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Angel dust

:Angel dust redirects here. For other uses of the term "angel dust", see Angel Dust. Angel Dust Phencyclidine (a contraction of the chemical name phenylcyclohexylpiperidine; also called PCP, sherm, angel dust, embalming fluid, "Wet" or Ashy Larry) is a dissociative psychedelic drug formerly used as an anaesthetic agent. PCP was commercially developed in the 1950s by the Parke-Davis pharmaceutical company. Internationally, PCP is a Schedule II drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances.[http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf]

Chemistry and pharmacology

Chemically and pharmacologically it is a member of the family of dissociative anesthetics, which also includes ketamine, tiletamine and high doses of dextromethorphan. Although the primary psychoactive effects of the drug only last hours, total elimination from the body is prolonged, typically extending over weeks. dextromethorphan

Medical and veterinary use

PCP was first tested after World War I as a surgical anaesthetic. Because of its bad side-effects, it was shelved until the 1950s. It was then patented by Parke-Davis and named Sernyl (supposedly referring to serenity), but was again withdrawn from the market because of side effects. It was soon renamed Sernylan, and marketed as a veterinary anaesthetic, but again discontinued. Its side effects and long half-life in the human body made it unsuitable for medical applications. It is retained in fatty tissue and is broken down by the human metabolism into PCHP, PPC and PCAA. When smoked, some of it is broken down by heat into 1-phenyl-1-cyclohexene (PC) and piperidine.

Recreational use

PCP is sometimes consumed recreationally, mainly in the United States. The limited demand is met by illegal production. The drug is sold in an extremely limited number of cities. It is available as a liquid (PCP base dissolved most often in ether), but typically it is sprayed onto leafy material such as marijuana, mint, oregano, or parsley, and smoked.

Method of absorption

In smoking form, the term "embalming fluid" is sometimes used to refer to a joint or cigarette dipped in actual embalming fluid, although it is difficult to determine how frequent this practice is because "embalming fluid" is, itself, a slang term for PCP. In its powder form, PCP can be snorted. This method is popular in Quebec but apparently not in the United States. In its pure form, PCP is a white crystalline powder that readily dissolves in water. However, most PCP on the illicit market contains a number of contaminants as a result of makeshift manufacturing, causing the color to range from tan to brown, and the consistency to range from powder to a gummy mass. Conversion of PCP into PC and piperidine by heat. (Image in the PD)

Effects

Whether PCP has any strong and consistent effects which are markedly different from other similar compounds is controversial. Some think that the drug's effects are as varied as its appearance. It may be that a moderate amount of PCP will cause users to feel detached, distant, and estranged from their surroundings. Numbness, slurred speech, and loss of coordination may be accompanied by a sense of strength and invulnerability. A blank stare, rapid and involuntary eye movements, and an exaggerated gait are alleged to be among the more observable effects. Acts of violence have been committed by people high on the drug; a well-known example is Brenda Ann Spencer, who claimed to have committed her high school massacre while under the influence of alcohol and PCP. Auditory hallucinations, image distortion, severe mood disorders, and amnesia may also occur. In some users, PCP may cause acute anxiety and a feeling of impending doom; in others, paranoia and violent hostility; and in some, it may produce a psychosis indistinguishable from schizophrenia. Modification of the manufacturing process may yield chemically related analogues capable of producing psychotic effects similar to PCP.

Trends

PCP use is extremely prevalent in the Metro Washington DC area, especially in Prince George's County and Southeast DC. PCP production is centered in the greater Los Angeles metropolitan area. Los Angeles-based street gangs, primarily the Crips, continue to distribute PCP to many cities in the United States using their cocaine trafficking operations. These gangs pose a particular problem due to their propensity for violence. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, the widespread availability and use of crack cocaine displaced demand for PCP. More recently, however, reporting suggests that PCP abuse is increasing slightly in many cities, as some crack addicts return to the use of this drug. For instance, the DEA Portland District Office reports a resurgence in the popularity of liquid PCP, also known as "sherm", among Portland area gangs. California street gangs reportedly are responsible for the reemergence of PCP in the Pacific Northwest. Treated cigarettes, which have a yellow tint caused by the liquid PCP, were first observed on the street in 1996, costing between $15 and $20 each. The DEA Philadelphia Field Division also reports that PCP was available readily in the region in 1998. The DEA seized three clandestine PCP laboratories in 2004.

Mythology and appearances in popular fiction

More so than any other illegal substance, PCP has developed an elaborate mythological history surrounding itself, spread by sources such as D.A.R.E. PCP is said in this urban legend to cause such entirely realistic hallucinations, such as that of spiders on the users' faces, which in turn causes them to create deep lacerations in the attempt at removing them. Among police and firefighters, PCP is treated as a menace. Individuals on PCP are treated almost as boogie-men in personal safety lectures that are loaded with ghost stories such as people on PCP chasing down cars and breaking through walls because they are unable to feel pain. One of the street thugs in the Charles Bronson film Death Wish II (who is killed before the film's end) was portrayed as a PCP user - the scene where he assaults several police officers is reminiscent of an NFL wide receiver evading linemen. Another famous mention is in the movie Terminator, where the violent attacks by the character played by Arnold Schwarzenegger, including punching through a glass window without feeling it, are attributed to PCP by the police. However, dissociative anesthetics (including PCP) most typically induce closed eye hallucinations, though fully-formed open eye effects are occasionally reported. Studies of PCP users fail to substantiate a significant correlation between use of the drug and subsequent violent behavior in previously non-violent individuals. However, PCP users with violent tendencies often find these aspects of their personality significantly augmented under the drug's influence. (The principal defense used by the Los Angeles Police Department officers caught beating Rodney King on tape was that King's criminal record and known PCP/Crack use dictated that they take every precaution to ensure his complete submission.) In "Training Day" Denzel Washington's character forces Ethan Hawke's to smoke "P-Dog," or PCP-laced cannibis. Gil Scott-Heron and Brian Jackson cut a track "Angel Dust."

External link

- [http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/pcp/pcp.shtml The Vaults of Erowid]
- [http://www.straightdope.com/columns/050325.html The Straight Dope: Does PCP turn people into cannibals?] Category:Dissociatives Category:NMDA receptor antagonists Category:Schedule II controlled substances Category:Anesthetics

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