:: wikimiki.org ::
| Himalia-gruppen |
Himalia-gruppenHimalia-gruppen er en gruppe af planeten Jupiters måner med temmelig ens omløbsbaner. Gruppen har navn efter dens største medlem, månen Himalia, og omfatter i skrivende stund (august 2005) følgende fem medlemmer:
- Elara
- Himalia
- Leda
- Lysithea
- S/2000 J 11
Omløbsbanernes halve storakse, eller middelafstanden til Jupiter, er næsten ens; alle mellem 11,15 og 11,75 millioner kilometer, og alle omløbsbaner hælder mellem 26,6 og 28,3 grader i forhold til Jupiters ækvator.
Den Internationale Astronomiske Union har vedtaget at alle måner i denne gruppe skal have navne der ender på bogstavet a.
Kategori:Jupiters måner
PlanetEn planet er en temmelig stor samlet masse, der evt. kredser omkring en stjerne, men som ikke er massiv nok til selv at producere fusionsenergi og udsende lys, varme og anden elektromagnetisk stråling. Omkring en planet kan der ofte kredse en eller flere måner. Indtil for nylig kendte man kun til ni planeter, allesammen i vores eget solsystem. Ved udgangen af år 2002 kendte man til over 100 planeter der kredser omkring stjerner i andre solsystemer; de såkaldte exo-planeter.
De ni planeter i vores solsystem er (startende tættest på solen):
- Merkur
- Venus
- Jorden
- Mars
- Jupiter
- Saturn
- Uranus
- Neptun
- Pluto
- 2003 UB313 (muligvis tiende planet)
Se også
- Småplanet (asteroide)
- Exo-planet
- Måne (himmellegeme)
- Månen
Eksterne henvisninger
- [http://www.systime.dk/cd/orbit/deniplaneter/nineplanets/nineplanets.html De Ni Planeter]
Kategori:Astronomi
Kategori:DK5 52.43
als:Planet
ja:惑星
ko:행성
ms:Planet
simple:Planet
th:ดาวเคราะห์
zh-min-nan:He̍k-chheⁿ
Måne
En måne er et større objekt i kredsløb om en planet.
Solsystemets planeter og måner:
# Merkur (ingen måner)
# Venus (ingen måner)
# Jorden
#
- Månen
# Mars
#
- Phobos
#
- Deimos
# Jupiter
#
- Metis, Adrastea, Amalthea og Thebe
#
- Io
#
- Europa
#
- Ganymedes
#
- Callisto
#
- Leda, Himalia, Lysithea, Elara, Ananke, Carme, Pasiphae og Sinope
# Saturn
#
- Pan og Atlas
#
- Prometheus og Pandora
#
- Epimetheus
#
- Janus
#
- Mimas
#
- Enceladus
#
- Tethys, Telesto og Calypso
#
- Dione og Helene
#
- Rhea
#
- Titan
#
- Hyperion
#
- Iapetus
#
- Phoebe
# Uranus
#
- Cordelia, Ophelia, Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Juliet, Portia, Rosalind, Belinda og Puck
#
- Miranda
#
- Ariel
#
- Umbriel
#
- Titania
#
- Oberon
#
- Uranus XVI og Uranus XVII
#
- Uranus XVIII
# Neptun
#
- Naiad, Thalassa, Despina og Galatea
#
- Larissa
#
- Proteus
#
- Triton
#
- Nereid
# Pluto
#
- Charon
Eksterne henvisninger
- [http://www.maecker-web.de/moon/ Moon Phases]
- [http://www.systime.dk/cd/orbit/deniplaneter/nineplanets/nineplanets.html De Ni Planeter]
- [http://www.tycho.dk/astronomi/ Tycho Brahe Planetarium - Astronomi]
- [http://www.rummet.dk/ rummet.dk]
Kategori:Astronomi
Kategori:Måner
Kategori:DK5 52.43
th:ดาวบริวาร
Elara (måne)
Elara er en af planeten Jupiters måner: Den blev opdaget 2. januar 1905 af Charles Dillon Perrine som observerede den fra Lick-observatoriet. I mange år blev den officielt kaldt Jupiter VII, om end nogen uofficielt brugte navnet "Hera" om den. Først i 1975 vedtog den Internationale Astronomiske Union at opkalde den efter Elara; en af Zeus' elskerinder ifølge den græske mytologi.
