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Margaret Leech

Margaret Leech

Margaret Kernochan Leech (Nov. 7, 1893-Feb. 24, 1974) was an American author and historian, who won two Pulitzer Prizes in history, for her books Reveille in Washington (1942) and In the Days of McKinley (1960). She was born in Newburgh, New York, obtained a B.A. from Vassar College in 1915, and worked for fund-raising organizations during World War One, including the American Committee for Devastated France. Reveille in Washington, 1860-1865, is an account of Washington, D.C. during the Civil War and deals with, inter alia, Abraham Lincoln and his wife, and Rose Greenhow, the Confederate spy whose work was helpful in the Southern forces winning the first battle of Bull Run. In the Days of McKinley is a biography of William McKinley, carefully told, and he is shown as a more attractive person than some have depicted him. In addition to the Pulitzer prize for history, the book was awarded the Bancroft Prize in 1960. She also wrote three novels: The Back of the Book (1924), The Wedding 919260, and The Feathered Nest (1928) and, in 1927, co-authored a biography of Anthony Comstock with Heywood Broun. She died of a stroke in New York, NY. Leech Leech Leech, Margaret

United States

:For alternative meanings, see the disambiguation page for US, USA, United States, or American. The United States of America is a federal democratic republic situated primarily in central North America. It comprises 50 states and one federal district, and has several territories. It is also referred to, with varying formality, as the United States, the U.S., the U.S.A., the States, or simply and most commonly, America. The official founding date of the United States is July 4, 1776, when the Second Continental Congress—representing thirteen British colonies—adopted the Declaration of Independence. However, the structure of the government was profoundly changed in 1788, when the states replaced the Articles of Confederation with the United States Constitution. The date on which each of the fifty states adopted the Constitution is typically regarded as the date that state "entered the Union" (became part of the United States). Since the mid-20th century, following World War II, the United States has emerged as a dominant global influence in economic, political, military, scientific, technological, and cultural affairs.

Geography and climate

The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and territorial water boundaries with Canada, Russia, the Bahamas, and numerous smaller nations. It is otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea, in the west; the Arctic Ocean, in the northernmost areas; and the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea, in the eastern and southeastern areas. Forty-eight of the states are in the single region between Canada and Mexico; this group is referred to, with varying precision and formality, as the continental or contiguous United States, sometimes abbreviated CONUS, and as the Lower 48. Alaska, which is not included in the term contiguous United States, is at the northwestern end of North America, separated from the Lower 48 by Canada. The archipelago of Hawaii is in the Pacific Ocean. The capital city, Washington, District of Columbia is a federal district located on land donated by the state of Maryland. (Virginia also donated land, but it was returned in 1847.) The United States also has overseas territories with varying levels of independence and organization. When inland water is included in the total area, only Russia and Canada are larger than the United States; if inland water is excluded, China ranks third and the U.S. ranks fourth. The United States' total area is 3,718,711 square miles (9,631,418 km²), of which land makes up 3,537,438 square miles (9,161,923 km²) and water makes up 181,273 square miles (469,495 km²). The United States' landscape is one of the most varied among those of the world's nations: among its many features are temperate forestland and rolling hills, on the east coast; mangrove, in Florida; the Great Plains, in the center of the country; the Mississippi–Missouri river system; the Great Lakes, four of the five of which are shared with Canada; the Rocky Mountains, west of the Great Plains; deserts and temperate coastal zones, west of the Rocky Mountains; and temperate rain forests, in the Pacific northwest. Alaska's tundra, and the volcanic, tropical islands of Hawaii add to the geographic diversity. Hawaii The climate varies along with the landscape, from tropical in Hawaii and southern Florida to tundra in Alaska and atop some of the highest mountains. Most of the North and East experience a temperate continental climate, with warm summers and cold winters. Most of the South experiences a subtropical humid climate with mild winters and long, hot, humid summers. Rainfall decreases markedly from the humid forests of the Eastern Great Plains to the semi-arid shortgrass prairies on the high plains abutting the Rocky Mountains. Arid deserts, including the Mojave, extend through the lowlands and valleys of the southwest, from westernmost Texas to California and northward throughout much of Nevada. Some parts of California have a Mediterranean climate. Rainforests line the windward mountains of the Pacific Northwest from Oregon to Alaska.

