Manchester

Manchester er en by i det nordvestlige England. I 2002 havde byen en befolkning på ca. 422.000. Byen ligger i centrum af Stormanchester, der har 2,5 millioner indbyggere. Manchester er hjemsted for de to fodboldklubber Manchester United og Manchester City. Kategori:Engelske byer ja:マンチェスター

England

England er en geografisk del af Det Forenede Kongerige, som består af England, Skotland, Wales og Nordirland samt en række mindre øer. Regent: Dronning Elizabeth II Hovedstad: London 7.230.000 indbyggere (1995)

Historie

England var romersk provins i årene 43 til cirka 400. I bronzealderen var landet en vigtig eksportør af tin. Industrien blev delvist opbygget omkring landets kulfelter i 1800-tallet.

Klima

England var til langt op i middelalderen et skovdækket land, hvor det nu er et af de mest skovfattige områder i Europa. Klimaet er et fugtigt havklima, østkysten er dog tørrere end vestkysten. Andre byer
- Birmingham
- Leeds
- Sheffield
- Bradford
- Liverpool
- Manchester
- Bristol Religion
- anglikanere
- metodister
- romersk-katolske
- ortodokse
- og andre kristne grupper 72 %
- muslimer 3,1 %
- hinduer 1,1 %
- sikher 0,7 %
- jøder 0,5 %
- buddister 0,3 %
- andre, samt ateister 22,8 % Tallene er retningsvisende, og varierer lidt efter kilder.

Se også

- Det Forenede Kongerige
- Storbritannien
- Engelske grevskaber
- Engelske regenter

Links

- Europæiske Union, Europa-Kommissionen: [http://publications.eu.int/code/da/da-370101.htm Publikationskontoret - Vejledning i Udformning af EU-publikationer — 7.1.1. Betegnelse og forkortelser]
- Lidt befolkningsstatistik fra 2001: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/64.asp Kategori:England ja:イングランド ko:잉글랜드 ms:England simple:England th:แคว้นอังกฤษ zh-min-nan:England

Manchester United

Manchester United (officielt virksomhedsnavn Manchester United Plc) er en engelsk fodboldklub. Hjemmebanen hedder Old Trafford. Klubben blev i 1878 under navnet Newton Heath Lancashire & Yorkshire Railroads (LYR) oprettet af en gruppe jernbanearbejdere hos selskabet Lancashire & Yorkshire Railroads som ville spille lidt fodbold i fritiden. Op gennem 1890'erne mistede klubben dog forbindelsen og opbakningen fra selskabet, og derefter skrottede man endelsen LYR, således at navnet blev til Newton Heath. I 1902 var klubben på konkursens rand, men blev reddet af nogle investorer. På grund af denne redning, skiftede klubben navn igen, denne gang til Manchester United Football Club. Klubbens position i 2004 som værende verdens største sports-franchise er skabt på baggrund af et århundrede, hvor klubben oplevede alt ligefra de største katastrofer til de største triumfer. I 1958 led klubben den største katastrofe nogensinde, da holdet var på vej hjem fra en Europa Cup-semifinale imod Røde Stjerne. Flyet måtte nødlande i München, men da det så skulle lette igen gik det galt. 8 spillere samt 15 journalister og flypersonale døde. Blandt spillerne som døde var Duncan Edwards, som i en alder af blot 21 år omkom den kolde februar dag i 1958. Han var spået til at blive en af Englands bedste spillere nogensinde. Blandt de overlevende var den unge Bobby Charlton, som i 1966 førte England frem til verdensmesterskabet. Manageren, den succesrige Matt Busby, som senere blev adlet, overlevede efter flere dage på hospitalet i München. Blot ti år efter denne tragedie den 6. februar 1958, kunne Matt Busby stå med Europa Cup trofæet i hænderne. Den skotske manager havde på blot 10 år bygget en klub og et vinderhold op fra bunden og vundet den mest prestigefyldte turnering i verden. Efter Matt Busby-epoken gik der lang tid, før der igen var stor succes i Manchester-klubben. Alex Ferguson blev hentet til klubben i november 1986. 13 år senere vandt han The Treble (Champions League, det engelske mesterskab samt FA Cup samme år) med spillere som Peter Schmeichel, David Beckham, Andrew Cole og Ole Gunnar Solskjær på holdet. Roy Keane og Paul Scholes, som begge var en vigtig del af det succsfulde hold, måtte undværes i Champions League-finalen på grund af karantæner, men kampen blev vundet med en sejr på 2-1 i den mest dramatiske fodboldfinale nogensinde. Efter et kvarters spil førte FC Bayern München med 1-0, hvilket var stillingen da den officielle tid udløb, men i overtiden slog Manchester United til og i det 93. minut sikrede Ole Gunnar Solskjær det eftertragtede trofæ med scoringen til 2-1. Klubbens største spiller var Eric Cantona, som kom til klubben i 1992 og stoppede sin karriere i 1997. Danskere i Manchester United
- Jesper Olsen (1984-1989), 139 ligekampe, 21 mål
- John Sivebæk (1985-1987), 31 ligekampe, 1 mål
- Peter Schmeichel (1991-1999), 292 ligakampe, 130 uden scoring fra modstanderne
- Mads Timm

Henvisninger/kilder

[http://www.manutd.com ManUtd.com - Klubbens officielle hjemmeside] [http://www.OldTrafford.dk OldTrafford.dk - Dansk Manchester United website] Kategori:Fodboldklubber ja:マンチェスター・ユナイテッド ko:맨체스터 유나이티드 simple:Manchester United F.C.

