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Pardisan

Pardisan

Pardisan Park is an environmental-and-nature park north-west of Tehran, Iran. It is the site of the Pardisan Biodiversity Museum. (

Park

:For the Korean family name Park, see Korean name. Korean name A park is any of a number of geographic features.

Hunting parks and the parks of country houses

Originally, the term referred to an area maintained as open space where residences, industry and farming were not allowed, often originally so that nobility might have a place to hunt. These were known for instance, as deer parks (deer being originally a term meaning any wild animal). Many country houses in Britain and Ireland still have parks of this sort, which since the 18th century have often been carefully landscaped for aesthetic effect. They are usually a mixture of open grassland with scattered trees and sections of woodland, and are often enclosed by a high wall. The area immediately around the house is the garden. In some cases this will also feature sweeping lawns and scattered trees; the basic difference between a country house's park and its garden is that the park is grazed by animals, but they are excluded from the garden. Ireland

Public parks

Today, the primary meaning, based on the original meaning, is an area of open space provided for recreational uses. Parks in this sense are usually owned and provided by the government. Park uses are often divided into two categories: active and passive recreation. Active recreation is that which require intensive development and often involves cooperative or team activity, including playgrounds and ball fields. Passive recreation is that which emphasizes the open-space aspect of a park and which involves a low level of development, including picnic areas and trails.

Country parks

In some countries, especially the United Kingdom, the concept of the country park was popular in the 1970s, and many such parks were established with government support during that time. Country parks are often located near to urban populations, and provide recreational facilities typical of the countryside rather than the town.

National parks

:See main article: national park. national park]] In the United States the concept of preserving unique landscapes for the pleasure of the people of the entire nation was established on June 30, 1864, when President Abraham Lincoln signed the bill creating the Yosemite Grant. But Yellowstone National Park became the first National Park in 1872. A policy of preservation, rather than co-usage as in the National Forests, where grazing, farming and logging are licensed, was implemented four decades later during the presidential administration of Teddy Roosevelt, and Yosemite became a National Park. Tourism and, later, recreation, were the intended purposes of the lands Roosevelt set aside in the system. John Muir was instrumental in this effort. These parks were ultimately termed national parks and today constitute the US National Park System. Similarly, US state governments have also set aside and continue to set aside lands of various sizes to preserve them for the enjoyment of the public. National and regional parks are found in many other countries, and vary greatly in the sort of management and administration which they enjoy. There are also national parks in many other countries; the usage of the term varies greatly from one country to another.

Linear parks

A linear park is a park that has a much greater length than width. A typical example of a linear park is a section of a former railway that has been converted into a park (i.e. the tracks removed, vegetation allowed to grow back).

Other meanings

The term park is also used in reference to industrial areas, often termed industrial parks. Some technology research areas are also called research parks. Small environmental areas, often part of urban renewal plans, are called pocket parks. The word park may also be used in community names, such as Oak Park or College Park. Sometimes the active recreational aspect may be expressed in the extreme of naming an amusement park, usually privately-owned. A car park is an area of land or a building in which cars are parked.

Notable parks

car park.]]
- Park von Muskau, Bad Muskau, Germany
- Banff National Park, Canada
- Sutton Park, Sutton Coldfield, Birmingham, England
- Bois de la Cambre, Brussels, Belgium
- Phoenix Park, Dublin, Ireland
- List of urban public parks and gardens of Hong Kong
- Royal Parks of London
- Melbourne parks and gardens, Australia
- Chain of Lakes Park, Minneapolis
- Mount Royal Park, Montreal
- Central Park in Manhattan, New York
- Stanley Park in Vancouver, British Columbia
- Ottawa Greenbelt
- List of parks and gardens in Paris, France
- Fairmount Park (in Philadelphia)
- Golden Gate Park, (in San Fransisco, California)
- Hyde Park, London, United Kingdom
- Englischer Garten, Munich, Germany
- Kaivopuisto, Helsinki, Finland

External Links

- [http://www.gardenvisit.com/landscape/architecture/15.1-public-park-planning.htm Essay on public parks]

Tehran

Tehran (also transcribed Teheran) (تهران in Persian), population 9,000,000 (metropolitan: 14,000,000), and a land area of 254 square miles, the capital of Iran (Persia) and the center of Tehran Province. Tehran is located at . [http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html] More than half of the country's industry is based there. Industries include the manufacturing of cars, electronics and electrical equipment, weaponry, textiles, sugar, cement, and chemical products. It is also a leading center for the sale of carpets and furniture. There is an oil refinery nearby. Tehran is a sprawling city at the foot of the Alborz mountain range with an immense network of highways unparalleled in western Asia. It is also the hub of the country's railway network. The city has numerous large museums, art centers, palace complexes and cultural centers. Besides Persians there are Azeri, Armenian, Kurdish and Jewish communities in Tehran. 98.3 percent of Tehran's residents speak Persian [http://www.hamshahri.org/ostans/iraninfo/tehran/farbomi/leftfar.htm]. The city is dotted with mosques. There are some churches and synagogues. The word Tehran in Persian means "warm mountain slope" (دامنه گرم).

