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London Science Museum

London Science Museum

The Science Museum on Exhibition Road, Kensington, London, is part of the National Museum of Science and Industry. The museum is a major London tourist attraction.

Origin

A museum was founded in 1857 under Bennett Woodcroft from the collection of the Royal Society of Arts and surplus items from the Great Exhibition. It was initially part of the South Kensington Museum, together with what is now the Victoria and Albert Museum, but was separated and became the Museum of Patents in 1858, the Patent Office Museum in 1863. This museum contained many of the most famous exhibits of what is now the Science Museum. The Science Museum was founded in 1892 and the Patent Office Museum was merged into it in 1909. 1909] 1909 and Watson in 1953.]] 1953. Built in 1937 by Philips of Eindhoven. It is a voltage multiplier circuit, known as a Cockcroft-Walton generator.]]

Collections

The Science Museum now holds a collection of over 300,000 items, including such famous items as Stephenson's Rocket, Puffing Billy (another early locomotive), the first jet engine, Francis Crick's model of DNA, some of the earliest remaining steam engines, a working example of Charles Babbage's Difference engine, and the first prototype of the 10,000-year Clock of the Long Now. It also contains hundreds of interactive exhibits. A recent addition is the IMAX Theatre showing science and nature documentaries, some of them in 3-D. Entrance has been free since December 1, 2001. The museum also houses some of the many objects collected by Henry Wellcome around a medical theme. These are displayed up on the 4th and 5th floors, although the objects on display are a fracton of the overall collection. The Science Museum has a dedicated library, and until the 1960s was Britain's National Library for Science, Medicine and Technology. It holds runs of periodicals, early books and manuscripts, and is used by scholars world-wide. It has for a number of years been run in conjunction with the Library of Imperial College, but in 2004 the Museum was unable to bear its share of the cost, so options are being discussed for the library's break-up and dispersal. [http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/lets_talk/smlibrary.asp]

The Dana Centre

In November 2003, the Science Museum opened the Dana Centre. The Centre is a groundbreaking urban bar and café annexed to the Museum, and is presently the UK’s only dedicated venue for adults to discuss controversial science. The Dana Centre is a young, controversial and experimental venue which exists to challenge public perception about science and tackle contemporary issues head on. It has become notorious for innovative events including stand-up comics debunking science myths to a live heart by-pass operation, as well as debates, art installations and live experiments.

Galleries

The Science Museum is made up of a number of galleries, some of which are permanent, and some of which are temporary.

Power: The East Hall

The East Hall is the first area that most visitors see as they enter the building, stretching up through three floors. On the ground, the area is mostly filled with iconic steam engines of various sorts, which together tell the story of the British industrial revolution. Up in the air, suspended from the ceiling is giant metallic ring, the inside of which is covered in white LEDs which form patterns and display messages typed into kiosks by visitors in the Energy gallery. Also in the East Hall is a bookshop and the Revolution café.

Space

Space is a historic gallery, filled with rockets and exhibits that tell the story of human space exploration and the benefits that space exploration has brought us (particuarly in the world of telecomminications).

Making the Modern World

Making the Modern World is a relatively new gallery, in which some of the museum's most iconic objects, including Stevenson's Rocket and an Apollo space capsule, are imaginatively displayed along a timeline chronicalling man's technological achievement.

Flight

Flight is another longstanding gallery, up towards the western end of the third floor. Contained in the gallery is a huge number of full sized aeroplanes and helicopters, as well as numerous engines and a cross-section of a Boeing 747.

Location

The museum is adjacent to the Natural History Museum and used to be connected to it by a public corridor, which is now closed. The closest London Underground station is South Kensington; a subway connects the museums to the station.

Refurbishment

The Science Museum is undergoing a series of refurbishments as part of a vision to update the museum. The East Hall has been finished and revamped museum shop opened in October 2005.

See also


- Previous Directors: David Follett, Margaret Weston, Neil Cossons, Lindsey Sharp
- National Science Museum of Japan

External links


- [http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/ Science Museum website]
- [http://www.nmsi.ac.uk/ National Museum of Science and Industry website]
- [http://www.danacentre.org.uk/ Dana Centre website]
- [http://www.ingenious.org.uk/ Ingenious Project website]
- [http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/ Making the Modern World website] Science Museum, London Category:Science museums Category:Technology museums Category:Science and technology in the United Kingdom Category:Museums in London Category:Kensington & Chelsea Category:IMAX venues ja:サイエンス・ミュージアム

Kensington

Kensington is a place in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. It is a built-up area located 2.8 miles (4.6 km) west of Charing Cross. Notable places in Kensington (or South Kensington) include: Kensington Gardens and Holland Park, the Royal Albert Hall, the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum, the Victoria and Albert Museum, and Imperial College, London. The Olympia exhibition hall is also in Kensington. At the heart of Kensington is Kensington High Street, recently [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4289237.stm] declared London's second best shopping street for its diversity of shops. In contrast to the winner (Deptford High Street), this is a rather upmarket and often expensive commercial centre. The administrative centre of Kensington - Kensington Town Hall - is just off the High Street. Kensington is administered as part of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, and lies within the Kensington & Chelsea parliamentary constituency. Kensington is, in general, an extremely affluent area - a trait it shares with its neighbour to the south, Chelsea. Other affluent neighbours include Knightsbridge and Brompton to the east and Notting Hill to the north. To the west are the less affluent (but far from poverty-stricken) areas of Earl's Court, Hammersmith and Shepherd's Bush. Prior to 1965 Kensington formed part of the Metropolitan Borough of Kensington.

See also


- South Kensington
- Kensington Roof Gardens

External links


- [http://80.1911encyclopedia.org/K/KE/KENSINGTON.htm Kensington] - 1911 Encyclopedia article
- [http://www.geocities.com/londondestruction/kensington.html London Kensington Market (Destroyed)] Category:Districts of London Category:Kensington & Chelsea

National Museum of Science and Industry

The National Museum of Science and Industry (NMSI) is a collection of British museums, comprising: :The National Railway Museum in York. :The Science Museum in London. :The National Museum of Photography, Film and Television in Bradford, West Yorkshire. :The Locomotion Museum in Shildon, County Durham. A new project, Creative Planet concerning sustainable development, is currently being developed at the Science Museum Wroughton Swindon, Wiltshire.

