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Stanford Arboretum

Stanford Arboretum

The Stanford University Arboretum is an arboretum located on the grounds of Stanford University in Palo Alto, California. It is open to the pubic daily without charge. The arboretum began with the indigenous live oaks on Leland Stanford's estate, which later became the university campus, augmented by a variety of trees that he collected. In 1885 Stanford contracted with noted landscape designer Frederick Law Olmsted to plan the grounds. An 1888 memorandum by Olmsted, and signed by Stanford, states that the then-extant University Forest and the Arboretum were to be combined, and that "In this enlarged Arboretum it is desired that there shall be exhibited to advantage all the trees and wood plants of the world that may be expected to grow to mature natural forms under the climatic and other conditions of the locality." As Jane Stanford said in her 1903 address to the Stanford trustees: :No buildings of any kind whatever should ever be erected within the grounds of the original Arboretum. It should always be retained in its present condition as a Park for drives and walks so long as the University exists. This Park was a favorite project of my husband and carried into effect twenty-eight years ago. There are many miles of drive[s] within, or connected with shaded avenues, with this beautiful park. The choicest trees are there planted from all parts of the world, and as the years roll on and this most beautiful valley of Santa Clara becomes, as I have no doubt it will, the educational center of our State and thickly settled with beautiful homes, this park will be unique and of itself memorable and monumental. It should, accordingly, always be sacredly preserved from mutilation. However, these plans for a major tree collection within the arboretum grounds did not materialize. A report by the Olmsted Brothers (May 8, 1914) states: "The so-called 'Arboretum' extends on either side of the main approach from the County Road. At present the name Arboretum is a misnomer as the name implies that a great variety of trees in botanical order are to be found there. It consists, as a matter of fact, mostly of a thick plantation of Blue Gums and Monterey Cypress." Subsequently the Department of Botany was given supervisory control of the arboretum in order to utilize it more fully for scientific purposes. During the twentieth century the arboretum was sometimes under development, but seldom given great attention. At present the arboretum contains over 350 species representing 150 genera and sixty families. The most common tree is the coast live oak, although valley, blue, and black oaks are also represented. For some years the arboretum was neglected, though in recent years there has been greater interest in its care. There has been some loss of diversity from the original tree and shrub plantings of the 1880s and 1890s, which is well-documented for conifers. Although the eucalyptus collection is still prominent, over the past quarter century there has been a significant loss of Eucalypt species, from over 100 to 51 today. Some of the older tree specimens in the arboretum are a blue atlas cedar, California fan palm, California sycamore, Canary Island palm, coast live oak, deodara cedar, Hampton oak, red mulberry, Santa Lucia fir, Torrey pine, and white ash.

References

- Trees of Stanford and Environs, Ronald N. Bracewell, Stanford Historical Society, 2005. Category:Arboreta Category:California botanical gardens Arboretum

Arboretum

An arboretum is a botanical garden primarily devoted to trees and other woody plants, forming a living collection of trees intended at least partly for scientific study. An arboretum specialising in growing conifers is known as a pinetum. The term 'arboretum' was first used in an English publication by J. C. Loudon in 1833 in The Gardener's Magazine but the concept was already long-established by then. Commenting on Loddiges' famous Hackney Botanic Garden arboretum, begun in 1816, and opened free to the public for educational benefit every Sunday, Loudon wrote: The arboretum looks better this season than it has ever done since it was planted... the more lofty trees suffered from the late high winds, but not materially. We walked round the two outer spirals of this coil of trees and shrubs; viz. from Acer to Quercus. There is no garden scene about London so interesting. A plan of Loddiges' arboretum was included in The Encyclopaedia of Gardening, 1834 edition. Leaves from Loddiges' arboretum and in some instances entire trees, were studiously drawn to illustrate Loudon's encyclopaedic book Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum published in 1838, which also incorporated drawings from other early botanic gardens and parklands throughout the UK. The first arboretum to be designed and planted was the Arboretum Trsteno, near Dubrovnik in Croatia. Its start date is unknown, but it was already in existence by 1492, when a 15 m span aqueduct to irrigate the arboretum was constructed; this aqueduct is still in use. It was created by the prominent local Gučetić/Gozze family. It suffered two major disasters in the 1990s but its two unique and ancient Oriental Planes remained standing. Oriental Plane The Westonbirt Arboretum, near Tetbury, Gloucestershire, England, was founded around 1828 as the private tree collection of Captain Robert Holford at the Holford estate. Holford planted in open fields and laid out rides before he rebuilt the house. Planting at Westonbirt was continued by his son, George Holford. Eventually the estate passed to the government in lieu of death duties and was opened to the public. The first public arboretum in England was Derby Arboretum, laid out by J.C. Loudon, and donated to the citizens of Derby by Joseph Strutt, on Wednesday 16 September 1840. In 1859 it was visited by Frederick Law Olmsted on his European tour of parks, and it had an influence on the planting in Central Park, New York. Loudon wrote a catalogue of the trees in Derby Arboretum in 1840; unfortunately, industrial pollution killed most of the original plantings by the 1880s, but it is being renovated and replanted closer to Loudon's original layout. Shortly before the Derby Arboretum opened, a more complete arboretum was opened at Abney Park Cemetery in Stoke Newington near London, modelled partly on Mount Auburn Cemetery near Boston and designed by Loddiges nursery. It was laid out with 2,500 trees and shrubs, all labelled and arranged in an unusual alphabetical format from A for Acer (maple trees) to Z for Zanthoxylum (American toothache trees). Until Kew was enlarged this remained the largest arboretum in Europe; but being privately owned, albeit with free public access, and initially some distance from the built up districts of the capital, it never achieved the recognition of later collections. Harvard University's Arnold Arboretum in Jamaica Plain, Boston, Massachusetts is one of the oldest, largest, and most famous arboreta in the United States. It was established in 1872 on 107 ha of land in the Jamaica Plain section of Boston and was guided for many years by Charles Sprague Sargent who was appointed the Arboretum's first director in 1873 and spent the following 54 years shaping the policies. By an arrangement with the city of Boston, the Arnold Arboretum became part of the famous "Emerald Necklace", the 10 km (7 mile) long network of parks and parkways that Frederick Law Olmsted laid out for the Boston Parks Department between 1878 and 1892. Charles Sprague Sargent in the Washington Park Arboretum in Seattle]] In 1927 the United States National Arboretum was established in Washington D.C. on 180 hectares of land; currently it receives over half a million annual visitors. Single-genus groupings include apples, azaleas, boxwoods, dogwoods, hollies, magnolias and maples. Other major garden features include collections of herbaceous and aquatic plants, the National Bonsai and Penjing Museum, the Asian Collections, the Conifer Collections, native plant collections, the National Herb Garden and the 'National Grove' of all the designated State Trees. The Arboretum at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, Wisconsin is a study collection devoted to ecology rather than systematics. Founded in the 1930s, it was a Civilian Conservation Corps project which restored a body of land to its presettlement state. Portions of the Walt Disney nature documentary, "The Vanishing Prairie", were filmed there, notably the prairie fire, filmed during a controlled burn at the Arboretum. Bedgebury Pinetum near Goudhurst, Kent is one of the world's most complete collections of conifers.

Artistic

The term arboretum also refers to the genre of art by the same name. This encompasses paintings of trees, photographs and collages using leaves and twigs.