History

Excavations place the existence of settlements in Tehran as far back as 6000 BC. Tehran was well known as a village in the 9th century, but was less well-known than the city of Rages which was flourishing nearby in the pre-Mongol era. In the 13th century, following the destruction of Rages by Mongols, many of its inhabitants fled to Tehran. In some sources of the Mongol era the city is mentioned as "Rages's Tehran" (طهرانِ ری). The city is later mentioned in Hamdollah Mostowfi's Nezhat ol-Gholoob (written in 1340) as a famous village. 1340 No one knows for sure how the city got its name, but one accepted explanation is that Tehran means "a warm place", as opposed to "a cool place", called Shemiran - a cooler district in northern Tehran. Don Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo, a Castilian ambassador, was probably the first European to visit Tehran, stopping in July 1404, while on a journey to Samarkand (now in Uzbekistan) and the Mongol capital at the time. At this time, the city of Tehran was unwalled. Tehran became a residence of the Safavid rulers in the 17th century. Tahmasp I built a bazaar and a wall around the city, but it somewhat fell out of favour after Abbas I turned sick when he was passing the city to go to a war with the Uzbeks. In the early 18th century, Karim Khan Zand ordered a palace, a harem, and a government office to be built in Tehran, possibly to declare the city his capital, but later moved his government to Shiraz. Tehran finally became the capital of Persia in 1795, when the Qajar king Agha Mohammad Khan was crowned in the city. It remains the capital to this day. During World War II, British and Soviet troops entered the city. Tehran was the site of the Teheran Conference in 1943, attended by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin. On September 8 1978, demonstrations against the Shah led to riots. The army reportedly opened fire on the demonstrating mob. Martial law was installed in the wake of the ensuing revolution, from 1978-80. During the 1980-88 Iran-Iraq War, Tehran was the scene of repeated Scud missile attacks and air strikes against random residential and industrial targets within the city, resulting in thousands of civilian casualties.

About Tehran

1978 1978 The Azadi Tower is the first thing visitors come across when coming from the Mehr-abad International Airport. The tower has become an icon of sorts for Tehran and Iran. Tehran suffers from extremely serious traffic congestion and pollution problems. Respiratory ailments such as asthma are now very common. Tehran has become so congested in the past 10 years, that the government has considered moving the nation's capital to another city to alleviate these problems and help de-centralize the economy and population. This is especially true in light of predictions of an imminent major earthquake in Tehran, situated on top of three major faultlines. But because Iran's economy and politics is so centralized, millions have little choice but to live and work in Tehran despite these problems. The Peacock Throne of the Persian Shahs can be found in Tehran's Golestan Palace. Some of the important museums are National Museum of Iran, Sa'dabad Palaces Complex, Glassware and Ceramics Museum of Iran, The Carpet Museum of Iran, Tehran's Underglass painting Museum, and Niavaran Palace Complex. The Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art is also appealing to many because it features the works of great artists such as Van Gogh, Pablo Picasso and Andy Warhol. The huge Tehran International Fair organises many expositions. Its book expositions are especially popular. Tehran is also the seat of Iran's Parliament (the Majles). And Tehran is also home to the world's fourth tallest free standing structure, the Milad Tower. The Tehran Stock Exchange which is a full member of the FIBV and a founding member of the Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges, was one of the world's best performing stock exchanges in recent years.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3129995.stm]. But since the election win of hardliner Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, it has seen a sharp fall and is now seen as one of the least profitable exchanges in the world.

Neighborhoods and Districts of Tehran

FIBV The city of Tehran is divided into 22 municipal districts, each with its own administrative centers. Within these 22 districts, Tehran contains the following major neighborhoods : Abbas Abad, Afsariyeh, Amir Abad, Bagh Feiz, Baharestan, Darakeh, Darband, Dardasht, Dar Abad, Dehkadeh Olampik, Ekhtiyariyeh, Elahiyeh, Evin, Gholhak, Gisha, Gomrok, Hasan Abad, Jamaran, Jannat Abad, Javadiyeh, Jomhuri, Jordanne, Narmak, Navvab, Nazi Abad, Niavaran, Park Shahr, Pasdaran, Punak, Ray, Sa'adat Abad, Sadeghiyeh, Shahrara, Shahreziba, Shahrak-e Gharb, Shemiran, Tehranpars, Vanak, Yaft Abad, Yusef Abad, etc. For full list, see List of the localities around Tehran.

The older neighborhoods of Tehran

Tehran's old city fabric changed dramatically during the first Pahlavi era. Some of the older remaining districts of Tehran are: Udlajan, Sangelaj, Bazaar, Chaleh Meydan, Dowlat. Chaleh Meydan is the oldest neighborhood of the aforementioned.

Transportation

Chaleh MeydanIn 2001 a metro system that had been in planning since the 1970s opened the first two of seven envisaged lines -- even though the city is prone to earthquakes. Work has been slow and coverage remains very limited. Development of the Tehran metro system had been interrupted by the Islamic Revolution and the Iran-Iraq War. Problems arising from the late completion of the metro led to buses taking on the role of the metro lines, serving mainly long distance routes. Taxis filled the void for localised routes, not carrying passengers to their final destinations but operating along main routes and arteries. This has all led to extreme congestion and air pollution within the city. Tehran is served by Mehrabad International Airport, the old airport which doubles as a military base located in the western part of the city, and Imam Khomeini International Airport, 50 kilometers south, which handles flights from the Persian Gulf but which will eventually handle all international flights. The new airport is overdue and over budget, and Britain and Australia have warned their nationals not to use it because of safety concerns. Tehran also has a central train station with connecting services round the clock to various cities in the country. There are four bus terminals that also provide connections at low fares. These are the South, East, West, and Bei-haghi Park-Drive Terminals. While the center of the city contains the government ministries and headquarters, the commercial centers are more located toward Taleghani Ave. and Beheshti Ave. further north. Although administratively separate, Rey, Shemiran, and Karaj are often considered part of the larger Tehran metropolitan area. See also: List of Tehran metro stations

Colleges and universities

List of Tehran metro stations Ever since the establishment of Darolfonoon, Tehran has amassed an abundance of institutions of higher education. Some of these institutions have played crucial roles in the unfolding of Iranian political events. There are 45 major colleges and universities in total today in Tehran, listed below:

