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| Franz Xaver Von Zach |
Franz Xaver von Zach
Baron Franz Xaver von Zach (Franz Xaver Freiherr von Zach) (June 4, 1754 - September 2, 1832) was an Austrian astronomer born at Pest.
He served for some time in the Austrian army, and afterwards lived in London from 1783 to 1786 as tutor in the house of the Saxon minister, Count Brühl. In 1786 he was appointed by Ernest II of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg director of the new observatory on the Seeberg at Gotha, which was finished in 1791. At the close of the 18th century, he organised a group of 24 astronomers to prepare for a systematic search for the "missing planet" predicted by the Titius-Bode law between Mars and Jupiter. Ironically, 1 Ceres was discovered by accident just as the search was getting underway. From 1806 Zach accompanied the duke's widow on her travels in the south of Europe. He died in Paris in 1832.
Zach published Tables of the Sun (Gotha, 1792; new and improved edition, ibid., 1804), and numerous papers on geographical subjects, particularly on the geographical positions of many towns and places, which he determined on his travels with a sextant.
His principal importance was, however, as editor of three scientific journals of great value: Allgemeine Geographische Ephemeriden (4 vols., Gotha, 1798-1799), Monatliche Correspondent zur Beförderung der Erd- und Himmels-Kunde (28 vols., Gotha, 1800-1813, from 1807 edited by B. von Lindenau), and Correspondance astronomique, geographique, hydrographique, et statistique (Genoa, 1818-1826, 14 vols., and one number of the 15th, the suppression of which was instigated by the Jesuits).
Asteroid 999 Zachia and Zach crater on the moon are named after him, while asteroid 64 Angelina is named after an astronomical station he set up near Marseille.
References
-
- Brosche, P.: Der Astronom der Herzogin, Acta Historica Astronomiae Vol. 12, Verlag Harri Deutsch, Frankfurt am Main 2001 ISBN 3-8171-1636-X
Zach, Franz Xaver von
Zach, Franz Xaver von
Zach, Franz Xaver von
Zach, Franz Xaver von
June 4
June 4 is the 155th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (156th in leap years), with 210 days remaining.
Events
- 780 BC - The first historic solar eclipse is recorded in China.
- 1039 - Henry III becomes King of Germany.
- 1615 - Forces under the shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu take Osaka Castle in Japan.
- 1760 - Great Upheaval: New England planters arrive to claim land in Nova Scotia Canada taken from the Acadians.
- 1769 - A transit of Venus is followed five hours later by a total solar eclipse, the shortest such interval in the historical past.
- 1792 - Captain George Vancouver claims Puget Sound for Great Britain.
- 1794 - British troops capture Port-au-Prince in Haiti.
- 1812 - Following Louisiana's admittance as a U.S. state, the territory previously known by that name was renamed the Missouri Territory.
- 1859 - Italian Independence wars: in the Battle of Magenta, the French army, under Louis-Napoleon, defeats an Austrian army.
- 1862 - American Civil War: Confederate troops evacuate Fort Pillow on the Mississippi River, leaving the way clear for Union troops to take Memphis, Tennessee.
- 1876 - An express train called the Transcontinental Express arrives in San Francisco, California, via the First Transcontinental Railroad only 83 hours and 39 minutes after having left New York City.
- 1878 - Cyprus Convention: The Ottoman Empire cedes Cyprus to the United Kingdom but retains nominal title.
- 1896 - Henry Ford test-drives the first automobile he designed – the Quadricycle (it was also the first automobile he ever drove).
- 1913 - Emily Davison, a suffragette, runs out in front of the king's horse, Anmer, at the Epsom Derby. She is trampled and dies a few days later, never having regained consciousness.
- 1917 - The very first Pulitzer Prizes are awarded: Laura E. Richards, Maude H. Elliott, and Florence Hall receive the first Pulitzer for a biography (for Julia Ward Howe). Jean Jules Jusserand receives the first Pulitzer for history for his work With Americans of Past and Present Days. Herbert B. Swope receives the first Pulitzer for journalism for his work for the New York World.
- The Order of the British Empire is introduced.
- 1919 - Women's rights: The U.S. Congress approves the 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution, which would guarantee suffrage to women, and sends it to the U.S. states for ratification.
- 1920 - Hungary loses 71% of its territory and 63% of its population when the Treaty of Trianon is signed in Paris.
- 1926 - Robert Earl Hughes sets current record for world's heaviest human.
- 1936 - Léon Blum becomes Prime Minister of France.
- 1939 - Holocaust: The SS St. Louis, a ship carrying 963 Jewish refugees, is denied permission to land in Florida, United States, after already having been turned away from Cuba. Forced to return to Europe, most of its passengers later die in Nazi concentration camps.
- 1940 - The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter by Carson McCullers is published.
- World War II: Dunkirk evacuation ends; British forces complete evacuation of 300,000 troops from Dunkirk in France.
- The Destroyer War Badge for Kriegsmarine was instituted.
- 1942 - World War II: Reinhard Heydrich dies in Prague due to the assassination of Czechoslovak paratroopers (Operation Anthropoid).
- World War II: Battle of Midway begins. Japanese Admiral Chuichi Nagumo orders a strike on Midway Island with much of the Imperial Japanese navy.
- 1943 - Military coup in Argentina ousts Ramón Castillo.
- 1944 - World War II: A hunter-killer group of the United States Navy capture the German submarine U-505, marking the first time a U.S. Navy vessel captured an enemy vessel at sea since the 19th century.
- World War II: Rome falls to the Allies, the first Axis powers capital to fall.
- 1961 - Lake Bodom murders in Finland.
- 1970 - Tonga gains independence from the United Kingdom.
- 1973 - patent for the ATM granted to Don Wetzel, Tom Barnes and George Chastain.
- 1974 - Baseball: The Cleveland Indians host "Ten Cent Beer Night", but have to forfeit the game to the Texas Rangers due to drunken and unruly fans.
- 1986 - Jonathan Pollard pleads guilty to espionage for selling top secret United States military intelligence to Israel.
- 1988 -The Canadian Heraldic Authority is founded.
- 1989 - The Tiananmen Square protests are suppressed in Beijing and are covered live on television.
