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Antenne

Antenne

#Antenne eller radioantenne er en konstruktion til afsendelse og modtagelse af elektromagnetiske bølger (radiobølger). #Antenne (følehorn) er et andet ord for følehorn (biologi).

Kilder/henvisninger


- Lexopen ja:アンテナ

Radioantenne

Kort forklaring

En radioantenne (eller bare antenne) er en transducer, som kan sende og modtage radiobølger (elektromagnetiske bølger) beregnet til f.eks. FM, tv, mobiltelefon, radar eller satellit.

Længere forklaring

En radioantenne er en transducer, som med en brugbar effektivitet kan udføre en eller begge af disse energi omvandlinger:
- Omsætte vekslende elektrisk energi til udsendelse af radiobølgeenergi.
- Omsætte radiobølgeenergi til vekslende elektrisk energi.

Antennekarakteristika


- Elektromagnetisk:
  - Retningsevne, udstrÃ¥lingsdiagram - herunder hovedkegle "forstærkning" og Front-to-Back (F/B)-dæmpning.
  - Hvilke frekvensbÃ¥nd eller radiokanaler den er egnet til.
  - Polarisation
    - Linear
      - Vandret (i forhold til Jorden)
      - Lodret (i forhold til Jorden)
    - Cirkulær
      - Venstredrejet
      - Højredrejet
- Elektrisk:
  - Fødeimpedans (fødemodstand) som funktion af frekvensen. En antenne er normalt designet til 50 eller 75 ohms antennekabelstilkobling.
  - Antenneplacering, antennemiljø
  - Maksimal fødeeffekt.
- Mekanisk:
  - Antennetype
  - Fysiske dimensioner
- Transducer:
  - Transducereffektivitet. Den kan være mellem 99% og til under 1%. En satellit parabol reflektor reflekterer ved 12 GHz ca. 66% - resten bliver til varme. De fleste radioantenner i dag er primært designet til kun at kunne sende eller modtage radiobølger i et snævert frekvensbÃ¥nd, f.eks. FM via VHF bÃ¥nd II (87,5-108 MHz).

Antennetyper

FM via VHF bånd II
- Antenner som udbreder/modtager radiobølger via kobling til det vekslende elektriske felt:
  - Kendte:
    - Yagi-Uda antenne. Dipol fødeelement med en eller flere direktor og/eller reflektor elementer.
    - BredbÃ¥ndsdipol.
    - Parabolantenne.
  - Mindre kendte:
    - Helical-antenne.
    - Hornantenne.
    - Collinear array antenne
    - Kvartbølge groundplane antenne.
    - Femottendedele bølge groundplane antenne.
    - Discone-antenne
    - Fraktalantenne
      - LPDA; Logaritmisk Periodisk Dipol Antenne
- Antenner som udbreder/modtager radiobølger via kobling til det vekslende magnetiske felt. Disse antennetyper anvendes til langbølgebåndet, mellembølgebåndet og kortbølgebåndet op til ca. 6MHz:
  - Elektrisk spole med en ferritstav. Ferritantenne.
  - Elektrisk spole uden en ferritstav. Rammeantenne.

Antenneplacering, antennemiljø

Alt indenfor ca. 10 bølgelængder (nærfeltet) af en antenne, kan påvirke dens udstrålingsdiagram og fødeimpedans. En antenne er mest "påvirkelig" i dens hovedkegler, dér hvor den har størst "forstærkning" i et fritfelt udstrålingsdiagram. En antenne med mere end ca. 3 elementer er normalt mindst påvirkelig i en cirkelskive vinkelret på hovedstråleretningen og derfor kan man sætte antenner tæt på hinanden på en antennemast. Afstanden mellem antennerne bør være mindst 1/2-1 af den største anvendte bølgelængder. Alt længere væk end ca. 10 bølgelængder (fjernfeltet) påvirker stort set ikke antennens udstrålingsdiagram og fødeimpedans, men det kan påvirke radioudbredelsen eller radioudsendelsen.