External links


- [http://www.nmsi.ac.uk/ Main NMSI page]
- [http://www.nrm.org.uk/ National Railway Museum]
- [http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/ Science Museum, London]
- [http://www.nmpft.org.uk/ National Museum of Photography, Film, and Television]
- [http://www.nmsi.ac.uk/creativeplanet/pdfs/creativeplanet.pdf Creative Planet](PDF link)
- [http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/wroughton Science Museum Wroughton] Category:Museums in the United Kingdom Category:Science museums Category:Industry museums Science and Industry

Museum

A museum is typically a "permanent institution in the service of society and of its development, open to the public, which acquires, conserves, researches, communicates and exhibits, for purposes of study, education, enjoyment, the tangible and intangible evidence of people and their environment." This definition is taken from the International Council of Museums (ICOM) Statutes, article 2, paragraph 1, and is regularly reviewed and modified at the triennial ICOM General Assemblies. The italicized tangible and intangible was substituted for the previous material at the last triennial General Assembly in Seoul in 2004, pending ratification at the next General Assembly in Vienna in 2007. (The new wording was introduced in the revised ICOM Code of Ethics for Museums, which is another of the museum profession's core normative instruments.) Museums are usually not run for the purpose of making a profit, unlike galleries which engage in the sale of objects. There are governmental museums, non-governmental or non-profit museums, and privately-owned or family museums. Modern museums concentrate on a particular subject, and most museums belong to one or more of the following categories: fine arts, applied arts, archaeology, anthropology, ethnology, history, cultural history, science, technology, natural history. Within these categories many museums specialize further, e.g. museums of modern art, local history, aviation history, agriculture or geology. A museum normally houses a core collection of important selected objects in its field. Objects are formally accessioned by being registered in the museum's collection with an artifact number and details recorded about their provenance. The persons in charge of the collection and of the exhibits are known as curators. Open-air museums collect and re-erect old buildings at large outdoor sites, usually in settings of re-created landscapes of the past. The first one was King Oscar II's collection near Oslo in Norway, opened in 1881. In 1891 Arthur Hazelius founded the famous Skansen in Stockholm, which became the model for subsequent open air museums in Northern and Eastern Europe, and eventually in other parts of the world. Most open air museums are located in regions where wooden architecture prevail, as wooden structures may be translocated without substantial loss of authenticity. A more recent but related idea is realized in the ecomuseums, which originated in France. Early museums began as princely collections of art and rare or curious natural objects and artifacts. These were often displayed in so-called wonder rooms or cabinets of curiosities. cabinets of curiosities] Museums are usually open to the general public, sometimes charging an admission fee. Some museums have free entrance, either permanently or on special days, e.g. once per week or year. The museum is usually run by a director, who has a curatorial staff that cares for the objects and arranges their display. Large museums often will have a research division or institute, which are frequently involved with studies related to the museum's items, as well as an education department, in charge of providing interpretation of the materials to the general public. Objects come to the collection through a variety of means. Either the museum itself or an associated institute may organize expeditions to acquire more items or documentation for the museum. More typically, however, museums will purchase or trade for artifacts or receive them as donations or bequests. For instance, a museum featuring Impressionist art may receive a donation of a Cubist work which simply cannot be fit into the museum's exhibits, but it can be used to help acquire a painting more central to the museum's focus. Larger museums may have an "Acquisitions Department" whose staff is engaged fulltime in this kind of activity. Museums often cooperate to sponsor joint, often traveling, exhibits on particular subjects when one museum may not by itself have a collection sufficiently large or important. These exhibits have limited engagements and often depend upon an additional entry fee from the public to cover costs. The word "museum" comes from the Latin museum, plural musea, which is in turn derived from the Greek mouseion, which refers to a place or temple dedicated to the Muses, the patron divinities in Greek mythology of the arts. It is said that there are more museums per person in Finland than in any other country in the world. A recent development with the expansion of the web, is the establishment of virtual museums, typically with no counterpart in the real world.

Further reading


- Tony Bennett, The Birth of the Museum: History, Theory, Politics, Routledge 1995

Museum designers

Notable international museum designers include Ralph Appelbaum and Edwin Schlossberg.

See also


- List of museums
- List of notable museums and galleries
- List of transport museums
- Art museum
- Maritime museum
- Science museum
- Open air museum
- Virtual museum
- Wax museum

External links


- [http://www.globalmuseum.org Global Museum]
- [http://www.museumnews.net/ Museum News]
- [http://vlmp.museophile.com/ Virtual Library museums pages] (VLmp)
- [http://icom.museum/ International Council of Museums] (ICOM)
- [http://about.museum/ The .museum top-level domain] (Dot-museum)
- [http://www.molli.org.uk/ MOLLI] (Museum On-Line Learning Initiatives)
- [http://www.insecula.com/ Great Museums in the World]
- [http://www.greece-museums.com/ Museums in Greece]
- [http://www.chinamuseums.com/ Museums in China]
- [http://www.censusfinder.com/guide_to_historical_museums.htm US Historical Museums Guide]
- [http://schulmuseum.net/ Schulmuseen in Europa]
- [http://www.aam-us.org/index.cfm/ American Association of Museums]
- A Category:Buildings and structures ms:Muzium ja:博物館 th:พิพิธภัณฑ์

