 19th centuries. Their descendents include Che Guevara and Bernardo O'Higgins.

Notable Irish people (selection)

:See List of Irish people for a more complete listing, including notable people with Irish heritage. List of Irish people
- Augusta, Lady Gregory - playwright, co-founder of Abbey Theatre, died 1932
- Brian Boru - King of Munster and High King of Ireland, killed 1014
- Saint Brigid of Ireland - Irish Goddess and Saint
- Diarmait mac Mail na mBo - King of Leinster, killed 1072
- Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, King of Dublin, ruler of the Irish Sea, died after 1061
- Johannes Scotus Eriugena, philosopher, died 877
- Maelruanaidh Mor mac Tadg, founder of the kingdom of Moylurg, fl. 956
- Niall of the Nine Hostages - ancestor of many Irish dynasties; died c.450/455
- Olaf III Guthfrithson, King of Dublin, died 941
- Bertie Ahern - Irish Taoiseach since 1997
- Matthew Aylmer, 1st Baron Aylmer - Admiral in British navy, died 1720
- John Banville - novelist
- Samuel Beckett - playwright and novelist
- Brendan Behan - Dramatist
- George Berkeley - Idealist Philosopher
- George Best - Irish Footballer (died 2005)
- Bono - Singer, political activist
- Pierce Brosnan - actor, played James Bond 1994-2005 2005 2005 2005
- Noel Browne - politician
- Ray Burke - politician
- James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde - stateman and soldier, died 1688
- Gabriel Byrne - Actor
- Gay Byrne - presenter of the Late Late Show (1962-1999)
- Roger Casement - Irish revolutionary
- Gerry Adams - President of Sinn Féin and Irish politician.
- Patrick Clancy - Member of the Clancy Brothers
- John Clyn - monk and chronicler
- William Coffey - War hero
- Michael Collins (Irish leader) - rebel and politician
- Sir Eyre Coote, Commander-in-Chief, British forces, India; died 1783
- Thomas Connellan - composer, died 1698
- The Corrs - Irish traditional/pop band
- Seamus Costello - IRA Leader
- Nadine Coyle - Singer
- Tom Crean - Antarctic explorer Tom Crean
- Daniel Day-Lewis - Award-winning actor
- Joe Duffy - radio personality.
- Val Doonican - singer
- Colin Farrell - actor, born 1976
- Rory Gallagher - influential Irish rock and blues musician
- Bob Geldof - singer and activist, born 1954
- Oliver Goldsmith - Author and playwright
- Veronica Guerin - journalist, murdered 1996
- Arthur Guinness - brewer
- William Rowan Hamilton - Major mathematician, scientist
- Bridget Dowling Hitler - sister-in-law of Adolf Hitler
- Richard Harris - actor
- Patrick Hillery - sixth president of Ireland
- James Hoban - designer of the White House, died 1831
- Eddie Irvine - race car driver
- John Joseph Hughes - first Archbishop of New York, built St. Patrick's Cathedral, born Co. Tyrone
- John Jameson (distiller) - Whiskey manufacturer
- Sir William Johnson - Indian Agent in Colonial America, died 1774
- Neil Jordan - film director
- James Joyce - Author
- Roy Keane - footballer
- Geoffrey Keating - historian, died 1643
- Francis Ledwidge - poet and political activist, killed in action 1917
- Danny La Rue - female impersonator
- Liam Lawlor - former TD and convicted criminal
- C.S. Lewis - Author
- Phil Lynott - singer-songwriter and rock star, died 1986
- Mary McAleese - President of Ireland since 1997
- Dubhaltach MacFhirbhisigh - historian and genealogist, murdered 1671 1671
- Dermot MacMurrough - King of Leinster, invited Normans to Ireland; died 1171.
- Bernadette Devlin McAliskey - Northern Irish MP
- Barry McGuigan - Featherweight champion
- Paddy Moloney - composer and founder of The Chieftains
- Van Morrison - singer-songwriter
- Christy Moore - leading Irish singer-songwriter
- Samantha Mumba - actress, pop star, model, born 1983
- Cillian Murphy - actor
- Graham Norton - TV personality and actor
- Dáibhí Ó Bruadair, one of the last of the Bardic poets, died 1698
- Turlough O'Carolan - Irish harpist and composer, 1670-1738
- Sean O'Casey - Dramatist, political activist
- Sinéad O'Connor - singer
- Daniel O'Connell - barrister and Irish emancipator
- Máirtín Ó Direáin - poet
- Hugh Roe O'Donnell, last de facto Prince of Tir Connall, assassinated 1602
- William O'Dwyer - Irish-born mayor of New York City
- Seán Óg Ó hAilpín - Captain of the Cork hurling team
- John O'Mahony - Revolutionary
- Grace O'Malley - Irish chieftain and pirate, c.1530-c.1603
- Felim O'Neill of Kinard - lawyer and soldier, executed 1652
- Hugh O'Neill, 3rd Earl of Tyrone - last King of Tir Eoghan, died 1616
- Hugh Dubh O'Neill - soldier, fl. 1650
- Owen Roe O'Neill - Irish general, died 1649
- Tony O'Reilly - entrepreneur
- Maureen O'Sullivan - Irish actress, Tarzan's Jane
- Sonia O'Sullivan - Olympic athlethe, born 1969
- Peter O'Toole - Oscar-winning actor
- Albert Reynolds - eighth Irish Taoiseach
- Adi Roche - humanitarian
- Mary Robinson- seventh Irish president, Commissioner for Human Rights
- Tony Ryan - entrepreneur
- Patrick Sarsfield, 1st Earl of Lucan, soldier, died 1693
- Ernest Shackleton - Antarctic explorer, died 1922
- Bram Stoker - theatre manager and author of Dracula, died 1912
- Jonathan Swift - author of Gulliver's Travels
- Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnel, soldier, died 1691
- Ruaidri mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair - last High King of Ireland, died 1198
- Lorcan Ua Tuathail - Archbishop of Dublin, died 1180
- Charles Stewart Parnell - leader of Irish Home Rule Party, died 1891
- U2 - rock band
- Eamon de Valera - Irish Taoiseach and President, died 1975
- Ninette de Valois - ballerina and founder of the Royal Ballet, died 2001
- Oscar Wilde - playwight, poet, wit.

