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Barberton

Barberton

Barberton is een van die oudste dorpe in die Mpumalanga-provinsie van Suid-Afrika. Die dorp het sy ontstaan te danke aan die ontdekking van goud in die jaar 1882. Suid-Afrika se eerste aandelebeurs is in Barberton gestig. Die dorp het ook sy naam verleen aan die Barbertonse Madeliefie (daisy), wêreldwyd bekend onder sy genusnaam Gerbera. Die Gerbera is met groot sukses veredel deur kwekers. Van die oudste rots op aarde word in Barberton-omgewing gevind. Die rots word gedateer as ongeveer 3 000 miljoen jaar oud. Kategorie:Dorp in Suid-Afrika

Suid-Afrika

Suid-Afrika is 'n republiek aan die suidpunt van Afrika. Dit word begrens aan die noorde deur Namibië, Botswana en Zimbabwe, en na die noordooste deur Mosambiek en Swaziland. Lesotho is heeltemal vervat binne die grense van Suid-Afrika. Suid-Afrika is een van die mees etnies-diverse lande in Afrika. Rasse- en etniese stryd was nog altyd 'n groot deel van die geskiedenis en politiek van die land.

Ander name

Suid-Afrika het 11 amptelike tale, wat tweede in terme van getalle is slegs tot Indië. As gevolg hiervan is daar vele aanvaarde amptelike name vir die land:
- Republiek van Suid-Afrika (Afrikaans)
- Republic of South Africa (Engels)
- IRiphabliki yeSewula Afrika (Ndebele)
- IRiphabliki yaseMzantsi Afrika (Xhosa)
- IRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika (Zoeloe)
- Rephaboliki ya Afrika-Borwa (Noord-Sotho)
- Rephaboliki ya Afrika Borwa (Sesotho)
- Rephaboliki ya Aforika Borwa (Tswana)
- IRiphabhulikhi yeNingizimu Afrika (Swazi)
- Riphabuḽiki ya Afurika Tshipembe (Venda)
- Riphabliki ra Afrika Dzonga (Tsonga) Agt nie-amptelike tale word ook erken: Fanagalo, Lobedu, Noord-Ndebele, Phuthi, Gebaretaal, Khoe, Nama en San. Sien ook Tale in Suid-Afrika. Laastens gebruik 'n klein aantal Suid-Afrikaners die naam Azanië eerder as 'Suid-Afrika', wat hulle verwerp weens die koloniale oorsprong daarvan. Hulle is meestal lede van partye wat vanuit 'n Afrosentriese linkse tradisie kom, soos die Pan-Africanist Congress of Azania, en groepe wat uit skeurings daarvan ontstaan het, soos die Azanian People's Organization (AZAPO).

Geskiedenis

Hoofartikel: Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika
- Apartheid

Politiek

Hoofartikel: Politiek van Suid-Afrika

Politieke partye in die parlement in 2003


- ACDP (Afrikan Christen Demokratiese Party)
- ANC (African National Congress)
- AEB (Afrikaner-eenheidsbeweging)
- AZAPO (Azanian Peoples' Organisation)
- DA (Demokratiese Alliansie)
- IVP (Inkatha-vryheidsparty)
- MF (Minority Front)
- NNP (Nuwe Nasionale Party)
- OD (Onafhanklike Demokrate Patricia de Lille)
- PAC (Pan-Africanist Congress)
- UCDP (United Christian Democratic Party)
- UDM (United Democratic Movement)
- VF (Vryheidsfront)

Provinsies

Suid-Afrika het tot 1994 uit slegs vier provinsies bestaan: Transvaal, Oranje-Vrystaat, Natal en die Kaapprovinsie. Sedert die totstandkoming van die volskaalse demokratiese Suid-Afrika in 1994, is die land verdeel in 9 provinsies (die provinsie se hoofstad volg in hakies op die provinsie se naam):
- Gauteng (Johannesburg)
- KwaZulu-Natal (Pietermaritzburg)
- Limpopo (Polokwane)
- Mpumalanga (Nelspruit)
- Noord-Kaap (Kimberley)
- Noordwes (Mafikeng)
- Oos-Kaap (Bisho)
- Vrystaat (Bloemfontein)
- Wes-Kaap (Kaapstad)