Tourist attraction

A tourist attraction is a place where tourists, foreign and domestic, normally visit. Some examples include famous historical places, zoos, museums and art galleries, botanical gardens, buildings and structures (e.g., castles, libraries, former prisons, skyscrapers, bridges), national parks and forests, theme parks and carnivals, ethnic enclave communities, historic trains, cultural events and rare oddities. Tourist attractions are also created to capitalize on unusual and unexplained, even perhaps sensational, phenomena such as a supposed UFO crash site near Roswell, New Mexico and the alleged Loch Ness monster sighting near Inverness, Scotland. Reported ghost sightings in historic establishments also make tourist attractions. Local ethnic community leaders may attempt to promote ethnic communities as tourist attractions as well to increase revenue and cultural venues, such as the Vietnamese community of Little Saigon in southern California in the United States and the black British neighborhood of Brixton borough of London. However, tourist attractions tend to focus on the superficial aspects of diverse cultures. Owners and marketers of attractions usually advertise tourist attractions on billboards along the side of highways and roadways, especially in remote areas. Also, many tourist attractions have free promotional brochures and flyers in information centers, fast food restaurants, motel lobbies, and rest areas. These brochures are usually a road map promoting many businesses. Many tourist attractions have the tendency of being tacky. Tourist attractions tend to overprice their goods and services (such as admission, food, and souvenirs) in order to exploit and profit from gullible tourists. For example, prices for a roll of film and disposable cameras are higher at a shop in tourist attractions than at a regular store. In addition, many, if not all, restaurants and cafés located in popular tourist areas tend to automatically add a high service charge (i.e., gratuities) onto the bill. Hence, these places are commonly known as tourist traps. Many tourist attractions have a higher concentration of hotels and motels. Inflated room rates of lodging establishments closest to the attraction should always be expected as well.

Popular Tourist Attractions

Buildings and Structures


- Big Ben – London, United Kingdom
- Brandenburg Gate – Berlin, Germany
- CN Tower – Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Eiffel Tower – Paris, France
- Empire State Building – New York, New York
- Golden Gate Bridge – San Francisco, California, USA
- Great Wall of China – China
- Leaning Tower of Pisa – Pisa, Italy
- Great Pyramids – Cairo, Egypt
- Sydney Opera House – Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Taj Mahal – Agra, India

Ethnic Communities


- Asia West – Richmond, British Columbia, Canada
- Chinatown – Various locations, with San Francisco and Vancouver Chinatowns being some of the larger and popular ones in North America.
- Little India – Manchester

Theme parks


- Cedar Point – Sandusky, Ohio, USA
- Disneyland
  - Anaheim, California, USA
  - Paris, France
  - Tokyo, Japan
- Disney World and Epcot – Orlando, Florida, USA
- Dreamworld – Gold Coast, Australia
- Knoebels – Elysburg, Pennsylvania, USA
- Knott's Berry Farm – Buena Park, California, USA
- La Ronde – Montreal,Canada

National Parks


- Grand Canyon – Arizona, USA
- Yellowstone National Park – Montana, Wyoming, USA
- Yosemite National Park – California, USA
- Niagara Falls – Niagara Falls, New York and Niagara Falls, Ontario

Museums


- British Museum – London, UK
- Louvre – Paris, France
- Ripley's Believe It or Not (wax museum) – various locations
- Smithsonian Institution – Washington, DC

Gardens


- Butchart Gardens – Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Huntington Gardens – San Marino, California, USA
- Magnolia Gardens – Charleston, South Carolina, USA

Streets


- Las Vegas Strip – Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
- Lombard Street - San Francisco, California, USA
- Rodeo Drive – Beverly Hills, California, USA
- Orchard Road – Singapore, Singapore
- Yonge Street – Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Broadway – New York, New York
- Times Square – New York, New York
- Wall Street – New York, New York

See also


- List of popular tourist regions
- Visitor attraction Category:Tourism Category:Tourist activities

1857

1857 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar).

Events


- January 9 - Earthquake at Fort Tejon, California with an estimated magnitude of 7.9
- February 16 - The National Deaf Mute College (later renamed Gallaudet University) is established in Washington, DC becoming the first school for the advanced education of the deaf.
- March 3 - France and the United Kingdom declare war on China.
- March 4 - End of term for President of the United States Franklin Pierce. He is succeeded by James Buchanan.
- March 5 – In London, ex-solicitor James Towsend Saward is sentenced for transportation for forging number of cheques over the years
- March 6 - The Supreme Court of the United States rules in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case, driving the country further towards the American Civil War.
- March 23 - Elisha Otis' first elevator is installed (at 488 Broadway, New York City)
- May 10 - Indian rebellion of 1857: In India, the Mutiny of XI Native Cavalry of the Bengal Army in Meerut, revolt against the British Army
- May 11 - Indian rebellion of 1857: Indian rebels seize Delhi from the British.
- June 6 - Sophia of Nassau marries the future King Oscar II of Sweden-Norway.
- July 15 - Second Cawnpore massacre during the Indian rebellion of 1857
- August - Calcutta University established.
- September 11 - Mountain Meadows Massacre in Utah
- November 30 - End of term for President of Mexico Ignacio Comonfort. He is succeeded by Félix María Zuloaga.
- December 31 - Queen Victoria chooses Ottawa, Ontario as the capital of Canada
- Divorce without parliamentary approval becomes legal in Britain
- Speculation in US railway shares causes financial crisis in Europe
- Russian serfs emancipated
- The Mormons abandon Las Vegas
- Founding of Hollywood
- Restoration of the Mexican republic (see Mexico/History)
- Discovery of La Tene culture artifacts in Switzerland by Hansli Kopp.
- Philip Henry Gosse writes Omphalos text elaborating a Creationist school of thought
- University of Bombay established
- The Mughal Empire is finally destroyed by the British Empire.
- The city walls of Vienna are demolished, allowing the construction of the Ringstraße.
- Sweden lifts its ban on Danish language and Danish books in the formerly Danish provinces of Blekinge, Halland and Scania - 214 respectively 199 years after the annexion.
- William Daniel, American politician proposes Local Option for prohibition
- The formation of Sheffield F.C. the first and oldest Football (Soccer) club in the world.