External links

- [http://www.usna.usda.gov/Information/historymissn.html U.S. National Arboretum, Washington D.C.]
- [http://www.derbyarboretum.co.uk/ Derby Arboretum website, with full history.]
- [http://www.arboretum.harvard.edu/aboutus/history.html History of Arnold Arboretum.]
- [http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/infd-5y4f5k Forestry Commission - Westonbirt Arboretum]
- [http://www.fowa.org.uk/ Friends of Westonbirt Arboretum]
- [http://www.shawnature.org/ Shaw Nature Reserve]
- [http://www.ncarboretum.org The North Carolina Arboretum, Asheville, NC]
- [http://arboretum.ag.arizona.edu Boyce Thompson Arboretum, Superior, AZ]
- [http://www.baileyarboretum.org Bailey Arboretum ("The Teaching Arboretum"), Lattingtown, NY]
- [http://www.arboretum.uiuc.edu/gardens.htm UIUC Arboretum, Urbana, IL]

Palo Alto, California

Palo Alto is a city in Santa Clara County, in the San Francisco Bay Area of California, USA, named for a tree called El Palo Alto. The city is located at the northern end of Silicon Valley, and is home to Stanford University (which is technically located in an adjacent area, Stanford, California), and several successful high-technology companies, such as Hewlett-Packard. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 58,598. The northern half of Palo Alto, north of Oregon Expressway, is filled with elegant homes, some of which date back to the 1890s but most of which were built in the first four decades of the 20th century on tree-lined streets. South of Oregon Expressway, in the southern half of Palo Alto, the houses, including many Joseph Eichler–designed or Eichler-style houses, were primarily built in the first 20 years after World War II. While both halves of the city contain homes that now cost anywhere from $700,000 to well in excess of $1 million, giving the entire city a somewhat-deserved reputation as a wealthy enclave, the fact is that the housing stock of south Palo Alto is rather middle-class in the style of mid-century California suburbia, and would not be so expensive were it not in such a desirable location, close to both Stanford University and the Silicon Valley. Typically, homes in the northern half of the city are even more expensive than those in the southern half. Palo Alto is also generally perceived to have excellent public schools and a high quality of life. A good description of high-tech life in Palo Alto around 1995 is found in the novel by Douglas Coupland, Microserfs. One visible trend at the time was that of people who lived in San Francisco, but who drove south 30 to 50 miles each weekday in order to work in Silicon Valley. Palo Alto’s sister city in Sweden is Linköping. Its Mexican sister is Oaxaca, Oaxaca. Oaxaca, Oaxaca

Geography

Oaxaca, OaxacaPalo Alto is located at (37.429289, −122.138162). It is in the south-eastern section of the San Francisco Peninsula. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 66.4 km² (25.6 mi²). 61.3 km² (23.7 mi²) of it is land and 5.1 km² (2.0 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 7.65% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 58,598 people, 25,216 households, and 14,600 families residing in the city. The population density is 955.8/km² (2,475.3/mi²). There are 26,048 housing units at an average density of 424.9/km² (1,100.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 75.76% White, 2.02% African American, 0.21% Native American, 17.22% Asian, 0.14% Pacific Islander, 1.41% from other races, and 3.24% from two or more races. 4.65% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 25,216 households out of which 27.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.5% are married couples living together, 7.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 42.1% are non-families. 32.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.30 and the average family size is 2.95. In the city the population is spread out with 21.2% under the age of 18, 4.9% from 18 to 24, 32.4% from 25 to 44, 25.9% from 45 to 64, and 15.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 40 years. For every 100 females there are 95.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 93.6 males. The median income for a household in the city is $90,377, and the median income for a family is $117,574. Males have a median income of $91,051 versus $60,202 for females. The per capita income for the city is $56,257. 4.8% of the population and 3.2% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 4.0% of those under the age of 18 and 5.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Famous residents

- James Franco (actor, 1978-)
- Lindsey Buckingham (musician, 1949-)
- Amy Irving (actress, 1953-)
- Phil Hellmuth (poker champion, 1964-)
- Steve Wozniak (Founder of Apple Computer)
- Steve Jobs (CEO of Apple Computer and Pixar)
- Steve Young (Hall of Fame Football Player)

History

Steve Young The township of Mayfield was formed in 1855, in what is now South Palo Alto some 40 years before Palo Alto. Known for its rowdy saloons, it rejected Leland Stanford’s requests for reform which led him to drive the formation of Palo Alto. With Stanford’s support, saloon days faded and Palo Alto grew to the size of Mayfield. The two communities came together and eventually there was talk of annexation. On July 2, 1925, Palo Alto voters approved the annexation of Mayfield and the two communities were officially consolidated on July 6, 1925. The Mayfield News wrote its own obituary four days later: “It is with a feeling of deep regret that we see on our streets today those who would sell, or give, our beautiful little city to an outside community. We have watched Mayfield grow from a small hamlet, when Palo Alto was nothing more than a hayfield, to her present size … and it is with a feeling of sorrow that we contemplate the fact that there are those who would sell or give the city away.” This is also why Palo Alto has essentially two downtown areas: one along University Avenue and one along California Avenue. The latter was the downtown of Mayfield, the former of Palo Alto prior to merging with Mayfield.

Economy

Palo Alto serves as a central economic focal point of the Silicon Valley, due in large part to the Stanford Research Park on Page Mill Road. The city’s economy generally follows the economic trends of the rest of the Silicon Valley. Several well known companies are headquartered in Palo Alto, including:
- Agilent
- CNF Inc. (Fortune 500)
- Genencor
- Hewlett-Packard
- IDEO
- Space Systems/Loral
- Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati (technology law firm) Other notable corporate citizens:
- Fry's Electronics
- NYSE
- PAIX
- Roche Bioscience
- The Wall Street Journal
- Xerox PARC
- Lockheed Martin In addition, Palo Alto has a lively retail and restaurant trade, and the Stanford Shopping Center and downtown Palo Alto (centered around University Avenue) are popular destinations. See also: [http://web.archive.org/web/20041019014319/www.paloaltochamber.com/ABOUTPACC/majore.html Palo Alto Chamber of Commerce list of Major Employers] (archived)

School system

Public schools

The Palo Alto Unified School District (PAUSD) provides public education for Palo Alto.

Private schools

- Palo Alto Montessori School - an accredited preschool which has been educating 2–5 years olds since 1977.
- Pinewood School - located on Fremont Road in Los Altos Hills; most of the students are from Los Altos Hills/Los Altos area
- Kitty Petty Institute - a preschool for disabled children
- St Elizabeth Seton Extended - a Catholic school
- Castilleja School - a prestigious girls’ school
- International School of the Peninsula - a K–8 school emphasizing on dual language teaching
- Bowman International School - a school founded in 1995 which emphasizes on teaching about different cultures
- Kehillah Jewish High School - a new preparatory high school with both secular and jewish studies

Transportation

Palo Alto is served by two major freeways, US Highway 101 and Interstate 280, and is traversed by the Peninsula’s main north-south boulevard, El Camino Real (California State Highway 82). The city is also served indirectly by California State Highway 84 which traverses the Dumbarton Bridge to the north. None of the highways on the Peninsula side of the bridge have been upgraded to freeway status due to opposition from residents of Palo Alto, Atherton and Menlo Park. The freeway opponents fear that upgrading Highway 84 will encourage more people to live in Alameda County (where housing is more affordable) and commute to jobs in the mid-Peninsula area, thus increasing traffic in their neighborhoods to the south of the bridge. Also, Palo Alto has only one major crosstown arterial, Page Mill Road/Oregon Expressway, which completely connects the two freeways. Because of these two defects in the regional road network, Palo Alto is notorious for severe traffic congestion at rush hour. Palo Alto is served by Palo Alto Airport of Santa Clara County, one of the busiest single-runway general aviation airports in the country. Train service is available via Caltrain with service to San Francisco and San Jose. Caltrain has two regular stops in Palo Alto, one at University Avenue (local and express) and the other at California Avenue (local only). A third, located beside Alma Street at Embarcadero Road, is used to provide special services for occasional sports events (generally football) at Stanford Stadium. The Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA) provides primary bus service through Palo Alto with service to the south bay and Silicon Valley. The San Mateo County Transit District (SamTrans) provides service to San Mateo County to the north. The Stanford University Free Shuttle (Marguerite) provides a supplementary bus service to and from the campus, and the Palo Alto Free Shuttle (Crosstown and Embarcadero) provide service to major points in Palo Alto, including the main library, downtown, the Caltrain University Ave. Station, and both high schools.

