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Lud Ullmann

Lud Ullmann

Soviet spy William Ludwig Ullmann was born in Springfield, Missouri in 1908, attended Drury College (now Drury University), and graduated from Harvard Business School with an MBA in 1935. Ulmann then took a job with the National Recovery Administration. There he met Greg and Helen Silvermaster. The three jointly bought a house together in 1938. In 1937 Ullman transferred to the Resettlement Administration (which became the Farm Security Administration). In 1939 Ulmann was recommended by his superior C. B. Baldwin to Harry Dexter White and was hired at the Division of Monetary Research in the United States Department of the Treasury. His immediate supervisor in his new post was Frank Coe. By 1941 Ullman became White's Administrative Assistant. Ulmann worked in the Treasury until he was drafted in 1942. He then obtained a commission in the Army Air Force and through George Silverman was assigned to the Pentagon. He was “chief photographer of stolen government documents for the Silvermaster espionage ring” while a Major in the Material and Services Division of the Army Air Corps. Among the information Ullman supplied to Soviet intelligence were: aircraft production figures, allocation and deployment of aircraft, results of aircraft testing, reports on the efficiency of particular types of planes, technological developments in aircraft manufacture, statistics regarding high octane gasoline, personal data regarding important Air Force officers, opinions of aircraft personnel on other nations, Army gossip, all pertinent developments concerning planning, construction and actual completion of the B-29 Superfortress, proposed movements of the planes when they were completed, the approximate schedule of D Day, copies of directives issued to General George Marshall, and information concerning production, allocation and development of tanks, guns and motorized equipment. He provided the Soviets with a considerable volume of almost every conceivable type of information relating to the United States Air Forces part in World War II. In the basement of the Silvermaster and Ullman home, Ullman maintained a photographic darkroom for copying and processing stolen documents and reducing them to microfilm. The volume of information eventually became so overwhelming that only negatives were completed because Ullman couldn't process the stolen documents fast enough. The information was then passed on through Elizabeth Bentley. After his discharge in 1943, he returned to the Treasury Department. Ullman was a United States delegate to the United Nations Charter meeting at San Francisco and to the Bretton Woods Conference as Harry Dexter White's assistant. Ullman was never prosecuted, became a real estate developer in New Jersey and died in 1993 with an $8 million estate.

Source

- James Burnham, Web of Subversion
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External link

- [http://www.njmonthly.com/issues/Jun05/spies.html New Jersey Monthly, The Spies of Loveladies] Ullman, William Ullman, William Ullman, William

Springfield, Missouri

Springfield is the third largest city in Missouri. It is the county seat of Greene County. The city was named after Springfield, Massachusetts.

Geography

Springfield is located at 37°11'42" North, 93°17'10" West (37.195098, -93.286213). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 191.1 km² (73.8 mi²). 189.5 km² (73.2 mi²) of it is land and 1.7 km² (0.6 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.87% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 151,580 people, 64,691 households, and 35,709 families residing in the city. The population density is 800.0/km² (2,072.0/mi²). There are 69,650 housing units at an average density of 367.6/km² (952.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 91.69% White, 3.27% African American, 0.75% Native American, 1.36% Asian, 0.09% Pacific Islander, 0.88% from other races, and 1.95% from two or more races. 2.31% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 64,691 households out of which 24.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.7% are married couples living together, 10.9% have a female householder with no husband present, and 44.8% are non-families. 35.3% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.17 and the average family size is 2.82. In the city the population is spread out with 19.9% under the age of 18, 17.4% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.9% are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 34 years. For every 100 females there are 92.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 90.0 males. The median income for a household in the city is $29,563, and the median income for a family is $38,114. Males have a median income of $27,778 versus $20,980 for females. The per capita income for the city is $17,711. 15.9% of the population and 9.9% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 19.1% of those under the age of 18 and 7.9% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Education

High schools in Springfield include Kickapoo High School, which was attended by actor Brad Pitt, and Central High School, which was attended by Bob Barker and civil rights figure Linda Brown and Hillcrest High School which was attended by John Ashcroft. Other high schools include Glendale High School, Parkview High School, Greenwood Laboratory School and Springfield Catholic High School. Colleges and universities located in Springfield include Baptist Bible College, Central Bible College, Drury University, Evangel University, Forest Institute of Professional Psychology, Missouri State University, Ozarks Technical Community College, St. John's College of Nursing and Health Sciences of Southwest Baptist University, Vatterott College, Springfield College and Bryan College.

Famous People

Former U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft is from Springfield. Hotelier John Q. Hammons of Hammons Hotels resides in Springfield. Bass Pro Shops founder John L. Morris resides in Springfield. Funnyman Richard Christy from The Howard Stern Show previously resided in Springfield and played drums in the legendary midwestern death metal band Public Assassin. 1950's rock n' roll singer Robin Luke resides in Springfield. Aaron Buerge, "The Bachelor" of 2002, resides in Springfield. Actor Brad Pitt grew up in Springfield and many of his family members still live there. Actor Jay Kenneth Johnson grew up in Springfield. Broadway performer Kim Crosby grew up and currently resides in Springfield. Astronaut Janet Kavandi was raised in Springfield. The late pro golfer Payne Stewart grew up in Springfield. "Star Search" winner Jake Simpson, Olympian runner Jason Pyrah, Olympian volleyball team member Lori Endicott and actor Don Johnson were raised in the Springfield area. Game show host Bob Barker attended college at Drury University in Springfield. Actor John Goodman attended Missouri State University in Springfield. The University was then called Southwest Missouri State University.

History

1829: Future site of Springfield designated by John Polk Campbell. The first settlers (the brothers Fulbright and their families) follow in 1830. 1833: The state legislature designated most of the southern portion of Missouri a single county. 1835: Springfield becomes the county seat of Greene County. February 18, 1838: Springfield is first incorporated with a population of 300. 1838: The Trail of Tears traveled through the Springfield area via what is known as The Old Wire Road. 1858: The first westbound stagecoach, the Butterfield Overland Mail, reaches Springfield. 1861: American Civil War - Union troops under Brig. Gen. Nathaniel Lyon take control of the city soon after war breaks out. Nathaniel Lyon August 10, 1861: American Civil War Battle of Wilson's Creek - Confederate forces under Brig. Gen. Benjamin McCulloch and Maj. Gen. Sterling Price march on the city. Confederate and Union forces meet 12 miles outside the city. In the bloody fighting which ensues, Gen. Lyon is killed and Col. Franz Sigel leads a Union retreat to Springfield and then Rolla. Confederate troops occupy Springfield. 1862: American Civil War - Confederates abandon Springfield to Union forces led by Maj. Gen. Samuel R. Curtis. January 8, 1863: American Civil War Battle of Springfield - A Union garrison under Brig. Gen. Egbert Brown repels a Confederate attack led by Brig. Gen. John S. Marmaduke. July 21, 1865: Wild Bill Hickok shoots Dave Tutt dead in the town square over a gambling dispute. The shootout reported nationwide is regarded as the first true western showdown. 1870: First railroad, the St. Louis-San Francisco line. 1887: Springfield merges with North Springfield. January, 1888: First mail delivery. 1905: Three African-American men are lynched in the town square for allegedly raping a white woman, though guilt was never established. This event sparked a mass exodus of African-Americans from the area, who still remain a vast minority. 1910: First electric lights installed. 1926: AASHTO settles dispute over U.S. Highway 60. Cyrus Avery (head of the group), who is in Springfield at the time, accepts the number 66 for the new Chicago-Los Angeles route. Springfield gains the nickname "Birthplace of Route 66". 1927: First radio station. 1947: Red's Giant Hamburgs, world's first drive-thru restaurant, is opened. January, 1955: First color television broadcast in the city by KOLR-TV. 1963: Cashew chicken created and served for the first time at Leong's Tea House. 1990: First "Historic Route 66" marker on US 66 is placed in Springfield.