History

American history started with the migration of people from Asia across the Bering land bridge approximately 12,000 years ago following large animals that they hunted into the Americas. These Native Americans left evidence of their presence in petroglyphs, burial mounds, and other artifacts. It is estimated that 2-9 million people lived in the territory now occupied by the U.S. before European contact, and the subsequent introduction of foreign diseases such as small pox that greatly diminished the native populations. Some advanced societies were the Anasazi of the southwest, who inhabited Chaco Canyon, and the Woodland Indians, who built Cahokia, located near present-day St Louis, a city with a population of 40,000 at its peak in AD 1200. Vikings first visited North America around 1000, but did not settle permanently. Following the discovery voyages of Christopher Columbus around 1492, other Europeans began to explore and settle there. During the 1500s and 1600s, the Spanish settled parts of the present-day Southwest and Florida, founding St. Augustine, Florida in 1565 and Santa Fe (in what is now New Mexico) in 1607. The first successful English settlement was at Jamestown, Virginia, also in 1607. Within the next two decades, several Dutch settlements, including New Amsterdam (the predecessor to New York City), were established in what are now the states of New York and New Jersey. In 1637, Sweden established a colony at Fort Christina (in what is now Delaware), but lost the settlement to the Dutch in 1655. This was followed by extensive British settlement of the east coast. The British colonists remained relatively undisturbed by their home country until after the French and Indian War, when France ceded Canada and the Great Lakes region to Britain. Britain then imposed taxes on the 13 colonies, widely regarded by the colonists as unfair because they were denied representation in the British Parliament. Tensions between Britain and the colonists increased, and the thirteen colonies eventually rebelled against British rule. British Parliament, George Washington (1789-1797).]] In 1776, the 13 colonies split from Great Britain and formed the United States, the world's first constitutional and democratic federal republic, after their Declaration of Independence of that year, and the Revolutionary War (1775 to 1783). The original political structure was a confederation in 1777, ratified in 1781 as the Articles of Confederation. After long debate, this was supplanted by the Constitution in 1789, forming a more centralized federal government. Prior to all these was the Albany Congress in 1754, in which a union was first seriously proposed. From early colonial times, there was a shortage of labor, which encouraged unfree labor, particularly indentured servitude and slavery. In the mid-19th century, a major division occurred in the United States over the issue of states' rights and the expansion of slavery. The northern states had become opposed to slavery, while the southern states saw it as necessary for the continued success of southern agriculture and wanted it expanded to the territories. Several federal laws were passed in an attempt to settle the dispute, including the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850. The dispute reached a crisis in 1861, when seven southern states seceded¹ from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America, leading to the Civil War. Soon after the war began, four more southern states seceded. During the war, Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, mandating the freedom of all slaves in states in rebellion, though full emancipation did not take place until after the end of the war in 1865, the dissolution of the Confederacy, and the Thirteenth Amendment took effect. The Civil War effectively ended the question of a state's right to secede, and is widely accepted as a major turning point after which the federal government became more powerful than state governments. Thirteenth Amendment). The title of the painting, from a 1726 poem by Bishop Berkeley, was a phrase often quoted in the era of Manifest Destiny, expressing a widely held belief that civilization had steadily moved westward throughout history. [http://americanart.si.edu/t2go/1lw/1931.6.1.html (more)] ]] During the 19th century, many new states were added to the original 13 as the nation expanded across the continent. Manifest Destiny was a philosophy that encouraged westward expansion in the United States. As the population of the Eastern states grew and as a steady increase of immigrants entered the country, settlers moved steadily westward across North America. In the process, the U.S. displaced most American Indian nations. This displacement of American Indians continues to be a matter of contention in the U.S. with many tribes attempting to assert their original claims to various lands. In some areas American Indian populations were reduced by foreign diseases contracted through contact with European settlers, and US settlers acquired those emptied lands. In other instances American Indians were removed from their traditional lands by force. Though some would say the U.S. was not a colonial power until the Spanish-American War when it acquired Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines, the dominion exercised over land in North America the United States claimed is essentially colonial. The Philippines became independent in 1946. During this period, the nation also became an industrial power. This continued into the 20th century, which has been termed "the American Century" because of the nation's overriding influence on the world. The US became a center for innovation and technological development; major technologies that America either developed or was greatly involved in improving include the telephone, television, computer, the Internet, nuclear weapons, nuclear power, aviation, and aeronautics. In addition to the Civil War, another major traumatic experience for the nation was the Great Depression (1929 to 1939). The nation has also taken part in several major foreign wars, including World War I and World War II (in both of which the US later joined the Allies). During the Cold War, the US was a major player in the Korean War and Vietnam War, and, along with the Soviet Union, was considered one of the world's two "superpowers". With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the US emerged as the world's leading economic and military power. Beginning in the 1990s, the United States became very involved in police actions and peacekeeping, including actions in Kosovo, Haiti, Somalia and Liberia, and the first Persian Gulf War driving Iraq out of Kuwait. After attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, the United States and other allied nations found themselves involved in what has come to be called the "War on Terrorism," which has primarily encompassed military actions in both Afghanistan and Iraq.

Government

Iraq of the United States.]]

Republic and suffrage

The United States is an example of a constitutional republic, with a government composed of and operating through a set of limited powers imposed by its design and enumerated in the United States Constitution. Specifically, the nation operates as a presidential democracy. There are three levels of government: federal, state, and local. Officials of each of these levels are either elected by eligible voters via secret ballot or appointed by other elected officials. Americans enjoy almost universal suffrage from the age of 18 regardless of race, sex, or wealth. There are some limits, however: felons are disenfranchised and in some states former felons are likewise. Furthermore, the national representation of territories and the federal district of Washington, DC in Congress is limited: residents of the District of Columbia are subject to federal laws and federal taxes but their only Congressional representative is a non-voting delegate.

Federal government

The federal government is the national government, comprising the Legislative Branch (led by Congress), the Executive Branch (led by the President), and the Judicial Branch (led by the Supreme Court). These three branches were designed to apply checks and balances on each other. The Constitution limits the powers of the federal government to defense, foreign affairs, the issuing and management of currency, the management of trade and relations between the states, and the protection of human rights. In addition to these explicitly stated powers, the federal government—with the assistance of the Supreme Court—has gradually extended these powers into such areas as welfare and education, on the basis of the "necessary and proper" clause of the Constitution.

The Congress

necessary and proper The Congress of the United States is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House of Representatives consists of 435 members, each of whom represents a congressional district and serves for a two-year term. House seats are apportioned among the states by population; in contrast, each state has two Senators, regardless of population. There are a total of 100 senators, who serve six-year terms. The powers of Congress are limited to those enumerated in the Constitution; all other powers are reserved to the states and the people. The Constitution also includes the necessary-and-proper clause, which grants Congress the power to "make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers."

The President

necessary-and-proper clause At the top level of the executive branch is the President of the United States. The President and Vice-President are elected as 'running mates' for four-year terms by the Electoral College, for which each state, as well as the District of Columbia, is allocated a number of seats based on its representation (or ostensible representation, in the case of D. C.) in both houses of Congress (see U.S. Electoral College). The relationship between the President and the Congress reflects that between the English monarchy and parliament at the time of the framing of the United States Constitution. Congress can legislate to constrain the President's executive power, even with respect to his or her command of the armed forces; however, this power is used only very rarely—a notable example was the constraint placed on President Richard Nixon's strategy of bombing Cambodia during the Vietnam War. The President cannot directly propose legislation, and must rely on supporters in Congress to promote his or her legislative agenda. The President's signature is required to turn congressional bills into law; in this respect, the President has the power—only occasionally used—to veto congressional legislation. Congress can override a presidential veto with a two-thirds majority vote in both houses. The ultimate power of Congress over the President is that of impeachment or removal of the elected President through a House vote, a Senate trial, and a Senate vote. The threat of using this power has had major political ramifications in the cases of Presidents Andrew Johnson, Richard Nixon, and Bill Clinton. The President makes around 2,000 executive appointments, including members of the Cabinet and ambassadors, which must be approved by the Senate; the President can also issue executive orders and pardons, and has other Constitutional duties, among them the requirement to give a State of the Union address to Congress once a year. Although the President's constitutional role may appear to be constrained, in practice, the office carries enormous prestige that typically eclipses the power of Congress: the Presidency has justifiably been referred to as 'the most powerful office in the world'. The Vice President is first in the line of succession, and is the President of the Senate ex officio, with the ability to cast a tie-breaking vote. The members of the President's Cabinet are responsible for administering the various departments of state, including the Department of Defense, the Justice Department, and the State Department. These departments and department heads have considerable regulatory and political power, and it is they who are responsible for executing federal laws and regulations. George W. Bush is the 43rd President, currently serving his second term.