Points of interest

- Arizona Cactus Garden
- Cantor Art Center
- Stanford University
- Stanford University Arboretum
- Matadero Creek

External links

- [http://www.city.palo-alto.ca.us/ City of Palo Alto web page]
- [http://www.paloaltoairport.org/ Palo Alto Airport]
- [http://www.paloaltochamber.com/ Palo Alto Chamber of Commerce]
- [http://www.pahistory.org/ Palo Alto Historical Association]
- [http://www.paloaltodailynews.com/ Palo Alto Daily News]
- [http://www.paweekly.com/ Palo Alto Weekly News]
- [http://www.paloaltoonline.com/news_features/centennial/1920D.html Two Towns Are Better Than One, Palo Alto Weekly]
- [http://www.wbopera.org/ The West Bay Opera] Category:Cities in California Category:Santa Clara County, California Category:University towns ja:パロアルト

Frederick Law Olmsted

, Biltmore Estate, Asheville, North Carolina ]] Frederick Law Olmsted (April 26, 1822 – August 28, 1903) was a United States landscape architect, famous for designing many well-known urban parks, including Central Park in New York City, the country's oldest coordinated system of public parks and parkways in Buffalo, New York, the country's oldest state park, the Niagara Reservation in Niagara Falls, New York, Mount Royal Park in Montreal, the Metropolitan Parks System in Boston, Massachusetts, Cherokee Park (and the entire parks and parkway system) in Louisville, Kentucky, as well as Jackson Park, Washington Park and Midway Plaisance in Chicago for the World's Columbian Exposition.

Life and career

Born in Hartford, Connecticut to a wealthy dry-goods merchant and the daughter of a farmer, Olmsted was fascinated with nature from his youth. After attending Phillips Academy, he studied agricultural science and engineering at Yale. After sailing to China in 1843 for a year, he worked on his farm in Connecticut, then moved to New York City and ran a 130-acre (0.5 km²) experimental scientific farm on Staten Island that his father acquired for him in January 1848. This farm, named "The Woods of Arden" by previous owner, Erastus Wiman, Olmsted renamed to Tosomock Farm. Tosomock Farm Olmsted also had a significant career in journalism. In 1850 he traveled to Europe to visit public gardens, and subsequently published Walks and Talks of an American Farmer in England in 1852. Interested in the slave economy, he was commissioned by the New York Daily Times (now the New York Times) to embark on an extensive research journey through the American South and Texas from 1852 to 1857. Olmsted took the view that the practice of slavery was not only morally odious, but expensive and economically inefficient. His dispatches were collected into multiple volumes which remain vivid, first-person social documents of the pre-war South. The last of these, "Journeys and Explorations in the Cotton Kingdom" (1861), published during the first six months of the American Civil War, helped inform and galvanize antislavery sentiment in New England. Olmsted also cofounded the magazine The Nation in 1865. Olmsted's friend and mentor, Andrew Jackson Downing, the charismatic landscape architect from Newburgh, New York first proposed the development of New York's Central Park as publisher of The Horticulturist magazine. It was Downing who introduced Olmsted to the English-born architect Calvert Vaux, whom Downing had personally brought back from England as his architect-collaborator. After Downing died a hero's death in a steamboat explosion on the Hudson River in July 1852, in his honor Olmsted and Vaux entered the Central Park design competition together—and won. On his return from the South, Olmsted began executing the plan almost immediately. Olmsted and Vaux continued their informal partnership to design Prospect Park in Brooklyn from 1866 to 1868, and other projects. Vaux remained in the shadow of Olmsted's grand public personality and social connections. The design of Central Park embodies Olmsted's social consciousness and commitment to egalitarian ideals. Influenced by Downing and by his own observations regarding social class in England, China and the American South, Olmsted believed that the common green space must always be equally accessible to all citizens. This principle is now so fundamental to the idea of a "public park" as to seem self-evident, but it was not so then. Olmsted's tenure as park commissioner was one long struggle to preserve that idea. 1868 After completing Central Park, Olmsted served as Executive Secretary of the U.S. Sanitary Commission, a precursor to the Red Cross in Washington D.C. which tended to the wounded during the Civil War. After the war he managed the Mariposa mining estate in the Sierra Nevada mountains in California. In 1865 Vaux and Olmsted formed Olmsted, Vaux and Company. When Olmsted returned to New York, he and Vaux designed Prospect Park, Chicago's Riverside subdivision, Buffalo, New York's park system, and the Niagara Reservation at Niagara Falls. Olmsted not only created city parks in many cities around the country, he also conceived of entire systems of parks and interconnecting parkways which connected certain cities to green spaces. An example of the scale on which Olmsted worked is one of the largest pieces of his work, the park system designed for Buffalo, New York:
- Parks:
- The Park (now Delaware Park)
- The Front (now Front Park)
- The Parade (AKA Humboldt Park, now Martin Luther King, Jr. Park)
- Park approaches:
- Parkways:
- The Avenue (now Richmond Avenue)
- Bidwell Parkway
- Chapin Parkway
- Fillmore Avenue
- Humboldt Parkway
- Lincoln Parkway
- Porter Avenue
- Circles:
- Agassiz Place (now Agassiz Circle)
- Bidwell Place (now Colonial Circle)
- The Circle (now Symphony Circle)
- Chapin Place (now Gates Circle)
- Ferry Circle
- Soldier's Place (now Soldier's Circle) Olmsted was a frequent collaborator with Henry Hobson Richardson for whom he devised the landscaping schemes for half a dozen projects, including Richardson's commission for the Buffalo State Asylum. In 1883 Olmsted established what is considered to be the first full-time landscape architecture firm in Brookline, Massachusetts. He called the home and office compound Fairsted, which today is the recently-restored Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site. From there Olmsted designed Boston's Emerald Necklace, the campus of Stanford University and the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago among many other projects. In 1895, senility forced him to retire. He moved to Belmont, Massachusetts and took up residence at McLean Hospital, which he had landscaped several years before, where he remained until his death in 1903, and burial in the Old North Cemetery, Hartford, Connecticut. After Olmsted's death, his sons John Charles Olmsted and Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. continued the work of their firm, doing business as the Olmsted Brothers. The firm lasted until 1950. A quotation from Olmsted's friend and colleague architect Daniel Burnham could well serve as his epitaph. Referring to Olmsted in March, 1893, Burnham said, "An artist, he paints with lakes and wooded slopes; with lawns and banks and forest covered hills; with mountain sides and ocean views." (quoted from Larson's The Devil in the White City)