Issues

In 2003, the city council of Springfield prohibited smoking in restaurants except for specific listed exceptions. [http://www.ci.springfield.mo.us/egov/minutes/smokeord_sum.html] In November 2004, voters turned down a plan to fund a new coal fired power plant in the city. Many voters who were polled stated concerns about the pollution that a new coal power plant would cause. The local utility company has started a comprehensive study to come up with a new solution to meet the communities growing power needs. In August, 2005, Springfield announced plans to annex a large chunk of southeastern Greene County. Plans called, if necessary, to force the area into the city. The annexation was called off after an agreement was reached with Rogersville to the east which also filed to annex the same area. The previous couple of years of annexation has become a controversial issue and included a lawsuit with neighboring Brookline.

Landmarks

Brookline The Abou Ben Adhem Shrine Mosque, located on St. Louis Street, is on the National Register of Historic Places. The Assemblies of God International Headquarters is in Springfield. Bass Pro Shops, the first and largest Bass Pro in the country, is headquartered in Springfield. Dickerson Park Zoo is famous for its Asian elephant breeding program. Discovery Center of Springfield is an interactive hands-on science center for kids. Fantastic Caverns, the only cave in North America large enough to ride through, is just north of Springfield. The privately-owned cave is open to the public and visitors can tour the cave in a Jeep-drawn tram. Springfield's Incredible Pizza Company was the first Incredible Pizza Company in the nation. The 562-foot Jefferson Avenue Footbridge, a more than 100-year-old bridge, allows pedestrians to cross 13 sets of railroad tracks. Trainwatching from the bridge is a popular activity. Juanita K. Hammons Hall for the Performing Arts on the Missouri State University campus, is a state-of-the-art multi-purpose performing arts center. The beautifully restored Baroque Renaissance/Napoleon style Landers Theatre, built in 1909, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Missouri Sports Hall of Fame is just east of Springfield. The Mizumoto Stroll Garden at Nathanael Greene Park features Japanese-style landscaping, teahouse, moonbridge, moon deck and pagoda. The 14 acre (57,000 m²) Springfield National Cemetery is the only cemetery in the United States where the dead on both sides of the American Civil War are buried side by side. The dead of the North and South, however, are separated by a low stone wall. Veterans of all U.S. Wars - including the Revolutionary War - are buried in the cemetery. Pythian Castle was originally built in 1913 by the Knights of Pythias and later owned by the U.S. Military. It is now open to the public and the owners offer swing and ballroom dance lessons, dances, murder mystery nights and other activities. The castle is certified as haunted. [http://springfieldcardinals.com/ Springfield Cardinals] AA baseball team. Historic U.S. Highway 66 - also known as "The Mother Road" - passes through the city (nicknamed "The Birthplace of Route 66") on Kearney Street, Glenstone Avenue, St. Louis Street, College Street, and Chestnut Expressway. Wilson's Creek National Battlefield, site of the Battle of Wilson's Creek, is a few miles southwest of Springfield. The Hulston Civil War Library, with one of the largest collections of softbound volumes on the Civil War in the National Park Service is located at Wilson's Creek National Battlefield. General Sweeny's Museum of Civil War History was acquired by the National Parks Service and added to Wilson's Creek National Battlefield in 2005. Wonders of Wildlife Museum & Aquarium showcases more than 225 species of live animals, fresh and saltwater aquariums, interactive displays and educational programs. WOW opened in 2001.

Nicknames

Springfield is known as "The Queen City of the Ozarks." The reason for this is unknown. One theory is that the city is the "gem" of the Ozarks. It is also known as "The Birthplace of Route 66," due to its early connection with the designation of that highway. A plaque in Park Central Square was dedicated to the city by the Route 66 Association of Missouri for just that.

Sister Cities

- Tlaquepaque, Jalisco, Mexico
- Isesaki, Gunma, Japan

Transportation

Springfield is served by Interstate 44 which connects it with St. Louis and Tulsa, Oklahoma. U.S. Highway 60, U.S. Highway 65, and U.S. Highway 160 pass through the city, and formerly U.S. Highway 66 and U.S. Highway 166 also passed through the city. Portions of the historic U.S. 66 can still be seen in portions of the city. U.S. 166's eastern terminus was once located in the northeast section of the city, and U.S. 60 originally ended (westbound) in downtown Springfield. U.S. 60 now goes through town on James River Freeway. Missouri State Highway 13 carries traffic north towards Kansas City. Major streets include Glenstone Avenue, Sunshine Street, Kansas Expressway, Battlefield Road, Republic Road, West By-pass, Chestnut Expressway, and Kearney Street. The Burlington Northern Railway also goes through the city. Springfield-Branson Regional Airport serves the city.

External links

- [http://www.ci.springfield.mo.us/ Official Site of Springfield, Missouri]
- [http://www.SpringfieldAdventures.com/ Springfield, Missouri, Convention & Visitors Bureau]
- [http://www.springfieldchamber.com/ Springfield Area Chamber of Commerce]
- [http://sps.k12.mo.us/ Springfield Public Schools]
- [http://www.myspringfield.net/ Springfield, MO informational site]
- [http://www.bestof417.com/ All the best of the 417 Area Code at Best of 417] Category:Cities in Missouri Category:Greene County, Missouri Category:Communities on U.S. Highway 66

Drury University

Drury University is a private, liberal arts school in Springfield, Missouri. It was founded as Springfield College in 1873 by Congregationalist church missionaries, and patterned after existing Congregationalist universities such as Oberlin College, Dartmouth College, Carleton College, and Yale University. Rev. Nathan Morrison, Samuel Drury, and James and Charles Harwood provided the school's initial endowment and organization; Drury's endowment was the largest of the group, so before the year was over the school was renamed in honor of Drury's recently deceased son. Drury College became Drury University on January 1, 2000. From the website: Drury began in 1873. It was organized by Congregational home missionaries who felt the need for an academically strong liberal arts college in the area. Patterned after the Congregationalist liberal-arts colleges of the North, such as Oberlin, Carleton, Dartmouth, Yale and Harvard, the college would offer an environment of strong academic discourse and intellectual achievement. After much debate, Springfield was chosen over Neosho, Mo., as the college’s location. Four men then joined to organize and endow what they named Springfield College: James Harwood and Charles Harwood of Springfield, The Rev. Nathan Morrison of Olivet, Mich., and Samuel Drury of Otsego, Mich. Drury’s gift of $25,000 was the largest, and the college was renamed for his recently deceased son. Morrison was chosen as the first president; he rang the bell to begin classes on Sept. 25, 1873. The early curriculum emphasized educational, religious and musical strengths. Students came to the new college from a wide area, including the Indian Territories of Oklahoma. The first graduating class consisted of four women. Drury started small, in a single building. When classes began in 1873, the campus occupied less than 1½ acres. Twenty-five years later the 40-acre campus included Stone Chapel, the President’s House and three academic buildings. Today, there is an 80-acre campus, including the original site, but with facilities not envisioned by the founders. Drury College became Drury University on Jan. 1, 2000, reflecting its growing role in higher education. In addition to the academic programs of the early years, Drury students today study in the Breech School of Business Administration, the Hammons School of Architecture, and the departments of education, mathematics and sciences, social sciences, exercise and sport science, to name a few. The list of majors and minors Drury offers has grown too and now includes high tech ones such as computer science, computer information systems and e-commerce. Drury was one of the first universities in the state to offer continuing education and evening classes to meet the needs of non-traditional students. Today the College of Graduate and Continuing Studies serves nearly three thousand students, in Springfield and at nine satellite campuses. Unchanged is the commitment to providing a quality academic experience; preparing students for working and living in today's world; learning the value of service to their communities, and experiencing diversity. Drury College admitted female students from the beginning; the first graduating class included four women. The school was a founding member of the Heartland Conference. In the Fall of 2005, the Drury Panthers joined the [http://www.glvcsports.com Great Lakes Valley Conference]. Drury sponsors NCAA Division II intercollegiate athletic teams in: men's and women's basketball, men's and women's cross country, men's and women's golf, men's and women's soccer, men's and women's swimming, men's and women's tennis, and women's volleyball.