Kategori:Engelske byer

Kategori:Det_Forenede_Kongeriges_byer Kategori:England simple:Category:Cities in England

Continental Army

The Continental Army was the unified command structure of the thirteen colonies fighting Great Britain during the American Revolutionary War. The Army was created by a resolution of the Continental Congress on June 14, 1775. Most of the Continental Army was disbanded on November 3, 1783 after the Treaty of Paris. A small residual force remained at West Point and some frontier outposts, until Congress created the United States Army by their resolution of June 3, 1784.

Creation, organization and reorganization

1784, 1775.]] On June 7 the Continental Congress decided to proceed with the establishment of a Continental Army for purposes of comon defense. Referring to themselves as "the twelve United Colonies", (Georgia was not yet represented), the congress adopted forces already in place in Cambridge, Massachusetts as the first units of the Continental Army, they then elected by unanimous vote George Washington on June 15 as commander-in-chief. Washington accepted the position without any compensation except reimbursement of his expenses. Four major-generals (Artemas Ward, Charles Lee, Philip Schuyler, and Israel Putnam) and eight brigadier-generals (Seth Pomeroy, Richard Montgomery, David Wooster, William Heath, Joseph Spencer, John Thomas, John Sullivan, and Nathanael Greene) were appointed in the course of a few days. As the Continental Congress increasingly accepted the responsibilities and posture of a legislature for a sovereign state, the role of the Continental Army was the subject of considerable debate. There was a general aversion to maintaining a standing army among the Americans; but on the other hand, the requirements of the war against the British required the discipline and organization of a modern military. As a result, the army went through several distinct phases, characterized by official dissolution and reorganization of units. Broadly speaking, Continental forces consisted of several successive armies, or "establishments":
- The Continental Army of 1775, comprising the initial New England army, organized by Washington into three divisions; and also Major General Philip Schuyler's ten regiments sent to invade Canada.
- The Continental Army of 1776, reorganized after the initial enlistment period of the soldiers in the 1775 army had expired. Washington had submitted recommendations to the Continental Congress almost immediately after he had accepted the position of commander-in-chief, but these took time to consider and implement. Although attempts to broaden the recruiting base beyond New England, the 1776 army remained skewed toward the Northeast both in terms of its composition and geographical focus.
- The Continental Army of 1777 - 1780 was a result of several critical reforms and political decisions that came about when it was apparent that the British were sending massive forces to put an end to the American revolution. The Continental Congress passed the Eighty-eight battalion resolution, ordering each state to contribute forces in proportion to their population, and Washington was given authority to raise additional 15 battalions. Also, enlistment terms were extended to three years or "the length of the war" to avoid the year-end crises that depleted forces.
- The Continental Army of 1781 - 1782 saw the greatest crisis on the American side in the war. Congress was for all intents and purposes bankrupt, making it very difficult to replenish the soldiers whose three-year terms had expired. Popular support for the war was at its all-time low, and Washington had to put down mutinies both in the Pennsylvania Line and New Jersey Line. Congress voted to cut funding for the army, but Washington managed nevertheless to secure important strategic victories.
- The Continental Army of 1783 - 1784, which was succeeded by the United States Army, which persists to this day. As peace was closed with the British, most of the regiments were disbanded in an orderly fashion, though several had already been diminished. In addition, a number of militia units, raised and funded by individual colonies/states, participated in battles. The financial responsibility for providing pay, food, shelter, clothing, arms, and other equipment to specific units was assigned to states as part of the establishment of these units. States differed in how well they lived up these obligations. There were constant funding issues on the one hand and morale problems on the other as the war continued.

The emergence of combat capabilities

Under the command of Artemas Ward, the army at Cambridge in June of 1775 numbered about sixteen thousand men from New England. In addition to Ward, John Thomas acted as executive officer, Richard Gridley commanded the artillery corps and was chief engineer. The British force in Boston was increasing by fresh arrivals. It numbered then about ten thousand men. Maj. Generals Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne had arrived late in May, and joined General Gage in forming and executing plans for dispersing the rebels. Feeling strong with these veteran officers and soldiers around him, and the presence of several ships-of-war under Admiral Graves, the governor issued a proclamation, declaring martial law, branding the entire Continental Army and supporters as "rebels" and "parricides of the Constitution." Amnesty was offered to those who gave up their allegiance to the Continental Army and Congress in favor of the British authorities, though Samuel Adams and John Hancock were still wanted for high treason. This proclamation only served to strengthen the resolve of the congress and army. Throughout its existence, the army was troubled by poor logistics, spotty training, short-term enlistments, interstate rivalries, and Congress's inability to compel the states to provide food, money or supplies. In the beginning, soldiers enlisted for a year, largely motivated by patriotism; but as the war dragged on, bounties and other incentives became more commonplace. Two major mutinies diminished drastically two of the main units, and there were constant discipline problems. The army increased its effectiveness and success rate through a series of trials and errors, often at great human cost. General Washington, along with other distinguished officers, were instrumental leaders in preserving unity, learning and adapting, and ensuring discipline throughout the eight years of war. Washington always viewed the army as a temporary measure and strove to maintain civilian control of the military. Washington resigned his post when the Treaty of Paris was signed with the British in 1783, ending the war and confirming American independence. His willing yielding of power, at a time when many would have given him a crown, was crucial in averting a military dictatorship in the United States, and helped ensure that democracy would take root. After the war, the officers of the Continental Line formed the Society of the Cincinnati in May of 1783. They elected General George Washington as President of the Society, and he served as President until his death in 1799. The Society has remained active since its formation in 1783, and is represented by the descendants of the officers of the respective State lines, as well as of France.