Academic campuses designed by Olmsted and sons

Between 1857 and 1950, Olmsted and his successors designed 355 school and college campuses. Some of the most famous are listed here.
- American University Main Campus, Washington, DC
- Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (1900-06)
- Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania (1895-1927)
- Colgate University, Hamilton, New York
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (1867-73)
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (1925-65)
- Gallaudet University, Washington, D.C. (1866)
- Groton School, Groton, Massachusetts
- Harvard Business School, Cambridge, Massachusetts (1925-31)
- Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania (1925-32)
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (1903-19)
- Lawrenceville School, Lawrenceville, New Jersey (1883-1901)
- Middlesex School, Concord, Massachusetts (1901)
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Massachusetts (1896-1922)
- Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts
- Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts (1891-1909)
- Stanford University, Palo Alto, California (1886-1914)
- Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut (1872-94)
- College of California, Berkeley, California (1865)
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (1901-1910)
- University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
- University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana (1929-32)
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (1902-20)
- Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York (1896-1932)
- Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (1865-99)
- Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts
- Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts (1902-12)
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (1874-81)

Other notable Olmsted commissions

- Athens Lunatic Asylum, Athens, Ohio
- Audubon Park, New Orleans, Louisiana
- The Back Bay Fens, Riverway, Arnold Arboretum, Franklin Park, Boston, Massachusetts
- Beardsley Park, Bridgeport, Connecticut, 1884
- Belle Isle, Detroit, Michigan, landscaped in the 1880s
- Biltmore Estate grounds, Asheville, North Carolina
- Branch Brook Park, Newark, New Jersey, 1900 redesign
- Buffalo State Asylum, Buffalo, New York
- Central Park, New York City, 1853 (opened in 1856)
- Cherokee Park, Louisville, Kentucky
- Chicago South Park, Chicago, Illinois
- Civic Center Park, Denver
- Cushing Island, Maine
- Fairmount Park, Riverside, California
- Genesee Valley Park, Rochester, New York
- Highland Park, Rochester, New York
- Institute of Living, Hartford, Connecticut, 1860's
- Manor Park, Larchmont, New York
- Montebello Park, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada [http://www.st.catharines.com/recreation/pt/montebello_park.asp]
- Mount Royal Park, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, inaugurated in 1876
- Mountain View Cemetery, Oakland, California, dedicated in 1865
- Piedmont Park, Atlanta, Georgia
- Prospect Park, Brooklyn, New York, finished 1868
- Public Pleasure Grounds for San Francisco, California
- Seaside Park, Bridgeport, Connecticut, 1860s
- The Rockery, Easton, Massachusetts
- United States Capitol Grounds, Washington D.C.
- World's End, formerly the John Brewer Estate, Hingham, Massachusetts, 1889
- World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, Illinois, 1893
- Seattle Olmsted Parks, Seattle, Washington, begun 1903
- Lake Park, River Park(Now Riverside) and West Park(Now Washington) in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

References

- Beveridge, Charles E, and Paul Rocheleau, Frederick Law Olmsted: Designing the American Landscape, Universe Publishing, NY, NY 1998
- Guide to Biltmore Estates, The Biltmore Company, Asheville North Carolina 2003
- Hall, Lee, Olmsted’s America: An "Unpractical" Man and His Vision of Civilization, A Bullfinch Press Book, Boston, MA 1995
- Olmsted, Frederick Law, A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States; With Remarks on Their Economy 1856
- Rybczynski, Witold, A Clearing in the Distance: Frederick Law Olmsted and North America in the Nineteenth Century, New York: Scribner 1999

External links

- [http://www.fredericklawolmsted.com/ Celebration of the life and work of Olmsted]
- [http://www.nps.gov/frla/ Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site, Mass.]
- [http://texashistory.unt.edu/permalink/meta-pth-2407 Journey through Texas, or, a Saddle Trip on the Southwestern Frontier], by Frederick Law Olmsted, 1857. Hosted by the [http://texashistory.unt.edu/ Portal to Texas History].
- [http://preserve.bfn.org/bam/archs/rich/statekowsky/ H.H. Richardson State Hospital — Grounds by F.L. Olmsted]
- [http://www.olmstedparks.org/ Louisville Olmsted Parks Conservancy]
- [http://ah.bfn.org/a/archs/ov/hp.html Olmsted and Vaux in Buffalo, New York]
- [http://www.geocities.com/heartland/7172/index.htm Olmsted in Buffalo, New York]
- [http://www.seattle.gov/parks/parkspaces/olmsted.htm Seattle, Washington's extensive Olmsted park system, designed by his firm.]
- [http://www.yosemite.ca.us/history/olmsted/report.html Frederick Law Olmsted, Yosemite and the Mariposa Grove: A Preliminary Report] (1865)
- [http://www.asla.org/land/061305/olmsted.html Frederick Law Olmsted Day Almost Official in Connecticut]
- [http://ci.bridgeport.ct.us/__documents/Parks%20Department/The%20History%20of%20Seaside%20Park.htm Bridgeport Parks Department History of Seaside Park]
- [http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/CT/Fairfield/state.html National Register of Historic Places, Fairfield County, CT p. 1 (Includes reference to Beardsley Park)]
- [http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/CT/Fairfield/state5.html National Register of Historic Places, Fairfield County, CT p. 5 (Includes reference to Seaside Park) ]
- [http://www.mrlincolnandnewyork.org/inside.asp?ID=49&subjectID=3 Mr. Lincoln and New York: Frederick Law Olmstead] Olmsted, Frederick Law Olmsted, Frederick Law Olmsted, Frederick Law Olmsted, Frederick Law Olmsted, Frederick Law

Conifer

Cordaitales †
Pinales
  Pinaceae - Pine family
  Araucariaceae - Araucaria family
  Podocarpaceae - Yellow-wood family
  Sciadopityaceae - Umbrella-pine family
  Cupressaceae - Cypress family
  Cephalotaxaceae - Plum-yew family
  Taxaceae - Yew family
Vojnovskyales †
Voltziales † The conifers, division Pinophyta, are one of 13 or 14 division level taxa within the Kingdom Plantae. They are cone-bearing seed plants with vascular tissue; all extant conifers are woody plants, the great majority being trees with just a few being shrubs. Typical examples of conifers include cedars, cypresses, douglas-firs, firs, junipers, kauris, larches, pines, redwoods, spruces, and yews. Species of conifers can be found growing naturally in almost all parts of the world, and are frequently dominant plants in their habitats, as in e.g. the taiga. Conifers are of immense economic value, primarily for timber and paper production; the wood of conifers is known as softwood.