Elara hører til den såkaldte Himalia-gruppe, som ialt omfatter fem måner, alle med omløbsbaner omkring Jupiter der ligner Himalias omløbsbane.
ja:エララ
Leda (måne)
Leda er en af planeten Jupiters måner: Den hører til Himalia-gruppen, en underinddeling af Jupitermåner med omløbsbaner der ligner Himalias.
Leda blev opdaget fra Mount Palomar-observatoriet den 11. september 1974 af astronomen Charles Thomas Kowal, umiddelbart efter at han havde optaget billeder på fotografiske plader gennem tre nætter i træk, fra den 11. til den 13. september — Leda ses på samtlige af disse plader.
Månen, der også kaldes for Jupiter XIII, har fået sit navn fra Spartas dronning (og Zeus' elskerinde) Leda fra den græske mytologi. Den må ikke forveksles med småplaneten 38 Leda.
Leda har en gennemsnitlig diameter på 20 km, og dens massefylde, 2,6 g/cm³ tyder på at den primært består af klippemateriale. Dens overflade er temmelig mørk, med en albedo på kun 4%.
ja:レダ (衛星)
Lysithea (måne)
Lysithea er en af planeten Jupiters måner: Den blev opdaget den 6. juli 1938 fra Mount Wilson-observatoriet af Seth Barnes Nicholson. Efter opdagelsen blev månen formelt kaldt Jupiter X (X er romertallet for 10), om end nogle uofficielt opkaldte den efter Demeter fra den græske mytologi. Først i 1975 vedtog den Internationale Astronomiske Union officielt at opkalde månen efter Lysethia, der ifølge den græske mytologi var en af Zeus' elskere.
Lysithea hører til den såkaldte Himalia-gruppe, der ialt omfatter fem måner med omtrent samme omløbsbaner omkring Jupiter som månen Himalia. Den er ca. 38 kilometer i diameter, og dens massefylde, 2600 kilogram pr. kubikmeter, tyder på at den primært består af klippemateriale og i mindre grad af is. Overfladen er temmelig mørk; den tilbagekaster blot 4% af det lys der falder på den.
ja:リシテア
KilometerKilometer (fork. km) er en sammensætning af SI-præfikset kilo og SI-enheden meter, og definerer en længdeenhed på tusind meter.
Kilometer er en ofte benyttet længdeenhed i forbindelse med større afstande på Jorden især i Europa.
Kategori:Grundlæggende SI-enheder
ja:キロメートル
zh-min-nan:Kong-lí
simple:Kilometre
th:กิโลเมตร
Grad (vinkelmål)
Grader er et mål for størrelsen af en vinkel. Der går 360 grader på en fuld cirkel, mens en ret vinkel er på 90 grader. Man benytter også symbolet ° for grader, og skriver således f.eks. 90° for en ret vinkel.
Grader kan også angives som decimalgrad (12°,255) eller grader, minutter og sekunder (12°15'18"). Den sidste form anvendes især inden for navigation, til angivelse af længde- og breddegrader. Også her svarer 360 grader til en tur hele vejen rundt om jorden.
Se også
- Radian
- Nygrad
- Vinkel
- Terrænstreg
Kategori:Vinkelenheder
ja:度 (角度)
simple:Degree (geometry)
Internationale Astronomiske Union
Den Internationale Astronomiske Union forener de nationale astronmiske foreninger fra hele verden. Foreningen er medlem af the International Council of Science (ICSU). Det er den mest anerkendte autoritet når det kommer til navngivning af stjerner, planeter, astroider og andre himmelobjekter og fænomener.
Arbejdsgruppen the Working Group for Planetary System Nomeclature hører inde under IAU og står for vedligheoldelse af astronomiske navngivnings konventioner.
Historie og medlemstal
IAU blev grundlagt i 1919 ved en sammenlægning af en række internationale projekter såsom Carte du Ciel, Solar Unionen og det internationale tidsbureau (Bureau Internationale de l'Heure). Den første præsident for foreningen var Benjamin Baillaud.
Foreningen har i øjeblikket 9040 individuelle medlemmer, dvs. hovedsageligt profesionelle astronomer på
PhD niveau. Desuden er der 63 nationale medlemmer, dvs. lande der samarbejder med IAU. 87 % af medlemmerne er mænd, 13 % er kvinder. Den nuværende præsident for foreningen er Ronald D. Ekers.
Den XXVIte generalforsamling for IAU bliver afholdt august 2006 i Prag, Tjekkiet.