- Solidarity's victory in the first partly free parliamentary elections in post-war Poland sparks off a succession of peaceful anti-communist revolutions in Eastern Europe and leads to creation of the so-called Contract Sejm.
- Ufa train disaster: A natural gas explosion near Ufa, Russia, kills 575 as two trains passing each other throw sparks near a leaky pipeline.
- 1991 - Britain's Conservative government announces that some British regiments would disappear or be merged into others – the largest armed forces cuts in almost twenty years.
- 1998 - Terry Nichols is sentenced to life in prison for his role in the Oklahoma City bombing.
- 2003 - U.S. lifestyle guru Martha Stewart and her broker are indicted for using privileged investment information and then obstructing a federal investigation. Stewart also resigns as chairperson and chief executive officer of Martha Stewart Living.
- 2005 - First day of Einstein Symposium in Alexandria, Egypt.
Births
470 BC to 1899
- 470 BC - Socrates, Greek philosopher (d. 399 BC)
- 1489 - Antoine, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1544)
- 1665 - Zacharie Robutel de La Noue, Canadian soldier (d. 1733)
- 1694 - François Quesnay, French economist (d. 1774)
- 1704 - Benjamin Huntsman, English inventor and manufacturer (d. 1776)
- 1738 - King George III of Great Britain (d. 1820)
- 1754 - Franz Xaver, Baron Von Zach, Austrian scientific editor and astronomer (d. 1832)
- 1801 - Sir James Pennethorne, English architect (d. 1871)
- 1821 - Apollon Maykov, Russian poet (d. 1897)
- 1867 - C.G.E. Mannerheim, President of Finland (d. 1951)
- 1877 - Heinrich Wieland, German biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1957)
1900 to 1999
- 1907 - Rosalind Russell, American actress (d. 1976)
- 1910 - Christopher Sydney Cockerell, British engineer and inventor (d. 1999)
- 1916 - Robert F. Furchgott, American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- 1919 - Robert Merrill, American baritone (d. 2004)
- 1924 - Dennis Weaver, American actor
- 1926 - Alfredo Di Stéfano, Argentine-Spanish footballer
- 1928 - Dr. Ruth Westheimer, German-American sex therapist and author
- 1932 - John Drew Barrymore, American actor (d. 2004)
- 1932 - Maurice Shadbolt, New Zealand writer
- 1936 - Bruce Dern, American actor
- 1937 - Freddy Fender, American musician
- 1937 - Robert Fulghum, American author
- 1944 - Michelle Phillips, American actress, singer
- 1945 - Gordon Waller, Scottish musician (Peter and Gordon)
- 1947 - Viktor Klima, Chancellor of Austria
- 1952 - Parker Stevenson, American actor and director
- 1956 - Keith David, American actor
- 1956 - John Hockenberry, American journalist
- 1965 - Mick Doohan, Australian motorcycle racer
- 1966 - Cecilia Bartoli, Italian mezzo-soprano
- 1966 - Tiffany Million, American actress
- 1966 - Vladimir Voevodsky, Russian mathematician
- 1969 - Horatio Sanz, Chilean-born comedian
- 1970 - David Pybus, British musician
- 1971 - Noah Wyle, American actor
- 1972 - Derian Hatcher, American hockey player
- 1974 - Andrew Gwynne, British politician
- 1975 - Angelina Jolie, American actress
- 1977 - Quinten Hann, Australian snooker player
- 1983 - Emmanuel Eboue, Ivory Coast footballer
- 1986 - Shane Kippel, Canadian actor
Deaths
1039 to 1899
- 1039 - Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor
- 1135 - Emperor Huizong of China (b. 1082)
- 1206 - Adèle of Champagne, queen of Louis VII of France
- 1257 - Duke Przemysl I of Poland
- 1394 - Mary de Bohun, wife of Henry IV of England
- 1463 - Flavio Biondo, Italian humanist (b. 1392)
- 1585 - Muretus, French humanist (b. 1526)
- 1663 - William Juxon, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1582)
- 1798 - Giacomo Casanova, Italian lover and writer (b. 1725)
- 1801 - Frederick Muhlenberg, first Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (b. 1750)
- 1872 - Johan Rudolf Thorbecke, Dutch politician (d. 1798)
- 1875 - Eduard Mörike, German poet (b. 1804)
1900 to 1999
- 1928 - Chang Tso-lin, Chinese warlord (b. 1873)
- 1939 - Tommy Ladnier, American musician (b. 1900)
- 1941 - Kaiser Wilhelm II, last German emperor (b. 1859)
- 1942 - Reinhard Heydrich, Nazi official (b. 1904)
- 1951 - Serge Koussevitsky, Russian conductor (b. 1874)
- 1964 - Samuil Marshak, Russian poet (b. 1887)
- 1968 - Dorothy Gish, American actress (b. 1898)
- 1971 - Georg Lukács, Hungarian philosopher (b. 1885)
- 1973 - Maurice René Fréchet, French mathematician (b. 1878)
- 1990 - Stiv Bators, American musician (The Dead Boys) (b. 1949)
2000 onwards
- 2001 - King Dipendra of Nepal (b. 1971)
- 2001 - John Hartford, American musician, composer (b. 1937)
- 2002 - Fernando Belaúnde Terry, President of Peru (b. 1912)
- 2004 - Steve Lacy, American saxophonist (b. 1934)
Holidays and observances
- Feast day of St Francis Caracciolo
- Feast day of Saint Petrock of Cornwall
- International Innocent Child Abuse Victim Day
- Tonga - National Day
- Finland - National flag day of the Finnish Defence Forces (on Mannerheim's birthday)
External links
- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/4 BBC: On This Day]
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June 3 - June 5 - May 4 - July 4 – listing of all days
ko:6월 4일
ms:4 Jun
ja:6月4日
simple:June 4
th:4 มิถุนายน
1754
1754 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar).
Events
- June 19 - The Albany Convention of New England Colonies proposes an American Union
- July - Columbia University founded as King's College by royal charter of King George II of England. The college was originally located in Lower Manhattan. Instruction was suspended in 1776 and the school would be reopened in 1784 as Columbia College. With the college's growth in the 19th Century, it would be renamed Columbia University in 1896.
- Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Mahmud I (1730-1754) to Osman III (1754-1757)
- Beginning of the French and Indian War in North America.
- Britain and its colonies adopted a new Marriage Act that formulated many of the rules of modern marriage.
Births
- January 15 - Richard Martin, Irish founder of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (d. 1834)
- January 30 - John Lansing, Jr., American statesman (d. 1829)
- February 2 - Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, French politician (d. 1838)
- March 17 - Madame Roland (Jeanne Marie Manon Philipon), French politician (d. 1793)
- March 23 - Baron Jurij Vega, Slovenian mathematician, physicist, and artillery officer (d. 1802)
- June 4 - Franz Xaver, Baron Von Zach, German scientific editor and astronomer (d. 1832)
- July 11 - Thomas Bowdler, English physician (d. 1825)
- August 2 - Pierre Charles L'Enfant, French architect (d. 1825)
- August 21 - William Murdoch, Scottish inventor (d. 1839)
- August 23 - King Louis XVI of France (d. 1793)
- September 9 - William Bligh, English sailor (d. 1817)
- September 26 - Joseph Proust, French chemist (d. 1826)
- October 1 - Emperor Paul I of Russia (d. 1801)
- December 24 - George Crabbe, English poet (d. 1832)
- Jacques Pierre Brissot, French politician (d. 1795)
- Usman dan Fodio, Nigerian Islamic theologan (d. 1817)
Deaths
- January 10 - Edward Cave, English editor and publisher (b. 1691)
- January 28 - Ludvig Holberg, Norwegian dramatist and writer (b. 1684)
- February 16 - Richard Mead, English physician (b. 1673)
- March 6 - Henry Pelham, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1696)
- March 23 - Johann Jakob Wettstein, Swiss theologian (b. 1693)
- April 2 - Thomas Carte, English historian (b. 1686)
- April 9 - Christian Wolff, German philosopher, mathematician, and scientist (b. 1679)
- April 15 - Jacopo Riccati, Italian mathematician (b. 1676)
- May 14 - Pierre-Claude Nivelle de La Chaussée, French writer (b. 1692)
- May 23 - John Wood, the Elder, English architect (b. 1704)
- June 2 - Ebenezer Erskine, Scottish religious dissenter (b. 1680)
- July 4 - Philippe Néricault Destouches, French dramatist (b. 1680)
- October 4 - Tanacharison, Catawba Indian chief
- October 8 - Henry Fielding, English novelist (b. 1707)
- November 27 - Abraham de Moivre, French mathematician (b. 1667)
- December 12 - Wu Jingzi, Chinese writer (b. 1701)
- December 13 - Mahmud I, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1696)
Category:1754
ko:1754년
September 2September 2 is the 245th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (246th in leap years). There are 120 days remaining.
Events
- 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion.
- 44 BC - The first of Cicero’s Philippics (oratorical attacks) on Mark Antony. He will make 14 of them over the next several months.
- 31 BC - Roman Civil War: Battle of Actium - Off the western coast of Greece, forces of Octavian defeat troops under Mark Antony and Cleopatra.
- 1649 - The Italian city of Castro is completely destroyed by the forces of Pope Innocent X, ending the Wars of Castro.
- 1666 - The Great Fire of London breaks out and burns for three days, destroying 10,000 buildings including St. Paul's Cathedral.
- 1752 - The United Kingdom adopts the Gregorian Calendar, nearly two centuries later than most of Western Europe.
- 1789 - The United States Department of the Treasury is founded.
- 1792 - During what became known as the September Massacres of the French Revolution, rampaging mobs slaughter three Roman Catholic Church bishops and more than two hundred priests.
- 1807 - British Navy bombards Copenhagen with fire bombs and phosphorus rockets to prevent Denmark from surrendering its fleet to Napoleon.
- 1833 - Oberlin College is founded by John Shipherd and Philo P. Stewart.
- 1862 - American Civil War: President Abraham Lincoln reluctantly restores Union General George McClellan to full command after General John Pope's disastrous defeat at the Battle of Second Bull Run.
- 1862- First federal tax on tobacco
- 1864 - American Civil War: Union forces enter Atlanta, Georgia a day after the Confederate defenders flee the city.
- 1867 - Mutsuhito, the Meiji Emperor of Japan marries Ichijo Masako. The Empress consort is thereafter known as Lady Haruko.
- 1870 - Franco-Prussian War: Battle of Sedan - Prussian forces take French Emperor Napoleon III and 100,000 of his soldiers prisoner.
- 1885 - In Rock Springs, Wyoming, 150 white miners attack their Chinese fellow workers, killing 28, wounding 15, and forcing several hundred more out of town.
- 1898 - Battle of Omdurman - British and Egyptian troops defeat Sudanese tribesmen and establishing British dominance in the Sudan.
- 1901 - Vice President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt utters the famous phrase, "Speak softly and carry a big stick" at the Minnesota State Fair.
- 1935 - Labor Day Hurricane of 1935: A large hurricane hits the Florida Keys killing 423.
- 1939 - Following the invasion of Poland, Freie Stadt Danzig Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland) is annexed to Nazi Germany.
- 1944 - Holocaust: Diarist Anne Frank and her family are placed on the last transport train from Westerbork to Auschwitz, arriving three days later.
- 1945 - World War II ends: The final official surrender of Japan is accepted aboard the battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay.
- 1945 - Vietnam declares its independence, forming the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam).
- 1946 - Ayn Rand began writing Atlas Shrugged.
- 1963 - CBS Evening News becomes U.S. network television's first half-hour weeknight news broadcast, when the show is lengthened from 15 to 30 minutes.
- 1967 - The microstate Principality of Sealand unilaterally declares its independence.
- 1969 - The first automatic teller machine in the United States is installed in Rockville Center, New York.
- 1984 - Seven Die + Fifteen wounded in a clash between rival bikie gangs the Bandidos + the Comancheros @ the Millpera Tavern Millpera, Sydney.
- 1987 - In Moscow, the trial begins of 19-year-old pilot Mathias Rust, who flew his Cessna aircraft into Red Square in May 1987.