External link

- [http://www.drury.edu/ Official website] Category:Universities and colleges in Missouri

2005-2006 Drury students (alphabetically)

[http://brandy.weblogs.us/ Brandy Bowmaster] (Spanish major), [http://www.xanga.com/home.aspx?user=unimaginativejulie Julie Feldman] (Art major), [http://www.xanga.com/Taiping Lindsay Westbrook]

Drury alumni (alphabetically)

[http://ccannizzaro.com/ Chris Cannizzaro] (MBA), [http://www.jdhodges.com JD Hodges] (CIS)

National Recovery Administration

As part of the New Deal in the United States, the National Recovery Administration (Created by the National Industrial Recovery Act) was developed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his Administration. It allowed industries to create "codes of fair competition," which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours. Most economic historians consider the NRA to be a resounding failure. The codes allowed cartels to be established in many industries. As these firms increased their prices, sales fell, employment fell and the recovery from the Great Depression stalled. The NRA, symbolized by the blue eagle, was very popular with workers. Businesses that supported the NRA put the symbol in their shop windows and on their packages. Though membership to the NRA was voluntary, business's that did not display the eagle were urged to be boycotted - making it seem mandatory for survival. Its director was Hugh S. Johnson, a retired general and successful businessman. Johnson saw the NRA as a national crusade designed to restore employment and regenerate industry. About 23,000,000 people worked under the NRA fair code. However, violations of codes became common. and attempts were made to use the courts to enforce the NRA. In 1935 the Supreme Court declared the NRA as unconstitutional. The reasons given were that many codes were an illegal delegation of legislative authority and the federal government had invaded fields reserved to the individual states.

External Link

- [http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/alexander.nra Article on the NRA from EH.NET's Encyclopedia] Category:New Deal

Greg Silvermaster

Nathan Gregory Silvermaster (1898–1964) was born in Russia, attended school in China, received a B.A. from the University of Washington in Seattle and a Ph.D. from the University of California. He became a naturalized American citizen in 1927. He was identified by Elizabeth Bentley, a long-time courier for Soviet intelligence, as the head of a large spy ring based in Washington D.C. While nominally remaining on the employment rolls of the Farm Security Administration, Silvermaster arranged in 1942 to be detailed to the Board of Economic Warfare. The transfer, however, triggered objections from military counter-intelligence who suspected he was a hidden Communist and regarded him as a security risk. On 16 July, the U.S. Civil Service Commission recommended "Cancel eligibilities...and bar him for the duration of the National Emergency." Silvermaster denied any Communist links and appealed to Under Secretary of War Robert Patterson to overrule the security officials. Harry Dexter White contacted Patterson and told him that suspicions about Silvermaster were baseless. Lauchlin Currie, a presidential aide personally phoned Patterson and urged a reconsideration of Silvermaster’s case. Silvermaster subsequently received two promotions and pay raises. At the War Production Board Silvermaster was able to provide the Soviet Union with a large amount of data on arms, aircraft, and shipping production. In June 1943, Silvermaster sent a War Production Board report on arms production in the United States, including bombers, pursuit planes, tanks, propelled guns, howitzers, radar and submarines, sub chasers, and the like, to Soviet intelligence. Then in December 1944, the New York MGB office cabled another Silvermaster report stating: “(Silvermaster) has sent us a 50-page Top Secret War Production Board report . . . on arms production in the U.S.” Silvermaster is also associated with Harry Dexter White at the Bretton Woods conference, and his testimony before the US Senate Internal Security Subcommittee covers “175 pages of interrogation and exhibits” regarding his espionage activities in the US. His code name in Soviet intelligence and in the Venona files is "Pal", "Pel" and "Pol" (i.e. Paul).

Chronology

- August 1935 to November 1938 Farm Security Administration
- November 1938 to July 1940 Maritime Labor Board
- July 1940 to December 1944 U.S. Department of Agriculture
- 1942 to 1945 U.S. Department of Treasury
- mid 1945 Reconstruction Finance Corporation (became the War Assets Corporation)
- March 1946 resigned from government

Silvermaster group

The Silvermaster ring operated primarily in the Department of the Treasury but also had contacts in the Army Air Force and in the White House. Sixty-one of the Venona cables concern the activities of the Silvermaster spy ring.
- Nathan Gregory Silvermaster, Chief Planning Technician, Procurement Division, United States Department of the Treasury; Chief Economist, War Assets Administration; Director of the Labor Division, Farm Security Administration; Board of Economic Warfare; Reconstruction Finance Corporation Department of Commerce
- Helen Silvermaster (wife)
- Schlomer Adler, United States Department of the Treasury
- Norman Chandler Bursler, United States Department of Justice Anti-Trust Division
- Frank Coe, Assistant Director, Division of Monetary Research, Treasury Department; Special Assistant to the United States Ambassador in London; Assistant to the Executive Director, Board of Economic Warfare; Assistant Administrator, Foreign Economic Administration
- Lauchlin Currie, Administrative Assistant to President Roosevelt; Deputy Administrator of Foreign Economic Administration; Special Representative to China
- Bela Gold, Assistant Head of Program Surveys, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, United States Department of Agriculture; Senate Subcommittee on War Mobilization; Office of Economic Programs in Foreign Economic Administration
- Sonia Steinman Gold, Division of Monetary Research U.S. Treasury Department; U.S. House of Representatives Select Committee on Interstate Migration; U.S. Bureau of Employment Security
- Irving Kaplan, Foreign Funds Control and Division of Monetary Research, United States Department of the Treasury Foreign Economic Administration; chief advisor to the Military Government of Germany
- George Silverman, civilian Chief Production Specialist, Material Division, Army Air Force Air Staff, War Department, Pentagon
- William Henry Taylor, Assistant Director of the Middle East Division of Monetary Research, United States Department of Treasury
- William Ullman, delegate to United Nations Charter meeting and Bretton Woods conference; Division of Monetary Research, Department of Treasury; Material and Services Division, Air Corps Headquarters, Pentagon
- Anatole Volkov
- Harry Dexter White, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury; Head of the International Monetary Fund

References

- Christopher M. Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB (New York: Basic Books, 1999).
- [http://www.nsa.gov/venona/releases/25_May_1942.gif 746, 747, 748 Venona New York KGB to Moscow 25 May 1942] Data on construction and distribution of U.S. military aircraft.
- [http://www.nsa.gov/venona/releases/03_Jul_1943_m2_p1.gif 1061, 0162, 1063 Venona New York KGB to Moscow 3 July 1943 p.1] [http://www.nsa.gov/venona/releases/03_Jul_1943_m2_p2.gif p.2] Numerical strength of the United States Army Air Forces.

External links

- [http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/silversm.htm Silvermaster Group FBI FOIA] Silvermaster group Silvermaster, Greg Category:Venona Silvermaster, Greg Silvermaster, Greg

Harry Dexter White

]] Harry Dexter White (October 1892–August 16, 1948) was an American economist and senior U.S. Department of Treasury official. He was involved in the formation of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank and was a Soviet secret agent.

Early life

The son of Lithuanian immigrants, White was born in Boston, Massachusetts. As a young man, he served in the U.S. Army, fighting in France during World War I. After leaving the military, he began his education at Columbia University, then transferred to Stanford where he earned a degree in economics. He received a doctorate degree in economics from Harvard University at age 30. White took up a teaching post at Lawrence University in Appleton, Wisconsin. In 1934, Jacob Viner, a professor at the University of Chicago working at the Treasury Department, wrote to White offering him a job there. White accepted, and in the latter half of the 30s met with John Maynard Keynes and other leading economists. When the United States entered World War II, White was put in charge of international matters for the Treasury. He had extensive dealings with America's allies, including the Soviet Union. Philosophically, White was a Keynesian New Dealer. As a dedicated Rooseveltian internationalist, his energies were directed at continuing the Grand Alliance and maintaining peace through a liberal trade regime. He believed that powerful, multilateral institutions could avoid the mistakes of Versailles and prevent another worldwide depression.