Eksterne links
- [http://www.iau.org/ Foreningens hjemmeside]
ja:国際天文学連合
th:สหพันธ์ดาราศาสตร์สากล
BogstavEt alfabet består af bogstaver, hvor de idealiseret set, hver er et tegn for en sproglyd. Alfabetets bogstaver kategoriseres i konsonanter og vokaler.
Når bogstaver sammensættes til ord, er der for de fleste talesprog masser af undtagelser, hvor det er nødvendigt med udenadslære - f.eks.:
- Stumme bogstaver i visse ord (hver, hvilke, værd).
- Nogle flerstavelsesord kan man ikke finde ud af hvor trykket skal lægges (syren - syren)).
- Homofoner - Ord som staves forskelligt, men som lyder ens (at lege - et leje, en finne - at finde, en mand - man gør).
- Homografer - Ord som staves ens, men som har forskellig betydning og udtales forskelligt (en dør - dyr dør, jeg gør - hunde gør, træk-vinde - træ-kvinde). Her er det nødvendigt at se hvilken sammenhæng ordet indgår i for at udtale ordet korrekt.
Visse skriftsprog benytter sig af skrifttegn, der varierer fra vores gængse opfattelse af begrebet bogstav, for eksempel arabisk, der er baseret på konsonanttegn, og hvor vokalerne i bedste fald er antydet. Andre alfabeter har efterhånden fået tegn for vokalerne, f.eks. det græske alfabet, der oprindeligt stammer fra det fønikiske alfabet, der kun havde tegn for konsonanter.
Andre skriftsprog benytter tegn for hver stavelse (japansk), eller for hvert begreb (kinesisk).
Se også
- Sprog
- Skriftsprog
- Sprogforskning
- Fonem
- Ideogram
- Symbol
Kategori:Skriftsystemer
Kategori:Sprog
Kategori:Sprogforskning
als:Buchstabe
A
Tegnet A har mange betydninger.
# Det første bogstav fra det latinske alfabet, afledt fra det græske bogstav Alpha (α), som på latin havde lydværdien /a/ og /a;/. Bogstavet A kan spores tilbage gennem etruskisk og græsk (Alpha) til det semitiske 'âlep, som stod for stødet eller måske /h//. De græske navne er af semitisk oprindelse. De semitiske navne er kendt takket være hebraisk. De latinske, græske og oldengelske lydværdier /a/ og /a:/ banede vejen for andre vokale lyde, for eksempel [EI] og [æ]. På engelsk blev [æ] repræsenteret ved en a-e ligatur kaldet æsc. På nogle sprog, for eksempel italiensk, spansk og tysk, udtales A stadig på nogenlunde samme måde som på latin.
# I computerterminologi repræsenteres det store bogstav A med ASCII kode 65 og det lille bogstav a repræsenteres ved ASCII kode 97
# A er symbolet for ampere, enheden for elektrisk strøm.
# Kendingsbogstav for biler fra Østrig.
# Partibogstav for Socialdemokraterne
# I det hexadecimale talsystem repræsenterer A et ciffer med værdien 10
# (Musik) 1. tonen. Også kaldet kammertonen.
# A betegner noget som værende af første kvalitet ( i Lloyd´s Register: tegn for skib af første klasse; A1 betegner at det desuden har fuld udrustning).
als:A
ja:A
ko:A
simple:A
Kategori:Jupiters månerDenne kategori indeholder artikler om planeten Jupiters måner.
kategori:Måner
als:Kategorie:Jupitermond
ko:분류:목성의 위성
Nephil
In the Hebrew Bible and several non-canonical Jewish and early Christian writings, nephilim (in Hebrew הנּפלים means the fallen [ones]) are a people created by the cross-breeding of the "sons of God" (beney ha'elohim, בני האלהים) and the "daughters of men". (See Genesis 6:1.) The word nephilim is loosely translated as giants or titans in some Bibles, and is left untranslated in others.
:...The sons of God saw that the daughters of man were good, and they took themselves wives from whomever they chose. God said, 'My spirit will not continue to judge man forever, since he is nothing but flesh. His days shall be 120 years'. The Nephilim were on the earth in those days and also later. The sons of God had come to the daughters of man and had fathered them. They were the mightiest ones who ever existed, men of renown.