- 1990 - Transnistria declares its independence from Moldova; however, Moldova does not recognize it.
- 1991 - The United States recognizes the independence of the Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
- 1995 - The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame opens in Cleveland, Ohio.
- 1998 - In Canada, pilots for Air Canada launch the first strike in company's history.
- 1998 - Swissair Flight 111 crashes near Peggys Cove, Nova Scotia. All 229 people on board are killed.
- 1998 - The UN's International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda finds Jean-Paul Akayesu, the former mayor of a small town in Rwanda, guilty of nine counts of genocide.
- 2002 - World Heavyweight Championship reintroduced to WWE televison.
- 2005 - The Kingdom of Lovely is declared in Leicester Square, London, by King Danny I of Lovely.
Births
- 1243 - Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Hertford, English politician (d. 1295)
- 1548 - Vincenzo Scamozzi, Italian architect (d. 1616)
- 1675 - William Somervile, English poet (d. 1742)
- 1805 - Esteban Echeverría, Argentine writer (d. 1851)
- 1810 - William Seymour Tyler, American educator and historian
- 1830 - William P. Frye, American politician
- 1838 - Liliuokalani of Hawaii, Queen of Hawaii (d. 1917)
- 1850 - Albert Spalding, baseball player and sporting goods manufacturer (d. 1915)
- 1850 - Woldemar Voigt, German physicist (d. 1919)
- 1853 - Wilhelm Ostwald, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1932)
- 1854 - Hans Jæger, Norwegian writer and political activist (d. 1910)
- 1862 - Franjo Krežma, Croatian violinist (d. 1881)
- 1877 - Frederick Soddy, British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1956)
- 1879 - An Jung-geun, assassin of the Japanese politician Ito Hirobumi (d. 1910)
- 1884 - Dr. Frank C. Laubach, Christian missionary (d. 1970)
- 1917 - Cleveland Amory, author (d. 1998)
- 1923 - Rene Thom, French mathematician (d. 2002)
- 1924 - Daniel arap Moi, President of Kenya
- 1929 - Hal Ashby, American film director (d. 1988)
- 1936 - Andrew Grove, American computer chip manufacturer
- 1938 - Clarence Felder, American actor
- 1941 - David Bale, South African-born activist (d. 2003)
- 1944 - Al Matthews, American actor (d. 2002)
- 1948 - Terry Bradshaw, American football player
- 1948 - Christa McAuliffe, American schoolteacher and astronaut (d. 1986)
- 1950 - Rosanna DeSoto, American actress
- 1951 - Mark Harmon, American actor
- 1952 - Jimmy Connors, American tennis player
- 1953 - John Zorn, American musician
- 1960 - Sue Foley, American writer
- 1961 - Eric Dickerson, American football player
- 1961 - Carlos Valderrama, Colombian footballer
- 1964 - Keanu Reeves, American actor
- 1965 - Lennox Lewis, Canadian-British boxer
- 1966 - Salma Hayek, Mexican actress
- 1969 - Cedric "K-Ci" Hailey, American singer
- 1971 - Tommy Maddox, American football player
- 1972 - Sergei Zholtok, Latvian hockey player
- 1976 - Phil Lipscomb, American bassist (Taproot)
- 1982 - Joey Barton, English footballer
Deaths
- 421 - Constantius III, Roman Emperor
- 1031 - Saint Emeric of Hungary
- 1274 - Prince Munetaka, Japanese shogun (b. 1242)
- 1397 - Francesco Landini, Italian composer
- 1540 - Lebna Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia (b. 1501)
- 1680 - Per Brahe (the younger), Swedish soldier and statesman (b. 1602)
- 1688 - Robert Viner, Lord Mayor of London (b. 1631)
- 1690 - Philipp Wilhelm, Elector Palatine (b. 1615)
- 1764 - Nathaniel Bliss, English Astronomer Royal (b. 1700)
- 1765 - Henry Bouquet, Swiss-born British army officer (b. 1719)
- 1768 - Antoine Deparcieux, French mathematician (b. 1703)
- 1790 - Johann Nikolaus von Hontheim, German historian and theologian (b. 1701)
- 1813 - Jean Victor Marie Moreau, French general (mortally wounded in battle) (b. 1763)
- 1820 - Jiaqing, Emperor of China (b. 1760)
- 1832 - Franz Xaver, Baron Von Zach, Austrian astronomer (b. 1854)
- 1834 - Thomas Telford, Scottish civil engineer (b. 1757)
- 1865 - William Rowan Hamilton, Irish mathematician (b. 1805)
- 1872 - Nicolai Grundtvig, Danish writer and philosopher (b. 1783)
- 1898 - Wilford Woodruff, president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1807)
- 1910 - Henri Rousseau, French painter (b. 1844)
- 1921 - Henry Austin Dobson, English poet (b. 1840)
- 1921 - Anthony Francis Lucas Croatian-born oil exploration pioneer (b.1855)
- 1934 - Alcide Nunez, American musician (b. 1884)
- 1937 - Pierre de Coubertin, French founder of the modern Olympic Games (b. 1863)
- 1948 - Sylvanus Morley, U.S. archaeologist and spy (b. 1883)
- 1953 - Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright IV, U.S. general (b. 1883)
- 1964 - Alvin York, most decorated American soldier of World War I (b. 1887)
- 1969 - Ho Chi Minh, Vietnamese president and prime minister (b. 1890)
- 1981 - Andrija Maurovic, Croatian illustrator (b.1901)
- 1973 - Carl Dudley, American movie director (b. 1910)
- 1973 - J. R. R. Tolkien, British writer (b. 1892)
- 1976 - Stanisław Grochowiak, Polish poet and dramatist (b. 1934)
- 1985 - Abe Lenstra, Dutch footballer (b. 1920)
- 1991 - Alfonso García Robles, Mexican diplomat and politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1911)
- 1992 - Barbara McClintock, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1902)
- 1997 - Rudolph Bing, Austrian-born opera manager (b. 1902)
- 1998 - Allen Drury, American author (b. 1918)
- 2000 - Elvera Sanchez, Puerto Rican dancer (d. 1905)
- 2000 - Curt Siodmak, German-born author (b. 1907)
- 2001 - Christiaan Barnard, South African heart surgeon (b. 1922)
- 2001 - Troy Donahue, American actor (b. 1936)
- 2002 - Dick Reynolds, Australian footballer and coach (b. 1915)
- 2004 - Joan Oró, Catalan scientist (b. 1923)
- 2005 - Bob Denver, American actor (b. 1935)
Holidays and observances
also see September 2 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- RC Saints - Saint Sophia
- Mauritius - Ganesh Chaturthi
- Transnistria - Independence day, note Transnistria is not an internationally recognized independent state
- Sedan Day (Sedantag) - traditional national German holiday (see Sedan, France) that commemorates Prussia's victory over France in 1870, making the German Empire a reality.