- [http://www.kntu.ac.ir/ K.N.Toosi University of Technology]
- [http://www.atu.ac.ir/ Allameh Tabatabaii University]
- Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic) ([http://www.aku.ac.ir/ website])
- Alzahra University ([http://www.alzahra.ac.ir/ website])
- [http://www.bmsu.ac.ir/ Baghiatollah University]
- [http://www.ihu.ac.ir/ Imam Hossein University]
- [http://www.isu.ac.ir/ Imam Sadegh University]
- Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics (IPM) [http://www.ipm.ac.ir (website)]
- [http://www.iums.ac.ir/ Iran University of Medical Sciences]
- Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)[http://www.iust.ac.ir (website)]
- [http://www.kiau.ac.ir/ Islamic Azad University of Karaj]
- Islamic Azad University of Roodehen
- [http://www.iautmu.ac.ir/ Islamic Azad University of Tehran-Medical Sciences]
- [http://www.iaunt.ac.ir/ Islamic Azad University of Tehran-North]
- [http://www.azad.ac.ir/ Islamic Azad University of Tehran-South]
- [http://www.iauctb.ac.ir/ Islamic Azad University of Tehran-Central]
- [http://www.iauro.ac.ir/ Islamic Azad University of Tehran-Region one]
- [http://www.shahed.ac.ir/ Shahed University]
- Shahid Beheshti University ([http://www.sbu.ac.ir/ website])
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences [http://www.sbmu.ac.ir (website)]
- Sharif University of Technology ([http://www.sharif.ac.ir/ webiste])
- Tarbiat Modares University[http://www.modares.ac.ir/ (website)]
- [http://www.tums.ac.ir/ Tehran University of Medical Sciences]

- [http://www.tmu.ac.ir/ Tehran University of Tarbiat Moallem]
- [http://www.art.ac.ir/ University of The Arts]
- [http://www.uswr.ac.ir/ University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences]
- University of Tehran [http://www.ut.ac.ir/ (website)]
- [http://www.emamreza.ac.ir/ University of Emam Reza]
- [http://www.hadith.ac.ir/ Hadith College of Tehran]
- Imam Ali University for Army Officers
- [http://www.itrws.com/ Comprehensive University of Technology]
- [http://www.uast.ac.ir/ Tehran University of Applied Science and Technology]
- [http://www.coe.ac.ir/ Tehran College of Environment]
- [http://www.bou.ac.ir/ Bagher Aloloum University]
- [http://www.iranu.com/ International University of Iran]
- [http://www.ictfaculty.ir/ Iran College of Tele-communications]
- Medical University for the Islamic Republic of Iran's Army
- NAJA University of Police
- [http://www.sea.ac.ir School of Economic Affairs (SEA)]
- [http://www.sir.ac.ir School of International Relations (SIR)]
- Shahed University of Medical Sciences
- Shahid Sattari University of Aeronautical Engineering
- University of Islamic Sects
- [http://www.ripi.ir/en/ The Research Institute of The Petroleum Industry]
- [http://www.iranpolymerinstitute.org/ Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute]

Tehran also contains Iran's largest military academy, and several religious schools and seminaries.

Sports

Tehran was the first city in the Middle East to host the Asian Games. The 7th Asian Summer Games in 1974, was held with the participation of 2363 athletes and officials from 25 countries. Tehran is also the site of Iran's national football stadium on Azadi Sport Complex with 100000 seating capacity. Many of the top matches of Iran's Premier League are held here. In 2005, FIFA ordered Iran limit spectators allowed into Azadi stadium because of a fatal crush and inadequate safety procedures. Azadi Sport ComplexWithin 10 minutes of driving distance from Tehran lies a ski resort. Tochal is the world's fifth highest ski resort at over 3730m at its highest 7th station. The resort was completed in 1976 shortly before the overthrow of the Shah. Here, one must first ride the eight km (five mile) long gondola lift which covers a huge vertical. The 7th station has three slopes. The resort's longest slope is the south side U shaped slope which goes from the 7th station to 5th station. The other two slopes are located on the north side of the 7th station. Here, there are two parallel chair ski lifts that go up to 3900m near Tochal's peak (at 4000m), rising higher than the gondola 7th station station. This altitude is higher than any of the European resorts. From the Tochal peak, one has a spectacular view of the Alborz range, including the 5671 metre (18606 ft) high Mt. Damavand, a dormant volcano. At the bottom of the lifts in a valley behind the Tochal peak is Tochal hotel, located at 3500m altitude. From there a T lift takes skiers up the 3800 metres of Shahneshin peak, where the third slope of Tochal is. Tochal 7th station has skiing eight months of the year. But there are also some glaciers and year-round snow fields near Tehran where skiing began in 1938, thanks to the efforts of two German railway engineers. Today, 12 ski resorts operate in Iran, but the most famous are Tochal, Dizin, and Shemshak, all within one to three hours of Tehran. See also: Sports in Iran

Football

In football (soccer), Tehran is host to six football clubs in Iran's Premier Football League, namely:

- Esteghlal
- Saba Battery
- Saipa

- Rah Ahan
- Pas Tehran
- Pirouzi/Persepolis

These clubs have on numerous occasions won Asian titles, and some of their players are known internationally.

Outdoor

Pirouzi/Persepolis
- [http://www.tochalcomplex.com Tochal Ski resort]
- Darband hiking trail
- Chitgar Park
- Mellat Park
- Laleh Park
- Jamshidieh Park
- Niavaran Park
- Sa'ei Park
- Shahr-e Bazi amusement park.
- Shatranj Park
- Darabad hiking trail
- Darakeh hiking trail
- Jahan-e Kudak Park
- Azadi Sports complex
- Enghelab Sports Complex and Golf course
- Several caves, springs, and waterfalls outisde Tehran.
- Latyan Lake
- Lavizan Forest Park
- Vardavard Forest Park
- Khajeer National Park
- Kavir National Park
- Tar Lake
- Amir Kabir Lake
- Lar Protected Natural Habitat
- Varjeen Protected Natural Habitat

Culture

Tehran, as Iran's showcase and historical capital city, has a wealth of cultural attractions, some of which are listed below. Image:Azadi2.jpg|Azadi Sport Complex Image:Bagh-melli.jpg|Bagh-e Melli (National Garden) Image:Museh Melli3.jpg|A bowl from the 4th Millennium BCE in the National Museum of Iran. Image:Teheran golestan.jpg|Golestan Palace