Taxonomy and naming

The division name Pinophyta conforms with the rules of the ICBN, which state (Art 16.1) that the names of higher taxa in plants (above the rank of family) are either based on the name of the type genus, in this case, Pinus (pines), or are descriptive. In the latter case the name for the conifers is Coniferae (Art 16 Ex 2), which is in widespread use as well. Older scientific names (no longer allowed) are Coniferophyta and Coniferales. In an older, broader sense of the name, the conifers were often considered equivalent to the Gymnosperms, although this grouping is polyphyletic as it includes distinct, only distantly related plants like the cycads and ginkgos not in the Pinophyta, but excludes the Magnoliophyta (flowering plants), equally or perhaps more closely related. The division contains just one class of living plants, class Pinopsida. Subdivision of the conifers into two or more orders has been proposed from time to time. The most commonly seen in the past was a split into two orders, Taxales (Taxaceae only) and Pinales (the rest), but recent genetic evidence has shown that this interpretation leaves the Pinales without Taxales as polyphyletic, and the latter order is no longer regarded as distinct. A more accurate division would be to split the division into three orders, Pinales containing only Pinaceae, Araucariales containing Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae, and Cupressales (including Taxales) containing the remaining families, but there has not been any significant support for any division, with the majority of opinion preferring retention of all the families within a single order Pinales, despite their antiquity and diverse morphology. polyphyletic The conifers are now accepted as comprising six to eight families, with a total of 65-70 genera and 600-650 species. The seven most distinct families are linked in the box above right and phylogenetic diagram left. In other interpretations, the Cephalotaxaceae may be better included within the Taxaceae, and some authors additionally recognise Phyllocladaceae as distinct from Podocarpaceae (in which it is included here). A further family Taxodiaceae was widely recognised in the past, but is now normally included within Cupressaceae. The conifers are an ancient group, with a fossil record extending back about 300 million years to the Paleozoic in the late Carboniferous period; even many of the modern genera are recognisable from fossils 60-120 million years old. Other classes and orders, now long extinct, also occur as fossils, particularly from the late Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras. Fossil conifers included many diverse forms, the most dramatically distinct from modern conifers being some herbaceous conifers with no woody stems. Major fossil orders of conifers or conifer-like plants include the Cordaitales, Vojnovskyales, Voltziales and perhaps also the Czekanowskiales (possibly more closely related to the Ginkgophyta).

Morphology

All living conifers are woody plants, and most are trees, the majority having monopodial growth form (a single, straight trunk with side branches). The size of mature conifers varies from less than one metre, to over 100 metres. The world's tallest, largest, thickest and oldest living things are all conifers. The tallest is a Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), with a height of 112.34 metres. The largest is a Giant Sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), with a volume 1486.9 cubic metres. The thickest, or tree with the greatest trunk diameter, is a Montezuma Cypress (Taxodium mucronatum), 11.42 metres in diameter. The oldest is a Great Basin Bristlecone Pine (Pinus longaeva), 4,700 years old.

Foliage

Great Basin Bristlecone Pine (Pseudotsuga menziesii)]] Great Basin Bristlecone Pine (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana); scale in mm]] The leaves of many conifers are long, thin and needle-like, but others, including most of the Cupressaceae and some of the Podocarpaceae, have flat, triangular scale-like leaves. Some, notably Agathis in Araucariaceae and Nageia in Podocarpaceae, have broad, flat strap-shaped leaves. In the majority of conifers, the leaves are arranged spirally, exceptions being most of Cupressaceae and one genus in Podocarpaceae, where they are arranged in decussate opposite pairs or whorls of 3 (-4). In many species with spirally arranged leaves, the leaf bases are twisted to present the leaves in a flat plane for maximum light capture (see e.g. photo of Grand Fir Abies grandis). Leaf size varies from 2 mm in many scale-leaved species, up to 400 mm long in the needles of some pines (e.g. Apache Pine Pinus engelmannii). The stomata are in lines or patches on the leaves, and can be closed when it is very dry or cold. The leaves are often dark green in colour which may help absorb a maximum of energy from weak sunshine at high latitudes or under forest canopy shade. Conifers from hotter areas with high sunlight levels (e.g. Turkish Pine Pinus brutia) often have yellower-green leaves, while others (e.g. Blue Spruce Picea pungens) have a very strong glaucous wax bloom to reflect ultraviolet light. In the great majority of genera the leaves are evergreen, usually remaining on the plant for several (2-40) years before falling, but three genera (Larix, Taxodium and Metasequoia) are deciduous, shedding the leaves in autumn and leafless through the winter. The seedlings of many conifers, including most of the Cupressaceae, and Pinus in Pinaceae, have a distinct juvenile foliage period where the leaves are different, often markedly so, from the typical adult leaves.

Reproduction

deciduous See conifer cones for a more detailed discussion. Most conifers are monoecious, but some are subdioecious or dioecious; all are wind-pollinated. Conifer seeds develop inside a protective cone called a strobilus (or, very loosely, "pine cones", which technically occur only on pines, not other conifers!). The cones take from four months to three years to reach maturity, and vary in size from 2 mm to 600 mm long. In Pinaceae, Araucariaceae, Sciadopityaceae and most Cupressaceae, the cones are woody, and when mature the scales usually spread open allowing the seeds to fall out and be dispersed by the wind. In some (e.g. firs), the cones disintegrate to release the seeds, and in others (e.g. the pines that produce pine nuts) the nut-like seeds are dispersed by birds (mainly nutcrackers and jays) which break up the specially adapted softer cones. Ripe cones may remain on the plant for a varied amount of time before falling to the ground; in some fire-adapted pines, the seeds may be stored in closed cones for up to 60-80 years, being released only when a fire kills the parent tree. jay In the families Podocarpaceae, Cephalotaxaceae, Taxaceae, and one Cupressaceae genus (Juniperus), the scales are soft, fleshy, sweet and brightly coloured, and are eaten by fruit-eating birds, which then pass the seeds in their droppings. These fleshy scales are (except in Juniperus) known as arils. In some of these conifers (e.g. most Podocarpaceae), the cone consists of several fused scales, while in others (e.g. Taxaceae), the cone is reduced to just one seed scale or (e.g. Cephalotaxaceae) the several scales of a cone develop into individual arils, giving the appearance of a cluster of berries. The male cones have structures called microsporangia which produce yellowish pollen. Pollen is released and carried by the wind to female cones. Pollen grains from living pinophyte species produce pollen tubes, much like those of angiosperms. When a pollen grain lands near a female gametophyte, it undergoes meiosis and fertilizes the female gametophyte. The resulting zygote develops into an embryo, which along with its surrounding integument, becomes a seed. Eventually the seed may fall to the ground and, if conditions permit, grows into a new plant. In forestry, the terminology of flowering plants has commonly though inaccurately been applied to cone-bearing trees as well. The male cone and unfertilized female cone are called "male flower" and "female flower", respectively. After fertilization, the female cone is term "fruit", which undergoes "ripening" (maturation).

Life cycle

# To fertilize the ovum, the male cone releases pollen that is carried on the wind to the female cone. # A fertilized female gamete (called a zygote) develops into an embryo. # Along with integument cells surrounding the embryo, a seed develops containing the embryo. # Mature seed drops out of cone onto the ground. # Seed germinates and seedling grows into a mature plant. # When mature, the adult plant produces cones.

Other facts

seed Although the total number of species is relatively small, conifers are of immense ecological importance. They are the dominant plants over huge areas of land, most notably the boreal forests of the northern hemisphere, but also in similar cool climates in mountains further south. Many conifers have distinctly scented resin, secreted to protect the tree against insect infestation and fungal infection of wounds. Fossilised resin hardens into amber.

External link

- [http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Conifers&contgroup=Spermatopsida ToLweb: Conifers] Category:Conifers ko:구과식물 ja:球果植物門

Eucalyptus

About 700; see the List of Eucalyptus species Eucalyptus is a diverse genus of trees (rarely shrubs), the members of which dominate the tree flora of Australia. There are almost 600 species of Eucalyptus, mostly native to Australia, with a very small number found in adjacent parts of New Guinea and Indonesia. Eucalypts can be found in almost every part of the continent, adapted to all of Australia's climatic conditions; in fact, no other continent is so characterised by a single genus of tree as Australia is by eucalypts. Many, but far from all, are known as gum trees; other names for various species include mallee, box, ironbark, stringybark, and ash.