The Courts

George W. Bush The highest court is the Supreme Court, which consists of nine justices. The court deals with federal and constitutional matters, and can declare legislation made at any level of the government as unconstitutional, nullifying the law and creating precedent for future law and decisions. Below the Supreme Court are the courts of appeals, and below them in turn are the district courts, which are the general trial courts for federal law. Separate from, but not entirely independent of, this federal court system are the individual court systems of each state, each dealing with its own laws and having its own judicial rules and procedures. A case may be appealed from a state court to a federal court only if there is a federal question; the supreme court of each state is the final authority on the interpretation of that state's laws and constitution.

State and local governments

supreme court of each state. Note that Alaska and Hawaii are shown at different scales, and that the Aleutian Islands and the uninhabited Northwestern Hawaiian Islands are omitted from this map.]] The state governments have the greatest influence over people's daily lives. Each state has its own written constitution and has different laws. There are sometimes great differences in law and procedure between the different states, concerning issues such as property, crime, health, and education. The highest elected official of each state is the Governor. Each state also has an elected legislature (bicameral in every state except Nebraska), whose members represent the different parts of the state. Of note is the New Hampshire legislature, which is the third-largest legislative body in the English-speaking world, and has one representative for every 3,000 people. Each state maintains its own judiciary, with the lowest level typically being county courts, and culminating in each state supreme court, though sometimes named differently. In some states, supreme and lower court justices are elected by the people; in others, they are appointed, as they are in the federal system. The institutions that are responsible for local government are typically town, city, or county boards, making laws that affect their particular area. These laws concern issues such as traffic, the sale of alcohol, and keeping animals. The highest elected official of a town or city is usually the mayor. In New England, towns operate directly democratically, and in some states, such as Rhode Island and Connecticut, counties have little or no power, existing only as geographic distinctions. In other areas, county governments have more power, such as to collect taxes and maintain law enforcement agencies.

Political divisions

With the Declaration of Independence, the thirteen colonies proclaimed themselves to be nation states modeled after the European states of the time. Although considered as sovereigns initially, under the Articles of Confederation of 1781 they entered into a "Perpetual Union" and created a fully sovereign federal state, delegating certain powers to the national Congress, including the right to engage in diplomatic relations and to levy war, while each retaining their individual sovereignty, freedom and independence. But the national government proved too ineffective, so the administrative structure of the government was vastly reorganized with the United States Constitution of 1789. Under this new union, the continued status of the individual states as sovereign nation states fell into dispute in 1861, as several states attempted to secede from the union; in response, then-President Abraham Lincoln claimed that such secession was illegal, and the result was the American Civil War. Since the Union victory in 1865, the independent status of the individual states has not been broached again by any state, and the status of each state within the union has been deemed by mainstream officials and academics to be settled as being subordinate to the union as a whole. In subsequent years, the number of states grew steadily due to western expansion, the purchase of lands by the national government from other nation states, and the subdivision of existing states, resulting in the current total of 50. The states are generally divided into smaller administrative regions, including counties, cities and townships. The United States–Canadian border is the longest undefended political boundary in the world. The U.S. is divided into three distinct sections:
- the "continental United States," also known as "the Lower 48" and more accurately termed the conterminous, coterminous or contiguous United States
- Alaska, which is physically connected only to Canada
- the archipelago of Hawaii, in the central Pacific Ocean. The United States also holds several other territories, districts, and possessions, notably the federal district of the District of Columbia, which is the nation's capital, and several overseas insular areas, the most significant of which are American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the United States Virgin Islands. The Palmyra Atoll is the United States' only incorporated territory; it is unorganized and uninhabited. The United States Navy has held a base at a portion of Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, since 1898. The United States government possesses a lease to this land, which only mutual agreement or United States abandonment of the area can terminate. The present Cuban government of Fidel Castro disputes this arrangement, claiming Cuba was not truly sovereign at the time of the signing. The United States argues this point moot because Cuba apparently ratified the lease post-revolution, and with full sovereignty, when it cashed one rent check in accordance with the disputed treaty.

Foreign relations and military

sovereign] The immense military and economic dominance of the United States has made foreign relations an especially important topic in its politics, with considerable concern about the image of the United States throughout the world. Reactions towards the United States by other nationalities are often strong, ranging from uninhibited admiration and mimicking of all things American to anti-Americanism. US foreign policy has swung about several times over the course of its history between the poles of strict isolationism and imperialism and everywhere in between. Three of the nation's four military branches are administered by the Department of Defense: the Army, the Navy (including the Marine Corps), and the Air Force. The Coast Guard falls under the jurisdiction of the Department of Homeland Security in peacetime, but is placed under the Department of the Navy in time of war. The combined United States armed forces consist of 1.4 million active duty personnel, along with several hundred thousand each in the Reserves and the National Guard. Military conscription ended in 1973. The United States Armed forces are considered to be the most powerful military (of any sort) on Earth and their force projection capabilities are unrivaled by any other nation. The 2005 defense budget amounted to $401.7 billion, which is an increase of 4% over 2004 and of 35% since 2001. Over 50% of that number is spent in research & development. (For comparison, in 2004 the European Union (considered as the second-largest military force) had a combined total of 1.6 million troops, and a defense budget of €160 billion, with less than 10% of that being spent on R&D.)

