Guillaume Rondelet

Guillaume Rondelet (1507-1566) was professor of medicine at the university of Montpellier in southern France. Famed as a teacher, Rondelet was also the author of a book on the natural history of fishes. He may have been the model for Dr. Rondibilis in the Tiers livre of François Rabelais. Rondelet, Guillaume Rondelet, Guillaume Category:French physicians

1507

Events

- The western continent is named America on the maps of Martin Waldseemüller.
- Cisneros, inquisidor general de Castilla.
- The Portuguese occupy Mozambique and the islands Sokotra and Lamu.

Arts and Literature

- Rafael: "Burial of Jesus"

Science and Technology

- Martin Waldseemüller: "Introduction to Universal Cosmography".

Births

- March 7 - Magdalena of Saxony (died 1534)
- September 16 - Jiajing Emperor of China (died 1567)
- December 18 - Ouchi Yoshitaka, Japanese warlord (died 1551)
- Pieter Aertsen, Dutch painter (died 1573)
- Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Spanish general (died 1582)
- Bálint Bakfark, Hungarian composer (died 1576)
- Guillaume Rondelet, French physician (died 1566)
- Ralph Sadler, English statesman (died 1587)
- Johannes Sturm, German educator (died 1589)
- Inés Suárez, Spanish conquistadora (died 1580)

Deaths

- March 12 - Cesare Borgia, Italian general and statesman (born 1475)
- April 2 - Francis of Paola, Italian founder of the Order of the Minims (born 1416)
- July 29 - Martin Behaim, German navigator and geographer (born 1459)
- August 23 - Jean Molinet, French writer (born 1435)
- Jan Feliks "Szram" Tarnowski, Polish nobleman (born 1471) Category:1507 ko:1507년

1566

Events

- January 7 - Pius V becomes Pope
- Selim II succeeds Suleiman I as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
- Religious rioting in the Netherlands signifies the beginning of the Eighty Years War in the Netherlands.
- The first bridge crossing the Neretva river at Mostar (in modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina) is completed by the Ottoman Empire. The white marble bridge is now known as Stari Most (or "Old Bridge").
- Spanish Doubloon first made during the rein of Phillip II of Spain.

Births

- March 8 - Carlo Gesualdo, Italian composer and murderer (died 1613)
- May 26 - Mehmed III, Ottoman Emperor (died 1603)
- June 19 - King James VI of Scotland/James I of England and Ireland (died 1625)
- June 20 (O.S.) - King Sigismund III of Poland (d. 1632)
- August 12 - Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain (d. 1633)
- September 1 - Edward Alleyn, English actor (died 1626)
- September 18 - King Sigismund III of Poland/Sigismund I of Sweden (died 1632)
- October 13 - Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, Irish politician (died 1643)
- November 10 - Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, English politician (died 1601)
- December 11 - (baptised) - Manuel Cardoso, Portuguese composer (died 1650)
- December 20 - Edward Wightman, English Baptist martyr (died 1612)
- Pietro Cerone, Italian music theorist (died 1625)
- Giovanni Baglione, Italian painter and historian of art (died 1643)
- Jan Jesenius, Slovak physician (died 1621)
- Michal Sedziwój, Polish alchemist (died 1636)
- James Sempill, Scottish theologian (died 1626) See also :Category: 1566 births.

Deaths

- January 7 - Louis de Blois, Flemish mystical writer (born 1506)
- February 3 - George Cassander, Flemish theologian (born 1513)
- March 9 - David Rizzio, Italian secretary of Mary I of Scotland (born 1533)
- March 26 - Antonio de Cabezón, Spanish composer and organist (born 1510)
- March 28 - Sigismund von Herberstein, Austrian diplomat (born 1486)
- April 25 - Diane de Poitiers, mistress of King Henri II of France (born 1499)
- April 25 - Louise Labé, French poet (born 1525)
- May 4 - Luca Ghini, Italian physician and botanist (born 1490)
- May 10 - Leonhart Fuchs, German physician and a botanist (born 1501)
- July 1 - Nostradamus, French astrologer (born 1503)
- July 17 - Bartolomé de Las Casas, Spanish priest (b. 1484)
- September 5 - Suleiman the Magnificent, Ottoman Sultan (born 1494)
- September 22 - Johannes Agricola, German protestant reformer (born 1494)
- Jacob Acontius, Swiss jurist
- Charles Dumoulin, French jurist (born 1500)
- Richard Edwards, English poet (born 1523)
- Thomas Hoby, English diplomat and translator (born 1530)
- Kimotsuki Kanetsugu, Japanese samurai (born 1511)
- Calvagh O'Donnell, Irish chieftain
- Guillaume Rondelet, French doctor (born 1507)
- Marco Girolamo Vida, Italian poet (born 1490)
- Taddeo Zuccaro, Italian painter (born 1529) See also :Category: 1566 deaths. Category:1566 ko:1566년