The traditional Jewish view, deriving from the Book of Enoch, is that the fathers of the nephilim, the "sons of God", were the Grigori (a class of fallen angels also called the Watchers); however, there is some controversy on this point (Targum Jonathan) [http://bible.ort.org/books/pentd2.asp?ACTION=displaypage&BOOK=1&CHAPTER=6#C64]. Some commentators suggest the nephilim were believed to have been fathered by members of a proto-Hebrew pantheon, and are a brief glimpse of early Hebrew religion, most of the details of which was later edited out from the Torah. Others, especially some Christians, suggest the "sons of God" were fully human. It is sometimes suggested that ridding the Earth of these nephilim was one of God's purposes for flooding the Earth in Noah's time.
Despite the literal text of the Bible and its traditional interpretation, the idea that heavenly beings mated with humans is controversial, particularly among Christians, who cite the teaching of Jesus in the Book of Matthew that angels do not marry (they may take the verse in question out of context because Jesus said that the resurrected don't marry in heaven but are as the angels). Others who find the idea of angels mating with humans as distasteful have suggested more figurative interpretations of the nephilim, such as the idea that they were the offspring of men possessed by demons.
Still others, including the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, take the traditional view of Genesis 6:1 that the allusion refers to some men, from the godly lineage of Seth, called sons of God (an expression denoting those in covenant relationship with YHWH - cf. Deuteronomy 14:1; 32:5), began to pursue fleshly interests, and so took wives of the daughters of men, i.e., those who were unbelievers descended of Cain. This is also the view presented in a few extra-biblical, yet ancient works, particularly the "Second Book of Adam and Eve".
Rephaim
Rephaim is a general title that the Joshua states was given to the aborigines of Palestine, which were afterwards conquered and dispossessed by the Canaanite tribes. They were known to the Moabites as Emim, i.e.,
"fearful", (Deut. 2:11), and to the Ammonites as Zamzummim. In the books of Samuel, it states that some of them found refuge among the Philistines, and were still existing in the days of David. We know nothing of their origin.
See also : Valley of Rephaim
Anakim
In the Torah, the Anakim are the descendants of Anak, and dwelt in the south of Palestine, in the neighbourhood of Hebron. In the days of Abraham they inhabited the region afterwards known as Edom and Moab, east of the Jordan river. They are mentioned during the report of the spies about the inhabitants of the land of Canaan. The book of Joshua states that Joshua finally expelled them from the
land, excepting a remnant that found a refuge in the cities of Gaza, Gath, and Ashdod. The Philistine giants whom David encountered were supposedly descendants of the Anakim.
:...We also saw Anaq descendants there .... All the men we saw there were huge men. While we were there, we saw the nephilim, they were sons of anak, who descended from the nephilim, and we saw ourselves as tiny grasshoppers and that's what we were in their eyes... (Numbers 13:21-33, abridged)
Nephilim in other works
The story of the nephilim is chronicled more fully in the Book of Enoch (part of Ethiopian biblical canon).
There are also allusions to these descendants in the deuterocanonical books of Judith, Sirach, Baruch, and Wisdom of Solomon.
Nephilim in parahistory
There have been many interesting attempts to reconcile mythology with evolution, the theory being that mythology often contains grains of truth in the form of a highly distorted "folk memory" of events in the remote evolution of the human past.
In this context, the nephilim have been associated with everything from Atlantis to extraterrestrials in efforts to rationalize their literal existence. One theory is that nephilim were actually surviving Neanderthals, or a Homo sapiens-Neanderthal hybrid.
It is believed by such people that modern man shared several thousand years of history with Neanderthals, and also that the Middle-Eastern region was home to some of the last surviving pockets of Homo sapiens neandertalensis or H. neandertalensis. Therefore, it is conceivable that a Folk Memory of these creatures survived by way of mythology- but not necessarily in the way that it is imagined. In addition, it appears that the very last Neanderthals adopted some of the technological and cultural innovations of their contemporaries. So, the theory goes, surviving Neanderthals or hybrids might have been very large, powerful men, possessing the intellect and societal characteristics of our species, explaining their identification as: "mightiest ones" and "men of renown," which could be a great exaggeration based on some level of prowess. One major flaw in this "theory" some have suggested is that neanderthalensis were in fact slightly shorter in height than H. sapiens and unlikely to have been named giants. On the other hand, they were giants relative to their even shorter predecessors, Australopithecus and Homo Habilis. Of course, this flaw is easily resolved when one remembers that the word Nephilim earlier described means "fallen ones" and not giants, the word being translated in the King James Bible as "Giants", recognised now as somewhat of a mistranslation.