- Vietnam - Independence Day (from France, 1945)
External links
- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/2 BBC: On This Day]
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September 1 - September 3 - August 2 - October 2 - more historical anniversaries
ko:9월 2일
ms:2 September
ja:9月2日
simple:September 2
th:2 กันยายน
1832
1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar).
Events
- February 12 - Ecuador annexes the Galapagos Islands
- February 12 – serious cholera epidemic begins in London from the East London. It is declared officially over in early May but deaths continue. At least 3000 victims
- March 24 - In Hiram, Ohio a group of men beat, tarred and feathered Mormon leader Joseph Smith, Jr.
- April 6 - The Black Hawk War begins
- May 7 - The Treaty of London creates an independent Kingdom of Greece. Otto of Wittelsbach, Prince of Bavaria is chosen King.
- May 11 - Greece is recognized as a sovereign nation - Treaty of Constantinople ends the Greek War of Independence next July
- May 27 - War between the Ottoman Empire and Egypt. The Egyptians, aided by Maronites, seize Acre after a seven-month siege
- May 30 - In the German town of Hambach, a demonstration for civil liberties and against the sectionalism that has prevailed in Germany since the Thirty Years War ends with no result.
- June 4 - The Great Reform Bill becomes law in the U.K.
- June 5 - anti-monarchist riot briefly breaks out in Paris
- June 15 - Seizure of Damascus by Egyptian forces
- July 4 - University of Durham founded, the first in England since 1209.
- July 9 - Republic of Indian Stream comes into its brief existence (until 1835)
- July 10 - President Andrew Jackson vetoes a bill that would re-charter the Second Bank of the United States.
- July 24 - Benjamin Bonneville leads the first wagon train across the Rocky Mountains by using Wyoming's South Pass.
- October 8 - Washington Irving and Henry Leavitt Ellsworth arrive at Fort Gibson, I.T. in the late morning hours. They left the fort on October 10, with a small company of Rangers who escorted them to the camp of Captain Jesse Bean who was waiting for them near the Arkansas River. Thus began one of the first steps in the United States effort to remove the Indians from their homes on the east coast in what would become known as the "Trail of Tears" some six years later.
- November - Andrew Jackson defeats Henry Clay in the U.S. presidential election
- December - Skull and Bones secret society of Yale University established.
- December 21 - Battle of Konya. The Egyptians defeat the main Ottoman army in Central Anatolia.
- December 28 - John C. Calhoun becomes the first Vice President of the United States to resign.
- Cholera epidemic in France
- In July and August there is a cholera epidemic in New York City
Births
- January 6 - Gustave Doré, French painter and sculptor (d. 1883)
- January 13 - Horatio Alger, Jr., American Unitarian minister and author (d. 1899)
- January 23 - Edouard Manet, French painter (d. 1883)
- January 27 - Lewis Carroll, English author (d. 1898)
- April 19 - José Echegaray y Eizaguirre, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1916)
- May 14 - Charles Peace, British criminal (d. 1879)
- May 28 - Tony Pastor, American vaudeville and theater impresario (d. 1908)
- June 17 - Sir William Crookes, English chemist and physicist (d. 1919)
- July 6 - Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico (d. 1867)
- October 2 - Edward Burnett Tylor, English anthropologist (d. 1917)
- August 8 - King Georg I of Saxony (d. 1904)
- November 29 - Louisa May Alcott, American author (d. 1888)
- December 8 - Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Norwegian author, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1910)
- December 15 - Gustave Eiffel, French engineer (d. 1923)
Deaths
- March 4 - Jean-François Champollion, French Egyptologist (b. 1790)
- March 10 - Muzio Clementi, Italian composer (b. 1752)
- March 13 - Samuel Eells, Founder of Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity (b. 1810)
- March 22 - Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, German writer (b. 1749)
- May 13 - Georges Cuvier, French zoologist (b. 1769)
- June 6 - Jeremy Bentham, English philosopher (b. 1748)
- June 23 - James Hall, Scottish geologist (b. 1761)
- September 2 - Franz Xaver, Baron von Zach, Austrian scientific editor and astronomer (b. 1754)
- September 21 - Sir Walter Scott, Scottish writer (b. 1771)
- November 14 - Charles Carroll of Carrollton, Declaration of Independence signer and U.S. Senator (b. 1737)
Category:1832
ko:1832년
ms:1832
simple:1832
Pest
Pest may refer to:
- A pest, an animal (usually an insect), or sometimes a plant (weed) with characteristics that are injurious or harmful to humans.
- By extension, pest can refer also to a contagious deadly disease, a pestilence such as the Bubonic plague.
- By further analogy, pest in the slang sense can refer to an annoying person, especially one difficult to get rid of.
- Pest, a former city in Hungary, which is now a part of Budapest.
- Pest, a member of the Opie and Anthony Army
- Pest, a county in Hungary.
- PEST analysis (Political, Economic, Social and Technological analysis), a framework for analysis of macroenvironmental factors.
- Pest, a band on the Ninja Tune independent record label.
Austria
The Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich) is a landlocked country in central Europe. It borders Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The capital is the city of Vienna.
Austria is a parliamentary representative democracy consisting of nine federal states and is one of two European countries that have declared their everlasting neutrality, the other being Switzerland. Austria is a member of United Nations and the European Union.
