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T. Keith Glennan

T. Keith Glennan

Thomas Keith Glennan (September 8, 1905 - April 11, 1995) was the first Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, serving from August 19, 1958 to January 20, 1961.

Early career

Born in Enderlin, North Dakota, Glennan earned a degree in electrical engineering from the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University in 1927. Following graduation, he became associated with the newly developed sound motion picture industry, and later became assistant general service superintendent for Electrical Research Products Company, a subsidiary of Western Electric Company. During his career he was studio manager of Paramount Pictures, and Samuel Goldwyn Studios, and was briefly on the staff of Vega Airplane Corporation. Vega Airplane Corporation Glennan joined the Columbia University Division of War Research in 1942, serving throughout World War II, first as Administrator and then as Director of the U.S. Navy's Underwater Sound Laboratories at New London, Connecticut. At the end of the war, Glennan became an executive of the Ansco Corp. in Binghamton, New York. From this position he was called to the presidency of the Case Institute of Technology in Cleveland, Ohio. During his administration, Case rose from a primarily local institution to rank with the top engineering schools in the United States. From October 1950 to November 1952, concurrent with his Case presidency, he served as a member of the Atomic Energy Commission.

Administration

As NASA Administrator, Glennan presided over an organization that had absorbed the earlier National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) intact; its 8,000 employees, an annual budget of US$100 million, and three major research laboratories—Langley Aeronautical Laboratory, Ames Aeronautical Laboratory, and Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory—and two small test facilities made up the core of the new NASA. Within a short time after NASA's formal organization, Glennan incorporated several organizations involved in space exploration projects from other federal agencies into NASA to ensure that a viable scientific program of space exploration could be reasonably conducted over the long-term. He brought in part of the Naval Research Laboratory in NASA and created for its use the Goddard Space Flight Center. He also incorporated several disparate satellite programs, two lunar probes, and the research effort to develop a million pound force (4.4 MN) thrust, single-chamber rocket engine from the U.S. Air Force and the U.S. Department of Defense's (DOD) Advanced Research Projects Agency. In December 1958 Glennan also acquired control of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a contractor facility operated by the California Institute of Technology. In 1960, Glennan obtained the transfer to NASA of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA), located at Huntsville, Alabama, and renamed it the Marshall Space Flight Center. By mid-1960, Glennan had secured for NASA primacy in the U.S. federal government for the execution of all space activities except reconnaissance satellites, ballistic missiles, and a few other space-related projects, most of which were still in the study stage, that the DOD controlled.

Later career

Upon leaving NASA in January 1961, Glennan returned to the Case Institute of Technology, where he was continued to serve as president until 1966. During this period he helped to negotiate the merger of Case with Western Reserve University, creating Case Western Reserve University. After his retirement in 1966, Glennan spent two years as president of Associated Universities, Inc., a Washington-based advocate for institutions of higher learning. A resident of Reston, Virginia for twenty years after his retirement, he moved to Mitchellville, Maryland in the late 1980s. He died at Collington Life Care Community in Mitchellville in April 1995, after a stroke.

References


- Portions of this article are based on public domain text from [http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Biographies/glennan.html NASA]. Glennan, T. Keith Glennan, T. Keith Glennan, T. Keith

September 8

September 8 is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years). There are 114 days remaining.