Montpellier

Montpellier (Occitan Montpelhièr) is a city in the south of France. It is the capital of the Languedoc-Roussillon région, as well as the préfecture (administrative capital) of the Hérault département. Population of the city (commune) of Montpellier at the 1999 census was 225,392 inhabitants, whereas the whole metropolitan area (in French: aire urbaine) had a population of 459,916 inhabitants in 1999. As of February 2004 estimates, the population of the city of Montpellier reached 244,700 inhabitants, meaning a record 1.7% population growth per year between 1999 and 2004.

Geography and economy

The city is situated on hilly ground 10 km (6 miles) inland from the Mediterranean coast at the coordinates 43°37N 3°52E, on the River Lez. The name of the city, originally Monspessulanus, is said to have stood for mont pelé (the naked hill, because the vegetation was poor), or le mont de la colline (the mount of the hill) [http://www.montpellier-herault.com/histoire-generale1.html]; an alternative theory is that it was named for the hill of Monte Pestelario. It is a major industrial centre, producing textiles, metal goods, wine, printed materials and chemicals.

History

Montpellier is one of the few cities in France that does not have a Roman background. In the Early Middle Ages the nearby episcopal town of Maguelone was the major settlement in the area, but raids by pirates encouraged settlement a little further inland. Montpellier, first mentioned in a document of 985, was founded under a local feudal dynasty, the Guillem counts of Toulouse, who joined together two hamlets, built a castle and walls around the settlement. The two surviving towers of the city walling, the Tour des Pins and the Tour de la Babotte are later in date, however. Montpellier came to prominence in the 10th century as a trading centre, with trading links across the Mediterranean world and a rich Jewish cultural life and traditions of tolerance of its Muslims, Jews and Cathars— and later of its Protestants. William VII of Montpellier established a faculty of medicine in 1180; the city's university was established in 1220 and was one of the chief centers for the teaching of medicine. This marked the high point of Montpellier's prominence. medicine The city became a possession of the kings of Aragon in 1213 by the marriage of Peter II of Aragon with Marie of Montpellier, who brought the city as her dowry. Montpellier gained a charter in 1204 when Peter and Marie confirmed the city's traditional freedoms and granted the city the right to choose twelve governing consuls annually. Montpellier remained a possession of the crown of Aragon until it passed to James III of Majorca, who sold the city to the French king Philip VI in 1349, to raise funds for his ongoing struggle with Peter IV of Aragon. In the 14th century, Montpellier gained a church (not yet a cathedral) dedicated to Saint Peter, noteworthy for its very unusual porch supported by two high, somewhat rocket-like towers. With its importance steadily increasing, the city finally gained a bishop, who moved from Maguelone in 1536 and sat in the neighbouring community of Montpelliéret (eventually absorbed into Montpellier proper). At the time of the Reformation in the 16th century, many of its inhabitants became Protestants (or Huguenots as they were known in France) and it became a stronghold of Protestant resistance to the (mainly Catholic) French crown. In 1622, King Louis XIII besieged the city and took it after eight months, building the citadel to secure it. During the 19th century the city developed into an industrial centre. In the 1960s, its population grew dramatically after French settlers in Algeria were resettled in the city following Algeria's independence from France.