Births


- January 4 - Émile Courtet, French caricaturist and animator (d. 1938)
- February 12 - Bobby Peel, English cricketer (d. 1943).
- February 22 - Lord Robert Baden-Powell, English founder of the Scouting movement (d. 1941)
- February 22 - Heinrich Hertz, German physicist (d. 1894)
- March 7 - Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Austrian neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1940)
- March 8 - Ruggiero Leoncavallo, Italian composer (d. 1919)
- March 30 - Leon Charles Thevenin, French telegraph engineer (d. 1926)
- April 5 - Alexander of Battenberg, first Prince of Bulgaria (d. 1893)
- May 7 - William A. MacCorkle, Governor of West Virginia (d. 1930)
- May 13 - Ronald Ross, English physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1932)
- May 15 - Williamina Fleming, Scottish astronomer (d. 1911)
- May 19 - John Jacob Abel, American pharmacologist (d. 1938)
- May 31 - Pope Pius XI (d. 1939)
- June 2 - Edward Elgar, English composer (d. 1934)
- June 2 - Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Danish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1919)
- July 23 - Carl Meinhof, German linguist (d. 1944)
- July 24 - Henrik Pontoppidan, Danish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1943)
- July 30 - Thorstein Veblen, Norwegian economist (d. 1929)
- September 5 - Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Russian scientist and inventor (d. 1935)
- September 13 - Michał Drzymała, Polish peasant and revolutionary (d. 1937)
- September 13 - Milton S. Hershey, American chocolate manufacturer (d. 1945)
- September 15 - William Howard Taft, 27th President of the United States (d. 1930)
- November 17 - George Marchant, English-born, inventor, manufacturer, and philanthropist (d. 1941)
- November 26 - Ferdinand de Saussure, Swiss linguist (d. 1913)
- November 27 - Charles Scott Sherrington, English physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1952)
- November 28 - King Alfonso XII of Spain (d. 1885)
- November 30 - Bobby Abel, English cricketer (d. 1936)
- December 3 - Joseph Conrad, Polish-British novelist (d. 1924)
- Joseph Tabrar, British songwriter (d. 1931)
- Unknown date - Lucy Bacon, Californian Impressionist Painter

Deaths


- February 10 - David Thompson, British-Canadian explorer (b. 1770)
- February 15 - Mikhail Glinka, Russian composer (b. 1804)
- May 2 - Alfred de Musset, French poet (b. 1810)
- May 11 - Eugène François Vidocq, French criminal and private detective (b. 1775)
- May 23 - Augustin Louis Cauchy, French mathematician (b. 1789)
- July 15 - Carl Czerny, Austrian composer (b. 1791)
- July 19 - Stefano Franscini, member of the Swiss Federal Council (b. 1796)
- August 3 - Eugène Sue, French novelist (b. 1804)
- September 3 - John McLoughlin, Canadian trapper (b. 1784)
- November 18 - William Tylee Ranney, German artist (b. 1813)
- November 26 - Joseph von Eichendorff, German poet (b. 1788)
- December 3 - Christian Daniel Rauch, German sculptor (b. 1777)
- December 15 - Sir George Cayley, English aviation pioneer (b. 1773) Category:1857 ko:1857년 ms:1857 simple:1857 th:พ.ศ. 2400

Royal Society of Arts

The Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (RSA) is a British multi-disciplinary institution, based in London. The name Royal Society of Arts is frequently used by others for brevity, but the Society itself uses either its full name or the initials RSA (not least in the letters Fellows of the Society use after their name – FRSA). It was founded in 1754 and was granted a Royal Charter in 1847. Notable members have included Benjamin Franklin, Karl Marx, Adam Smith, William Hogarth, Charles Dickens and Guglielmo Marconi. Notwithstanding its establishment credentials, the RSA has always been a radical body which has sought to challenge the status quo and change the world around it. Its founders spoke of the need to "embolden enterprise, enlarge science, refine art, improve our manufactures and extend our commerce", but also of the need to alleviate poverty and secure full employment.

History

The RSA was founded in 1754 by William Shipley as the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce. In 1774, it moved into a new building near the Strand in central London which had been purpose-designed by the Adam Brothers (James Adam and Robert Adam) as part of their innovative Adelphi scheme. The address was 8 John Street (now 8 John Adam Street). The RSA is still in occupation, although it has also expanded into adjacent buildings in the intervening years (2-6 John Adam Street, plus 18 Adam Street). The original building includes the Great Room, which features a magnificent sequence of paintings by Irish artist James Barry: The progress of human knowledge and culture. The complex now incorporates the building which used to be the Adelphi Tavern (the first occupant of 18 Adam Street) and which is mentioned in Dickens's The Pickwick Papers. The former private dining room of the Tavern contains a magnificent Adam ceiling with painted roundels by the school of Kauffman and Zucchi. In its early years the Society offered prizes – which it called "premiums" – for people who could successfully achieve one of a number of published challenges. Captain William Bligh suffered the Mutiny on the Bounty while attempting to win a premium for shipping breadfruit from the East to the West Indies. He subsequently repeated the voyage and this time succeeded, and the Society awarded him the prize. The Society offered premiums for a very wide range of challenges including devising new forms of machinery and agricultural improvements. The RSA hosted Britain's first exhibition of contemporary art which was a big success. As a result, the Royal Academy of Arts was formed in 1768 by Sir Thomas Gainsborough and Sir Joshua Reynolds – two early members of the RSA – as a spin-off organisation. The RSA is probably best known for creating the RSA Examinations Board, now part of the separate OCR (Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations) Board, following the Society's launch of the modern world's first public examinations in 1882. It devised a scheme for commemorating the links between famous people and buildings by placing plaques on the walls – these continue today as "blue plaques" which are administered by a range of government bodies. The first of these plaques was, in fact, of red terracotta erected outside a former residence of Lord Byron (since demolished). The Society erected 36 plaques until, in 1901, responsibility for them was transferred to the London County Council (which changed the colour of the plaques to the current blue) and later the Greater London Council and most recently English Heritage. Similar schemes are now operated in all the constituent countries of the United Kingdom. The National Training School for Music in London was founded by the Society in 1876. This was later succeeded by the Royal College of Music. In 1908, King Edward VII granted it the right to use the term "Royal" in its name. The Society was instrumental in the preservation of West Wycombe, purchashing the entire village and handing it over the National Trust. In 1936, the RSA awarded the first distinctions of Royal Designers for Industry (RDI or HonRDI), reserved for "those very few who in the judgement of their peers have achieved 'sustained excellence in aesthetic and efficient design for industry'". The honour gained royal endorsement in 1937, and "The Faculty of Royal Designers for Industry" was established as an association in 1938 with the object of "furthering excellence in design and its application to industrial purposes": membership of the Faculty is automatic for (and exclusive to) all RDIs and HonRDIs. The Faculty currently has 98 Royal Designers (RDI) and 45 Honorary Royal Designers (non-UK citizens who are awarded the accolade of HonRDI): the number of designers who may hold the distinction of RDI at any one time is strictly limited. The Faculty consists of the world’s leading practitioners from fields as disparate as engineering, furniture, fashion and textiles, graphics, theatre and film design. Early members include Eric Gill, Enid Marx, Sir Frank Whittle and numerous other household names.