Origin and history of the name
The German name Österreich can be translated into English as the "eastern realm", which is derived from the Old German Ostarrîchi. Reich can also mean "empire," and this connotation is the one that is understood in the context of the Austrian/Austro-Hungarian Empire, German Empire, "Third Reich," or Holy Roman Empire, although not in the context of the modern Republic of Österreich. The term probably originates in a vernacular translation of the Medieval Latin name for the region: Marchia orientalis, which translates as "eastern border," as it was situated at the eastern edge of the Holy Roman Empire, that was also mirrored in the name Ostmark applied after Anschluss to the Third Reich.
History
Austria and the Holy Roman Empire
The territory of Austria originally known as the Celtic kingdom of Noricum, was a long time ally of Rome. It was rather occupied than conquered by the Romans during the reign of Augustus and made the province Noricum in 16 BC. Later it was conquered by Huns, Rugii, Lombards, Ostrogoths, Bavarii, Avars (until c. 800), and Franks (in that order). Finally, after 48 years of Hungarian rule (907 to 955), the core territory of Austria was awarded to Leopold of Babenberg in 976. Being part of the Holy Roman Empire the Babenbergs ruled and expanded Austria from the 10th century to the 13th century.
13th century
After Duke Frederick II died in 1246 and left no successor, the German King Rudolf I of Habsburg gave the lands to his sons marking the beginning of the line of the Habsburgs, who continued to govern Austria until the 20th century.
With the short exception of Charles VII Albert of Bavaria, Austrian Habsburgs held the position of German Emperor beginning in 1438 with Albert II of Habsburg until the end of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 14th and 15th century Austria continued to expand its territory until it reached the position of a European superpower at the end of the 15th century until the end of the Habsburg monarchy in 1918.
Modern history
After the abolition of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Empire of Austria was founded, which was transformed in 1867 into the double-monarchy Austria-Hungary. The empire was split into several independent states in 1918, after the defeat of the Central Powers in World War I, with most of the German-speaking parts becoming a republic. (See Treaty of Saint-Germain.) Between 1918 and 1919 it was officially known as the Republic of German Austria (Republik Deutschösterreich). After the Entente powers forbade German Austria to unite with Germany, they also forbade the name, and then it was changed to simply Republic of Austria. The democratic republic lasted until 1933 when the chancellor Engelbert Dollfuß established an autocratic regime oriented towards Italian fascism (Austrofascism).
Austria became part of the Third Reich in 1938 through the Anschluß and remained under Nazi hegemony until the end of World War II. After the defeat of the Axis Powers, the Allies occupied Austria until 1955, when the country became a fully independent republic under the condition that it would remain neutral. (see: Austrian State Treaty). Austria also became a member of the UN in the same year. After the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe, Austria became increasingly involved in European affairs, and in 1995, Austria joined the European Union, and the Euro monetary system in 1999.
Politics
1999
Austria became a federal, parliamentary democracy republic through the Federal Constitution of 1920. It was reintroduced in 1945 to the nine states of the Federal Republic. The head of state is the Federal President, who is directly elected. The chairman of the Federal Government is the Federal Chancellor, who is appointed by the president and voted into office by the majority of the lower chamber of parliament, the Nationalrat, the National Council of Austria. The government can be recalled by a vote of no confidence in the National Council.
The Austrian parliament consists of two chambers. The composition of the Nationalrat is determined every four years by a free general election in which every citizen is allowed to vote to fill its 183 seats. A "Four Percent Hurdle" prevents a large splintering of the political landscape in the Nationalrat by awarding seats only to political parties that have received at least four percent of the general vote, or alternatively, have won a direct seat, or Direktmandat, in one of the 43 regional election districts. The Nationalrat is the dominant chamber in the formation of legislation in Austria. However, the upper house of parliament, the Bundesrat has a limited right of veto (the Nationalrat can pass the respective bill a second time bypassing the Bundesrat altogether). A convention, called the Österreich Konvent [http://www.konvent.gv.at/] was convened in June 30, 2003 to decide upon suggestions to reform the constitution, but has failed to produce a proposal that would receive the two thirds of votes in the Nationalrat necessary for constitutional amendments and/or reform.
Subdivisions
A federal republic, Austria is divided into nine states, (German: Bundesländer). These states are divided into districts (Bezirke) and cities (Statutarstädte). Districts are subdivided into municipalities (Gemeinden). Cities have the competencies otherwise granted to both districts and municipalities. The states are not mere administrative divisions, but have some distinct legislative authority separate from the federal government.
Statutarstädte
Geography
Statutarstädte
Statutarstädte
Austria is a largely mountainous country due to its location in the Alps. The Central Eastern Alps, Northern Limestone Alps and Southern Limestone Alps are all partly in Austria. Of the total area of Austria (84,000 km²), only about a quarter can be considered low lying, and only 32% of the country is below 500 metres. The high mountainous Alps in the west of Austria flatten somewhat into low lands and plains in the east of the country.
Austria may be divided into 5 different areas. The biggest area are the Austrian Alps, which constitute 62% of Austria's total area. The Austrian foothills at the base of the Alps and the Carpathians account for around 12% of its area. The foothills in the east and areas surrounding the periphery of the Pannoni low country amount to about 12% of the total landmass. The second greater mountain area (much lower than the Alps) is situated in the north. Known as the Austrian granite plateau, it is located in the central area of the Bohemian Mass, and accounts for 10% of Austria. The Austrian portion of the Viennese basin comprises the remaining 4%.
Climate
The greater part of Austria lies in the cool/temperate climate zone in which humid westerly winds predominate. With over half of the country dominated by the Alps the alpine climate is the predominate one. In the East the climate shows continental features with less rain than the Western alpine areas with high rainfall averages.
The six highest mountains in Austria are:
Economy
alpine climate ]]
Austria has a well-developed social market economy and a high standard of living. Until the 1980s many of Austria's largest industry firms were nationalised, however in recent years privatisation has reduced state holdings to a level comparable to other European economies. Labour movements are particularly strong in Austria and have large influence on labour politics.
Germany has historically been the main trading partner of Austria, making it vulnerable to rapid changes in the German economy. Slow growth in Germany and elsewhere in the world affected Austria, slowing its growth to 1.2% in 2001. But since Austria became a member state of the European Union it has gained closer ties to other European Union economies, reducing its economic dependence on Germany. In addition, membership in the EU has drawn an influx of foreign investors attracted by Austria's access to the single European market and proximity to EU aspiring economies. Therefore estimates of growth in 2005 (up to 2%) are much more favourable than in the crippling German economy.