Geografie

right Hoofartikel: Geografie van Suid-Afrika Suid-Afrika is geleë aan die suidpunt van Afrika. Suid-Afrika grens aan Namibië, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Swaziland en Mosambiek en omsluit ook Lesotho.
- Stede van Suid-Afrika
- Dorpe van Suid-Afrika

Ekonomie

Hoofartikel: Ekonomie van Suid-Afrika Volgens 'n ondersoek, wat deur Standard Bank gedoen is, is toerisme tans die belangrikste verskaffer van buitelandse valuta vir die land, met 'n inkomste van R 53,9 miljard in 2003 (of sewe persent van die bruto binnelandse produk) - nog voor die goudmynbou, wat R 35,3 miljard verdien het.

Wynbou

Suid-Afrika is met 2,7 persent van die jaarlikse produksie, wat gelykstaan an 730 miljoen liter, tans die negende grootste wynprodusent ter wêreld. Sowat 4 450 wynprodusente is in die land geregistreer. Danksy die toenemende internasionale gewildheid van Suid-Afrikaanse wyne het die uitvoersyfers sedert die jare negentig skerp gestyg en beloop in 2002 reeds 220 miljoen liter (teenoor 'n skrale 25 miljoen in 1991). Die gewildste soorte vir die internasionale mark is Chenin Blanc en Cabernet Suvignon.
- Mynbou
- Suid-Afrikaanse wapentuig
- Toerisme

Demografie

Hoofartikel: Demografie van Suid-Afrika

Kultuur

Hoofartikel: Kultuur van Suid-Afrika
- Suid-Afrikaanse digters
- Suid-Afrikaanse skrywers
- Suid-Afrikaanse kunstenaars
- Suid-Afrikaanse musikante
Kategorie:Lande van AfrikaKategorie:Suid-Afrikaja:南アフリカ共和国ko:남아프리카 공화국ms:Afrika Selatansimple:South Africazh-min-nan:Lâm-hui

1882

Gebeure


- Die Duitse dokter Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch ontdek die tubercle bacillus
- 19 November - Dr. Dardo Rocha stig die stad La Plata (Argentinië)

Geboortes


-

Sterftes


- ---- Dae | eeue | Geskiedenis
18de eeu19de eeu20ste eeu
1879188018811882188318841885
Kategorie:19de eeu ko:1882년 simple:1882

Aarde

] Die aarde is die planeet waarop ons lewe. Dit is die derde planeet van die son af en wentel binne 'n jaar daarom. Die aarde draai een keer per dag om sy eie as. Twee derdes van die oppervlak is met water bedek en die res met land. Die aarde het 'n satelliet, die maan, wat elke 27.32 dae om die aarde wentel. Die aarde se ouderdom word op vier biljoen jaar geskat. Die afstand vanaf die ewenaar tot by die pool is omtrent tienduisend kilometer. Die algemeenste element in die aarde se kors is silikon. Die kern van die aarde is waarskynlik van gesmelte yster. Die aarde het 'n magneetveld, wat die energieke partikels van die sonwind afweer. Daar is 'n osoonlaag hoog bo die aarde wat skadelike sonstrale afskerm. Die oppervlakte van die aarde is verdeel in oseane, vastelande en eilande. Dit is ook verdeel in lande, waarvan Rusland die grootste is. Die hoogste berg is die Berg Everest, die diepste deel is die Mariana-skeurvallei. Die droogste plek is die Acama woestyn in Suid-Amerika, en die natste is Cherrapoenji in Indië, die koudste is Antarktika.

Sien ook


- Aardbewing ja:地球 ko:지구 ms:Bumi simple:Earth th:โลก zh-min-nan:Tē-kiû

Kategorie:Dorp in Suid-Afrika

Kategorie:Geografie van Suid-Afrika

State capitalist

"Its capitalism, Jim, but not as we know it." - Paul Mattick State Capitalism describes a capitalist society wherein the productive forces are owned and run by a state. The theory of the USSR as (state) capitalist has been around since the very foundation of the USSR, and is now embraced by not only anarchists and left- / council communists, but also by many trotskyists and maoists.