Overview

All eucalypts are evergreen, although some species have deciduous bark. An essential oil extracted from eucalyptus leaves contains compounds that are powerful natural disinfectants and which can be toxic in large quantities. Several marsupial herbivores, notably Koalas and some possums, are relatively tolerant of it. The close correlation of these oils with other more potent toxins called formylated phloroglucinol compounds allows koalas and other species to make food choices based on the smell of the leaves. However, it is the formylated phloroglucinol compounds that are the most important factor in choice of leaves by koalas. On warm days vapourised eucalyptus oil rises above the bush to create the characteristic distant blue haze of the Australian landscape. Eucalyptus oil is highly flammable (trees have been known to explode) and bush fires can travel easily through the oil-rich air of the tree crowns. Eucalypts are well adapted for periodic fires, in fact most species are dependent on it for spread and regeneration: both from reserve buds under the bark, and from fire-germinated seeds sprouting in the ashes. Eucalypts originated between 35 and 50 million years ago, not long after Australia-New Guinea separated from Gondwana, their rise coinciding with an increase in fossil charcoal deposits (suggesting that fire was a factor even then), but they remained a minor component of the Tertiary rainforest until about 20 million years ago when the gradual drying of the continent and depletion of soil nutrients led to the development of a more open forest type, predominantly Casuarina and Acacia species. With the arrival of the first humans about 50 thousand years ago, fires became much more frequent and the fire-loving eucalypts soon came to account for roughly 70% of Australian forest. The name Eucalyptus means "well-covered"; it describes the bud cap. A small genus of similar trees, Angophora, have also been known since the 18th century. In 1995 new evidence, largely genetic, indicated that some prominent Eucalypt species were actually more closely related to Angophora than to the other eucalypts; they were split off into the new genus Corymbia. Although separate, the three groups are allied and it remains acceptable to refer to the members of all three genera Angophora, Corymbia and Eucalyptus as "eucalypts". Specimens of the Australian Mountain-ash, Eucalyptus regnans, are among the tallest trees in the world at 92 metres tall ([http://www.forestrytas.com.au/forestrytas/tasfor/tasforests_12/tasfor_12_09.pdf Forestry Tasmania]; pdf file), making them the tallest of all flowering plants; other taller trees such as the Coast Redwood are all conifers. Most eucalypts are not tolerant of frost, or only tolerate light frosts down to -3°C to -5°C; the hardiest, are the so-called Snow Gums such as Eucalyptus pauciflora which is capable of withstanding cold and frost down to about -20°C. Two sub-species, E. pauciflora niphophila and E. pauciflora debeuzevillei in particular are even hardier and can tolerate even quite severe continental type winters. Several other species, especially from the high plateau and mountains of central Tasmania such as E. coccifera, E. subcrenulata, and E. gunnii have produced extreme cold hardy forms and it is seed procured from these genetically hardy strains that are planted for ornament in colder parts of the world. Eucalypts exhibit leaf dimorphism. When young, the leaves are opposite and often roundish and occassionally without petiole. When several years old, the leaves become quite slender and with long petiole. Plants do not flower until adult foliage start to appear, except in E. cinerea. The Coolibah tree of Waltzing Matilda is a eucalyptus, E. microtheca or E. coolabah. Eucalypts support the larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species - see list of Lepidoptera which feed on Eucalyptus.

Fire

Eucalypts regenerate very quickly after fire. After the 2000 Canberra fires, hectares of imported species were killed, whereas in a matter of weeks the gum trees were putting out suckers and looking generally cheerful. Gum trees are also very accomplished at scavenging water at the expense of other plants. However, the two valuable timber trees E. regnans and E. delegatensis are killed by fire and only regenerate from seed. The same fire that has had little impact on forests around Canberra have resulted in thousands of hectares of dead ash forests. There has been some debate as to whether to leave the stands, or attempt to harvest the mostly undamaged timber.

Hazards

Eucalypts have a habit of dropping entire branches off as they grow. Eucalyptus forests are littered with dead branches. For this reason, one never sets up camp under an overhanging branch. This may be the real reason behind the drop bear story told to children - the idea is to keep them away from under dangerous branches. The Australian Ghost Gum Eucalyptus papuana is also termed the "widow maker", due to the high number of pioneer tree-felling workers who were killed by falling branches. Many deaths were actually caused by simply camping under them, as they shed whole and very large branches to conserve water during periods of drought. The ghost gum's leaves were used by Aborigines to catch fish. Soaking the leaves in water releases a mild tranquiliser which stuns fish temporarily.

Ecologically disruptive as an imported exotic

Eucalypts were first introduced to the rest of the world by Sir Joseph Banks, botanist on the Cook expedition in 1770. They have subsequently been introduced to many parts of the world, notably California, Brazil, Morocco, Portugal, South Africa, Israel and Galicia. The uses they are put to include ornament, timber, firewood and (especially) pulpwood. Several species have become invasive and are causing major problems for local ecologies. In Spain, they have been planted in pulpwood plantations, replacing native oak woodland. As in other such areas, while the original woodland supports numerous species of native animal life (insects, birds, salamanders, etc.), the eucalyptus groves are inhospitable to the local wildlife which is not adapted to them, leading to silent forests and the decline of wildlife populations. Their importation into California has been beneficial in only very limited circumstances, primarily in their use as windbreaks enclosing large tracts of arid western San Joaquin valley farmland. While some of the Australian gumwoods make a beautiful furniture wood, resembling Teak, an inappropriate type for this purpose was imported into California. This type is neither attractive as a veneer (its color varies from yellowish-gray to grayish-green), useful as lumber (it tends to warp and split after cutting), or even thought well of as firewood (oak, nutwoods and fruitwoods are the preferred commercial firewoods in Northern California). Their presence in the Oakland-Berkeley hills has lead to periodic wildfires that have spread into dense urban areas, and since these rapidly regenerate from root sprouts the problem will continue until they are completely removed. Severe cold for a period of several weeks has killed off large stands, which had to be immediately removed to eliminate the consequent severe fire hazard. The trees can also drop limbs well after a storm has passed, and the woods can be hazardous to trail and road users at these times. The shedding of bark creates an open and flammable forest litter that also snags on limbs and so provides a direct fire path from forest floor to tree crown.

Cultivation and uses

Eucalyptus oil is readily distilled from the leaves and can be used for cleaning, deodorising, and in very small quantities in food supplements; especially sweets, cough drops and decongestants.

Photo gallery

Image:Eucalyptus forest.jpg|Eucalyptus forest in East Gippsland, Victoria. Mostly Eucalyptus albens (white box). Image:Eucalyptus forest3.jpg|Eucalyptus forest in East Gippsland, Victoria. Mostly Eucalyptus albens (white box). Image:Eucalypt forest.jpg|Eucalyptus forest in East Gippsland, Victoria. Mostly Eucalyptus albens (white box). Image:Log embedded in white box.jpg|A log embedded in a Eucalyptus albens (white box) tree. Image:Eucalyptustreewithsun.JPG|A eucalyptus tree with the sun shining through its branches. Image:Eucalyptus tree.jpg|Eucalyptus Image:Applebox.JPG|Eucalyptus bridgesiana (Apple box) on Red Hill, Australian Capital Territory. Image:Eucalyptus_Globulus_AZ.jpg|Eucalyptus globulus (Blue Gum) in Arizona. image:euc.uk.600pix.jpg|Eucalyptus gunnii planted in southern England. The lower part of the trunk is covered in ivy. Image:Gumnut tree.jpg|Corymbia tree, growing in Melbourne, Australia Image:Eucalyptus cinera x pulverulenta.jpg|Cinera x Pulverulenta - National Botanical Gardens Canberra Image:Eucalyptus wildfire seeds.jpg|Eucalyptus wildfire seeds Category:Myrtales Category:Australian plants Category:Herbal & fungal drugs/medicines ja:ユーカリ