The RSA today

The Society organises its work with five Manifesto Challenges:
- encouraging enterprise,
- moving towards a zero waste society,
- fostering resilient communities,
- developing a capable population, and
- advancing global citizenship. Its long-term projects include delivering fresh drinking water to the developing world, rethinking intellectual property from first principles to produce a Charter (now published as the Adelphi Charter), and is exploring the feasibility of a national personal carbon trading system. It is also investigating schemes to manage international migration, is promoting the practise of inclusive design, and is working with artists to communicate ideas about environmental sustainability (see, for example, the RSA's WEEE Man). The Society runs a public lecture programme which seeks to introduce new and challenging thinking. These lectures are published in its own Journal and made freely available on its website. An example of the Society's success is offered by the Oxford English Dictionary, which records the first use of the word "sustainability" in an environmental sense in the RSA's Journal in 1980. Each year a number of medals are awarded, including the Albert medal, the Benjamin Franklin Medal, and the Bicentennary Medal. Medal winners include Nelson Mandela, Sir Frank Whittle and Professor Stephen Hawking. The Society is Incorporated by Royal Charter, is registered in England as a Charity, and has more than 24,000 Fellows who live in around 70 countries. Its Patron is currently HM Queen Elizabeth II, its President is HRH Prince Philip, and its Chair is Sir Paul Judge.

External links

Official
- [http://www.thersa.org/ RSA]
- [http://www.thersa.org/rsa/history.asp RSA history] Informational
- [http://www.christophereimer.co.uk/single/8075.html Royal Society of Arts Prize medal], 1801 Category:British culture Category:British organisations Category:Arts in the United Kingdom

Great Exhibition

The Great Exhibition, also known as the Crystal Palace Exhibition, was an international exhibition held in Hyde Park London, from 1 May to 15 October 1851 and the first in a series of World's Fair exhibitions of culture and industry that were to be a popular 19th century feature. The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations was organised by Prince Albert and Henry Cole as a celebration of modern industrial technology and design. It can be argued that the Great Exhibition was mounted in response to the highly successful French exhibition of 1844, the French Industrial Exposition of 1844. Prince Albert, Queen Victoria's consort, was an enthusiastic promoter of a self-financing exhibition; the government was persuaded to form the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 to establish the viability of hosting such an exhibition. A special building, nicknamed The Crystal Palace, was designed by Joseph Paxton (with support from civil engineer William Henry Barlow) to house the show; an architecturally adventurous building based on Paxton's experience designing greenhouses for the sixth Duke of Devonshire, constructed from cast iron-frame components and glass made almost exclusively in Birmingham and Smethwick, which was an enormous success. The committee overseeing its construction included Isambard Kingdom Brunel. The massive glass house was 1848 feet (about 563 m) long by 454 feet (about 138 m) wide, and went from plans to grand opening in just nine months. The building was later moved and reerected in an enlarged form at Sydenham in south London, an area that was renamed Crystal Palace. The Great Exhibition made a surplus of £186,000 which was used to found the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Science Museum and the Natural History Museum which were all built in the area to the south of the exhibition, nicknamed "Albertopolis", alongside the Imperial Institute. The exhibition caused controversy at the time. Some conservatives feared that the mass of visitors might become a revolutionary mob, while radicals such as Karl Marx saw the exhibition as an emblem of the capitalist fetishism of commodities. Today the 'Great Exhibition' has become a symbol of the Victorian Age, and its thick catalogue illustrated with steel engravings is a primary source for High Victorian design. Alfred Charles Hobbs used the exhibition to demonstrate the inadequacy of several respected locks of the day. The America's Cup yachting event began with a race held in conjunction with the Great Exhibition.

See also


- List of world's fairs

Further reading


- Gibbs-Smith, Charles Harvard The Great Exhibition of 1851, 2nd edition, London: HMSO, 1981.
- Greenhalgh, Paul Ephemeral vistas: the expositions universelles, great exhibitions and world's fairs, 1851-1939, Manchester University Press, 1988

External links


- [http://pages.zoom.co.uk/leveridge/albert.html Prince Albert's speech of 1849, announcing "The Exhibition of 1851"]
- [http://john-leech-archive.org.uk/keyword/great-exhibition.htm "Memorials of the Great Exhibition" Cartoon Series from Punch] Category:1851 Category:History of London Category:Victorian era Great Exhibition (1851)