Events


- 1331 - Stefan Dusan declares himself king of Serbia
- 1380 - Battle of Kulikovo - Russian forces defeat a mixed army of Tatars and Mongols, stopping their advance.
- 1449 - Battle of Tumu Fortress - Mongolians capture the Chinese emperor.
- 1504 - Michelangelo's David is unveiled in Florence.
- 1514 - Battle of Orsha - In one of the biggest battles of the century, Belarussians and Poles defeat the Russian army.
- 1565 - Pedro Menéndez de Avilés settles St. Augustine, Florida.
- 1565 - The Knights of Malta lift the Turkish siege of Malta (the Siege of Malta started on May 18).
- 1636 - A vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony establishes the first college in what would become the United States, today known as Harvard University.
- 1664 - The Dutch colony of New Amsterdam was surrendered to the British who renamed it New York in 1669.
- 1727 - A barn fire during a puppet show in the village of Burwell in Cambs, UK kills 78 people, many of whom are children
- 1755 - French and Indian War: Battle of Lake George
- 1796 - Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Bassano - French forces defeat Austrian troops at Bassano.
- 1810 - The Tonquin sets sail from New York Harbor with 33 employees of John Jacob Astor's newly created Pacific Fur Company on board. After a six-month journey around the tip of South America, the ship arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River and Astor's men established fur-trading town of Astoria, Oregon.
- 1831 - William IV was crowned King of Great Britain.
- 1863 - American Civil War: Second Battle of Sabine Pass - On the Texas-Louisiana border at the mouth of the Sabine River, a small Confederate force thwarts a Union invasion of Texas.
- 1888 - In London, the body of Jack the Ripper's second murder victim, Annie Chapman, is found.
- 1888 - In England the first six Football League matches ever are played.
- 1900 - Galveston Hurricane of 1900: a powerful hurricane hits Galveston, Texas killing about 8,000 people.
- 1921- 16-year-old Margaret Gorman won the Atlantic City Pageant's Golden Mermaid trophy; pageant officials later dubbed her the first Miss America.
- 1923 - Honda Point Disaster: Nine US Navy destroyers run aground off the California coast. Seven are lost.
- 1926 - Germany was admitted to the League of Nations.
- 1930 - 3M begins marketing Scotch transparent tape.
- 1934 - Off the New Jersey coast, a fire aboard the passenger liner SS Morro Castle kills 135 people.
- 1935 - US Senator from Louisiana, Huey Long, nicknamed "Kingfish", is fatally shot in the Louisiana capitol building.
- 1941 - World War II: Siege of Leningrad begins. German forces begin a siege against the Soviet Union's second-largest city, Leningrad. Stalin orders the Volga Deutsche deported to Siberia.
- 1943 - World War II: United States General Dwight D. Eisenhower publicly announces the Allied armistice with Italy.
- 1943 - World War II: Julius Fucik is executed by Nazis.
- 1944 - World War II: London is hit by a V2 rocket for the first time.
- 1944 - World War II: Menton is liberated from Germany.
- 1945 - Cold War: United States troops arrive to partition the southern part of Korea in response to Soviet troops occupying the northern part of the peninsula a month earlier.
- 1951 - Treaty of San Francisco: In San Francisco, California, 48 nations sign a peace treaty with Japan in formal recognition of the end of the Pacific War.
- 1954 - The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) is established.
- 1960 - In Huntsville, Alabama, US President Dwight D. Eisenhower formally dedicates the Marshall Space Flight Center (NASA had already activated the facility on July 1).
- 1962 - Newly independent, Algeria, by referendum, adopts a Constitution.
- 1966 - "The Man Trap", the first episode of the science fiction television series Star Trek airs.
- 1966 - The Severn Road Bridge was officially opened.
- 1971 - In Washington, DC, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts is inaugurated, with the opening feature being the premiere of Leonard Bernstein's Mass.
- 1974 - Watergate Scandal: US President Gerald Ford pardons former President Richard Nixon for any crimes Nixon may have committed while in office.
- 1974 - Evel Knievel's attempt to jump the Snake River Canyon at Twin Falls, Idaho, fails after a parachute prematurely deploys on his "sky cycle."
- 1991 - Republic of Macedonia becomes independent.
- 1994 - A Boeing 737 operating USAir Flight 427 carrying 132 people on board, crashes on approach to Pittsburgh International Airport. There are no survivors.
- 1998 - At Busch Stadium in St. Louis, Missouri, Mark McGwire breaks Roger Maris' 1961 record of 61 home runs hit in a single season.
- 1999 - US Attorney General Janet Reno names former US Senator John Danforth to head an independent investigation of the 1993 fire at the Branch Davidian compound near Waco, Texas.
- 2000 - The Republic of Albania officially joins the World Trade Organization, as Albania.
- 2001 - Durban, South Africa hosts the World Conference against Racism.
- 2003 - Brianna LaHara, a 12-year-old U.S. schoolgirl, is sued by the RIAA for downloading music illegally.
- 2004 - The NASA unmanned spacecraft Genesis crash-lands when its parachute fails to open.