Largest cities

The United States has dozens of major cities, including 11 of the 55 global cities of all types — with three "alpha" global cities: New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago. The figures expressed below are for populations within city limits. A different ranking is evident when considering U.S. metro area populations, although the top three would be unchanged. Note that some cities not listed (such as Atlanta, Boston, Las Vegas, Miami, Nashville, New Orleans, Seattle, and Washington, D.C.) are still considered important on the basis of other factors and issues, including culture, economics, heritage, and politics. The twenty largest cities, based on the United States Census Bureau's 2004 estimates, are as follows:

Economy

The United States has the largest single-country economy in the world, with a per-capita gross domestic product of $40,100. In this market-oriented economy, private individuals and business firms make most of the decisions, and the federal and state governments buy needed goods and services predominantly in the private marketplace. gross domestic product The largest industry of the U.S. is now service, which employs roughly three quarters of the U.S. work force. The United States has many natural resources, including oil and gas, metals, and such minerals as gold, soda ash, and zinc. In agriculture, the U.S. is a top producer of, among other crops, corn, soy beans, and wheat; the United States is a net exporter of food. The U.S. manufacturing sector produces goods such as, cars, airplanes, steel, and electronics, among many others. Economic activity varies greatly from one part of the country to another, with many industries being largely dependent on a certain city or region; New York City is the center of the American financial, publishing, broadcasting, and advertising industries; Silicon Valley is the country’s primary location for high-technology companies, while Los Angeles is the most important center for film production. The Midwest is known for its reliance on manufacturing and heavy industry, with Detroit, Michigan, serving as the center of the American automotive industry; the Great Plains are known as the "breadbasket" of America for their tremendous agricultural output; the intermountain region serves as a mining hub and natural gas resource; the Pacific Northwest for fish and timber, while Texas is largely associated with the oil industry; the Southeast is a major hub for both medical research and the textiles industry. Several countries continue to link their currency to the dollar or even use it as a currency (such as Ecuador), although this practice has subsided since the collapse of the Bretton Woods system. Many markets are also quoted in dollars, such as those of oil and gold. The dollar is also the predominant reserve currency in the world, and more than half of global reserves are in dollars. The largest trading partner of the United States is Canada (19%), followed by China (12%), Mexico (11%), and Japan (8%). More than 50% of total trade is with these four countries. In 2003, the United States was ranked as the third most visited tourist destination in the world; its 40,400,000 visitors ranked behind France's 75,000,000 and Spain's 52,500,000. Labor unions have existed since the 19th century, and grew large and powerful from the 1930s to the 1950s. See Labor history of the United States. Since 1970 they have shrunk in the private sector and now cover fewer than 8% of the workers. However union membership has grown rapidly in the public sector, especially among teachers, nurses, police, postal workers, and municipal clerks. There have been few strikes in recent years. The United States' imports exceed exports by 80%, leading to an annual trade deficit of $700,000,000,000, or 6% of gross domestic product. It is the largest debtor nation in the world, with total gross foreign debt of over $13,000,000,000,000 (2005 estimate); and it absorbs more than 50% of global savings annually. Since the 1980s, the U.S. has increased the use of neoliberal economic policies that reduce government intervention and reduce the size of the welfare state, backing away from the more interventionist Keynsian economic policies that had been in favor since the Great Depression. As a result, the United States provides fewer government-delivered social welfare services than most industrialized nations, choosing instead to keep its tax burden lower and relying more heavily on the free market and private charities. Sixteen states and the District of Columbia have minimum wages higher than the national level ($5.15 per-hour), including the highest, Washington State at $7.35. Twenty-six states are the same as the federal level; two--Ohio and Kansas--are below; and six do not have state laws. America's wealth is relatively highly concentrated. The average C.E.O. earns 500 times the typical amount a worker grosses, this is up from 25 times in the late 1970s. In terms of wealth the top 1% of Americans own 40% of all assets and 50.1% of the country's income goes to the top twenty percent of households. Average wages for the majority of employees have been largely stagnating since the 1970s. America's poverty line defined as a family of four earning less than $19,157 is at 12.7% of the general population. Approximately one out of every five children in the United States grows up below the official poverty line. Among racial groups; African Americans have the lowest median income while Asians had the highest. Regionally, the southern states had the lowest median incomes while the West Coast and New England had the highest. The current Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan remarked that the U.S.’s growing income inequality since the 1970s is, "not the type of thing which a democratic society - a capitalist democratic society - can really accept without addressing."[http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0614/p01s03-usec.html?s=itm] However, Greenspan also noted, "...you can look at the system and say it's got a lot of problems to it, and sure it does. It always has. But you can't get around the fact that this is the most extraordinarily successful economy in history."

Transportation

Alan Greenspan ]] Because the United States is a relatively young nation, most of the development of U.S. cities has taken place since the invention of the automobile. To link its vast territory, the United States built a network of high-capacity, high-speed highways, of which the most important element is the Interstate Highway system, commissioned in the 1950s by President Dwight D. Eisenhower and modeled after the German Autobahn. The United States also has a transcontinental rail system, which is used for moving freight across the lower forty-eight states. Passenger rail service is provided by Amtrak, which serves forty-six of the lower forty-eight states. Many cities in the United States have extensive mass-transit systems. New York City operates one of the world's largest and most heavily used subway systems. The regional rail and bus networks that extend into Long Island, New Jersey, Upstate New York, and Connecticut are among the most heavily used in the world. Air travel is often preferred for destinations over 300 miles (500 kilometers) away. In terms of passengers, seventeen of the world's thirty busiest airports in 2004 were in the U.S., including the world's busiest, Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport; in terms of cargo, in the same year, twelve of the world's thirty busiest airports were in the U.S., including the world's busiest, Memphis International Airport. There are several major seaports in the United States; the three busiest are the Port of Los Angeles, California; the Port of Long Beach, California; and the Port of New York and New Jersey. Others include Houston, Texas; Charleston, South Carolina; Savannah, Georgia; Miami, Florida; Portland, Oregon; San Francisco, California; Boston, Massachusetts; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Seattle, Washington; plus, outside the contiguous forty-eight states, Anchorage, Alaska, and Honolulu, Hawaii.