Treasury Department

In December 1941, after the attack on Pearl Harbor, White was appointed assistant to Henry Morgenthau, the Treasury secretary, to act as liaison between the Treasury and the State Department on all matters having a bearing on foreign relations and "responsibility for the management and operation of the Exchange Stabilization Fund without a change in its procedures." After the war, White was closely involved with setting up what were called the Bretton Woods institutions - the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. These institutions were intended to prevent some of the economic problems that occurred after World War I, and help ensure that capitalism became the dominant post-war economic system.

Espionage

On July 31st 1948, Elizabeth Bentley told the House Committee on Un-American Activities that White had been involved in espionage activities on behalf of the Russia during World War II.⁽¹⁾ Whittaker Chambers subsequently testified on August 3 of his association with White in the Communist underground secret apparatus up to 1938.⁽²⁾ Bentley said White's colleagues passed information to her from him. Chambers claimed he received documents from White. White testified on August 14 before HUAC. White, recovering from a series of heart attacks, denied being a Soviet agent. Two years after his death, in a memorandum dated 15 October 1950, White was identified by the FBI through evidence gathered by the Venona project as a Soviet agent code named "Jurist".⁽³⁾ Senator William Jenner's Interlocking Subversion in Government Departments Investigation by the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee looked extensively into the problem of unauthorized, uncontrolled and often dangerous power exercised by nonelected officials, specifically White. Part of its report looked into the implementation of Roosevelt administration policy in China and was published as the Morgenthau Diary.⁽⁴⁾ The report stated, "The concentration of Communist sympathizers in the Treasury Department, and particularly the Division of Monetary Research, is now a matter of record. White was the first director of that division; those who succeeded him in the directorship were Frank Coe and Harold Glasser. Also attached to the Division of Monetary Research were William Ludwig Ullman, Irving Kaplan, and Victor Perlo. White, Coe, Glasser, Kaplan, and Perlo were all identified as participants in the Communist conspiracy…" In 1953, Senator Joseph McCarthy and Attorney General Herbert Brownell, Jr. alleged that Truman had known White was a Soviet spy when he appointed him to the IMF.⁽⁶⁾However, this has now been refuted by declassified documents through the Freedom of Information Act which attest President Truman and the White House had not known of the existence of the Venona project.⁽⁷⁾ Long after his death, the Justice Department publicly disclosed the existence of conclusive evidence confirming White had indeed been involved in espionage activities. White's family still protests his innocence, however. The 1997 bipartisan Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy, chaired by Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, states in its findings, :The complicity of Alger Hiss of the State Department seems settled. As does that of Harry Dexter White of the Treasury Department.⁽⁸⁾

Notes

- Note (1): [http://foia.fbi.gov/silversm/silversm2b.pdf Elizabeth Bentely Deposition, FBI Silvermaster file, p.27]
- Note (2): [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss/8-3testimony.html Testimony of Whittaker Chambers before the House Committee on Un-American Activities (August 3, 1948)]
- Note (3): Wikisource:FBI Memorandum identifying Harry Dexter White as agent Jurist
- Note (4): [http://www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/senate/chapter-13-judiciary-1947-1968.html#103 Guide to the Records of the U.S. Senate at the National Archives, Records of the Morgenthau Diary Study, 1953-65]
- Note (5): United States Government Printing Office, Report on the Morgenthau Diaries prepared by the Subcommittee of the Senate Committee of the Judiciary appointed to investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and other Internal Security Laws, Introduction, by Dr. Anthony Kubek, Professor of History at Dallas University, November 1967, two volumes, v.i., pg. 80.
- Note (6): [http://time-proxy.yaga.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,823119,00.html Time Magazine, The White Case Record, Nov. 30, 1953]
- Note (7): [http://www.fas.org/sgp/library/moynihan/foreword.html Chairman's Forward, Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy] (1997)
- Note (8):[http://www.fas.org/sgp/library/moynihan/appa7.html Moynihan Commssion on Government Secrecy, Appendix A, 7. The Cold War] (1997)

External links

- [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/1998/09/boughton.htm Biography of White by the IMF]
- [http://foia.fbi.gov/venona/venona.pdf FBI Venona file pg.17]
- [http://foia.fbi.gov/silversm/silversm2b.pdf FBI Silvermaster file, p.27]
- [http://time-proxy.yaga.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,823119,00.html Time Magazine, The White Case Record, Nov. 30, 1953]
- Wikisource:FBI Memorandum identifying Harry Dexter White as agent Jurist White, Harry Dexter White, Harry Dexter White, Harry Dexter White, Harry Dexter White, Harry Dexter

Frank Coe

(first left), Anna Louise Strong (third left), Frank Coe (second right), and Solomon Adler (first right). ]] Virginius Frank Coe (1907-1980) worked in the Board of Economic Warfare and later became the Director of Monetary Research in the United States Department of the Treasury. Coe also worked in the Board of Economic Warfare and the Foreign Economic Administration. Coe was technical secretary at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire in 1944. After World War II Coe was a leading official of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) from 1946 to 1952. Coe was a member of the Soviet spy group known as the Silvermaster ring. When testifying before the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee on 1 December 1952, Coe interrupted his testimony by invoking the Fifth Amendment when asked if he knew Philip Jessup, who at the time was being considered for the World Court. Three days after his testimony, the IMF requested his resignation. Coe denied under oath having ever been a member of the CPUSA before a House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) hearing in 1948 chaired by Congressman Karl Mundt; after Alger Hiss's conviction for perjury, when asked the same question in a 1953 hearing of the McCarthy Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations (PSI), that day being chaired by then Senator Karl Mundt, Coe declined to answer on Fifth Amendment grounds. Coe, on advice of counsel, would not answer whether he knew William Taylor, Coe's assistant for many years at the IMF, under protection of the Fifth Amendment. The (PSI) heard prior testimony from Economic Cooperation officials that the high rate for Austrian currency in 1949 worked against Austria's financial stability and in favor of Soviet occupation forces. The IMF, where Coe was secretary, objected to efforts to devalue the currency. In 1958 Coe moved permanently to China to work for the Maoist regime during the Great Leap Forward, culminating in what Chinese history recalls as the Three Years of Disasters. By 1959, Coe was writing articles justifying the Rectification campaign, which a Chinese dissident later characterized as the "darkest and most ferocious power game ever played out in the human world". Coe died in China in 1980.

Source

External link

- [http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/mccarthy/hearingsvol2.pdf Frank Coe Testimony before Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, 3 June 1953 p.444] (pgs. 1349-1372 in original) Coe, Frank Coe, Frank Category:Well-known foreign residents of China

George Silverman

Abraham George Silverman graduated from Harvard University and was considered a brilliant mathemetician and statistician. In the early days of the President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, he worked for the Railroad Retirement Board in Washington D.C. From there he found employment in the Federal Coordinator of Transport, the United States Tariff Commission and the Labor Advisory Board of the National Recovery Administration. During World War II, Silverman was civilian Chief of Analysis and Plans to the Assistant Chief of the Army Air Forces Air Staff for Material and Service, assigned to the Pentagon. Silverman supplied documents from the Pentagon to the Silvermaster group of Soviet spies. Silverman knew Greg Silvermaster to be a conduit for CPUSA chairman, Earl Browder. In 1941, Silverman was on loan to the Treasury Department and worked for a period of time on the frozen funds policy. Assistant Secretary of the United States Treasury Harry Dexter White used Silverman to supply documents to Soviet intelligence in the latter part of 1942 and early 1943. Presidential Assistant Lauchlin Currie furnished Silverman with oral information, including information that the United States was on the verge of breaking Soviet codes. Irving Kaplan of the War Production Board was also giving Silvernman information to be transmitted to the Soviet Union. As the war progressed, the volume of material increased. Silverman worked closely with Lud Ullman, who also worked at the Pentagon and did the photographing of stolen documents prior to being turned over to the Golos network. In August 1945 Silverman left the Pentagon to work for the French Supply Council in Washington D.C., an office of the new French regime. Silverman and Silvermaster learned much about U.S. policies and about Lauchlin Currie and Harry Dexter White's own views through their association. Currie appears to have been involved in carrying out orders from Roosevelt to get U.S. intelligence services to return Soviet cryptographic documents to the Soviet Union and to cease decoding operations. The code name "Aileron" appears in the Venona project and was identified as Silverman. Aileron was possibly a reference to Silverman’s Air Force position.