External links

- [http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/heaven/dnairish.pdf.pdf Y-chromosome variation and Irish origins] ([http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v404/n6776/full/404351a0_fs.html Nature, March 2000])
- [http://www.upthedeise.com/ A discussion board for Irish expatriates, Irish descendants and Irish people alike, specifically South East Ireland] Category:Ethnic groups of Canada Category:Ethnic groups of Europe Category:Ethnic groups of the United Kingdom Category:Ethnic groups of the United States Category:Ethnic groups Irish people

References

- ¹ The Republic of Ireland [http://www.cso.ie/statistics/personsclassbyplaceofbirth2002.htm 2002 census] reports 3,458,479 people who were born on the island of Ireland. The [http://www.nisranew.nisra.gov.uk/census/Excel/KS05DC.xls 2001 UK census], in Northern Ireland, reports 1,573,319 people born on the island of Ireland. The combined total is 5,081,726.
- ² The UK 2001 census shows 750,657 people living in Britain who were born in Ireland [http://www.statistics.gov.uk/STATBASE/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8290][http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/files/report_parliament.xls]. The census also reports 691,232 people living in Britain who identified themselves as belonging to the Irish ethnic group. [http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=6588&More=Y]
- ³ The [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=D&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP13&-ds_name=D&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false 2000 US census] shows 30,528,492 persons claiming Irish ancestry and 4,319,232 people claiming Scotch-Irish ancestry. These figure is likely to be an underestimate of the true number with Irish and Scotch-Irish ancestry as some people will not have been aware of their Irish and Scotch-Irish ancestry, or will have chosen not to mention it and both figures are down dramatically from the previous census. The figure for Irish ancestry is also down by approximately 8 million from the 1990 Census. These people hardly disappeared. It should be mentioned that Irish was not written in on the 2000 Census form but was written in on the 1990 Census form. This could be a reason for the decrease in the number of those citing Irish ancestry 10 years later.
- ⁴ The [http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/B85E1EB3A2BC274ACA256D39001BC337?Open Australian Bureau of Statistics] reports 1.9 million people of Irish ancestry in the 2001 Census. Up to two ancestries could be chosen. Recent increases in the number who identify as Australian suggest that this number is an underestimate of the true number with Irish ancestry. With that being said, the number claiming Irish ancestry from the previous census actually more than doubled. One reason, an improved image of what it means to be Irish according to the census experts, making Australians more proud to state their Irish ancestry.[http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/B85E1EB3A2BC274ACA256D39001BC337?Open].
- ⁵ [http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/ETO/Table1.cfm?Lang=E&T=501&GV=1&GID=0 2001 Canadian Census] gives 496,865 respondents stating their ethnic origin as Irish as a single response, and 3,325,800 including multiple responses, giving a combined total of 3,822,665.
- ⁶ The [http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2001-ethnic-groups/default.htm 2001 New Zealand census] reports 11,199 people stating they belong to the Irish ethnic group. The 1996 census, which used a slightly different question[http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/change-in-ethnicity-question.htm], reported 73,047 people belonging to the Irish ethnic group. Category:Celtic peoples Category:Ireland