Society

Demographics

Hawaii The mean center of the U.S. population continues to drift farther west and south. The fastest growing region is the western United States followed by the southern portion. According to Census 2000, the states that saw the greatest increases from 1990 were: Nevada (66.3%), Arizona (40%), Colorado (30.6%), Utah (29.6%), Idaho (28.5%), Georgia (26.4%), Florida (23.5%), Texas (22.8%), North Carolina (21.4%), and Washington (21.1%). [http://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/phc-t2/tab03.pdf]

Ethnicity and race

:Main article: Racial demographics of the United States The United States is a very racially diverse country. According to the 2000 census, it has 31 ethnic groups with at least one million members each, and numerous others represented in smaller amounts. The majority of Americans descend from white European immigrants who arrived at the establishment of the first colonies (most after Reconstruction). This majority--69.1% in 2000--decreases each year, and is expected to become a plurality within a few decades. The most frequently stated European ancestries are German (15.2%), Irish (10.8%), English (8.7%), Italian (5.6%) and Scandinavian (3.7%). Many immigrants also hail from Slavic countries such as Poland and Russia. Other significant immigrant populations came from eastern and southern Europe and French Canada. Russia Hispanics from Mexico and South and Central America are the largest minority group in the country, comprising 12.5% of the population (2000 census). People of Mexican descent made up 7.3% of the population in the 2000 census, and this proportion is expected to increase significantly in the coming decades. About 12.3% (2000 census) of the American people are African Americans (Blacks). African Americans are spread throughout the country, but their presence is largest in the South. Asian Americans--including Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders--are a third significant minority (3.7% of the population in 2000). Most Asian Americans are concentrated on the West Coast and Hawaii. The largest groups are immigrants or descendants of emigrants from the Philippines, China, India, Vietnam, South Korea, and Japan. Indigenous peoples in the United States, such as American Indians and Inuit, make up 0.9% of the population (2000 census). About 35% live on Indian reservations.

Religion

Polls estimate that just under 80 percent of Americans are Christians of various denominations. The other 20 percent comprises other religions such as Hinduism, Judaism, Islam, and Buddhism, other various faiths, and those without a specific religion. The United States is noteworthy among developed nations for its relatively high level of religiosity. According to a 2004 Gallup poll, about 44% of Americans attend a religious service at least once a week. However, this rate is not uniform across the country; attendance is more common in the Bible Belt—composed largely of Southern and Midwestern states—than in the Northeast and West Coast. In the Southern states, Baptists are the largest group, followed by Methodists; Roman Catholics are dominant in the Northeast and in large parts of the Midwest due to their being settled by descendants of Catholic immigrants from Europe (such as Germany, Ireland, Italy, and Poland) or other parts of North America (mainly Quebec and Puerto Rico). The rest of the country for the most part has a complex mixture of various Christian groups.

Education

West Coast's home at Monticello and the University of Virginia (library building shown above, and designed by Jefferson), the only collegiate campus on the list. Both sites are located in Charlottesville, Virginia.]] In the United States, education is a state, not federal, responsibility, and the laws and standards vary considerably. However, the federal government, through the Department of Education, is involved with funding of some programs and exerts some influence through its ability to control funding. In most states, all students must attend mandatory schooling starting with kindergarten, which children normally enter at age 5, and following through 12th grade, which is normally completed at age 18

Pulitzer Prize

The Pulitzer Prize is a United States award regarded as the highest honor in print journalism. The award also honors literary achievements and musical compositions. The very first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded on June 4, 1917, and in recent times, they are announced each year, in the month of April. Recipients of the award are chosen by an independent board officially administered by Columbia University in the United States. The prize was established by Joseph Pulitzer, a Hungarian-American journalist and newspaper publisher in the late 19th century. The name Pulitzer is often mispronounced as "pew-litser." The correct pronunciation, according to administrators of the prize, should sound like the phrase, "Pull it, sir." Another misnomer is the term Pulitzer nominee. Many authors and journalists claim to be nominated for a Pulitzer Prize, when in fact they are merely unsuccessful entrants who did nothing more than pay the entry fee. According to the Pulitzer administrators, only the nominated finalists chosen by Pulitzer juries, usually three per category, are entitled to be called Pulitzer nominees, or finalists. Awards are given out in categories relating to journalism, arts and letters. Only published reports and photographs by United States-based newspapers or daily news organizations are eligible for the journalism prize. These are the Pulitzer Prize category definitions in the 2004 competition:
- Beat Reporting - For a distinguished example of beat reporting characterized by sustained and knowledgeable coverage of a particular subject or activity.
- Breaking News Reporting - For a distinguished example of local reporting of breaking news.
- Breaking News Photography / Spot News Photography - For a distinguished example of breaking news photography in black and white or color, which may consist of a photograph or photographs, a sequence or an album.
- Commentary - For distinguished commentary.
- Criticism - For distinguished criticism.
- Editorial Cartooning - For a distinguished cartoon or portfolio of cartoons published during the year, characterized by originality, editorial effectiveness, quality of drawing, and pictorial effect.
- Editorial Writing - For distinguished editorial writing, the test of excellence being clearness of style, moral purpose, sound reasoning, and power to influence public opinion in what the writer conceives to be the right direction.
- Explanatory Reporting - For a distinguished example of explanatory reporting that illuminates a significant and complex subject, demonstrating mastery of the subject, lucid writing and clear presentation.
- Feature Photography - For a distinguished example of feature photography in black and white or color, which may consist of a photograph or photographs, a sequence or an album.
- Feature Writing - For a distinguished example of feature writing giving prime consideration to high literary quality and originality.
- International Reporting - For a distinguished example of reporting on international affairs, including United Nations correspondence.
- Investigative Reporting - For a distinguished example of investigative reporting by an individual or team, presented as a single article or series.
- National Reporting - For a distinguished example of reporting on national affairs.
- Public Service - For a distinguished example of meritorious public service by a newspaper through the use of its journalistic resources which may include editorials, cartoons, and photographs, as well as reporting. There are also five letters (books) categories:
- Biography or Autobiography - For a distinguished biography or autobiography by an American author.
- Fiction - For distinguished fiction by an American author, preferably dealing with American life.
- General Non-Fiction - For a distinguished book of non-fiction by an American author that is not eligible for consideration in any other category.
- History - For a distinguished book upon the history of the United States.
- Poetry - For a distinguished volume of original verse by an American author. There are two other humanities categories that have been added:
- Drama
- Music There have also been a number of Special Citations and Awards. In addition to the prizes, Pulitzer travelling fellowships are awarded to four outstanding students of the Graduate School of Journalism as selected by the faculty.