Source

- [http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/silversm.htm Silvermaster Group FBI FOIA]
- [http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/sandilands_fdr_economists.html Politics and the Attack on FDR's Economists] Silverman, George Silverman, George

Pentagon

In geometry, a pentagon is any five-sided polygon. However, the term is commonly used to mean a regular pentagon, where all sides are equal and all angles are equal (to 108°). Its Schläfli symbol is . The area of a regular pentagon with side length a is given by

A = \frac\cot \frac = \frac  \sqrt \simeq 1.72048 a^2

Schläfli symbol A pentagram can be formed from a regular pentagon either by extending its sides or by drawing its diagonals. The two differ by a linear scale factor φ + 1, or conversely 2 - φ, where φ = (1+√5)/2, the golden ratio. The resulting figure contains also various other lengths related by the golden ratio.

Constructing a pentagon

A regular pentagon is constructible using a straightedge and compass. This process was described by Euclid in his Elements circa 300 B.C. Karl Friedrich Gauss made some theoretical proofs about the theory of polygons. Elements #Draw a horizontal line with a circle the size of your desired pentagon that has its center on this line. #Put your compass' needle where the circle's circumference crosses the horizontal line, and draw a half-circle through the center of your first circle, crossing the circumference of the first circle in two places. Draw a vertical line through the points where the half-circle crosses the first circle. This line will pass through a point we call (a). #Open your compass so that you can, when placing the needle in the two intersections between the horizontal line and the first circle, draw a small cross above and below the horizontal line, outside the first circle, with one line of the cross from each point. If you join these crosses you will obtain a line perpendicular to the horizontal line, also passing through the center of the first circle. The point where this line crosses the circumference of the first circle on the top, we call (b). This is the first corner of the pentagon. #Put the compass' needle in (a) and drawing a circle segment passing through (b) and down through the horizontal line, obtaining a point on this line we call (c). #Put the needle in (b) and pass a circle segment through (c) and the first circle. These points on the first circle are the second and third corners of the pentagon. #Without extending the compass, put its needle in the second and third corners, and draw circle segments passing through the first circle to find the two remaining corners. #Join each corner to the adjacent ones and you have a pentagon. #If you join the non-adjacent corners (drawing the diagonals of the pentagon), you obtain a pentagram, with a smaller regular pentagon in the center. Or if you extend the sides until the non-adjacent ones meet, you obtain a larger pentagram.

Some relevant trigonometric values

\sin \frac = \sin 18^\circ = \frac

\cos \frac = \cos 18^\circ = \frac

\tan \frac = \tan 18^\circ = \frac

\cot \frac = \cot 18^\circ = \sqrt

\sin \frac = \sin 36^\circ = \frac

\cos \frac = \cos 36^\circ = \frac

\tan \frac = \tan 36^\circ =  \sqrt

\cot \frac = \cot 36^\circ = \frac

External links

- [http://agutie.homestead.com/files/pentagram_menelaus1.htm Pentagons & Pentagrams] new facts about pentagons and pentagrams by Antonio Gutierrez from Geometry Step by Step from the Land of the Incas. Key concept: Menelaus Theorem.
- Quasi crystal inspired [http://symbio.trick.ca/HomeSashaThePentagonTile pentagon tile] by Alexander Braun. Category:Polygons ja:五角形 th:รูปห้าเหลี่ยม

Greg Silvermaster

Chronology

Silvermaster group

References

External links

- [http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/silversm.htm Silvermaster Group FBI FOIA] Silvermaster group Silvermaster, Greg Category:Venona Silvermaster, Greg Silvermaster, Greg

B-29 Superfortress

The Boeing B-29 Superfortress (Boeing Model 341/345) was a four-engine heavy bomber propeller aircraft flown by the United States Army Air Force. It was one of the largest aircraft to see active service during World War II. It was one of the most advanced bombers of its time, featuring innovations such as a pressurized cabin, a central fire-control system, and remote-controlled machine gun turrets. It was designed as a high-altitude daytime bomber, but flew more low-altitude nighttime incendiary bombing missions. It was the primary aircraft in the U.S. firebombing campaign against Japan in the final months of World War II, and B-29s carried the atomic bombs that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Unlike many other bombers, the B-29 remained in service long after the war ended, a few being employed as flying television transmitters for Stratovision. By the time it was retired in the 1960s, some 3,900 planes had been built. Stratovision]]

Manufacturing

Manufacturing the B-29 was an immense task. It involved four main factories: two Boeing plants at Renton, Washington and Wichita, Kansas, a Bell plant at Marietta, Georgia, and a Martin plant at Omaha, Nebraska. Thousands of subcontractors were involved in the project. Because of its highly advanced design, challenging requirements, and immense pressure for production, development was deeply troubled. The first prototype crashed during testing, killing the entire crew and several ground personnel. Changes to the production craft came so often and so fast that in early 1944, B-29s would leave the production lines and fly directly to modification depots for extensive rebuilds to incorporate the latest changes. This 'battle of Kansas' nearly sank the program, which was only saved by General Hap Arnold’s direct intervention. It would still be nearly a year before the aircraft was operated with any sort of reliability. The most common cause of maintenance headaches and catastrophic failures, even more so than the advanced gunnery system, was the engine. Though the Wright R-3350 would later become a trustworthy workhorse in large piston-engined aircraft, early models were beset with dangerous reliability problems. It had an impressive power-to-weight ratio, but this came at a heavy cost to durability. Worse, the cowling Boeing designed for the engine was too close (out of a desire for improved aerodynamics), and the early cowl flaps caused problematic flutter and vibration when open in most of the flight envelope. These weaknesses combined to make an engine that would overheat regularly when carrying combat loads; it frequently swallowed its own valves. The resulting engine fires were exacerbated by a crankcase designed mostly of magnesium alloy. The heat was often so intense the main spar burned through in seconds, resulting in catastrophic failure of the wing. This problem would not be fully cured until the aircraft was re-engined with the more powerful Pratt & Whitney R-4360 'Wasp Major' in the B-29D/B-50 program, which arrived too late for World War II. Pilots, including the present-day pilots of the Commemorative Air Force’s Fifi, describe flight after takeoff as being an urgent struggle for airspeed; generally, flight after takeoff should consist of striving for altitude. Radial engines need that airflow to keep cool, and failure to get up to speed as soon as possible could result in an engine failure and risk of fire.