Lords of Montpellier

Main article: Lords of Montpellier
- William I of Montpellier (d. 1019)
- William II of Montpellier (d. 1025)
- William III of Montpellier (d. 1058)
- William IV of Montpellier (d. 1068)
- William V of Montpellier (d. 1120)
- William VI of Montpellier (d. 1149)
- William VII of Montpellier (d. 1179)
- William VIII of Montpellier (d. 1202)
- Marie of Montpellier (d. 1219)
- and Barral of Marseilles (d. 1194)
- and Bernard IV of Comminges (div. 1201)
- and King Peter II of Aragon (d. 1213)
- James I of Aragon (d. 1276)
- James II of Majorca (d. 1311) Sources
- Lewis, Archibald. "The Guillems of Montpellier: A Sociological Appraisal", 1971.
- [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10545a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia:] Montpellier, diocese of
Notable sights
James II of Majorca] The University of Montpellier is one of the oldest in France, having been granted a charter in 1220 by Cardinal Conrad von Urach and confirmed by Pope Nicholas IV in a papal bull of 1289. It was suppressed during the French Revolution but was re-established in 1896. Several housing projects have been designed by the Catalan architect Ricardo Bofill. The city has a fine botanical garden, the first in France, founded in 1593. Near the university is the 14th century cathedral of Saint-Pierre. A triumphal arch, the Porte du Peyrou, stands nearby; this was built in 1691 and designed in the Doric style with later carvings glorifying King Louis XIV of France. The 17th century Aqueduc St-Clément is a 17th century aqueduct covering an 800m span across the eponymous Les Arceaux ("The Arches") district of the city; it was used to bring water from the St Clément spring 14 km away. The aqueduct emptied into a water tank near the triumphal arch, from where the water would run downhill to fill fountains and public water points.
Famous inhabitants of Montpellier
Montpellier was the birthplace of:
- Antoine Jerome Balard (1802-1876), chemist
- Frédéric Bazille (1841-1870), Impressionist painter
- Alexandre Cabanel (1823-1889), painter
- Auguste Comte (1798-1857), a founder of the discipline of sociology
- Jeanne Demessieux (1921-1968), organist, pianist, composer, and pedagogue
- Natalia Lannes (1986-??), Ballerina famous for her mood swings
- Léo Malet (1909-1996), crime novelist
- Guillaume Mathieu, comte Dumas (1753-1837), military leader
- Charles Bernard Renouvier (1815-1903), philosopher
- Émile Saisset (1814-1863), philosopher
- Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès (1753-1824), lawyer and statesman, author of the Code Napoléon Students at the University of Montpellier have included François Rabelais (1493-1553) and Nostradamus (1503-1566).
Transport
Montpellier is served by railway, including TGV trains. The airport of Montpellier-Fréjorgues is located in the area of Fréjorgues in the town of Mauguio. The TAM (Transport de l'Agglomération de Montpellier) manages the city's public transportation, including its tramway network and several parkings.
Sport
The city is home to the association football club Montpellier Hérault SC, currently of Ligue 2 and to the ice hockey club Montpellier Vipers, who have their home stadium at the Patinoire de l'Agglomération de Montpellier at Odysseum.
- Montpellier Hérault Rugby Club
Cultural Facilities

- Centre Chorégraphique National de Montpellier Languedoc-Roussillon
Twin cities
Montpellier is twinned with:
- Louisville, Kentucky, United States, since 1955
- Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany, since 1961
- Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, since 1963
- Chengdu, Sichuan, China, since 1981
- Tiberias, Israel, since 1983
- Fes, Morocco, since 2003
External links

- [http://www.ville-montpellier.fr/ Official web site] (in French)
- [http://france-for-visitors.com/languedoc/montpellier/index.html Montpellier for visitors] (In English)
- [http://francishannaway.tripod.com/montpellier.htm A visitor in Montpellier - from The Official Francis Hannaway Website] (In English and French)
- Category:Crown of Aragon ja:モンペリエ

François Rabelais

François Rabelais (ca. 1493 - April 9, 1553) was a Renaissance writer, born in Chinon, Indre-et-Loire, France.