Discontinued awards

Over the years, awards have been discontinued either because they have been expanded, renamed, or made obsolete by technology. They include:
- Correspondence
- Explanatory Journalism (became Explanatory Reporting)
- General News Reporting
- Local General Spot News Reporting
- Local Investigative Specialized Reporting
- Local Reporting
- Local Reporting, Edition Time
- Local Reporting, No Edition Time
- Photography
- Telegraphic Reporting - International (became Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting)
- Telegraphic Reporting - National (became Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting)
- the Novel (became Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

Winners

The Pulitzer Prize and popular culture

- In the LucasArts graphical adventure game Zak McKracken and the Alien Mindbenders (1988), a journalist named Zack McCracken tries to win the Pulitzer Prize.
- In the ABC soap opera All My Children the character Edmund Grey (John Callahan) was a Pulitzer Prize winning journalist.
- Homer Simpson won the Pulitzer for publishing a gossip internet page in an episode of The Simpsons.
- In the short-lived series The Critic (and also revealed on The Simpsons), Jay Sherman spends the latter part of an episode seeking a second Pulitzer Prize.
- In the DC Comics universe, Clark Kent has been described as a Pulitzer Prize winner.

External links

- [http://www.pulitzer.org Pulitzer Prize website]
- [http://book.awardannals.com/award/pulitzer/fiction/topbooks Most honored Pulitzer Prize finalists]
- [http://www.newseum.org/pulitzer/main.htm Newseum Pulitzer Prize Photographs] Category:Prizes Category:Journalism awards
- Category:Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism ja:ピューリッツァー賞

Pulitzer Prize for History

The Pulitzer Prize for History has been awarded since 1917 for a distinguished book upon the history of the United States.
- 1917: With Americans of Past and Present Days by Jean Jules Jusserand
- 1918: A History of the Civil War, 1861-1865 by James Ford Rhodes
- 1919: no award given
- 1920: The War with Mexico by Justin H. Smith
- 1921: The Victory at Sea by William Sowden Sims and Burton J. Hendrick
- 1922: The Founding of New England by James Truslow Adams
- 1923: The Supreme Court in United States History by Charles Warren
- 1924: The American Revolution: A Constitutional Interpretation by Charles Howard McIlwain
- 1925: History of the American Frontier by Frederic L. Paxson
- 1926: A History of the United States by Edward Channing
- 1927: Pinckney's Treaty by Samuel Flagg Bemis
- 1928: Main Currents in American Thought by Vernon Louis Parrington
- 1929: The Organization and Administration of the Union Army, 1861-1865 by Fred Albert Shannon
- 1930: The War of Independence by Claude H. Van Tyne
- 1931: The Coming of the War, 1914 by Bernadotte E. Schmitt
- 1932: My Experiences in the World War by John J. Pershing
- 1933: The Significance of Sections in American History by Frederick J. Turner
- 1934: The People's Choice by Herbert Agar
- 1935: The Colonial Period of American History by Charles McLean Andrews
- 1936: A Constitutional History of the United States by Andrew C. McLaughlin
- 1937: The Flowering of New England, 1815-1865 by Van Wyck Brooks
- 1938: The Road to Reunion, 1865-1900 by Paul Herman Buck
- 1939: A History of American Magazines by Frank Luther Mott
- 1940: Abraham Lincoln: The War Years by Carl Sandburg
- 1941: The Atlantic Migration, 1607-1860 by Marcus Lee Hansen
- 1942: Reveille in Washington, 1860-1865 by Margaret Leech
- 1943: Paul Revere and the World He Lived In by Esther Forbes
- 1944: The Growth of American Thought by Merle Curti
- 1945: Unfinished Business by Stephen Bonsal
- 1946: The Age of Jackson by Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.
- 1947: Scientists Against Time by James Phinney Baxter III
- 1948: Across the Wide Missouri by Bernard DeVoto
- 1949: The Disruption of American Democracy by Roy Franklin Nichols
- 1950: Art and Life in America by Oliver W. Larkin
- 1951: The Old Northwest, Pioneer Period 1815-1840 by R. Carlyle Buley
- 1952: The Uprooted by Oscar Handlin
- 1953: The Era of Good Feelings by George Dangerfield
- 1954: A Stillness at Appomattox by Bruce Catton
- 1955: Great River: The Rio Grande in North American History by Paul Horgan
- 1956: The Age of Reform by Richard Hofstadter
- 1957: Russia Leaves the War: Soviet-American Relations, 1917-1920 by George F. Kennan
- 1958: Banks and Politics in America by Bray Hammond
- 1959: The Republican Era: 1869-1901 by Leonard D. White and Jean Schneider
- 1960: In the Days of McKinley by Margaret Leech
- 1961: Between War and Peace: The Potsdam Conference by Herbert Feis
- 1962: The Triumphant Empire: Thunder-Clouds Gather in the West, 1763-1766 by Lawrence H. Gipson
- 1963: Washington, Village and Capital, 1800-1878 by Constance McLaughlin Green
- 1964: Puritan Village: The Formation of a New England Town by Sumner Chilton Powell
- 1965: The Greenback Era by Irwin Unger
- 1966: The Life of the Mind in America by Perry Miller
- 1967: Exploration and Empire: The Explorer and the Scientist in the Winning of the American West by William H. Goetzmann
- 1968: The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution by Bernard Bailyn
- 1969: Origins of the Fifth Amendment by Leonard W. Levy
- 1970: Present At The Creation: My Years In The State Department by Dean Acheson
- 1971: Roosevelt: The Soldier Of Freedom by James MacGregor Burns
- 1972: Neither Black Nor White by Carl N. Degler
- 1973: People of Paradox: An Inquiry Concerning the Origins of American Civilization by Michael Kammen
- 1974: The Americans: The Democratic Experience by Daniel J. Boorstin
- 1975: Jefferson and His Time by Dumas Malone
- 1976: Lamy of Santa Fe by Paul Horgan
- 1977: The Impending Crisis, 1841-1867 by David M. Potter (Completed and edited by Don E. Fehrenbacher)
- 1978: The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business by Alfred D. Chandler, Jr.
- 1979: The Dred Scott Case: Its Significance in American Law and Politics by Don E. Fehrenbacher
- 1980: Been in the Storm So Long by Leon F. Litwack
- 1981: American Education: The National Experience, 1783-1876 by Lawrence A. Cremin
- 1982: Mary Chesnut's Civil War by C. Vann Woodward
- 1983: The Transformation of Virginia, 1740-1790 by Rhys L. Isaac
- 1984: no award given
- 1985: Prophets of Regulation by Thomas K. McGraw
- 1986: ...the Heavens and the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age by Walter A. McDougall
- 1987: Voyagers to the West: A Passage in the Peopling of America on the Eve of the Revolution by Bernard Bailyn
- 1988: The Launching of Modern American Science, 1846-1876 by Robert V. Bruce
- 1989: Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era by James M. McPherson
- 1989: Parting the Waters: America in the King Years 1954-1963 by Taylor Branch
- 1990: In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines by Stanley Karnow
- 1991: A Midwife's Tale by Laurel Thatcher Ulrich
- 1992: The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties by Mark E. Neely, Jr.
- 1993: The Radicalism of the American Revolution by Gordon S. Wood
- 1994: no award given
- 1995: No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II by Doris Kearns Goodwin
- 1996: William Cooper's Town: Power and Persuasion on the Frontier of the Early American Republic by Alan Taylor
- 1997: Original Meanings: Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution by Jack N. Rakove
- 1998: Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America's Continuing Debate Over Science and Religion by Edward J. Larson
- 1999: Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 by Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace
- 2000: Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945 by David M. Kennedy
- 2001: Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation by Joseph J. Ellis
- 2002: The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America by Louis Menand
- 2003: An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa 1942-1943 by Rick Atkinson
- 2004: A Nation Under Our Feet (ISBN 0674011694) by Steven Hahn
- 2005: Washington's Crossing (ISBN 0195170342) by David Hackett Fischer Category:Pulitzer Prizes Category:Historiography