Operational history

The initial plan was to use B-29s to attack Japan from airfields in southern China, with the main base in India, and to attack other targets in the region from China and India as needed. This was an extremely costly scheme, as there was no overland connection available between India and China, and all the supplies had to be flown over the Himalayas. The first B-29s started to arrive in India in early April, 1944. The first B-29 flight to airfields in China (over the Himalayas, or "The Hump") took place on 24 April, 1944. The first B-29 combat mission was flown on 5 June, 1944, with 77 out of 98 planes launched from India bombing the railroad shops in Bangkok (5 B-29s were lost to non-battle causes). On June 15, 1944, 47 B-29s launched from Chengtu in China bombed the Imperial Iron and Steel Works at Yawata, Japan. This was the first attack on Japanese islands since the Doolittle raid in April, 1942. The first B-29 combat loss occurred during this raid, with 1 B-29 destroyed on the ground by Japanese fighters after an emergency landing. Because of the extreme cost of operations, the raids against Japan from Chinese airfields continued at relatively low intensity. Japan was bombed on: 7 July 1944 (14 B-29s), 29 July (70+), 10 August (24), 20 August (61), 8 September (90), 26 September (83), 25 October (59), 12 November (29), 21 November (61), 19 December (36) and for the last time on 6 January 1945 (49). B-29s were withdrawn from airfields in China by the end of January, 1945. Throughout this period B-29 raids were also launched from China and India against many other targets throughout South-East Asia. However, the entire B-29 effort was gradually shifted to the new bases in the Marianas, with the last B-29 combat mission from India flown on March 29, 1945. The need to use inconvenient bases in China for attacks against Japan ceased after the capture of the Marianas islands in 1944. On the islands of Tinian, Saipan and Guam a series of airfields were built, which became the main bases for the large B-29 raids against Japan in the final year of the war. The islands could be easily supplied by ship. The first B-29 arrived on Saipan on 12 October, 1944, and the first combat mission was launched from there on 28 October, 1944, with 14 B-29s attacking the Truk atoll. The first mission against Japan from bases in the Marianas was flown on 24 November, 1944, with 111 B-29s sent to attack Tokyo. From that point ever more intense raids were launched regularly until the end of the war. These attacks succeeded in devastating all large Japanese cities and gravely damaged Japan's war industries. Perhaps the most recognized B-29 is the Enola Gay, which dropped the atomic bomb 'Little Boy' on Hiroshima on 1945 August 6. The Bockscar, also a B-29, dropped 'Fat Man' on Nagasaki three days later. The B-29 was used in World War II only in the Pacific Theatre. It was later used in the Korean War, over the course of which they flew 20,000 sorties and dropped 200,000 tons (180,000 tonnes) of bombs. 3970 of the aircraft were built before they were retired in 1960. The B-29 was soon made obsolete by the development of the jet engine. With the arrival of the mammoth B-36, the B-29 suffered its first ignominy by being classified a medium bomber with the new Air Force. However, the later B-29D/B-50 variant was good enough to handle auxiliary roles such as air-sea rescue, electronic intelligence gathering, and even air-to-air refueling. It was replaced in its primary role during the early 1950s by the Boeing B-47 Stratojet, which in turn was replaced by the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress. The final active duty variants were phased out in the mid 1960s.

Variants and design stages

Unlike many other aircraft designed to play a similar role, the variants of the B-29 were all essentially the same. The developments made between the first prototype XB-29 and any of the three versions flown in combat were all minuscule. The most specialisation was made in modifying planes for non-bombing mission profiles. The biggest differences were between variants modified for non-bomber missions. In addition to acting as cargo carriers, rescue aircraft, weather ships, and trainers, some were used for odd purposes such as flying relay television transmitters under the name of Stratovision. Other aircraft acted as the mothership for experimental aircraft, including the Bell X-1 and XF-85 Goblin. One modified B-29 was used to develop the Airborne Early Warning program; it was the ancestor of various modern radar picket aircraft. Some B-29s were modified to act as test beds for various new systems or special conditions, including fire-control systems, cold weather operations, and various armament configurations. Several converted B-29s were used to experiment with aerial refueling. Perhaps the most important tests were conducted by the XB-29G; it carried prototype jet engines in its bomb bay, and lowered them into the air stream to conduct measurements.

B-29 Users

USAAF / USAF / US Navy

USAAF The United States Army Air Force (later United States Air Force) was the principal user of the B-29. USAAF designations included B-29, B-29A, F-13 (Photographic reconnsaissance - later redegignated RB-29/29A), KB-29P aerial refuelling tankers and various experimental aircraft under the designation EB-29. Several EB-29s were modified with the intention of carrying the McDonnell XF-85 Goblin parasite fighter. One B-29 was as used as the "mother" aircraft for the Bell X-1 research aircraft. On October 14, 1947, Capt Charles E. "Chuck" Yeager was dropped in the X-1 from the B-29 and became the first pilot to exceed speed of sound in the X-1 US Navy The US Navy used four B-29s for long-range search missions. The Navy desgination P2B-1S was assigned for the Naval B-29. One P2B-1S was extensively modified to cary the Douglas D-558-II Skyrocket high-speed rocket-powered research aircraft. The first Skyrocket launch took place on September 8, 1950. The Skyrocket exceeded Mach 2 for the first time on November 20, 1953 (piloted by Scott Crossfield). The last Skyrocket flight took place in December 1956.

Royal Air Force

B-29s were named Boeing Washington B.1 in RAF Service. 87 B-29s on loan served with RAF Bomber Command from 1950 as a long range bomber pending the introduction of the Avro Lincoln in quantity. Most Washingtons had been returned by 1955 although two or three remained in the UK as gunnery targets. Two RAF Washingtons took part in the SAC bombing competition in 1951 alongside USAF B29's.

Royal Australian Air Force

Two ex-RAF Washingtons served with the Royal Australian Air Force.

Soviet Air Force VVS

Shortly after World War II, the Tupolev design bureau in the Soviet Union manufactured a near-copy of the B-29, the Tupolev Tu-4, based on reverse engineering of three interned early-model B-29s. Some of these remained in service into the 1960s in the Soviet Union.

People's Liberation Army Air Force

A number of ex-soviet TU-4 served in the Chinese PLAAF until the late 1960s

Noteworthy Survivors

Airworthy Aircraft

B-29A-60-BN 44-62070 "Fifi" belonging to the Commemorative Air Force is the only airworthy B-29 in the world at present. Although two other aircraft are intended to be returned to airworthy condition in the long-term. B-29-70-BW 44-69972 "Doc" is a Korean War veteran which has been used as a radar trainer and ballistic missile target. The airframe was acquired by the United States Aviation Museum (western division) based at Inyokern, California for eventual restoration to flying status. It is now at the Boeing plant in Wichita, Kansas (where it was originally built) for eventual [http://b-29.boeing.com/ restoration to flying status]. P2B-1S BuNo 84029 (Formerly B-29-95-BW 45-21787) "Fertile Myrtle" (which carried the Douglas D-558-II Skyrocket research aircraft) was donated to an aviation museum in Oakland, California in 1984. It was sold to the Kermit Weeks Aviation Museum of Miami, Florida, and is on the US Civil register as N29KW. There may be an attempt to restore this plane to flying condition, using as parts some airframes acquired from the US Naval Weapons Center at China Lake, California.

Preserved veterans

A number of B-29s which were used operationally in the Second World War survive in museums in the United States B-29-40-MO 44-86292 "Enola Gay" - A "Silverplate" (A-Bomb Carrier) conversion. 393rd Bomb Squadron, 509th Composite Group. On Aug 6, 1945 dropped "Little Boy" Uranium Atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan . For many years was in storage at Paul Garber facility at National Air and Space Museum, Washington DC. recently re-assembled after lengthy restoration and displayed at the Smithsonian's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy faciluty at Dulles Airport B-29-35-MO 44-27297 "Bockscar" A "Silverplate" (A-Bomb Carrier) conversion. 393rd Bomb Squadron, 509th Composite Group. On Aug 9, 1945 dropped the "Fat Man" Plutonium Atomic Bomb on Nagasaki, Japan. Stored for many years and now on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Dayton, Ohio. B-29-60-BW 44-69729 "T-Square" . 44-69729 was assigned to the 875th Bomb Squadron, 498th Bomb Group and completed thirty-seven bombing missions. Converted to KB-29 (aerial refueling tanker) in June 1949. It was first put on display in 1996 at the Seattle Museum of Flight. The restoration used parts from three other B-29s B-29-75-BW 44-70016 "Sentimental Journey" Originally flew with the 330th Bomb Group, 20th Air Force from Guam, now displayed at the Pima County Museum in Tucson, Arizona. B-29-80-BW 44-70113 flew with the 73rd Bomb Wing 20th Air Force. Decommissioned in 1956 and stored until the Marietta B29 Association sponsored restoration in 1994. Now on display at Dobbins AFB, Georgia. There are currently between 35 and 40 B-29s preserved worldwide. Some airframes recovered from the US Naval Weapons Center at China Lake are still being stored. Additionally there are at least four Tu-4 on display in Russia - one at The Monino Air Force Musuem, two on display at The Peoples Air Musuem and one in open storage at Monino. One is located at the Yuri Gagarin Air Force Academy near Moscow, as a static display. This particular airplane was tasked with bombing the Budapest headquarters of the Hungarian rebel movement during the 1956 rebellion; but although the mission was planned and rehearsed it was never carried out. Reports exist of at least 15 other Tu-4 airframes still in existance in Russia. A few Tu-4s survive in China most of these are late models which were updated with the addition of turboprop engines.