Antenneplacering


- Terrestrisk radioudbredelse (Jord til Jord):
  - LangbølgebÃ¥ndet...HF (ca. 50 kHz...30 MHz):
    - Antennen placering bør have fri sigt til lige over himlens horisont. En eller flere af Jordens ionosfærer vil reflektere mere eller mindre af radiobølgerne. Dette afhænger af:
      - Tidspunktet pÃ¥ døgnet.
      - Solens solplet intensitet.
      - Det anvendte frekvensbÃ¥nd og kanal.
      - Hvor mange gange radiobølgerne reflekteres (antal "hop"). Havet reflekterer radiobølgerne rimeligt godt, da vand med salte pÃ¥ ionform (saltvand, brakvand og ferskvand) er elektrisk ledende.
  - HF...SHF (ca. 30 MHz...18 GHz):
    - Antennen placeres sÃ¥ højt som muligt, sÃ¥ der er fri sigt mellem sender og modtager-antenne. Disse radiobølger reflekteres normalt ikke af Jordens ionosfærer.
- Satellit eller interstellar radioudbredelse (Jord til satellit, rumfærge) eller (satellit, rumfærge til Jord):
  - Der skal være fri sigt mellem satellit-, rumfærge-, rumsonde- og Jord-antenne.

Praktiske eksperimenter

Mennesker, der eksperimenterer med radioer og antenner kaldes radioamatører.

Se også


- Isotropisk antenne
- radioudbredelse
- antennekabel
- radiofoni
- radioforsats
- radiomodtager
- fjernsynsmodtager
- radar
- sonar
- loran
- Global Positioning System

Eksterne henvisninger

Virkemåde


- Vejviser (god): [http://www2.arrl.org/tis/info/antheory.html ARRL: How Antennas Work]
- [http://hawkins.pair.com/eRadiation.html Electromagnetic Radiation Explained]
- [http://www.arrl.org/tis/info/whyantradiates.html ARRL: Why an Antenna Radiates]
- [http://www.amasci.com/tesla/tesceive.html 'Energy-sucking' Radio Antennas, N. Tesla's Power Receiver] Citat: "...The truth is quite strange...By manipulating the EM fields, we can force an electrically-small receiving antenna to behave as if it was very, VERY large...In theory a tiny loop antenna can work as well as a longwire 1/2-wave antenna which is 10KM long...The energy doesn't vanish, instead it ends up INSIDE the atom. By resonantly creating an "anti-wave", the tiny atom has "sucked energy" out of the enormously long light waves as they go by...When all is said and done, our oscillating coil has absorbed half of the incoming EM energy and re-emitted (or "scattered") the rest..."
  - [http://www.amasci.com/tesla/dipole1.html C. F. Bohren, "How can a particle absorb more than the light incident on it?", Am J Phys, 51 #4, pp323 Apr 1983] Citat: "...A particle can indeed absorb more than the light incident on it...In the former, strong absorption is associated with excitation of surfaces plasmons; in the latter it is associated with excitation of surface phonons. In both instances, the target area a particle presents to incident light can be much greater than its geometrical cross-sectional area...."
  - [http://www.tfcbooks.com/articles/tws5.htm Regeneration revisited. The Tesla Connection by Gary L. Peterson] Citat: "...So it may be said that Tesla anticipated the technique of regenerative feedback to increase detector sensitivity...A detailed description of how the negative resistance, negative inductance circuit works, including a differential form of the active antenna circuit and other pertinent information, can be found in U.S. Patent No. 5,296,866, Mar. 22, 199..."

Blandet


- [http://www.ing.dk/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20040221/ELEKTRONIK/102200051 21.02.2004, Ing.dk: Manden med kæmpeantennen] Radioamatøren Carsten Grøn har bygget sin personlige parabol hjemme i haven. Og den er ikke helt almindelig.
- [http://www.geocities.com/toddemslie/phase_cancellation.htm Phase shift cancellation of unwanted VHF RF signals]
- [http://www.microwavefilter.com/cable/phase.htm Phase Cancellation Filters For Suppressing]
- [http://users.ece.gatech.edu/~mai/tutorial_multipath.htm What is multipath?]
- [http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-023/_3424.htm Definition 2 af multipath]
- [http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-031/_4504.htm Definition af refraction]
- [http://www.lerc.nasa.gov/WWW/MAEL/ag/agprop1.htm Types of Propagation]
- [http://sss-mag.com/prop.html Spread Spectrum Scene, Radio Propagation]
- [http://www.teamrocs.com/technical/pages/multipath.htm Multi Path by Eddie Runner]
- [http://www.dxing.com/tvfmdx.htm TV/FM DXing]
- [http://members.fortunecity.com/wtfdamem/ WTFDA TV and FM Memorabilia]
- [http://www.angelfire.com/sc/scannerpost/tropo.html Tropospheric Ducting]
- [http://www.geocities.com/toddemslie/copydxlinks.htm TV AND FM DX LINKS]
- [http://www.radiohc.org/Distributions/Dxers/tv-meteor-detection.html Turn your TV set into a Meteor Detector]
- [http://www.skywaves.info/ British FM & TV Circle]
- [http://www.uksmg.org/stack.htm Zen and the Art of Stacking]
- [http://www2.arrl.org/tis/info/antheory.html Stacking, Phasing and Matching Yagis (god)]
- [http://www.qsl.net/mnqrp/Loop/Mag_Loops.htm Magnetic Loop Antenna's]

Design


- [http://www.c-maxgroup.com/tech/antenna.php c-maxgroup.com: Technology - Antenna Design] Beregning af ferritantenne til eks. 77,5 kHz radiosignal (DCF).