Cedar

Cedrus deodara
Cedrus libani
  C. libani var. libani
  C. libani var. stenocoma
  C. libani var. brevifolia
  C. libani var. atlantica
Cedar correctly refers to those trees belonging to the genus Cedrus in the coniferous plant family Pinaceae. They are most closely related to the Firs (Abies), sharing a very similar cone structure. They are native to the mountains of the western Himalaya and the Mediterranean region, occurring at altitudes of 1,500-3200 m in the Himalaya and 1,000-2,200 m in the Mediterranean. Mediterranean They are trees up to 40-50 m (occasionally 60 m) tall with spicy-resinous scented wood, thick ridged or square-cracked bark, and broad, level branches. The shoots are dimorphic, with long shoots, which form the framework of the branches, and short shoots, which carry most of the leaves. The leaves are evergreen and needle-like, 8-60 mm long, arranged singly in an open spiral phyllotaxis on long shoots, and in dense spiral clusters on short shoots; they vary from bright grass-green to dark green to strongly glaucous pale blue-green, depending on the thickness of the white wax layer which protects the leaves from desiccation. The cones are barrel-shaped, 6-12 cm long, and, as in Abies, disintegrate at maturity to release the winged seeds. The seeds are 10-15 mm long, with a 20-30 mm wing; as in Abies, the seeds have 2-3 resin blisters, containing an unpleasant-tasting resin, thought to be a defence against squirrel predation. Cone maturation takes one year, with pollination in September-October and the seeds maturing the same time a year later. Cedars are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Pine Processionary and Turnip Moth (recorded on Deodar Cedar). There are five taxa of Cedrus, assigned according to taxonomic opinion to two to four different species:
- Deodar Cedar Cedrus deodara. Western Himalaya. Leaves bright green to pale glaucous green, 25-60 mm; cones with slightly ridged scales.
- Lebanon Cedar or Cedar of Lebanon Cedrus libani. Mountains of the Mediterranean region, from Turkey and Lebanon west to Morocco. Leaves dark green to glaucous blue-green, 8-25 mm; cones with smooth scales; four varieties, which are treated as species by many authors:
- Lebanon Cedar Cedrus libani var. libani Mountains of Lebanon, western Syria and south-central Turkey. Leaves dark green to glaucous blue-green, 10-25 mm.
- Turkish Cedar Cedrus libani var. stenocoma Mountains of southwest Turkey. Leaves glaucous blue-green, 8-25 mm.
- Cyprus Cedar Cedrus libani var. brevifolia or Cedrus brevifolia. Mountains of Cyprus. Leaves glaucous blue-green, 8-20 mm.
- Atlas Cedar Cedrus libani var. atlantica or Cedrus atlantica. Atlas mountains in Morocco & Algeria. Leaves dark green to glaucous blue-green, 10-25 mm. Algeria The generic name Cedrus is derived from the original Greek name, 'kedros'. It has been mis-applied to many other trees with scented wood, including the genera Calocedrus ("incense-cedars"), Chamaecyparis and Thuja ("whitecedar"), Cryptomeria (Japanese cedar"), Juniperus ("Eastern Redcedar", "Mountain-cedar") and Thuja ("Western Redcedar") in the family Cupressaceae; Cedrela ("Spanish-cedar") and Toona ("Australian Redcedar") in the family Meliaceae; and Tamarix ("Saltcedar") in the family Tamaricaceae.

Uses

Tamaricaceae Cedars are very popular ornamental trees, widely used in horticulture in temperate climates where winter temperatures do not fall below about -25°C (the Turkish Cedar is slightly hardier, to -30°C or just below). They are also grown for their durable (decay-resistant) scented wood, most famously used in the construction of King Solomon's temple in Jerusalem. Extensive reforestation of cedar is carried out in the Mediterranean region, particularly Turkey, where over 50 million young cedars are being planted annually.

References and external links

- [http://www.pinetum.org/cones/PIcones.htm Arboretum de Villardebelle - cone photos] (scroll to bottom of page)
- [http://www.pinetum.org/PhotoMPF2.htm Arboretum de Villardebelle - Turkey] some photos of Cedrus libani var. stenocoma in the wild
- [http://www.conifers.org/pi/ce/index.htm Gymnosperm Database - Cedrus]
- The maturation and dispersal of cedar cones and seeds. International Dendrology Society Yearbook 1993: 43-46 (1994).
- Güner, A., Özhatay, N., Ekim, T., & Başer, K. H. C. (ed.). 2000. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 11 (Supplement 2): 5-6. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0748614095 Category:Pinaceae Category:Wood Category:Incense Category:Perfumery

Palm

Image:Palm branches.jpg|Arecaceae Image:M130.jpg|Palm Pilot

The word Palm has several meanings:
- The central region of the human hand and
- an ancient unit of length based thereon.
- Palm tree, see Arecaceae and
- Palm wine, made from palm tree sap.
- PDA related:
- Palm (PDA), the PDA,
- Palm OS, the operating system of such PDAs, made by
- PalmSource, Inc., a software manufacturer, and
- Palm, Inc., the hardware manufacturer.
- Palm Beach County, Florida.
- Any of the three artificial Palm Islands off the coast of Dubai:
- The Palm, Jumeirah,
- The Palm, Jebel Ali,
- The Palm, Deira. ja:パーム th:ปาล์ม (แก้กำกวม)

Canary Island

Canary Island may refer to the following:

- Canary Island is an island in the U.S. state of Massachusetts.
- Canary Islands are a group of volcanic Spanish islands off the northwestern coast of Africa.

Live oak

]] Live oak is a general term for a number of unrelated oaks in several different sections of the genus Quercus that happen to share the character of evergreen foliage. The name live oak comes from the fact that evergreen oaks are still green and "live" in winter, when other oaks are dormant, leafless and "dead"-looking. The name is used mainly in North America, where evergreen oaks are widespread in warmer areas, along the Atlantic coast from Virginia to Florida, west along the Gulf Coast to Texas and across the southwest to California and southwest Oregon. Evergreen oak species are also common in the warmer parts of Europe and Asia, and are included in this list for the sake of completeness. These species, although not having "live" in their common names in their countries of origin, are colloquially called live oaks when cultivated in North America. When the term live oak is used in a specific rather than general sense, it most commonly refers to the Southern live oak (the first species so named), but can often refer to other species regionally. In Texas, a small grove of live oaks (Texas live oak or Southern live oak) is known as a mott.