Specifications (B-29)

General characteristics

- Crew: 10: pilot, co-pilot, flight engineer, bombardier, navigator, radio operator, side gunners (two), top gunner, and tail gunner
- Length: 99 ft 0 in (30.2 m)
- Wingspan: 141 ft 3 in (43.1 m)
- Height: 27 ft 9 in (8.5 m)
- Wing area: 1736 ft² (161.3 m²)
- Empty: 74,500 lb (33,800 kg)
- Loaded: 120,000 lb (54,000 kg)
- Maximum takeoff: 133,500 lb (60,560 kg)
- Powerplant: 4× Wright R-3350-23 supercharged radial engines, 2,200 hp (1600 kW) each

Performance

- Maximum speed: 357 mph (574 km/h)
- Cruising speed: 220 mph (350 km/h)
- Combat range: 3,250 miles (5,230 km)
- Ferry range: 5,600 miles (9,000 km)
- Service ceiling: 33,600 ft (10,200 m)
- Rate of climb: 900 ft/min (270 m/min)
- Wing loading: 69.12 lb/ft² (337 kg/m²)
- Power/mass: 0.073 hp/lb (121 W/kg)

Armament

- 12× .50 in (12.7 mm) M2 machine guns in remote controlled turrets
- 1× 20 mm M2 cannon in tail
- 20,000 lb (9,072 kg) of bombs

References

- Bowers, Peter M. (1999). Boeing B-29 Superfortress. Stillwater, Minnesota: Voyageur Press. ISBN 0933424795.
- LeMay, Curtis and Bill Yenne (1988). Super Fortress. Berkley Books. ISBN 0425118800.
- Mann, Robert A. (2004). The B-29 Superfortress: A Comprehensive Registry of the Planes and Their Missions. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. ISBN 0786417870.
- Pace, Steve (2003). Boeing B-29 Superfortress. Ramsbury, Marlborough, Wiltshire, United Kingdom: Crowood Press. ISBN 1861265816.
- Vander Meulen, Jacob (1995). Building the B-29. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books. ISBN 1560986093).
- :(The economic aspect of the B-29 program)
- Wheeler, Keith (1982). Bombers over Japan. Virginia Beach, Virginia: Time-Life Books. ISBN 0809434296.
- "[http://home.att.net/~jbaugher2/b29.html Boeing B-29 Superfortress]." Encyclopedia of American Aircraft. Accessed on October 26, 2004.
- "[http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/air_power/ap20.htm Boeing B-29 "Superfortress"]. USAF Museum. Accessed on October 10, 2004.

D-Day

In military parlance, D-Day (the "D" doesn't mean anything; see Military designation of days and hours for other "days") is a term often used to denote the day on which a combat attack or operation is to be initiated. By far the most well-known D-Day is June 6, 1944—the day on which "Operation Overlord" began—commencing the Allied effort liberate mainland Europe from Nazi occupation during World War II. This article discusses the general use of the term D-Day. For a description of the events of June 1944, see the Battle of Normandy. The terms D-day and H-hour are used for the day and hour on which a combat attack or operation is to be initiated. They designate the day and hour of the operation when the day and hour have not yet been determined, or where secrecy is essential. There is but one D-day and one H-hour for all units participating in a given operation. When used in combination with figures, and plus or minus signs, these terms indicate the point of time preceding or following a specific action. Thus, H-3 means 3 hours before H-hour, and D+3 means 3 days after D-day. H+75 minutes means H-hour plus 1 hour and 15 minutes. Planning papers for large-scale operations are made up in detail long before specific dates are set. Thus, orders are issued for the various steps to be carried out on the D-day or H-hour minus or plus a certain number of days, hours, or minutes. At the appropriate time, a subsequent order is issued that states the actual day and times. The earliest use of these terms by the U.S. Army that the Center of Military History has been able to find was during World War I. In Field Order Number 9, First Army, American Expeditionary Forces, dated September 7 1918: "The First Army will attack at H hour on D day with the object of forcing the evacuation of the St. Mihiel Salient." D-day for the invasion of Normandy was originally set for June 5, 1944, but bad weather caused Gen. Dwight Eisenhower to delay until June 6, and that date has been popularly referred to ever since by the short title "D-day". (In French, it is called Jour-J or Le Choc.) Because of this, planners of later military operations sometimes avoided the term. For example, Douglas MacArthur's invasion of Leyte began on "A-day", and the invasion of Okinawa began on "L Day". MacArthur's proposed invasions of Japan would have begun on "X-Day" (Kyushu, scheduled for November 1945) and "Y-Day" (Honshu, scheduled for March 1946).

External links

- [http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/faq/ddaydef.htm US Army FAQ: What does the "D" signify in D-Day, and the "H" signify in H-Hour?]
- [http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/data/t/05430.html Dictionary of Military Terms]
- [http://www.ddaymuseum.org/ The National D-Day Museum, New Orleans - America's National World War II Museum] Category:Military terminology

George Marshall

For the Olympic athlete, see George Marshall (athlete). George Catlett Marshall, GCB (December 31, 1880 – October 16, 1959) was an American military leader and statesman best remembered for his leadership in the Allied victory in World War II and for his work establishing the post-war reconstruction effort for Europe, which became known as the Marshall Plan.

Biography

George C. Marshall was born into a middle-class family in the Pittsburgh suburb of Uniontown. While attending Virginia Military Institute, he was initiated into the Kappa Alpha Order. Marshall entered the US Army upon graduation, rising to the postion of Army Chief of Staff, and served continuously until retirement after World War II. Marshall was instrumental in getting the U.S. Army and Army Air Corps reorganized and ready for war. Marshall wrote the document that would become the central strategy for all Allied operations in Europe, selected Dwight Eisenhower as Supreme Commander in Europe, and designed Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy. His success in working with Congress and President Franklin D. Roosevelt ultimately resulted in his being passed over as the Supreme Allied Commander in charge of the D-Day invasion. At the time, the President told him: "I couldn't sleep nights, George, if you were out of Washington." Throughout the remainder of the World War II, Marshall coordinated all Allied operations in Europe and the Pacific. He was characterized as the organizer of Allied victory by Winston Churchill. Time Magazine named Marshall Man of the Year in 1944. Marshall retired from the Army in 1945. After WW II he was sent to China to negotiate a truce and build a coalition government between the Nationalists and Communists fighting the Chinese Civil War. His efforts failed and he was recalled in January 1947. Upon his return, Marshall was named Secretary of State in 1947. As such, on Thursday June 5, 1947 at a speech at Harvard University, he outlined the U.S. government's preparedness to contribute to European recovery. The European Recovery Plan, which became known as the Marshall Plan, helped Europe quickly rebuild and earned Marshall the honor of being named TIME's Man of the Year in 1948 and awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953. In 1949 he resigned from the State Department and was named president of the American National Red Cross. He was named Secretary of Defense in 1950, but retired from politics for good in 1951 after Senator Joseph McCarthy made a speech on the Senate floor stating that "if Marshall was merely stupid, the laws of probability would dictate that part of his decisions would serve America's interests." Marshall died on Friday October 16, 1959. The British Parliment established the Marshall Scholarship in recognition of Marshall's contributions to Anglo-American relations.

Family life

He married Elizabeth Carter Cole of Lexington, Virginia in 1902. She died in 1927. In 1930 he married Katherine Boyce Tupper.