Victoria and Albert Museum

The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A) is on Cromwell Road in Kensington, West London, England. It specialises in applied and decorative arts. The museum was established in 1852 as the South Kensington Museum, following the success of the Great Exhibition of 1851. Its first Director was Sir Henry Cole, a utilitarian and joint organiser of the Great Exhibition who acquired some of the objects from the Exhibition for the Collection. Over the years the Museum attracted many important Collections to it. Originally, it contained both arts and sciences and was designed to inspire visitors with examples of achievement in both fields. It was believed at the time that this would help improve the tastes of consumers, manufacturers and designers, creating a virtuous circle that would benefit the culture and the economy. The museum's bronze front doors (found in the Pirelli Garden) placed James Watt on a equal footing to Titian and Humphrey Davy with Michelangelo. However, in 1913, the scientific collection was split off and formed the core of the Science Museum. Since then the Museum has maintained its role of one of the World's greatest Decorative Arts collections. It was renamed in 1899 in honour of Queen Victoria and her late consort Albert. In the 1980's Sir Roy Strong renamed the Museum as "The Victoria and Albert Museum, the National Museum of Art and Design". The Museum has a huge range of collections of European, Indian, Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Islamic decorative arts. It has galleries for sculpture, glass, jewellery, church plate, armour, weapons, costume, textiles, musical instruments, wrought iron, stained glass, metalwork, ceramics, furniture, architecture, photography, British watercolour artists and much more. One of the dramatic parts of the museum is the Cast Courts, comprising two large, skylighted rooms two storeys high housing hundreds of plaster casts of sculptures, friezes and tombs. One of these is dominated by a full-scale replica of Trajan's Column, cut in half in order to fit under the ceiling. The other includes reproductions of various works of Italian Renaissance sculpture and architecture, including a full-size replica of Michelangelo's David. Replicas of two earlier Davids by Donatello and Verrocchio, are also included, although for some reason the Verrocchio replica is displayed in a glass case. The two Courts are divided by corridors on both storeys, and the partitions that used to line the upper corridor were removed in 2004 in order to allow the Courts to be viewed from above. The V&A also houses Britain's national collection of sculpture; including Bernini's fountain of Neptune and Triton and Canova's Three Graces. The building is Victorian and Edwardian. It covers 11 acres (45,000 m²), has 145 galleries and a collection of 4 million items. Entrance has been free since November 22, 2001, following a short period when the Conservative government had imposed first voluntary and then compulsory charges. Recently, controversy surrounded the Museum's proposed building of an £80 million extension called The Spiral, designed by Daniel Libeskind, which was criticised as out of keeping with the architecture of the original buildings. The Spiral's design was described by some as looking like jumbled cardboard boxes. In September 2004, the Museum's Board of Trustees voted to abandon the design after failing to receive funding from the Heritage Lottery Fund. In 2005 some of the sculpture galleries were closed in preparation for a major reorganisation which, it is claimed, will better allow the works to be viewed in their historical context. The museum also runs the Museum of Childhood at Bethnal Green; and the Theatre Museum in Covent Garden and used to run Apsley House;. The museum is close to the Natural History Museum and the Science Museum. The closest London Underground station is South Kensington. A tunnel links the station to the museums; in 2005 a new entrance was opened linking the V&A's basement directly to the tunnel. Image:VandA Rotunda.jpg|In 2000, a 30ft high, blown glass, chandelier by Dale Chihuly was installed as a focal point in the rotunda at the V&A's main entrance. Image:CastRoom VictoriaAndAlbertMuseum.jpg|A plaster copy of Trajan's Column dominates the cast room in the sculpture wing.

External links


- [http://www.vam.ac.uk/ Official website]
- [http://www.thecityreview.com/london.htm Website with image of Spiral]
- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/3665466.stm BBC story on axing of Spiral extension] Category:Art museums and galleries in London Category:Decorative arts museums Category:Design museums Category:European Museum of the Year Award winners Category:Kensington & Chelsea ja:ヴィクトリア&アルバート美術館

1858

1858 is a common year starting on Friday.

Events


- January 14 - Felice Orsini and his accomplices fail to assassinate Napoleon III in Paris but their bombs kill 156 bystanders. Because of the involvement of French émigrés living in Britain, there is a brief anti-British feeling in France but the emperor refuses to support it
- January 25 - The Wedding March by Felix Mendelssohn becomes a popular wedding recessional after it is played on this day at the marriage of Queen Victoria's daughter Victoria, "Vicky," the Princess Royal to Prince Friedrich of Prussia in St. James's Palace, London
- February 11 - The Virgin Mary is said appear to St Bernadette of Lourdes
- March 30 - Hyman Lipman patents a pencil with an attached eraser
- March 13 - would-be-assassin Felice Orsini executed by guillotine
- May 11 - Minnesota is admitted as the 32nd U.S. state.
- June 20 - Last rebels of the Indian Mutiny surrender in Gwalior
- June 23 - Police of the Papal States seizes jewish boy Edgardo Mortara and take him away to be raised as a catholic
- July 29 - United States and Japan sign the Harris Treaty.
- August 5 - Cyrus West Field and others complete the first transatlantic telegraph cable after several unsuccessful attempts. The service ends on September 1 due to weak current
- August 11 - First ascent of the Eiger.
- August 16 - US President James Buchanan inaugurates the new trans-Atlantic telegraph cable by exchanging greetings with Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. However, a weak signal will force a shutdown of the service in a few weeks.
- November 17 - epoch of the Modified Julian Day
- British Empire takes over powers & properties of the British East India Company (see also history of Bangladesh).
- William Marcy Tweed begins his thirteen-year term as "Boss" of Tammany Hall.
- British stop using prison hulks.
- Last Cape Lion seen.
- Haute couture firm of Worth and Bobergh established.

Births


- January 7 - Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, Russian-born advocate of the Hebrew language (d. 1922)
- January 10 - Heinrich Zille, German illustrator and photographer (d. 1929)
- January 11 - Harry Gordon Selfridge, American department store magnate (d. 1947)
- March 10 - Kokichi Mikimoto, Japanese pearl farm pioneer (d. 1954)
- March 18 - Rudolf Diesel, German inventor (d. 1913)
- March 23 - Ludwig Quidde, German pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1941)
- April 23 - Max Planck, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1947)
- June 16 - King Gustav V of Sweden (d. 1950)
- June 16 - William Dickson Boyce founder of the Boy Scouts of America (d. 1929)
- July 9 - Franz Boas, German anthropologist (d. 1942)
- August 1 - Hans Rott, Austrian composer (d. 1884)
- August 11 - Christiaan Eijkman, Dutch physician and pathologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1930)
- August 27 - Giuseppe Peano, Italian mathematician (d. 1932)
- October 3 - Eleonora Duse, Italian actress (d. 1924)
- October 27 - Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1919)
- November 20 - Selma Lagerlöf, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1940)
- November 30 - Jagdish Chandra Bose, Indian Physicist (d. 1937)
- December 22 - Giacomo Puccini, Italian composer (d. 1924)
- December 25 - Herman P. Faris, American temperance movement leader (d. 1936)

Month/day unknown


- Percy Andreae, American anti-prohibition leader (d. ?)