Palaces

Golestan Palace
- Golestan Palace and Takht-e Marmar. [http://www.golestanpalace.org/ (website)]
- Niavaran Palace Complex [http://niavaranpalace.org/ (website)]
- Sadabad Palace [http://www.saadabadpalace.org/ (website)]
- Saltanat Abad Palace
- Firouzeh Palace, (which belongs to Tehran's Zoroastrian community)
- Soleymaniyeh Palace
- Baharestan Palace, (where Iran's first parliament was located at)
- Morvarid Palace, Karaj, designed by The Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation. [http://www.iranian.com/Kasraie/2004/June/Design/]

Museums

- [http://www.saadabadgallery.ir/ Sa'd Abad Gallery of Fine Arts]
- [http://www.glasswaremuseum.ir/ Glassware Museum of Tehran]
- Iran's National Rug Gallery [http://carpetmuseum.ir/ (website)]
- [http://www.rezaabbasimuseum.ir/ Reza Abbasi Museum]
- Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art [http://www.ir-tmca.com/ (website)]
- Tehran Theater of the Performing Arts (Te'atr e Shahr)
- Talar Vahdat Theater
- National Museum of Iran, [http://www.nationalmuseumofiran.ir (website)]
- Dar-abad Nature & Wildlife Museum
- National Library of Iran

Religious centers

- Soltani Mosque, built by Fath Ali Shah
- Atiq Mosque, built in 1663.
- Mo'ezz o-dowleh mosque, built by Fath Ali Shah
- Haj Seyd Azizollah mosque, built by Fath Ali Shah
- Al-javad mosque, Iran's first modernist design mosque.
- The Old Sepahsalar mosque, another prominent Qajar era mosque.
- The new Sepahsalar mosque (Madreseh e Motahari)
- Filsuf o-dowleh Mosque, Qajar era
- Moshir ol-Saltaneh Mosque, Qajar era
- Mo'ayyer ol-Mamalik Mosque, Qajar era
- Shahr Banu Mausopleum
- Javan-mard Qassab Mausoleum, a pre-Islamic semi-mythical hero
- Dozens of Imam-zadeh shrines, hundreds of years old, including that of Imam Zadeh Saleh.
- Dozens of Saqa Khanehs: traditional places of prayer
- Several Tekyehs: traditional places for mourning Muharram ceremonies for Husayn ibn Ali.
- Ibn Babviyeh cemetery, where many Iranian giants such as Takhti and Ali Akbar Dehkhoda are buried.
- Zahir o-dowleh cemetery, where many Iranian giants of art and culture such as Iraj Mirza, Mohammad Taghi Bahar, Forough Farrokhzad, Abolhasan Saba, Ruhollah Khaleghi, and Darvish-khan are buried.
- Kordan Tomb, Seljuqi era, Karaj.
- Maydanak Tomb, 13th century, Karaj
- The Polish cemetery 1-north of Tehran in British Gholhak garden, where numerous World War II western allied soldiers are buried. 2- polish cemetery (catholic cemetery)Dulab south of Tehran
- orthodox Cemetery.Dulab/The Russian unknown soldier's Tomb(Cenotaph) is located there with red star over it

Churches

- Surep Georg Church, 1790
- Thaddeus Bartoqimus Church, 1808
- Tatavus Church, from the Qajar era
- Enjili Church, 1867
- Assyrian Church Image:Khalvat Karimkhani Golestan2.jpg|Khalvat-e Karimkhani, Golestan Palace. Image:Tehran cemetary WW2.jpg|Tehran's WW2 Cemetery of Allied Forces Image:Borj-toghrul.jpg|Toghrol Tower, 13th century. Image:Melli Library.jpg|National Library of Iran, Niavaran branch.

Castles and Forts

- Arzhang Fort, Taleqan, 1149CE
- Iraj Fort, Varamin
- Gol e Khandan Fort, Rudehen, Sassanid era
- Rashkan Fort, Ray, Parthian era
- Tabbarok Fort, Abbasid era
- Sorkheh-Hesar Fort, Seljuqi era.
- Kei-Ghobad Fort, Taleqan, Ismaili era
- Gabri Fort, Parthian era, Ray.
- Several other forts and castle ruins, such as Ghal'eh Dokhtar Tang Goseel, near Karaj. Like all the other forts of this area, these have been ruined by earthquakes. Seljuqi era.
- Harun Prison. Sassanid era. South of Tehran.
- Bagh e Melli foreign ministry compound.

Traditional Houses

Dozens of houses of antiquity with splendid traditional architectural design remain standing in Tehran today. Most are from the Qajar era. Some of these are:
- Etehadiyeh House, Qajar era
- Amir Bahador House, Qajar era
- Emam Jomeh House, 1863CE
- Amin ol-Soltan House, Qajar era
- Shaghaghi (Kushak) House, Qajar era
- Emarat e Bagh e Ferdows, Qajar era
- Emarat Farmaniyeh, Qajar era
- Shahid Modarres House, Uladjan district.
- Vothuq House, 1837CE
- Moshir o-Dowleh Pir Nia House However, there exist plenty of houses of historical heritage also open to the public, such as: House of Nima Yooshij, House of Mohammed Mossadegh, House of Ayatollah Taleghani, House of Ghavam o-Dowleh, House of Imam Khomeini, and House of Mahmoud Hessaby.

Archeological sites

An abundance of ancient archeological historicl sites exists in and around Tehran. Some of the more prominent ones are:
- Cheshme Ali Teppe, 5th millennium BCE. Excavated by Jacques de Morgan.
- Shoghali Teppe, 6th millennium BCE.
- Qeytariyeh ancient Cemetery, 2nd millennium BCE.
- Teppe Meel, excavated by Jacques de Morgan, believed to be the temple of the legendary ancient leader Bahram Gur.
- Vavan Teppe, Sassanid era
- Ghareh Teppe, 6th millennium CE, excavated by the British Burton Brown.
- Ozbaki Teppe, Hashtgerd.