Agriculture: Austrian farms, like those of other west European mountainous countries, are small and fragmented, and production is relatively expensive.
Industry: Although some industries, such as several iron and steel works and chemical plants, are large industrial enterprises employing thousands of people, most industrial and commercial enterprises in Austria are relatively small on an international scale.
Services: Like in other western countries, the biggest contributor to Austria's GDP is its service sector. Most notably is tourism, especially winter tourism.
To meet increased competition from both EU and Central European countries, Austria will need to emphasize knowledge-based sectors of the economy, continue to deregulate the service sector, and lower its tax burden.
See also: List of Austrian companies
Demographics
List of Austrian companies]]
Austria's capital Vienna is one of Europe's major cities with a population exceeding 1.6 million (2 million with suburbs) and constitutes a melting pot of citizens from all over Central and Eastern Europe. In contrast to this Metropolis, other cities do not exceed 1 million inhabitants, in fact the second largest city Graz is home of 305,000 people (followed by Linz with 180,000, Salzburg with 145,000 and Innsbruck with 120,000). All other cities have fewer than 100,000 inhabitants.
Austrians of German mother tongue, by far the country's largest ethnic group, form 91.1% of Austria's population. The remaining number of Austria's people are of non-Austrian descent, many from surrounding countries, especially from the former East Bloc nations. The Austrian federal states of Carinthia and Styria are home to a significant (indigenous) Slovenian minority with around 14,000 members (Austrian census; unofficial numbers of Slovene groups speak of about 40,000). So-called guest workers (Gastarbeiter) and their descendants also form an important minority group in Austria. Around 20,000 Hungarians and 30.000 Croatians live in the east-most Bundesland, Burgenland (formerly part of Hungary).
The official language, German, is spoken by almost all residents of the country. Austria's mountainous terrain led to the development of many distinct German dialects. All of the dialects in the country, however, belong to Austro-Bavarian groups of German dialects, with the exception of the dialect spoken in its west-most Bundesland, Vorarlberg, which belongs to the group of Alemannic dialects.
There is also a distinct grammatical standard for Austrian German with a few differences to the German spoken in Germany.
Politics concerning ethnic groups (Volksgruppenpolitik) in Austria
An estimated 25,000-40,000 Slovenians in the Austrian state of Carinthia as well as Croatians and Hungarians in Burgenland were recognized as a minority and have enjoyed special rights following the Austrian State Treaty (Staatsvertrag) of 1955. The Slovenians in the Austrian state of Styria (estimated at a number between 1,600 and 5,000) are not recognized as a minority and do not enjoy special rights, although the State Treaty of July 27, 1955 states otherwise.
The right for bilingual topographic signs for the regions where Slovene and Croatian speaking Austrians live alongside with the German speaking population (as required by the 1955 State Treaty) is still to be fully implemented. There is also an undercurrent of thinking amongst parts of the Carenthian population that the Slovenian involvement in the partisan war against the Nazi occupation force was a bad thing, and indeed "Tito partisan" is a not an infrequent insult hurled against members of the minority. Many Carinthians are afraid of Slovenian territorial claims, pointing to the fact that Yugoslav troops entered the state after each of the two World Wars. The current governor, Jörg Haider, regularly plays the Slovenian card when his popularity starts to dwindle, and indeed relies on the strong anti-Slovenian attitudes in many parts of the province for his power base. However, a recent poll suggests that a 2/3 majority of Carinthians are in favour of an increase of bilingual topographic signs in order to fulfil the requirements set by the State Treaty. Another interesting phenomenon is the so called "Windischen-Theorie" [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windischen-Theorie] stating that the Slovenians can be split in two groups: actual Slovenians and Windische, based on differences in language between Austrian Slovenians, who were taught Slovenian standard language in school and those Slovenians, who spoke their local Slovenian dialect but went to German schools. To the latter group the term "Windische" (originally the German word for Slovenians) was applied, claiming that they were a different ethnic group. This theory was never generally accepted and has been ultimately rejected several decades ago.
- List of cities in Austria
Religion
List of cities in Austria]
While northern and central Germany was the origin of the Reformation, Austria (and Bavaria) were the heart of the Counter-Reformation in the 16th and 17th century, when the absolute monarchy of Habsburg imposed a strict regime to maintain Catholicism's power and influence among Austrians. Despite this establishment of Catholicism as the predominant Christian religion (Protestants have throughout Austria's history remained a relatively small group), Austria's history as a multinational state has made it necessary for Habsburg rulers to deal with a heterogeneous religious population. Religious freedom was declared a constitutional right as early as 1867 and Austria-Hungary was home of numerous religions beside Roman Catholicism such as Greek, Serbian, Romanian, Russian, and Bulgarian Orthodox Christians, Jews, Muslims (Austria neighboured the Turkish empire for centuries), Mormons and both Calvinists and Lutheran Protestants.
Still Austria remained largely influenced by Catholicism. After 1918 First Republic Catholic leaders such as Theodor Innitzer and Ignaz Seipel took leading positions within or close to the Austrian Government and increased their influence during the time of the Austrofascism – Catholicism was treated much like a state religion by dictators Engelbert Dollfuss and Kurt Schuschnigg. Although Catholic leaders welcomed the Germans in 1938 during the Anschluss of Austria into Hitlerite Germany, Austrian Catholicism stopped its support of Nazism later on and many former Religious public figures became involved with the resistance during the Third Reich. After 1945 a stricter secularism was imposed in Austria and religious influence on politics has nearly vanished.
As of the end of the 20th century about 73% of Austria's population are registered as Roman Catholic, while about 5% consider themselves Protestants. Both these numbers have been on the decline for decades, especially Roman Catholicm has suffered an increasing number of seceders of the church. This is due partly to child sexual abuse scandals by priests as well as the alleged unwillingness of the Roman Catholic Church to implement reforms. In addition Austrians Catholics are obliged to pay a mandatory tax (calculated by income – ca 1%) to the Austrian Roman Catholic Church, which acts as another incentive to leave the church.