Deaths


- January 5 - Joseph Radetzky von Radetz, Austrian field marshal (b. 1766)
- January 9 - Anson Jones, 5th and last President of Texas (suicide) (b. 1798)
- March 4 - Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry, American polar explorer (b. 1794)
- April 7 - Anton Diabelli, Austrian music publisher, and composer (b. 1781)
- June 3 - Julius Reubke, German composer (b. 1834)
- June 28 - Auguste de Montferrand, French architect (b. 1786)
- September 17 - Dred Scott, American slave Category:1858 ko:1858년 ms:1858 simple:1858 th:พ.ศ. 2401

1863

1863 is a common year starting on Thursday.

Events

January


- January 1 - Abraham Lincoln signs the Emancipation Proclamation during the second year of the American Civil War making slavery's abolition in the rebel states an official war goal.
- January 1 - The first claim under the Homestead Act is made for a farm in Nebraska
- January 8 - Ground is broken in Sacramento, CA on the construction of the First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States.
- January 11 - American Civil War: Battle of Arkansas Post - General John McClernand and Admiral David Porter capture the Arkansas River for the Union.
- January 10 - The first section of the London Underground Railway opens (Paddington to Farringdon Street).
- January 22 - The January Uprising broke out in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus. The aim of the national movement was to regain Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth from occupation of Russia.

February


- February 10 - The world-famous midgets General Tom Thumb and Lavinia Warren get married in New York City. P. T. Barnum takes an entrance fee
- February 10 - Alanson Crane patents the fire extinguisher.
- February 24 - Arizona is organized as a United States territory.
- February 26 - President of the United States Abraham Lincoln signs the National Currency Act into law.

March


- March 3 - Idaho Territory is organized by the U.S. Congress
- March 3 - US National Conscription Act is signed - leads a week-long New York Draft Riots
- March 10 - Marriage of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales to Princess Alexandra of Denmark
- March 30 - Prince Wilhelm Georg of Denmark is chosen as King George I of Greece.

April


- April 11 - 400-page book, Thirty-three Thousand, Five Hundred and Thirty Ways of Spelling "Scissors" , is offered for sale in London pawnshop
- April 30 - the Battle of Camerone in Mexico - 65 soldiers of the French Foreign Legion fight 2000 Mexicans - three of them survive the battle

May


- May 1 – May 4 - American Civil War: General Robert E. Lee defeats Union forces at the Battle of Chancellorsville with 13001 Confederate casualties, among them Stonewall Jackson lost to friendly fire, and 17500 Union casualties.
- May 14 - American Civil War: Battle of Jackson (MS).
- May 17 - After a two-month siege, the French army of Bazaine takes Puebla Mexico.
- May 18 - American Civil War: The Siege of Vicksburg begins (ends Saturday, July 4).8600 union 30189 confederate men surrendered
- May 21 - American Civil War: Siege of Port Hudson, Louisiana by Union forces.
- May 21 - General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists formed.
- May 23 - Ferdinand Lassalle founds the Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein (General German Workers' Association, ADAV), the first socialist workers party in Germany.
- May 28 - American Civil War: The 54th Massachusetts, the first African-American regiment, leaves Boston, Massachusetts to fight for the Union.
- May 31 - First running of the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe horse race.

June


- June 9 - American Civil War: Battle of Brandy Station, Virginia.
- June 14 - American Civil War: Second Battle of Winchester: A Union garrison is defeated by the Army of Northern Virginia in the Shenandoah Valley town of Winchester, Virginia.
- June 17 - American Civil War: Battle of Aldie in the Gettysburg Campaign.
- June 20 - West Virginia is admitted as the 35th U.S. state.

July


- July 1 - 3 - American Civil War: Union forces under George G. Meade turn back a Confederate invasion by Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg, the largest battle of the war. 28500 confederate men & 24500 union
- July 4 - American Civil War: Battle of Vicksburg - Ulysses S. Grant and the Union army capture the Confederate city Vicksburg, Mississippi after the town surrendered. The siege lasted 47 days.
- July 13 - American Civil War (New York Draft Riots): In New York City, opponents of conscription begin three days of violent rioting, which would later be regarded as the worst in the history of the United States.
- July 18 - American Civil War: The first formal African American military unit, the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, unsuccessfully assaults Confederate-held Fort Wagner but their valiant fighting still proves the worth of African American soldiers during the war. Their colonel was shot leading attack and was buried with his men. 450 union/ 175 confederate
- July 26 - American Civil War: Morgan's Raid ends - At Salineville, Ohio, Confederate cavalry leader John Hunt Morgan and 375 of his volunteers are captured by Union forces.
- July 30 - Indian Wars: Chief Pocatello of the Shoshone tribe signs the Treaty of Box Elder, promising to stop harassing the emigrant trails in southern Idaho and northern Utah.

August


- August 8 - American Civil War: Following his defeat in the Battle of Gettysburg, General Robert E. Lee sends a letter of resignation to Confederate President Jefferson Davis (Davis will refuse the request upon receipt).
- August 17 - American Civil War: In Charleston, South Carolina, Union batteries and ships bombard Confederate-held Fort Sumter. Bombardment will not end until Thursday, December 31

September


- September 6 - American Civil War: Confederates evacuate Battery Wagner and Morris Island in South Carolina.
- September 8 - American Civil War: Second Battle of Sabine Pass - On the Texas-Louisiana border at the mouth of the Sabine River, a small Confederate force thwarts a Union invasion of Texas.

October


- October 5 - The Brooklyn, Bath and Coney Island Rail Road starts operations in Brooklyn, New York; this is now the oldest right-of-way on the New York City Subway, the largest rapid transit system in the United States and one of the largest in the world.
- October 14 - American Civil War: Battle of Bristol Station - Confederate General Robert E. Lee forces fail to drive the Union army out of Virginia.
- October 15 - American Civil War: The first successful submarine, the CSS Hunley sinks during a test, killing Horace Lawson Hunley (its inventor) and a crew of seven.
- October 26 - 29, the Resolutions of the Geneva International Conference are signed
- October 29 - Sixteen countries meeting in Geneva agree to form the International Red Cross.
- October 29 - American Civil War: Battle of Wauhatchie - Forces under Union General Ulysses S. Grant ward-off a Confederate attack led by General James Longstreet. Union forces thus open a supply line into Chattanooga, Tennessee.