Use by Trotskyists

The most common definition of state capitalism within Marxist literature is that it is a social system combining capitalism (the wage labor system of producing and appropriating surplus value) with state ownership. A state capitalist country is therefore a country where the government controls the economy and essentially acts like a single giant corporation. A relatively recent text by Stephen A. Resnick and Richard D. Wolff, Class Theory and History, explores state capitalism in the former Soviet Union, continuing a theme that has been debated within Marxist theory for most of the past century. Much of this debate has been among Trotskyist communist groups, among whom the most influential formulation has been that of Tony Cliff, associated with the International Socialist Tendency and the British Socialist Workers Party (SWP), although the discussion goes back to internal debates in the Left Opposition in the late 1920s.

Use by Left- / Council communists

The earliest critique on the USSR as state capitalist was formulated by various groups of the communist left. For example did one major tendency of the 1918 communist left criticise the re-employment of authoritarian capitalist relations and methods within production. As Ossinsky in particular argued, one man management and the other impositions of capitalist discipline would stifle the active participation of workers in the organisation of production; Taylorism turned workers into the appendages of machines, and piece-wages imposed individualist rather than collective rewards in production so installing petty bourgeois values into workers. In sum these measures were rightly seen as the re-transformation of proletarians within production from collective subject back into the atomised objects of capital. The working class, it was argued, had to consciously participate in economic as well as political administration. In this best tendency within the 1918 Left Communists, there was an emphasis on the problem with capitalist production being the way it turned workers into objects, and on its transcendence lying in their conscious creativity and participation, that is reminiscent of Marx's critique of alienation. Modern left communists share with the trotskyists the definition of state capitalism as a social system combining capitalism with state ownership, but they also have some objections. The left communist group [http://www.geocities.com/aufheben2 Aufheben] have for example pointed out three primary flaws on Cliff's theory:
- 1) Cliff's attempt to make the point of counter-revolution and the introduction of state capitalism coincide with Stalin's first five year plan (and Trotsky's exile);
- 2) his denial that the law of value operated within the USSR; and
- 3) his orthodox Marxist insistence that state capitalism was the highest stage of capitalism which implied that the USSR was more advanced than Western capitalism.

Use by Maoists

From 1956 to the early 1980s, the Chinese Maoists and their Maoist or anti-revisionist adherents around the world often described the Soviet Union as state capitalist, as part of their description of the style and politics of Khrushchev and his successors. After Mao's death, amid the supporters of the Cultural Revolution and the exploits of the 'Gang of Four', some stuck with this formulation while others extended it to China, and most ceased to be Maoists.

State Capitalism in Western countries

An alternate definition is that state capitalism is a close relationship between the government and private capitalism, such as one in which the private capitalists produce for a guaranteed market. An example of this would be the military-industrial complex where autonomous entrepreneurial firms produce for government contracts and are not subject to the discipline of competitive markets. Many, including Cliff, see this as part of a continuum characterizing the modern world economy with 'normal' capitalism at one extreme and complete state capitalism like that of the former USSR at the other. This continuum has narrowed somewhat since the 1980s with the collapse of the USSR and its satellites and with large-scale privatization in Eastern Europe and most of the third world. Both the first definition (the one used by Trotskyists) and this fourth one flow from discussion among Marxists at the beginning of the twentieth century, most notably Nikolai Bukharin who, in his book Imperialism and the world economy thought that advanced, 'imperialist' countries exhibited the latter definition and considered (and rejected) the possibility that they could arrive at the former.

See also


- Other theories regarding Stalinist and Soviet-style societies:
  - Bureaucratic collectivism
  - Coordinatorism
  - Deformed workers state
  - Degenerated workers state
- New class
- State socialism
- Statism

External links


- [http://upl.silentwhisper.net/uplfolders/upload2/what_was_the_ussr_en.pdf What was the USSR?]by [http://www.geocities.com/aufheben2 Aufheben]
- [http://www.marxists.org/archive/cliff/works/1955/statecap/index.htm State Capitalism in Russia] by Tony Cliff
- [http://www.marxists.org/archive/bukharin/works/1917/imperial/index.htm Imperialism and World Economy] by Nikolai Bukharin Category:Trotskyism

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