Fraktale antenner


- [http://www.h33.dk/fraktenne_index.html Fraktal antenner] Citat: "...Da jeg lavede min web-side om Sierpinski-fraktalerne i 1998 havde jeg ingen idé om at de kunne bruges til noget praktisk..."
- [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/10/031020054315.htm 2003-10-20, Science Daily: Fractal-shaped Tiles Developed For New Broadband Antenna Class]
- [http://www.fractenna.com/ Fractal Antenna Systems], [http://www.fractenna.com/nca_reprint.html Classic fractal antenna article]
- [http://www.discover.com/july_issue/comphardware98.html Tiny Antenna, Fractal Antenna Systems' Fractal Antenna, Innovator: Nathan Cohen]
- [http://www-tsc.upc.es/eef/research_lines/antennas/fractals/gallery/spk60.html The Sierpinski Antenna]
- [http://www.luminet.net/~wenonah/cfa/fractal.htm Fractal Antennas Offer Benefits. by Tom Vernon — copied from Radio World, September 1, 1999] Kategori:Radioteknik Kategori:Transducer ja:空中線 ms:Antena

Lexopen

Lexopen er et frit leksikon ligesom Wikipedia. Lexopen blev startet af Brian Hansen, med det formål at der på sigt vil blive udviklet og vedligeholdt et bredt dansk open source-leksikon. Lexopen er dækket af GNU Free Documentation License, så man kan frit kopiere alle artikler, blot man laver en kildehenvisning til Lexopen. Mange af Lexopens artikler er allerede kopieret til Wikipedia. På Groupcare er der oprettet en gruppe med navnet leksikon, hvor arbejdet med dannelsen af et bredt dansk open source-leksikon ønskes koordineret.

Externe links


- [http://lexopen.fateback.com Lexopen]
- [http://lexopen.united.net.kg/ Lexopen mirror]
- [http://www.groupcare.dk/da/group.asp?groupid=197289 Leksikon gruppen på Groupcare]

Aristocracy of labour

"Labor aristocracy" (or "aristocracy of labor") has two meanings: as a term with Marxist-Leninist theoretical underpinnings, and as a specific type of trade unionism. In Marxist-Leninist theory, workers (proletarians) in developed countries who benefit from the superprofits extracted from the impoverished workers of underdeveloped countries are "aristocrats of labor." Leninist theory contends that companies in the developed world exploit workers in the developing world (where wages are much lower), resulting in increased profits. Because of these increased profits, the companies are able to pay higher wages to their employees "at home" (that is, in the developed world), thus creating a working class satisfied with their standard of living and not inclined to proletarian revolution. Vladimir Lenin thus contended that imperialism had prevented increasing class polarization in the developed world, and argued that a workers' revolution could only begin in one of the underdeveloped or semideveloped countries, such as Russia. This theory of the labour aristocracy is controversial in the Marxist movement. In Britain those who hold to this theory include the Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist-Leninist) and the Revolutionary Communist Group. The Trotskyist movement tends to reject the theory of the labour aristocracy and labels its followers "Third Worldist". In the U.S. and Britain, the term "aristocracy of labor" is used as an implicit criticism of labor unions that have organized high-salary workers and have no interest in unionizing middle-income and lower-income employees--even in cases where organizing the unorganized would strengthen the unions involved. These unions, it is argued, are content to remain a "labor aristocracy." Examples might include the unions of professional athletes, which have raised the wages of a certain class of already highly paid workers--professional athletes--but refuse to organize other workers, including other employees of the teams they work for. It commonly charged that the Air Line Pilots Association, the Screen Actors Guild, and a handful of other AFL-CIO unions conform to the labor aristocracy model of trade unionism. In defense of these unions, the AFL-CIO's jurisdictional rules may forbid such unions from organizing workers in certain occupational classes.

See also


- Leninism
- labor unions Category:Marxism

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