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YAML

YAML is a human-readable data serialization format that takes concepts from languages such as XML, C, Python, and Perl, as well as the format for electronic mail as specified by RFC [http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2822.txt 2822]. YAML was first proposed by Clark Evans, and designed by himself, Brian Ingerson and Oren Ben-Kiki. YAML is a recursive acronym meaning "YAML Ain't Markup Language". Early in its development, YAML was said to mean "Yet Another Markup Language", retronymed to distinguish its purpose as data-centric, rather than document markup. However since XML (a true document markup language) is frequenctly used for data serialization, it is reasonable to consider YAML a lightweight markup language.

Features

YAML was created with the belief that all data can be adequately represented by combinations of lists, hashes, and scalar data. The syntax is relatively straightforward and was designed with human readability in mind, but also to be easily mapped to data types common to most high-level languages. In addition, YAML uses a notation based on indentation and/or a set of sigil characters distinct from those used in XML, making the two languages easily composable.
- YAML streams are encoded using the set of printable Unicode characters, either in UTF-8 or UTF-16
- Whitespace indentation is used to denote structure; however tab characters are never allowed as indentation
- List members are denoted by a leading hyphen ( - ) with one member per line, or enclosed in square brackets ( [ ] ) and seperated by comma space ( , ).
- Hashes are represented using the colon space ( : ) in the form key: value, either one per line or enclosed in curly braces ( ) and seperated by comma space ( , ).
- A has key value be prefixed with a question mark ( ? ), allowing for complex keys to be represented unambigiously.
- Simple values (scalars) are ordinarily unquoted, but may be enclosed in double-quotes ( " ), or single-quotes ( ' ).
- Within double-quotes, special characters may be represented with C-style escape sequences starting with a backslash ( \ ).
- Block scalars are delimited with indentation with optional modifiers to preserve ( | ) or fold ( > ) newlines
- Multiple documents within a single stream are separated by three hyphens ( --- ); three periods ( ... ) optionally end a document within a stream
- Repeated nodes are initially denoted by an ampersand ( & ) and thereafter referenced with an asterisk (
- )
- Comments are denoted by the number sign ( # ) and continue until the end of the line
- Nodes may be labeled with a type or tag using the exclamation point ( ! ) followed by a string which can be expanded into a URI.
- YAML documents in a stream may be preceded by directives composed of a percent sign ( % ) followed by a name and space delimited parameters. Two directives are defined in YAML 1.1:
- The %YAML directive is used to identify the version of yaml in a given document.
- The %TAG directive is used to shortcuts for URI prefixes. These shortcuts may then be used in node type tags. YAML requires that colons and commas used as list seperators be follow by a space so that scalar values containing embedded punctuation (such as 5,280 or http://www.wikipedia.org can generally be represented without needing to be enclosed in quotes. Two additional sigil characters are reserved in YAML for possible future standardiaztion: the at sign ( @ ) and accent grave ( ` ).

Examples

Lists

--- # Favorite movies, block format - Casablanca - Spellbound - Notorious --- # Shopping list, inline format [milk, bread, eggs]

Hashes

--- # Block name: John Smith age: 33 --- # Inline

Block Literals

Newlines preserved

--- | There was a young fellow of Warwick Who had reason for feeling euphoric For he could, by election Have triune erection Ionic, Corinthian, and Doric

Newlines folded

--- > Wrapped text will be folded into a single paragraph Blank lines denote paragraph breaks

Lists of Hashes

- - name: Mary Smith age: 27

Hashes of Lists

men: [John Smith, Bill Jones] women: - Mary Smith - Susan Williams

Implementations

Bindings for YAML exist for the following languages:
- JavaScript
- Perl
- PHP
- Python
- Ruby (uses YAML as the de facto serialization format; YAML included in standard library since 1.8.)
- XML (currently draft only)

Other simplified markup languages

- JSON, which very close to being a subset of YAML
- Simple Outline XML
- OGDL
- BBCode
- S-expressions

External links

- [http://www.yaml.org YAML.ORG]
- [http://www.yaml.org/spec/ YAML Specification]
- [http://yaml4r.sourceforge.net/cookbook/ YAML Cookbook]
- [http://yaml.kwiki.org/?YamlInFiveMinutes YAML in Five Minutes]
- [http://redhanded.hobix.com/inspect/yamlIsJson.html YAML as a superset of JSON] Category:Markup languages

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