Cultural references to Nephilim
- The Light Brigade is a DC Comics four-part series in which the nephilim and the Grigori are Nazis trying to claim the world they think they should have controlled by finding the Spear of Destiny.
- The antediluvian nephilim are a key plot element in Madeline L'Engle's science fantasy novel Many Waters.
- Fields of the Nephilim is the name of a gothic rock group.
- The X-Files episode "All Souls" features four dying, mentally retarded, polydactyl girls that Scully believes are Nephilim.
- Nephilim is a role-playing game by Chaosium, in which the players take on the roles of ancient spirits that can move from one human incarnation to another.
- The Invisible Masters of a series of erotic mind-control stories are hinted as possibly being Nephilim. The stories are presented as being based on investigations of the phenomena and the re-discovered repressed memories of victims.
- The nephilim are a race of beings from a parallel plane that interact with humans in Gregory Keyes's trilogy Age of Unreason.
- In the Xenosaga game series, Nephilim is the name of a mysterious little girl who seems to exist as a spirit or other non-corporeal entity. Also in Xenosaga is The Song of Nephilim, a plot point in the form of a song that seems to drive people mad. The connection between the character and the song is as yet unknown.
- In the video game Wing Commander: Prophecy, Nephilim is the code name given to a race of insectoid extraterrestrials who invade our galaxy via an artificial wormhole.
- In the video game Diablo 2 the Ancients Ones are referred to as "Spirits of the Nephilim". They guard The Worldstone Keep, which leads to the Throne of Destruction, where Baal, the boss of the game resides. Their names are; Madawc The Guardian, Korlic The Protector, and Talic The Defender.
- In Mick Farren's Renquist Quartet, the nephilim are a race of aliens ruled by a king named Marduk Ra. They conquered Earth in prehistory, and are the basis of all religions. They conducted experiments on primitive humans, creating a warrior race. The Nephilim then left Earth to pursue a war. The abandoned warriors became the basis of vampire legends.
- In the video game Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness The nephilim are a group of angel-human hybrids that for the most part died out. The only remaining full-blooded nephilim is reffered to as 'The Sleeper' and is brought to Prague by a cult that wishes to resurrect the species in order to bring about a 'New Order'. The series heroine, Lara Croft, stumbles across this due to a string of murders ((Including that of a former mentor)) and sets upon a quest to stop the cult from succeeding in their goals.
- In the motion pictures The Prophecy II and The Prophecy 3: The Ascent, the creation of nephilim was a major source of conflict between opposing camps among the angels. Gabriel (played by Christopher Walken) at first opposes the union between man and angel, but then relents after being made human for a period of time.
- The race of giants in Doris Lessing's Shikasta is an allusion to the nephilim.
- The "angels" in Gainax's "Neon Genesis Evangelion" are allusions to the nephilim, sharing some of their names.
- The band AFI's album "The Art of Drowning" (2000) contains a song titled "The Nephilim." In the lyrics, the nephilim or "Fallen Ones" make for a figurative representation of their feelings of rejection and other-ness.
- The race of cat-people in the role-playing game series: Avernum. Their greater ancestors are the Nepharim.
- The second verse of the Frank Black song "All My Ghosts" is all about the nephilim:
Have you heard about the heavenly angels/
How they came to earth and met some ladies/
With whom they mated/
And their young became giants every one
- The alien Shivans in the computer game Descent: Freespace fly a heavy bomber codenamed Nephilim by the Terrans.
- Author L. A. Marzulli wrote The Nephilim Trilogy in 1999 in which he interwove many popular phenomena from the occult.
- Format C: by Edwin Black features Anakim in the latter stages of the book as a race of giants who have survived in captivity over the years.
- The Polish heavy metal band Behemoth wrote a song call "The Nephilim Rising" for their album Demigod
- In the Computer Game World of Warcraft Nephilim stands for a big horde guild on the server Krag'Jin.
See also
- Edomites
- Kenites
- Serpent seed
External links
- [http://www.psyche.com/psyche/links/nephilim.html Psyche's Links: Nephilim]
- [http://www.deliriumsrealm.com/delirium/mythology/watchers.asp Nephilim/Watchers]
- [http://www.spiraloflife.com Nephilim Trilogy]
- [http://www.geocities.com/nephilimnot/nephilim Comprehensive scriptural analysis of the nephilim]
Category:Torah events
Category:Torah people
okucia metalowe opisy gg dieta House slots
|
|
|
|