Others

Sassanid
- Iran National Library
- Borj-e Milad
- Darolfonoon institute of higher education
- Morvarid Canon, Afsharid dynasty era
- Tughrul Tower, Seljuqi era
- Tehran's Grand Bazaar, 1523CE.
- Several bridges of antiquity. Example: Pol e Rumi, located in Northern Tehran, from the Safavid era, today a property of the Embassy of Turkey.
- Alborz High School
- Firouz Bahram High School
- Stodan Of Zoroastrian. Located in Aminabad area.

The Mayor of Tehran

See main article: Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf See also: List of mayors of Tehran

Sister cities

List of mayors of Tehran
- List of mayors of Tehran Los Angeles, USA (linked before 1979)

2005 plane crash

On December 6th 2005 a military plane crashed into a ten story building killing 128 people and injuring 90 many others are left homeless.

External links

- [http://www.tehran.ir/ Tehran Municipality website]
- [http://www.tehrangis.com Tehran Geographic Information Center]
- [http://www.tehrancouncil.com/ Tehran's Islamic City Council] (in Persian)
- [http://www.ketabeavval.ir Urban Information Database (Yellow Pages)]
- [http://www.farsinet.com/tehran/history.html Farsinet's information on the history of Tehran]
- [http://www.tehranmetro.com Tehran Metro]
- [http://www.wikitravel.org/en/article/Tehran WikiTravel - Travel guide to Tehran (English)]
- [http://www.iles.umn.edu/faculty/bashiri/Courses/Tehran.html About Tehran]
- [http://www.tehranavenue.com/ Tehran Avenue (English)]
- [http://ganjineh.com/gallery/?page=iran,tehran&cat=place Tehran Gallery - Ganjineh.com]
- [http://www.tehran24.com/ Largest collection of photos from Tehran]
- [http://www.tehrantraffic.com/ Tehran Traffic Control Center]
- [http://www.iranian.com/Clips/2005/May/tehran.html Real Audio clip of the documentary: "Ancient Tehran: 8,000 years"]
- [http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=35.678494,51.407776&spn=0.269707,0.468361&t=k&hl=en Satellite picture by Google Maps] Category:Capitals in Asia Category:Cities along the Silk Road Category:Cities in Iran Category:Tehran Category:Iranian provincial capitals ko:테헤란 ja:テヘラン

Iran

Iran (Persian: ايران) is a Middle Eastern country located in Southwest Asia bordering Armenia, Azerbaijan including its Nakhichevan exclave and Turkmenistan to the north, Pakistan and Afghanistan to the east, Turkey and Iraq to the west. Until 1935 the country was referred to in the West as Persia. In 1959, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi announced that both terms could be used. In 1979, the Iranian revolution established a theocratic Islamic Republic, changing the country's official name to the Islamic Republic of Iran (جمهوری اسلامی ايران). Dispute exists as to the country's current official name.

History

Sometime around 1500 to 1000 BC, the Iranian nomads of Indo-European stock emigrated to the Iranian plateau possibly from Central Asia. In 8th century BC, the first Iranian government was established under the Median dynasty and under the following dynasty, the Achaemenids, Iranians built the first world empire. Their empire emerged in the 6th century BC under Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Persian Empire, who called himself "King of Iran and beyond". Indeed, the name Persia is derived from Persis, the ancient Greek name for the empire. The Achaemenid dynasty was followed by the Parthian and Sassanid dynasties as Persia's greatest pre-Islamic empires. Alexander the Great first conquered Persia in 331 BC, followed by Islam's Arab forces in the 7th century, and Genghis Khan, and lastly, Tamerlane who conquered a significant portion of Persia in the middle ages. middle ages The 9th century saw the rise of the Saffarids and then other lines of kings or shahs. During the 19th century Persia came under increasing pressure from both Russia and the United Kingdom, leading to a process of modernization that continued into the 20th century. By the 20th century Iranians were longing for a change and thus followed the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1905/1911. In 1953 Iran's elected prime minister Mohammad Mosaddeq, was removed from power in a complex plot orchestrated by British and US intelligence agencies (dubbed "Operation Ajax"). Many scholars suspect that this ouster was motivated by British-US opposition to Mosaddeq's attempt to nationalize Iran's oil. Following Mosaddeq's fall, Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (Iran's monarch) grew increasingly dictatorial. With strong support from the USA and the UK, the Shah further modernized Iranian industry but crushed civil liberties. His autocratic rule, including systematic torture and other human rights violations, led to the Iranian revolution and overthrow of his regime in 1979. After more than a year of political struggle between a variety of different groups, an Islamic republic was established under the Ayatollah Khomeini by a revolution. The new theocratic political system instituted some conservative Islamic reforms and engaged in an anti-Western course. In particular Iran distanced itself from the United States due to the American involvement in the 1953 coup, which supplanted an elected government with the Shah's repressive regime. It also declared its refusal to recognize the existence of Israel as a state. The new government inspired various groups considered by a large part of the Western World to be fundamentalist. As a consequence some countries, currently led by the USA, consider Iran to be a hostile power. In 1980 Iran was attacked by neighbouring Iraq and the destructive Iran-Iraq War continued until 1988. The struggle between reformists and conservatives over the future of the country continues today through electoral politics and was a central Western focus in the 2005 Elections where Conservative Mahmoud Ahmadinejad triumphed.