Evergreen species in genus Quercus

- Section Quercus. The white oaks. Europe, Asia, north Africa, North America. Styles short; acorns mature in 6 months, sweet or slightly bitter, inside of acorn shell hairless.
- Quercus arizonica - Arizona white oak - southwestern North America
- Quercus emoryi - Emory oak - southwestern North America
- Quercus fusiformis - Texas live oak - south central North America
- Quercus geminata - Sand live oak - southeastern North America
- Quercus ilex - Holm oak - southern Europe
- Quercus oblongifolia - Mexican blue oak - southwestern North America
- Quercus pungens - Sandpaper oak - south central North America
- Quercus turbinella - Shrub live oak - southwestern North America
- Quercus virginiana - Southern live oak - southeastern North America
- Section Cerris. Europe, Asia, north Africa. Styles long; acorns mature in 18 months, very bitter, inside of acorn shell hairless or slightly hairy.
- Quercus calliprinos - Palestine oak - western Asia
- Quercus coccifera - Kermes oak - southern Europe
- Quercus semecarpifolia - Himalayan oak - eastern Asia
- Quercus suber - Cork oak - southwestern Europe
- Section Protobalanus. Southwest USA & northwest Mexico. Styles short, acorns mature in 18 months, very bitter, inside of acorn shell woolly.
- Quercus chrysolepis - Canyon live oak - southwestern North America
- Quercus palmeri - Palmer oak - southwestern North America
- Quercus tomentella - Channel island oak - southwestern North America
- Quercus vacciniifolia - Huckleberry oak - southwestern North America
- Section Lobatae. The red oaks. North, Central & South America. Styles long, acorns mature in 18 months, very bitter, inside of acorn shell woolly.
- Quercus agrifolia - Coast live oak - southwestern North America
- Quercus canbyi - Canby oak - Mexico
- Quercus humboldtii - South American Oak - northern South America
- Quercus hypoleucoides - Silverleaf oak - southwestern North America
- Quercus polymorpha - Coahuila oak - Mexico
- Quercus rhysophylla - Loquat-leaf oak - Mexico
- Quercus wislizenii - Interior live oak - southwestern North America See the list of Quercus species for a fuller listing of oaks including deciduous species.

External links

- [http://www.americanforests.org/productsandpubs/magazine/archives/2003fall/inprofile.php live oak trees]
- [http://gilbert-wesley-purdy.blogspot.com/2005/09/bartram-on-live-oak-and-florida-forest.html Bartram on the Live Oak and Florida Forest.] William Bartram explores the St. John's River, just south of St. Augustine, Florida, in April of 1774. Here he gives us a description... Category: Oaks

Cedar

Uses

References and external links

Mulberry

: For other meanings, see Mulberry (disambiguation) See text Mulberry (Morus) is a genus of 10–16 species of deciduous trees native to warm temperate and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa and North America, with the majority of the species native to Asia. The closely related genus Broussonetia is also commonly known as mulberry, notably the Paper Mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera. Mulberries are fast-growing when young, but soon become slow-growing and rarely exceed 10-15 m tall. The leaves are alternately arranged, simple, often lobed, more often lobed on juvenile shoots than on mature trees, and serrated on the margin. The fruit is a multiple fruit, 2-3 cm long, red ripening to dark purple, edible, and sweet with a good flavour in several species.

Species

The taxonomy of Morus is complex and disputed. Over 150 species names have been published, but only 10-16 are generally cited as being accepted, though different sources cite different selections of accepted names. The classification is also complicated by widespread hybridisation, with the hybrids being fertile. The following species are generally accepted:
- Morus alba (White Mulberry; eastern Asia)
- Morus australis (Chinese Mulberry; southeastern Asia)
- Morus mesozygia (African Mulberry; southern and central Africa)
- Morus microphylla (Texas Mulberry; south central North America: Texas, Mexico)
- Morus nigra (Black Mulberry; southwest Asia)
- Morus rubra (Red Mulberry; eastern North America) The following, all from eastern and southern Asia, are additionally accepted by one or more taxonomic lists or studies; synonymy as given by other lists or studies is indicated in brackets:
- Morus atropurpurea
- Morus bombycis (M. australis)
- Morus cathayana
- Morus indica (M. alba)
- Morus japonica (M. alba)
- Morus kagayamae (M. australis)
- Morus laevigata (M. alba var. laevigata, M. macroura)
- Morus latifolia (M. alba)
- Morus liboensis
- Morus macroura (M. alba var. laevigata)
- Morus mongolica (M. alba var. mongolica)
- Morus multicaulis (M. alba)
- Morus notabilis
- Morus rotundiloba
- Morus serrata (Himalayan Mulberry; M. alba var. serrata)
- Morus tillaefolia
- Morus trilobata (M. australis var. trilobata)
- Morus wittiorum
Uses and cultivation
The fruit is edible and is widely used in pies, tarts, wines and cordials. The fruit of the Black Mulberry, native to southwest Asia, and the Red Mulberry, native to eastern North America, have the best flavour. The fruit of the White Mulberry, an east Asian species which is extensively naturalised in urban regions of eastern North America has a different flavour, sometimes characterised as insipid. The mature fruit contains significant amounts of resveratrol. Mulberry leaves, particularly those of the White Mulberry, are also economically important as the sole food source of the silkworm, the cocoon of which is used to make silk. Other Lepidoptera larvae also sometimes feed on the plant including Common Emerald, Lime Hawk-moth and The Sycamore. Mulberries can be grown from seed, and this is often advised as seedling-grown trees are generally of better shape and health. However, they are most often planted from large cuttings, which take root readily.
Mythology
A Greek myth about Pyramus and Thisbe explains the color of the plants.
References and external links

- [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=121220 Flora of China: Morus]
- [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=121220 Flora of North America: Morus]
- [http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Morus.html University of Melbourne: Sorting Morus names]
- [http://www.museums.org.za/bio/plants/moraceae/ Museum of Cape Town: Moraceae]
- Zhao Weiguo, Pan Yile, Zhang Zhifang Jia Shihai, Miao Xuexia & Huang Yongping. 2005. Phylogeny of the genus Morus. African Journal of Biotechnology 4 (6): 563-569 [http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB/PDF/Pdf2005/Jun/Weiguo%20et%20al.pdf Online (pdf file)] Category:Moraceae Category:Fruit ja:クワ

Torrey Pine

The Torrey Pine (Pinus torreyana), also called "Del Mar Pine" and "Soledad Pine", is a broad, open-crowned pine growing to 8-15 m tall, with 20-35 cm long leaves ('needles') in groups of five. The cones are stout and heavy, typically 8-15 cm long and broad, and contain large, hard-shelled, but edible, pine nuts. The Torrey Pine is the rarest pine in the United States. The wild population is restricted to about 7,000 trees growing in a narrow strip along the California coast in San Diego. There is also a population of a variety (Pinus torreyana var. insularis) in a single grove on Santa Rosa Island, off the coast of Santa Barbara. This variety, if considered alone, was one of the rarest pines in the world, at about 100 trees, in the early 20th century. However, the population has grown to about 2000 trees today (the critically endangered Pinus squamata in southwest China is probably the rarest pine today at about 20 trees). In its native range the Torrey Pine grows slowly in the dry sandy soil. The root system is extensive. A tiny seedling may send a taproot down 60 cm seeking moisture and nutrients. A mature tree may have roots extending 75 m. Trees in the wild, battered by coastal winds, are often twisted into beautiful shapes resembling bonsai and rarely exceed 12 m tall. The seeds were an important food for the Kumeyaay tribe of Native American people. Despite its rarity the Torrey Pine is not endangered. It is widely planted as an ornamental, especially in San Diego County where it is a local icon. There, it lends its name to Torrey Pines State Reserve, Torrey Pines Golf Course, and Torrey Pines High School, as well as roads, businesses, parks, beaches and a gliderport. In cultivation, on much better soils and higher rainfall than the wild trees grow in, it has shown itself capable of very fast growth to a large size with tall and straight trees 45 m tall known. It is currently being tested as a plantation tree for forestry use in Australia, New Zealand and Kenya.

External links

- [http://www.torreypine.org Torrey Pines State Reserve] Pine, Torrey

Ash (Tree)

Many, see text. An ash can be any of three different tree genera from three very distinct families (see end of page for disambiguation), but originally and most commonly refers to trees of the genus Fr