France

Life

Rabelais was first a novice of the Franciscan order, and later a friar at Fontenay-le-Comte, where he studied Greek and Latin, as well as science, philology, and law, already becoming known and respected by the humanists of his era, including Budé. Harassed due to the directions of his studies, Rabelais petitioned Pope Clement VII and was granted permission to leave the Franciscans and enter the Benedictine order at Maillezais, where he was more warmly received. Later he left the monastery to study at the University of Poitiers and University of Montpellier. In 1532 he moved to Lyon, one of the intellectual centres of France, and not only practiced medicine, but edited Latin works for the printer Sebastian Gryphius. As a doctor, he used his spare time to write and publish humorous pamphlets which were critical of established authority and stressed his own perception of individual liberty. His revolutionary works, although satirical, revealed an astute observer of the social and political events unfolding during the first half of the sixteenth century. Using a pseudonym, in 1532 he published his first book, Pantagruel, that would be the start of his Gargantua series (see Gargantua and Pantagruel). In his book, Rabelais sang the praises of the wines from his hometown of Chinon through vivid descriptions of the eat, drink and be merry lifestyle. Despite the great popularity of his book, both it and his follow-up book were condemned by the academics at the Sorbonne for their unorthodox ideas and by the Roman Catholic Church for its derision of certain religious practices. Rabelais's third book, published under his own name, was also banned. With support from members of the prominent du Bellay family (esp. Jean du Bellay), Rabelais received the approval from King François I, to continue to publish his collection but after the death of the enlightened king, Rabelais was frowned upon by the academic elite and the French Parliament suspended the sale of his fourth book. Afterwards, Rabelais travelled frequently to Rome with du Bellay, and lived for a short time in Turin with du Bellay's brother, Guillaume, during which François I was his patron. Rabelais probably spent some time in hiding, threatened by being labeled a heretic. Only the protection of du Bellay saved Rabelais after the condemnation of his novel by the Sorbonne. Rabelais later taught medicine at Montpellier in 1537 and 1538, and in 1547 became curate of Saint-Christophe-du-Jambet and of Meudon, from which he resigned before his death in Paris in 1553. He wrote a famous one-sentence Will: "I have nothing, I owe a great deal, and the rest I leave to the poor," and his last words were "I am off in search of a great perhaps."

Contemporary writers on Rabelais

Rabelais attracted many modern writers and scholars. Anatole France lectured on him in Argentina. John Cowper Powys and Wyndham Lewis wrote books about Rabelais. Lucien Febvre, one of the founders of the French historical school Annales wrote a book about him. Mikhail Bakhtin derived his celebrated concept of the carnivalesque and grotesque body from the world of Rabelais' books.

Bibliography

- Pantagruel - 1532
- La vie très horrifique du grand Gargantua - 1534
- Tiers Livre - 1546
- Quart Livre - 1552
- Two versions of a fifth book appeared after his death but how much of this work is that of Rabelais remains unknown.

External links

-
- Project Gutenberg e-text of [http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=1200 Gargantua and Pantagruel]
- [http://www.biblioweb.org/-RABELAIS-Francois-.html Biography, Bibliography, Analysis] (in French) Rabelais, Francois Rabelais, Francois Rabelais, Francois Rabelais, Francois Rabelais, François Category:Humanists ja:フランソワ・ラブレー

Category:1566 deaths

Amelia Earhart

Amelia Earhart est une aviatrice américaine, née le 24 juillet 1897 et morte le 2 juillet 1937.
- Première femme à traverser l'océan Atlantique ;
- Première femme à traverser l'océan Atlantique en solitaire (1932) ;
- Première femme à faire un vol transcontinental sans s'arrêter ;
- Première femme à traverser l'océan Pacifique de Honolulu à la Californie ;
- Première femme à piloter un autogyre ;
- Première femme à voler de Mexico à New York en un temps record de 14 heures, 19 minutes ;
- Première femme à recevoir la Distinguished Flying Cross et la médaille d'or de la Société Nationale Géographique.

Voir aussi

Liens externes

- [http://www.ameliaearhart.com/ Site officiel (en anglais)].
- [http://aerostories.free.fr/earhardt/ Amelia Earhart] sur [http://www.aerostories.org/ aérostories]. Earhart, Amelia Earhart, Amelia Earhart Earhart Earhart ja:アメリア・イアハート

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