Politics

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Iran is a constitutional Islamic Republic, whose political system is laid out in the 1979 constitution. Iran's makeup has several intricately connected governing bodies, some of which are democratically elected and some of which are appointed by religious leaders. The concept of velayat-e faqih (guardianship of the jurist) plays an influential role in the governmental structure. The Supreme Leader of Iran is responsible for the delineation and supervision of "the general policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran." In the absence of a single leader, a council of religious leaders is appointed. The Supreme Leader is commander-in-chief of the armed forces; he alone can declare war. He has the power to appoint and dismiss the leaders of the judiciary, the state radio and television networks, and the supreme commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps. He also appoints six of the twelve members of the Council of Guardians. He, or the council of religious leaders, are elected by the Assembly of Experts, on the basis of their qualifications and the high popular esteem in which they are held. Twelve jurists comprise the Council of Guardians, six of whom are appointed by the Supreme Leader. The head of the judiciary recommends the remaining six, which are officially appointed by Parliament. The Council of Guardians is vested with the authority to interpret the constitution and determines if the laws passed by Parliament are in line with sharia (Islamic law) and the Iranian constitution; if a law passed by Parliament is deemed incompatible, it is referred back to Parliament for revision. After the office of Leadership, the President of Iran is the highest official in the country. His is responsibile for implementing the Constitution and acting as the head of the executive, except in matters directly concerned with the Leadership. All presidential candidates must be approved by the Council of Guardians prior to running, and are elected to a 4-year term. After his election, the president appoints and supervises the 21-member Council of Ministers (who must then be confirmed by Parliament), coordinates government decisions, and selects government policies to be placed before the parliament. Eight vice presidents serve under the president. The unicameral Iranian parliament consists of 290 members elected to a 4-year term (approved by the Council of Guardians before running). It drafts legislation, ratifies international treaties, and approves the country's budget. All legislation from the assembly must be reviewed by the Council of Guardians. The Assembly of Experts, which meets for one week every year, consists of 86 "virtuous and learned" clerics elected by the public to eight-year terms. Like presidential and parliamentary elections, the Council of Guardians determines eligibility to run for a seat in this assembly. The head of the judiciary is appointed by the Supreme Leader, who in turn appoints the head of the Supreme Court and the chief public prosecutor. Public courts deal with civil and criminal cases. "Revolutionary" courts try certain categories of offenses, including crimes considered against national security or the republic and narcotics smuggling. Decisions rendered in these courts are final and cannot be appealed. The Special Clerical Court, which functions independently of the regular judicial framework and is accountable only to the Supreme Leader, handles crimes allegedly committed by clerics, although it has also taken on cases involving lay people.

Administrative divisions

Provinces

Iran consists of 30 provinces: Provinces are governed from a local center, mostly the largest local city. Provincial authority is headed by a governor (استاندار: ostāndār), who is installed by the Minister of Interior subject to approval of the cabinet. Until 2004 there were 28 provinces. A law passed that year split the province of Khorasan into three new provinces: North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan, and South Khorasan.

Major cities

Iran's top four largest cities are: Image:Meydoon sadeghiyeh.jpg|Tehran: 8,601,473 (2005 pop.) Image:Nadershahtomb.jpg|Mashad: 2,307,177 (2005 pop.) Image:IMG 0414 resize.jpg|Isfahan: 1,547,164 (2005 pop.) Image:Poets tomb tabriz.jpg|Tabriz: 1,424,641 (2005 pop.) See also: List of cities in Iran.

Geography

List of cities in Iran Iran borders Azerbaijan (length of border: 432 km / 268 mi ) and Armenia (35 km / 22mi) to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan (992 km / 616 mi) to the northeast, Pakistan (909 km / 565 mi) and Afghanistan (936 km / 582 mi) to the east, Turkey (499 km / 310 mi) and Iraq (1,458 km / 906 mi) to the west, and finally the waters of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman to the south. Iran's total land mass is 1,648,000 km² / ≈636,300 mi² (Land: 1,636,000 km² / ≈631,663 mi², Water: 12,000 km² / ≈4,633 mi²). Iran's landscape is dominated by rugged mountain ranges that separate various basins or plateaus from one another. The populous western part is the most mountainous, with ranges such as the Zagros and Alborz Mountains, the latter of which also contains Iran's highest point, the Damavand at 5,671 m (18,606 ft). The eastern half consists mostly of uninhabited desert basins with the occasional salt lake. The only large plains are found along the coast of the Caspian Sea and at the northern end of the Persian Gulf, where Iran borders on the mouth of the Arvand river (Shatt al-Arab). Smaller, discontinuous plains are found along the remaining coast of the Persian Gulf, the Strait of Hormuz and the Sea of Oman. The Iranian climate is mostly arid or semiarid, though subtropical along the Caspian coast. Iran is considered to be one of the fifteen states that comprise the so-called "Cradle of Humanity".

Climate

Iran's varied landscape produces several different climates. On the northern edge of the country (the Caspian coastal plain) the temperatures nearly fall below freezing and remain humid for the rest of the year. Summer temperatures rarely exceed 29°C (84°F). Annual precipitation is 680 mm (26 in) in the eastern part of the plain and more than 1700 mm (75 in) in the western side of the plain. At higher elevations to the west, settlements in the Zagros mountains basins experience lower temperatures. These areas have severe winters, with average daily temperatures below freezing and have heavy snowfall. The eastern and central basins are arid. They get less than 200 mm (8 in) of rain and have occasional desert. The average summer temperatures exceed 38°C (100°F). The coastal plains of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman in southern Iran have mild winters and experience very humid and hot summers. The Annual precipitation ranges from 135 mm to 355 mm (6 to 14 in).