November


- November 16 - American Civil War: Battle of Campbell's Station - Near Knoxville, Tennessee, Confederate troops led by General James Longstreet unsuccessfully attack Union forces under General Ambrose Burnside.
- November 17 - American Civil War: Siege of Knoxville begins - Confederate forces led by General James Longstreet place Knoxville, Tennessee under siege (the two week long siege and one failed attack was unsuccessful).
- November 19 - American Civil War: Union President Abraham Lincoln delivers the Gettysburg Address at the military cemetery dedication ceremony in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
- November 23 - American Civil War: Battle of Chattanooga III begins - Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant reinforce troops at Chattanooga, Tennessee and counter-attack Confederate troops.
- November 24 - American Civil War: Battle of Lookout Mountain - Near Chattanooga, Tennessee, Union forces under General Ulysses S. Grant capture Lookout Mountain and begin to break the Confederate siege of the city led by General Braxton Bragg.
- November 25 - American Civil War: Battle of Missionary Ridge - At Missionary Ridge in Tennessee, Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant break the Siege of Chattanooga by routing Confederate troops under General Braxton Bragg.
- November 26 - American Civil War: Mine Run - Union forces under General George Meade position against troops led by Confederate General Robert E. Lee (Meade's forces could not find any weaknesses in the Confederate lines and gave up trying after five days).
- November 27 - American Civil War: Confederate cavalry leader John Hunt Morgan and several of his men escape the Ohio state prison and return safely to the South.

December


- End of term for Amasa Leland Stanford, 8th Governor of California. He is succeeded by Frederick Ferdinand Low.

Unknown dates


- Bartolomé Mitre secretly backs the revolt of Venancio Flores against the Uruguayn Blanco government
- Thomas Nast draws the modern Santa Claus for Harper's Weekly, although Santa existed previously.
- Construction begins on the First Transcontinental Railroad in Sacramento, California

Ongoing Events


- The American Civil War (1861-1865)

Births


- January 1 - Pierre de Coubertin, French founder of the modern Olympic Games (d. 1937)
- January 12 - Swami Vivekananda, Indian religious leader (d. 1902)
- January 15 - Wilhelm Marx, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1946)
- January 17 - David Lloyd George, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1945)
- March 12 - Gabriele D'Annunzio, Italian writer, war hero, and politician (d. 1938)
- March 25 - Simon Flexner, American pathologist (d. 1946)
- May 21 - Eugen, Archduke of Austria, Austrian field marshal (d. 1954)
- March 27 - Sir Henry Royce, English automobile pioneer (d. 1933)
- May 24 - George Grey Barnard, American sculptor (d. 1938)
- May 29 - Arthur Mold, English cricketer (d. 1921)
- June 2 - Felix Weingartner, Yugoslavian conductor (d. 1942)
- July 1 - William Stairs, Canadian explorer (d. 1892)
- July 21 - C. Aubrey Smith, English actor (d. 1948)
- July 30 - Henry Ford, American automobile manufacturer and industrialist (d. 1947)
- August 3 - Géza Gárdonyi, Hungarian author (d. 1922)
- September 13 - Arthur Henderson, Scottish politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1935)
- September 21 - John Bunny, American film comedian (d. 1915)
- October 11 - Louis Cyr, Canadian strongman (d. 1912)
- October 16 - Austen Chamberlain, English statesman, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1937)
- December 7 - Pietro Mascagni, Italian composer (d. 1945)
- December 11 - Annie Jump Cannon, American astronomer (d. 1941)
- December 12 - Edvard Munch, Norwegian painter (d. 1944)
- Aaron S. Watkins, American Presidential candidate (d. 1941)

Deaths


- April 1 - Jakob Steiner, Swiss mathematician (b. 1796)
- May 10 - Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson, American Confederate general (b. 1824)
- July 26 - Sam Houston, first President of the Republic of Texas (b. 1793)
- August 13 - Eugène Delacroix, French painter (b. 1798)
- September 17 - Alfred de Vigny, French author (b. 1797)
- September 20 - Jakob Grimm, German folklorist (b. 1785)
- November 2 - Theodore Judah, American railroad engineer (b. 1826)
- November 15 - Frederick VII, King of Denmark (b.1808)
- December 13 - Christian Friedrich Hebbel, German writer (b. 1813) Category:1863 ko:1863년 ms:1863 simple:1863 th:พ.ศ. 2406

1909

1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar).

Events

January – March


- January 16 - Ernest Shackleton's expedition finds the magnetic South Pole.
- January 28 - United States troops leave Cuba after being there since the Spanish-American War.
- February 12 - The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is founded.
- February 23 - The Silver Dart makes the first powered flight in Canada and the British Empire.
- February 24 - The Hudson Motor Car Company is founded.
- March 4 - End of term for Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States. He is succeeded by William Howard Taft.
- March 18 - Einar Dessau uses a short-wave radio transmitter becoming the first to broadcast as a ham radio operator.
- March 23 - Theodore Roosevelt leaves New York for a post-presidency safari in Africa. The trip was sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution and National Geographic Society.
- March 31 - Serbia accepts Austrian control over Bosnia-Herzegovina.

April – June


- April 6 - Robert Peary allegedly reaches the North Pole.
- April 27 - Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Abdul Hamid II is overthrown and succeeded by his brother, Muhammad V. He leaves the country the next day.
- May - Choosing a vocation by Frank Parsons (died 1908) is published.
- June 1 - The Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition opens in Seattle.
- June 2 - Alfred Deakin becomes Prime Minister of Australia for the third time.
- June 9 – Alice Huyler Ramsey, a 22-year-old housewife and mother from Hackensack, New Jersey, became the first woman to drive across the United States. With three female companions, none of whom could drive a car, for fifty-nine days she drove a Maxwell automobile the 3,800 miles from Manhattan, New York to San Francisco, California.
- June 15 - Representatives from England, Australia and South Africa meet at Lords and form the Imperial Cricket Conference.
- June 22 - Construction begins on the Cape Cod Canal, which would separate Cape Cod from mainland Massachusetts, United States.

July – September


- July 13 - Gold discovered near Cochrane, Ontario.
- July 16 - A