Theologian

Theology is reasoned discourse concerning God (Greek θεος, theos, "God", + λογος, logos, "word" or "reason"). It can also refer to the study of other religious topics. A theologian is a person learned in theology. religious topics

History of the term

The word "Theology" is derived from Hellenistic Greek, but its meaning has changed significantly through its use in the European Christian thought of the Middle ages and Enlightenment The term theologia is used in Classical Greek literature, with the meaning "discourse on the gods or cosmology" (see Lidell and Scott's Greek-English Lexicon for references). Since the authority of Hellenistic city states was partly based on religious observance, those who first sought to ask difficult questions about the gods were often viewed as heretics, or in the language of the day "atheists". Socrates is famous for having been condemned to death for teaching youths atheism (though in fact he had not). Plato, his pupil, wrote several discourses on the gods, though his doctrine of forms and emanations would be more significant for later Theology. Aristotle divided theoretical philosophy into mathematice, phusike and theologike, with the latter corresponding roughly to metaphysics, which for Aristotle included discussion of the nature of the divine. The term has since been appropriated by a number of Eastern and Western religious traditions. Drawing on Greek sources, the Latin writer Varro influentially distinguished three forms of such discourse: mythical (concerning the myths of the Greek gods), rational (philosophical analysis of the gods and of cosmology) and civil (concerning the rites and duties of public religious observance). Christian writers, working within the Hellenistic mould, began to use the term to describe their studies. It appears once in some biblical manuscripts, in the heading to the book of Revelation: apokalupsis ioannou tou theologou, "the revelation of John the theologos". There, however, we are probably dealing with a slightly different sense of the root logos, to mean not "rational discourse" but "word" or "message": ho theologos here is probably meant to tell us that the author of Revelation has presented God's revealed messages – words of God, logoi tou theou – not that he was a "theologian" in the modern English sense of the word. Other Christian writers used the term with several different ranges of meaning. # Some Latin authors, such as Tertullian and Augustine followed Varro's threefold usage, described above. # In patristic Greek sources, theologia could refer narrowly to the discussion of the nature and attributes of God. # In other patristic Greek sources, theologia could also refer narrowly to the discussion of the attribution of divine nature to Jesus. (It is in this sense that Gregory Nazianzus was nicknamed "the theologian": he was a staunch defender of the divinity of Christ.) # In medieval Greek and Latin sources, theologia (in the sense of "an account or record of the ways of God") could refer simply to the Bible. # In scholastic Latin sources, the term came to denote the rational study of the doctrines of the Christian religion, or (more precisely) the academic discipline which investigated the coherence and implications of the language and claims of the Bible and of the theological tradition (the latter often as represented in Peter Lombard's Sentences, a book of extracts from the Church Fathers). It is the last of these senses which lies behind most modern uses (though the second is also found in some academic and ecclesiastical contexts), and while the term "theology" can refer to any discussion of the nature of God or the gods, or indeed the discussion of any religious topic, it is also regularly used to denote the academic study (in Universities, seminaries and elsewhere) of the doctrines of Christianity, or of any other religion, or of the relationships and contrasts between various different religions, although the latter is a field more usually termed "comparative religion."

A brief history of "Theologies"

::Main article: History of theology Classical Greek theology (c.700 BC to 3