Economy

Gulf of Oman Iran's economy is a mixture of central planning, state ownership of oil and other large enterprises, village agriculture, and small-scale private trading and service ventures. The current administration has continued to follow the market reform plans of the previous one and has indicated that it will pursue diversification of Iran's oil-reliant economy. Iran is attempting to diversify by investing revenues in other areas, including petrochemicals. Iran is also hoping to attract billions of dollars worth of foreign investment by creating a more favorable investment climate (i.e., reduced restrictions and duties on imports, creation of free-trade zones). Iran is OPEC's second largest oil producer and holds 10% of the world's proven oil reserves. It also has the world's second largest natural gas reserves (after Russia). The strong oil market in 1996 helped ease financial pressures on Iran and allowed for Tehran's timely debt service payments. Iran's financial situation tightened in 1997 because of lower oil prices. The subsequent rise in oil prices in 1999/2000 afforded Iran fiscal breathing room. Iranian budget deficits have been a chronic problem, in part due to large-scale state subsidies–totaling some $7.25 billion per year–including foodstuffs and especially gasoline. gasoline district.]] On March 20, 2006, Iran plans to participate in a new International Oil Bourse, trading oil priced as Petroeuros, rather than Petrodollars, as oil is traded in all other markets (as of 2005). This attempt to rebalance trading relationships in the world economy may trigger a series of far reaching consequences. A few observers, especially among peak oil production theorists who believe that an oil crisis is imminent, argue that there is a potential for a resource war with the United States of America over the flow of both dollars and oil. Others, including military leaders and peak oil theorists who believe that a crisis is further off, argue that the results of war game scenarios cast doubt on the argument that a war is the most likely result of the Oil Bourse. The services sector has seen the greatest long-term growth in terms of its share of GDP, but the sector remains volatile. State investment has boosted agriculture, however, with the liberalization of production and the improvement of packaging and marketing helping to develop new export markets. Large-scale irrigation schemes, together with the wider production of export-based agricultural items such as dates, flowers and pistachios, produced the fastest economic growth of any sector in Iran over much of the 1990s, although successive years of severe drought in 1998, 1999, 2000, and 2001 have held back output growth substantially. Agriculture remains one of the largest employers, accounting for 22% of all jobs according to the 1991 census. According to the U.N. World Drug Report for 2005, Iran has the highest proportion of opiate addicts in the world–2.8 percent of the population over age 15. Only two other countries–Mauritius and Kyrgyzstan–pass the 2 percent mark. With a population of about 70 million and some government agencies putting the number of regular users close to 4 million, Iran has no real competition as world leader in per capita addiction to opiates, including heroin.

Demographics

heroin

Ethnic groups

The majority of Iran's population speak one of the Iranian languages, though only Persian is an official language. While the number, percentage, and definition of the different Iranian peoples is disputed, the major ethnic groups and minorities in Iran include the Persians (51%), Azeris (24%), Gilaki and Mazandarani (8%), Kurds (7%), Arabs (3%), Baluchi (2%), Lurs (2%), Turkmen people (2%), Qashqai, Armenians, Persian Jews, Assyrians and others.

Religion

Assyrians Most Iranians are Muslims; 89% belong to the Shi'a branch of Islam, the official state religion, and about 10% belong to the Sunni branch, which predominates in most Muslim countries. Non-Muslim religious minorities include the Bahá'í Faith, Zoroastrians, as well as Jews, Christians, and Mandeans. The latter three are officially recognised minority religions and have reserved seats in the Majlis (Parliament). Iran's population size increased dramatically during the latter half of the 20th century. Iran hosts more than one million foreign refugees, more than any other country on earth.

Culture

earth and guardians of an ancient and sophisticated culture.]] Like all ancient civilizations, culture constitutes the focal point and heart of Iranian civilization. The art, music, architecture, poetry, philosophy, traditions, and ideology of Iran have made it a continuously important nation in the global community. In fact, many Iranians believe their culture to be the one and only reason why their civilization has continuously survived thousands of years of plethoric calamities.

Miscellaneous topics

Notes and references

-
-
- Please note that the numbers are according to the 2004 edition of CIA's The World Factbook. Different claims include higher numbers for Persian-speaking groups and respectively lower numbers for Turkic-speaking groups or vice versa. Some people in the first group claim that the CIA statistics are based on guesses made around 1964, while the CIA claims that their numbers are based on information from January 2004.
-
- Additional references and bibliography can be found in the more detailed articles linked to in this article.

External links

Official Government Links

The following websites belong to the various branches of government, or are directly operated by the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
- [http://www.leader.ir Official site of the Supreme Leader], [http://www.wilayah.org/ (Qom office)]
- [http://www.president.ir Presidency of the Islamic Republic of Iran] - Official website.
- [http://www.irisn.com/ The Council of Guardians], Official website.
- [http://mellat.majlis.ir/ The Majlis], Iran's parliament. [http://www.majlis.ir/ (2)].
- [http://www.iranjudiciary.org/ The Judiciary of The Islamic Republic of Iran]
- [http://www.mfa.gov.ir Ministry of Foreign Affairs]
- [http://www.ershad.gov.ir/ Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance]
- [http://www.mod.ir/ Ministry of Defense and Armed Forces]
- [http://www.freezones.ir/ Secretariat of The High Council of Iran Free Trade Industrial Zones]
- [http://www.iranculture.org Secretariat of The High Council of The Cultural Revolution]
- [http://www.spk-gov.ir/ Official Spokesman of the Islamic Republic of Iran]
- [http://www.aeoi.org.ir/ Islamic Republic of Iran Atomic Energy Organization]
- [http://www.iranmiras.ir/ Islamic Republic of Iran Cultural Heritage Organization]
- [http://www.rcs.ir/en Islamic Republic of Iran Red Crescent Society]
- [http://www.irib.com Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting], official website.
- [http://www.shahid.ir/ Bonyad e Shahid Foundation]
- [http://www.iran-bonyad.com/ Bonyad e Mostazafeen Foundation]

Therese Neumann

Therese Neumann, genannt Resl von Konnersreuth, (
- 8. oder 9. April 1898 in Konnersreuth; † 18. September 1962 ebendort) war eine bayerische Bauernmagd. Weltweit bekannt wurde sie durch Stigmata, die sich ab 1926 bei ihr zeigten. Angeblich hat sie auch seit dieser Zeit für den Rest ihres Lebens außer der Kommunion weder gegessen noch getrunken. Bei ihren Visionen soll sie auch in der Lage gewesen sein, aramäisch zu sprechen.