1942 in literature

Events

New books

- After The Storm - Annie Greene Nelson
- And Now Tomorrow - Rachel Field
- Black Alibi - Cornell Woolrich
- Black Lamb and Grey Falcon - Rebecca West
- Cross Creek - Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings
- David - Earl Birney
- Floods of Spring - Henry Bellamann
- Frenchman's Creek - Daphne du Maurier
- The Matchlock Gun - Walter D. Edmonds
- Picketing Hell - Adam Clayton Powell, Sr.
- The Last Time I Saw Paris - Elliot Paul
- The Poky Little Puppy - Janette Sebring Lowrey
- The Robe - Lloyd C. Douglas
- The Stranger (L'Étranger) - Albert Camus
- The Strong City - Taylor Caldwell
- To Be a Pilgrim - Joyce Cary
- West with the Night - Beryl Markham

Births

- January 31 - Derek Jarman, director, writer (+ 1994)
- March 2 - John Irving, novelist
- April 1 - Samuel R. Delany, novelist and critic
- April 4 - Kitty Kelley, journalist and biographer
- April 6 - Barry Levinson, screenwriter, director and producer
- July 17 - Tim Brooke-Taylor, comedy writer and actor
- August 2 - Isabel Allende, novelist
- August 7 - Garrison Keillor, Lake Wobegon Days author
- October 23 - Michael Crichton, author
- October 23 - Douglas Dunn, poet
- December 6 - Peter Handke, Austrian novelist
- date unknown - Gladys Cardiff, poet
- date unknown - Craig Thomas, novelist

Deaths

- April 24 - Lucy Maud Montgomery, Anne of Green Gables novelist
- June - Moses Annenberg, publisher
- September 19 - Condé Nast, magazine publisher
- October 20 - Friedrich Münzer, classical scholar
- date unknown - Eleanor Stackhouse Atkinson, Greyfriars Bobby author

Awards

- Newbery Medal for children's literature: Walter D. Edmonds, The Matchlock Gun
- Nobel Prize for literature: not awarded
- Pulitzer Prize for Drama: no award given
- Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: William Rose Benet, The Dust Which Is God
- Pulitzer Prize for the Novel: Ellen Glasgow, In This Our Life
-

1960 in literature

Events

- Lawrence Durrell publishes Clea, the final volume of the four-book collection titled The Alexandria Quartet that began in 1957.

New books

- Border Country - Raymond Williams
- Casanova's Chinese Restaurant - Anthony Powell
- The Chapman Report - Irving Wallace
- Clea - Lawrence Durrell
- Critique of Dialectical Reason - Jean-Paul Sartre
- Don't Tell Alfred - Nancy Mitford
- For Your Eyes Only - Ian Fleming
- Green Eggs and Ham - Dr. Seuss
- Hunters in a Narrow Street - Jabra Ibrahim Jabra
- The Insolences of Brother Anonymous – Jean-Paul Desbiens
- The Many Colored Coat - Morley Callaghan
- New Maps of Hell - Kingsley Amis (non-fiction)
- The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich - William L. Shirer
- Take a Girl Like You - Kingsley Amis
- To Kill A Mockingbird - Harper Lee
- The Torch - Wilder Penfield
- Truth and Method - Hans-Georg Gadamer
- The Violent Bear It Away - Flannery O'Connor
- The White Stone - Carlo Coccioli
- What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? - Henry Farrell

Births

- January 1 - Helen Fielding, author
- November 10 - Neil Gaiman, author

Deaths

- January 4 - Albert Camus
- January 12 - Nevil Shute, writer
- January 14 - Ralph Chubb, poet
- January 28 - Zora Neale Hurston
- November 28 - Richard Wright, author

Awards

- Newbery Medal for children's literature: Joseph Krumgold, Onion John
- Nobel Prize for literature: Saint-John Perse
- Pulitzer Prize for Drama: Jerome Weidman, George Abbott for book' Jerry Bock for music, and Sheldon Harnick for lyrics, Fiorello!
- Pulitzer Prize for Fiction: Allen Drury - Advise and Consent
- Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: W. D. Snodgrass: Heart's Needle
-

Newburgh, New York

Newburgh is a city located in Orange County, New York, 60 miles (97 km) north of New York city, on the Hudson River. In 1890, 23,087 people lived in Newburgh, New York; in 1900, 24,943; in 1910, 27,805; in 1920, 30,366; and in 1940, 31,883. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 28,259. The City of Newburgh is adjacent to the eastern part of the Town of Newburgh. The western portion of the city of Newburgh is the location of Stewart International Airport, which in part relieves some of the New York City air traffic. Just east of the city, across the "Newburgh Beacon Bridge" lies the city of Beacon, N.Y.