About 12% of the population declare that they do not belong to any church or religious community. Of the remaining people, about 180,000 are members of the Eastern Orthodox Church and about 7,300 are Jewish. It has to be noted that the Austrian Jewish Community of 1938 – Vienna alone counted more than 200,000, of which solely 4,000 to 5,000 remained after the Second World War. The influx of Eastern Europeans, especially from the former Yugoslav nations, Albania and particularly from Turkey largely contributed to a substantial Muslim minority in Austria – around 300,000 are registered as members of various Muslim communities. The numbers of people adhering to the Islam has increased largely during the last years and is expected to grow in the future. Buddhism, which was legally recognized as a religion in Austria in 1983, enjoys widespread acceptance and has a following of 20,000 (10,402 at the 2001 census).
A 2005 survey among 8,000 people in various European countries showed that Austrians are still among the countries with the strongest belief in God. 84% of all Austrians do state they believe in God, with only Poland (97%), Portugal (90%) and Russia (87%) in front of the countries surveyed. This is a much larger figure than the European average of 71% or Germany with 67%. [http://www.readers-digest.de/service_fuer_journalisten/index.php?id=mrd&no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=251&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=15]
Culture
Germany
Although Austria is a small country, its history as a world power and its unique cultural environment in the heart of Europe have generated contributions to mankind in every possible field. One might argue that Austria is internationally best known for its musicians. It has been the birthplace of many famous composers such as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Joseph Haydn, Franz Schubert, Anton Bruckner, Johann Strauss, Sr., Johann Strauss, Jr. or Gustav Mahler as well as members of the Second Viennese School such as Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern or Alban Berg.
Complementing its status as a land of artists, Austria has always been a country of great poets, writers and novelists. It was the home of novelists Arthur Schnitzler, Stefan Zweig, Thomas Bernhard or Robert Musil, of poets Georg Trakl, Franz Werfel, Franz Grillparzer, Rainer Maria Rilke or Adalbert Stifter. Famous contemporary playwrights and novelists are Elfriede Jelinek and Peter Handke. Among Austrian artists and architects one can find painters Gustav Klimt, Oskar Kokoschka, Egon Schiele or Friedensreich Hundertwasser, photographer Inge Morath or architect Otto Wagner.
Austria was the cradle of numerous scientists including physicists Ludwig Boltzmann, Lise Meitner, Erwin Schrödinger, Ernst Mach, Wolfgang Pauli, Richard von Mises and Christian Doppler, philosophers Ludwig Wittgenstein and Karl Popper, biologists Gregor Mendel and Konrad Lorenz as well as mathematician Kurt Gödel. It was home to psychologists Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Paul Watzlawick and Hans Asperger, psychiatrist Viktor Frankl, economists Joseph Schumpeter, Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, Ludwig von Mises, and Friedrich Hayek (Austrian School) and Peter Drucker, and engineers such as Ferdinand Porsche and Siegfried Marcus. In addition, Austria is the birthplace of the current governor of California, Arnold Schwartzenegger.
Although Austrians can look back with pride on their cultural past, current Austria does not stand back in art and science. Austria hosts a tremendous amount of culture, with its classical music festivals in Vienna, Salzburg and Bregenz, its modern artists and writers, its theatres and opera houses.
- List of Austrians
- Music of Austria
Miscellaneous topics
- Austrian folk dancing
- Austrian German
- Communications in Austria
- Cuisine of Austria
- Education in Austria
- Foreign relations of Austria
- Media in Austria
- Military of Austria
- Public holidays in Austria
- Spanish Riding School
- Stamps and postal history of Austria
- Tourism in Austria
- Transportation in Austria
References
- References and bibliography can be found in the more detailed articles linked to in this article
External links
- The aeiou Encyclopedia ([http://www.aeiou.at/;internal&action=_setlanguage.action?LANGUAGE=en Homepage] | [http://www.aeiou.at/aeiou.encyclop.a Table of Contents] | [http://www.aeiou.at/;internal&action=search.action Search])
- [http://www.aboutaustria.org About Austria] Austrian Tourist, Travel and Culture Guide
- [http://www.oevsv.at Amateur Radio in Austria]
- [http://www.answers.com/austria Answers.com] Article on Austria
- [http://austria.europe-countries.com Austria in Pictures]
- [http://www.austria.info/ Austria.info] Official homepage of the Austrian National Tourist Office (German, English and other languages)
- [http://www.acfny.org Austrian Cultural Forum New York] Cultural meeting place in Manhattan
- [http://www.cookbookwiki.com/Category:Austrian Austrian Recipes on CookBookWiki.com]
- [http://www.austrosearch.at/ Austrosearch] Bilingual Austrian Search engine and Directory (German, English)
- [http://www.bundeskanzleramt.at/ Bundeskanzleramt Österreich/Federal Chancellor of Austria] Website of the Federal Chancellery of Austria (German, English)
- [http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/au.html Cia.gov] CIA's Factbook on Austria
- [http://www.dwellan.com/documents/links_at_en.html Dwellan.com] Tourism in Austria
- [http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/european/austria/au.html Library of Congress] Portals on the World - Austria
- [http://peter-diem.at/default_e.htm Peter Diem] The Symbols of Austria
- [http://www.photoglobe.info/ebooks/austria/ Photoglobe.info] Country Studies - Austria Info
- [http://radio.orf.at/ Radio-ORF] Austrian Radio stations - both classical and modern music (live feed)
- [http://www.tiscover.at/ Tiscover.at] Austria travel guide
- [http://www.anytravels.com/europe/austria/ Travel Information from Any Travels] Travel Information about Austria
- [http://www.austria-hotels-travel.com/ Austria-Hotels-Travel] Austria Travel Destination
- [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3165.htm US Department of State] Facts and Information (updated February 2005)
- [http://www.willgoto.com/categories.aspx?Destination=217&Langue=1 Willgoto Austria] Travel guide and directory
- [http://uk.aua.com/ Austrian Airlines]
- [http://www.parks.it/world/AT/Eindex.html Parks in Austria] National parks, nature parks, reserves and other protected areas
Category:European Union member states
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