Leben

aramäisch aramäisch aramäisch Therese Neumann und der berühmte Egerer Baumeister Balthasar Neumann haben die gleichen Urahnen. Sie sollen aus dem Ort Höflas bei Konnersreuth stammen. Therese Neumann wurde als erstes von zehn Kindern des Schneidermeisters Ferdinand Neumann und seiner Ehefrau Anna, geb. Grillmeier in der Nacht zum Karfreitag 1898 geboren. Sie wurde nach mehreren Stürzen bettlägerig und erblindete 1919. Wie vollständig die Erblindung war, ist nicht bekannt. 1923, am Tag der Seligsprechung der Therese von Lisieux, konnte sie plötzlich wieder sehen, 1925, am Tag der Heiligsprechung ihrer Namenspatronin, verschwand auch die Lähmung. Ab 1926 zeigten sich bei Therese Neumann Stigmata, was zu einem starken Besucherandrang führte. Teilweise wurden an Karfreitagen, an welchen die Stigmatisierungen besonders zu Tage traten, bis zu 5.000 Besucher gezählt. Die Besucher berichteten relativ übereinstimmend, dass bei Therese Neumann ausgehend von den Augen Blut in breiten Strömen über die Wangen floss. Ebenso sei ein weißes Kopftuch, welches sie trug, blutgetränkt gewesen, was als eine Blutung aus Stigmata durch die Wunden der Dornenkrone erklärt wurde. Sichtbar waren auch geöffnete Wundmale an Händen und Füßen, sowie über den Körper verteilt kleinere Wunden, die als Spuren der Geißelung interpretiert wurden. Therese Neumann starb 1962 an einem Herzinfarkt und wurde auf dem Friedhof in Konnersreuth in einer Gruft beerdigt. Heute ist ihr Grab das Ziel vieler Pilger aus aller Welt.

Nachleben

Die „Wunder“ waren bei vielen Christen schon zu Lebzeiten der Therese Neumann sehr umstritten. Der Priester Dr. Josef Hanauer verfasste mehrere Bücher zum Thema, die sich gegen die „Phänomene von Konnersreuth“ wenden. Er deckt darin zahlreiche Widersprüche, Ungereimtheiten und ungewöhnliche Tatsachen im Leben der Therese Neumann auf. Am 10. Februar 2004 veröffentlichte der international angesehene Kriminalbiologe Mark Benecke in der „Süddeutschen Zeitung“ einen Artikel, in welchem er berichtet, die DNS-Arbeitsgruppe des Münchner Instituts für Rechtsmedizin habe mittlerweile Blut aus den Verbänden der Therese Neumann untersucht. Es stamme tatsächlich von ihr selber und nicht etwa von Tieren. Nicht auszuschließen bleibe hierbei freilich, dass sich die „Resl“ die Wunden selbst zugefügt haben könnte. Weder die Stigmatisierungen noch die Nahrungslosigkeit wurden von der katholischen Kirche offiziell anerkannt, die bereits 1927 vor Wallfahrten nach Konnersreuth warnte; dennoch hat die „Resl“ ihren festen Platz in der Volksfrömmigkeit; ein Gesuch um ihre Seligsprechung fand 40.000 Unterstützer. Der Regensburger Bischof Gerhard Ludwig Müller eröffnete im Jahr 2005 den Seligsprechungsprozess für Therese Neumann, nachdem er das erforderliche Nihil obstat von der römischen Kongregation für Selig- und Heiligsprechungen erlangt hatte.

Medizinische Sichtweise

Aus medizinischer Sichtweise sind die vorgenannten Besonderheiten bzw. Phänomene als unmöglich zu bezeichnen (vgl dazu: Wunder). Inwieweit die Psyche Einfluss auf diese Phänomene hat ist noch ungeklärt. Man weiß aber, dass die Psyche direkt Körperfunktionen beeinflussen kann.

Literatur

- Wolfgang Bekh: Therese von Konnersreuth oder die Herausforderung Satans. - München : Ludwig, 1994. - ISBN 3-7787-3473-3
- Joseph Naber: Tagebücher über Therese Neumann († 1962) und Aufzeichnungen. - München : Schnell & Steiner, 1987. - ISBN 3-7954-0158-5
- Albert Panzer: Licht von drüben : ein Journalist begleitet das mystische Leben der Therese Neumann. - Amberg : Verl. „Der neue Tag“, 1992
- Paul Rieder: Die Stigmatisierte von Konnersreuth : Therese Neumann vor der Seligsprechung. - Wien : Mediatrix-Verl., 1979. - ISBN 3-85406-015-7
- Max Rößler: Therese Neumann von Konnersreuth. - Würzburg : Naumann, 1989. - ISBN 3-88567-056-9
- Ulrich Veh: Die Resl : Therese Neumann von Konnersreuth. - Eichstätt : s.n., 1988

Weblinks

- [http://www.therese-neumann.de Offizielle Homepage Therese Neumann von Konnersreuth (Konnersreuther Ring e.V.)]
- [http://www.pfarrei-konnersreuth.de Katholische Pfarrei „St. Laurentius“ Konnersreuth]
- [http://www.fockenfeld.de Spätberufenenschule „St. Josef“ Fockenfeld bei Konnersreuth]
-
- http://www.benecke.com/konnersreuth.html
- [http://www.indian-skeptic.org/html/hanauer/schwi.htm Der Schwindel von Konnersreuth - Josef Hanauer]
- [http://reluctant-messenger.com/yogananda/chapter_39.htm „Autobiographie eines Yogi“, Kapitel 39: „Therese Neumann, the Catholic Stigmatist“] von Paramahansa Yogananda
- [http://www.konnersreuth.de Markt Konnersreuth] Neumann, Therese Neumann, Therese Neumann, Therese Neumann, Therese Neumann, Therese

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