History

The first settlement was made in 1709 by German Lutherans from the Rhenish Palatinate, who named it the Palatine Parish by Quassic. By 1750, most of the Germans had been replaced by people of English and Scottish descent, who in 1752 changed the name to the Parish of Newburgh (after Newburgh, Scotland). Newburgh was the headquarters of the American army from March, 1782 until the latter part of 1783. The army was disbanded here in 1783. George Washington received the famous Newburgh letter from Nicola proposing that he become king here. The letter drew a vigorous rebuke from Washington. Newburgh was incorporated as a village in 1800 and chartered as a city in 1865. In the past, its industries included manufactories of cottons, woolens, silks, paper, felt hats, baking powder, soap, paper boxes, brick, plush goods, steam boilers, tools, waterway gates, ice machines, pumps, moving-picture screens, overalls, perfumes, furniture, carpets, carburetors, spiral springs, spiral pipe, shirt waists, shirts, felt goods, lawn mowers; shipyards; foundries and machine shops; tanneries; leatherette works; plaster works.

Geography

The city is on the west bank of the Hudson River. Newburgh is located at 41°30'11" North, 74°1'10" West (41.503193, -74.019636). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 12.4 km² (4.8 mi²). 9.9 km² (3.8 mi²) of it is land and 2.5 km² (1.0 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 20.08% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 28,259 people, 9,144 households, and 6,080 families residing in the city. The population density is 2,856.2/km² (7,393.6/mi²). There are 10,476 housing units at an average density of 1,058.8/km² (2,740.9/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 42.33% White, 32.96% Black or African American, 0.71% Native American, 0.76% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 18.11% from other races, and 5.07% from two or more races. 36.30% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 9,144 households out of which 40.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.1% are married couples living together, 25.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 33.5% are non-families. 27.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.97 and the average family size is 3.62. In the city the population is spread out with 33.2% under the age of 18, 12.7% from 18 to 24, 28.8% from 25 to 44, 16.1% from 45 to 64, and 9.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 28 years. For every 100 females there are 90.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 83.4 males. The median income for a household in the city is $30,332, and the median income for a family is $32,519. Males have a median income of $26,633 versus $21,718 for females. The per capita income for the city is $13,360. 25.8% of the population and 23.0% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 35.3% of those under the age of 18 and 16.1% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Famous residents

- Andrew Jackson Downing (architect and landscape designer, b. 1815)
- Saul Williams (hip hop musician and poet, b. 1972)

Literature

- E. M. Ruttenber, History of Orange County with History of the City of Newburgh, (Newburgh, 1876)
- J. J, Nutt, Newburgh: Her Institutions, Industries, and Leading Citizens, (Newburgh, 1891)
- L. P. Powell, (editor) Historic Towns of the Middle States, (New York, 1899)

External links

- [http://www.newburgh-ny.com City of Newburgh site] Category:Orange County, New York Category:Cities in New York Category:American Revolutionary War

Bancroft Prize

The Bancroft Prize was established in 1948 with a bequest from Frederic Bancroft and is awarded by Columbia University for books about diplomacy or about the history of the Americas which were first published the year before.

External link

- [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/eguides/amerihist/bancroft.html Official description of the Bancroft Prize] Category:Prizes Category:Literary awards

Heywood Broun

Heywood Campbell Broun (1888-1939) was an American journalist, sportswriter and newspaper columnist in New York City. He founded the American Newspaper Guild, now known as The Newspaper Guild. He is best remembered for his writing on social issues and his championing of the underdog. He believed that journalists could help right wrongs, especially social ills. Along with his friends the critic Alexander Woollcott, writer Dorothy Parker and humorist Robert Benchley, Broun was a member of the famed Algonquin Round Table from 1919-1929. His professional career began writing baseball stories in the sports section of the New York Morning Telegraph. He worked at the New York Tribune from 1912—1921 rising to drama critic before transferring to the New York World (1921–28). It was at the World where his syndicated column, It Seems to Me, began. In 1928 he moved to the Scripps-Howard newspapers, including the New York World-Telegram, where it appeared until he moved it to the New York Post just before his death. In 1930, Broun ran unsuccessfully for congress as a Socialist. The Newspaper Guild sponsors an annual Heywood Broun Award for outstanding work by a journalist, especially work that helps correct an injustice. His works include
- The A.E.F. (1918)
- The Boy Grew Older (1922)
- Gandle Follows His Nose (1926)
- It Seems to Me (1935) Collection of columns
- Collected Edition (1941) Another collection of columns

External links

- [http://www.dorothyparker.com/walk.html Algonquin Round Table Walking Tours]
- [http://www.algonquinhotel.com/AboutUs/round_table.htm Algonquin Round Table page at the Algonquin Hotel's web site]
- [http://www.davidpietrusza.com/Algonquin-Circle-Links.html Algonquin Circle Links]
- Broun, Heywood Broun, Heywood

Category:1974 deaths

ko:분류:1974년 죽음 ja:Category:1974年没

Category:Pulitzer Prize winners

The people in this category have been awarded a Pulitzer Prize Category:Pulitzer Prizes Category:Recipients of formal honors Category:Writers by award

Colli Piacentini Ortrugo frizzante

Il Colli Piacentini Ortrugo frizzante è un vino DOC la cui produzione è consentita nella provincia di Piacenza.

Caratteristiche organolettiche

- colore: paglierino chiaro tendente al verdognolo.
- odore: delicato, caratteristico.
- sapore: secco o abboccato, retrogusto amarognolo, tranquillo, vivace.

Cenni storici

Abbinamenti consigliati

Produzione

Provincia, stagione, volume in ettolitri
- nessun dato disponibile categoria:Vini DOC della provincia di Piacenza categoria:Vini DOC e DOCG prodotti con uva Ortrugo

narty Odszkodowanie dieta kopenhaska seo sylwester w g�rach

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