Military Career

After graduating from the Virginia Military Institute in 1901, he entered the U.S. Army, where he was to have a long and distinguished career. Until World War I, he was posted to various positions in the US and the Philippines, and was trained in modern warfare. During the War he had roles as a planner of both training and operations. Between WWI and WWII, he was a key planner and writer in the War Department, spent three years in China, and taught at the Army War College. He went to France in the summer of 1917 as the director of training and planning for the 1st Infantry Division. In mid-1918, he was promoted to American Expeditionary Forces headquarters, where he was a key planner of American operations. He was instrumental in the design and coordination of the Meuse-Argonne offensive, which contributed to the defeat of the German Army on the Western Front. In 1919 he became an aide-de-camp to General John J. Pershing. Between 1920 and 1924, while Pershing was Army Chief of Staff, Marshall worked in a number of positions in the US Army, focusing on training and teaching modern, mechanised warfare. In 1934, Col. George C. Marshall directed the publication of the book called, Infanty in Battle, which codified the lessons of World War I. Infantry in Battle is still used as an officer's training manual in the Infantry Officer's Course, and was the training manual for most of the infantry officers and leaders of World War II. He was promoted to Brigadier General in October 1936. In 1939 he was selected by Franklin D. Roosevelt to be Army Chief of Staff, a position he held until 1945. In 1944, Marshall became the first U.S. General to be awarded 5-star rank, otherwise known as General of the Army.This position is the American equivalent to the rank of Field Marshal. Marshall once joked that he was glad the U.S. never created a "Field Marshal" rank during World War II, since he would then have to be addressed as "Marshal Marshall."

Dates of rank

- Second Lieutenant, United States Army: February 2, 1902
- First Lieutenant, United States Army: March 7, 1907
- Captain, United States Army: July 1, 1916
- Major, National Army: August 5, 1917
- Lieutenant Colonel, National Army: January 5, 1918
- Colonel, National Army: August 27, 1918
- Major, Regular Army (reverted to peacetime rank): July 1, 1920
- Lieutenant Colonel, Regular Army: August 21, 1923
- Colonel, Regular Army: September 1, 1933
- Brigadier General, Regular Army: October 1, 1936
- Major General, Regular Army: September 1, 1939
- General, Regular Army, for service as Army Chief of Staff: September 1, 1939
- General of the Army, Army of the United States: December 16, 1944
- General of the Army rank made permanent in the Regular Army: April 11, 1946

Awards and decorations

United States

- Distinguished Service Medal with one oak leaf cluster
- Silver Star
- World War I Victory Medal with four battle clasps
- American Defense Service Medal with “Foreign Service” Clasp
- American Campaign Medal
- Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal
- European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with two bronze service stars
- Mexican Border Service Medal
- World War II Victory Medal
- Army of Occupation of Germany Medal
- National Defense Service Medal

Foreign awards

- British Order of the Bath
- French Legion of Honor
- French Croix de Guerre
- Soviet Order of Suvorov
- Soviet Grand Cross Order of Military Merit
- Moroccan Grand Cross of Ouissam Alaouite
- Philippine Campaign Medal
- Cuban Order of Military Merit, First Class
- Liberian Centennial Medal
- Greek Grand Cross Order of George I with swords
- Order of the Crown of Italy
- Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
- Netherlands Grand Cross with Swords in the Order of Orange Nassau
- Montenegro Silver Medal for Bravery
- Panamanian Medal of La Solidaridad, Second Class
- Peruvian Gran Oficial del Sol del Peru
- Brazilian Order of Military Merit
- Chilean Order del Merito
- Ecuadorian Star of Abdon Calderon, First Class
- Columbian Grand Cross of the Order of Boyaco Cherifien

Civilian awards

- In 1948, he was awarded the Distinguished Achievement Award for his role and contributions during and after World War II.
- Nobel Peace Prize 1953 for the Marshall Plan

Quotations

"We are determined that before the sun sets on this terrible struggle, Our Flag will be recognized throughout the World as a symbol of Freedom on the one hand and of overwhelming force on the other." -- George Marshall (May 29, 1942, Larry I. Bland and Sharon Ritenour Stevens, ed. The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, Vol 3 pp. 212-14.) [http://www.ehistorybuff.com/kimmel1.html] "I couldn't sleep nights, George, if you were out of Washington." -Franklin D. Roosevelt, reported by Henry Stimson, 1943 “...what a joy it must be to [Marshall] to see how the armies he called into being by his own genius have won immortal renown. He is the true 'organizer of victory.’” Winston Churchill, 1945 "A man devoted to the daily study of war on several continents with all the ardour of a certified public accountant." - Alistair Cooke, 1959 "Hitherto I had thought of Marshall as a rugged soldier and a magnificent organizer and builder of armies - the American Carnot. But now I saw that he was a statesman with a penetrating and commanding view of the whole scene." - Winston Churchill

External links

- [http://www.marshallfoundation.org/ The Marshall Foundation]
- [http://www.marshallfilms.org/ The Marshall Films Collection]
- [http://www.marshallscholarship.org/ Marshall Scholarships]

References

- Four-volume authorized biography, by Forrest Pogue, Viking, 1963–87:
- George C. Marshall: Education of a general, 1880-1939
- George C Marshall: Ordeal and Hope, 1939-1943
- George C. Marshall: Organizer of Victory 1943-1945
- George C. Marshall : Statesman 1945-1959 Marshall, George Marshall, George Marshall, George Marshall, George Marshall, George Marshall, George Marshall, George Marshall, George Marshall, George Marshall, George Marshall, George Marshall, George ja:ジョージ・C・マーシャル

Elizabeth Bentley

A graduate of Vassar, Elizabeth Terrill Bentley (1905-1963) was studying in Italy at the University of Florence when she first became interested in fascism. In 1934 she returned to America and abandoned fascism, joining the American League Against War and Fascism and the Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA).

Golos network

In 1938, while working at the Italian Library of Information in New York, Bentley met Jacob Golos, the chief of Soviet espionage operations in the United States. Bentley became Golos' lover, providing him with information acquired during her work with the Italian government and serving as a courier. Golos encourgaged Bentley to read the material she was handling, yet she never mastered the analytical skills Golos had to deliver oral briefings to Soviet case officers. Between the fall of 1942 to November 1943 Bentley spoke several times with Julius Rosenberg by phone. Every two weeks from 1941 to 1944, Bentley traveled from New York City to the house near Rock Creek Park in Washington, D.C. shared by Nathan Gregory Silvermaster, or 'Greg' as he was known, his wife Helen Silvermaster, and their close friend Lud Ullman. At first, Bentley picked up stolen wartime secrets transcribed by Silvermaster longhand, but when the volume of material grew unwieldy, Ullman set up a darkroom to photograph the documents. Bentley carried the undeveloped rolls of film in her knitting bag back to Manhattan and gave them to Golos. Later the film would be shipped to Moscow via diplomatic pouches, which are not subject to border inspections. Four days after Golos' death in 1943, Bentley met with an alternate So

Lud Ullmann

Source

External link

Springfield, Missouri

Geography

Demographics

Education

Famous People

History

Issues

Landmarks

Nicknames

Sister Cities

Transportation

External links

Drury University

External link

2005-2006 Drury students (alphabetically)

Drury alumni (alphabetically)

National Recovery Administration

External Link

Greg Silvermaster

Chronology

Silvermaster group

References

External links

Harry Dexter White

Early life

Treasury Department

Espionage

Notes

External links

Frank Coe

Source

External link

George Silverman

Source

Pentagon

Constructing a pentagon

Some relevant trigonometric values

External links

Greg Silvermaster

Chronology

Silvermaster group

References

External links

B-29 Superfortress

Manufacturing

Operational history

Variants and design stages

B-29 Users

USAAF / USAF / US Navy

Royal Air Force

Royal Australian Air Force

Soviet Air Force VVS

People's Liberation Army Air Force

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Related content

D-Day

See also

External links

George Marshall

Biography

Family life

Military Career

Dates of rank

Awards and decorations

United States

Foreign awards

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Quotations

External links

References