Births


- 551 BC – Confucius, Chinese philosopher (d. 479 BC)
- 801 - Ansgar, German Catholic archbishop
- 828 - Ali al-Hadi, Shia Imam (d. 868)
- 1157 - King Richard I of England (d. 1199)
- 1207 - King Sancho II of Portugal
- 1271 - Charles Martel d'Anjou, son of Charles II of Naples (d. 1295)
- 1380 - Saint Bernardino of Siena, Italian Franciscan missionary (d. 1444)
- 1474 - Ludovico Ariosto, Italian poet (d. 1533)
- 1515 - Alfonso Salmeron, Spanish Jesuit biblical scholar (d. 1585)
- 1588 - Marin Mersenne, French mathematician (d. 1648)
- 1611 - Johann Friedrich Gronovius, German classical scholar (d. 1671)
- 1621 - Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé, French general (d. 1686)
- 1633 - Ferdinand IV of Germany (d. 1654)
- 1672 - Nicolas de Grigny, French organist and composer (d. 1703)
- 1749 - Gabrielle de Polastron, comtesse de Polignac, French aristocrat (d. 1793)
- 1778 - Clemens Brentano, German poet (d. 1842)
- 1783 - Nicolai Grundtvig, Danish writer and philosopher (d. 1872)
- 1804 - Eduard Mörike, German poet (d. 1875)
- 1814 - Charles-Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg, French writer and historian (d. 1874)
- 1828 - Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, American Civil War soldier
- 1830 - Frédéric Mistral, French poet, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1914)
- 1841 - Antonin Dvorak, Czech composer (d. 1904)
- 1852 - Emperor Gwangmu of Korea (d. 1919)
- 1873 - David O. McKay, president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1970)
- 1881 - Harry Hillman, American athlete
- 1886 - Siegfried Sassoon, English poet (d. 1967)
- 1889 - Robert Alphonso Taft, U.S. Senator from Ohio (d. 1953)
- 1897 - Jimmie Rodgers, American singer and composer (d. 1933)
- 1901 - Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd, Prime Minister of South Africa (d. 1966)
- 1910 - Jean-Louis Barrault, French actor and director (d. 1994)
- 1914 - Sir Denys Lasdun, English architect (d. 2001)
- 1918 - Derek Harold Richard Barton, British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998)
- 1921 - Sir Harry Secombe, Welsh actor (d. 2001)
- 1922 - Sid Caesar, American comedian
- 1922 - Lyndon LaRouche, American politician
- 1924 - Mimi Parent, Canadian painter (d. 2005)
- 1925 - Peter Sellers, English actor (d. 1980)
- 1929 - Christoph von Dohnanyi, German conductor
- 1930 - Nguyen Cao Ky, Premier of South Vietnam
- 1932 - Patsy Cline, American singer (d. 1963)
- 1933 - Michael Frayn, English playwright
- 1934 - Peter Maxwell Davies, British composer
- 1938 - Sam Nunn, U.S. Senator from Georgia
- 1939 - Carsten Keller, German field hockey player
- 1944 - Terry Jenner, Australian Cricketer
- 1945 - Ron Pigpen McKernan, American musician (the Grateful Dead) (d. 1973)
- 1947 - Ann Beattie, American writer
- 1947 - Valery Afanassiev, Russian pianist
- 1956 - Frank Tovey, British singer and musician (d. 2002)
- 1960 - Aimee Mann, American musician
- 1964 - Michael Johns, business executive and White House speechwriter
- 1964 - Joachim Nielsen, Norwegian musician (d. 2000)
- 1966 - Carola, Swedish singer
- 1969 - Gary Speed, Welsh footballer
- 1970 - Neko Case, American musician
- 1970 - Latrell Sprewell, American basketball player
- 1970 - Yuji Nishizawa, Japanese hijacker
- 1971 - Brooke Burke, American model
- 1971 - Daniel Petrov, Bulgarian boxer
- 1972 - Lisa Kennedy, American television personality
- 1976 - Sjeng Schalken, Dutch tennis player
- 1979 - Pink, American singer
- 1981 - Morten Gamst Pedersen, Norwegian footballer
- 1981 - Jonathan Taylor Thomas, American actor

Deaths


- 701 - Pope Sergius I
- 780 - Leo IV, Byzantine Emperor
- 1425 - King Charles III of Navarre (b. 1361)
- 1539 - John Stokesley, English churchman
- 1603 - George Carey, 2nd Baron Hunsdon, English politician (b. 1547)
- 1613 - Carlo Gesualdo, Italian composer (b. 1566)
- 1637 - Robert Fludd, English mystic (b. 1574)
- 1644 - John Coke, English politician (b. 1563)
- 1644 - Francis Quarles, English poet (b. 1592)
- 1645 - Francisco de Quevedo, Spanish writer (b. 1580)
- 1656 - Joseph Hall, English bishop and writer (b. 1574)
- 1682 - Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz, Spanish writer (b. 1606)
- 1721 - Michael Brokoff, Czech sculptor (b. 1686)
- 1739 - Yuri Troubetzkoy, Governor of Belgorod (b. 1668)
- 1755 - Ephraim Williams, American philanthropist (b. 1715)
- 1761 - Bernard Forest de Bélidor, French engineer (b. 1698)
- 1780 - Enoch Poor, American Continental Army general (b. 1736)
- 1784 - Ann Lee, American religious leader (b. 1736)
- 1811 - Peter Simon Pallas, German zoologist (b. 1741)
- 1933 - King Faysal I of Iraq (b. 1883)
- 1894 - Hermann von Helmholtz, German physician (b. 1821)
- 1943 - Julius Fucik, Czech journalist (executed) (b. 1903)
- 1948 - Thomas Mofolo, Lesotho writer (b. 1876)
- 1949 - Richard Strauss, German composer (b. 1864)
- 1965 - Dorothy Dandridge, American actress (b. 1922)
- 1965 - Hermann Staudinger, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1881)
- 1969 - Bud Collyer, American television game show host (b. 1908)
- 1969 - Alexandra David-Néel, French explorer and writer (b. 1868)
- 1977 - Zero Mostel, American actor (b. 1915)
- 1979 - Jean Seberg, American actress (b. 1938)
- 1980 - Willard Libby, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1908)
- 1981 - Bill Shankly, Scottish football manager (b. 1913)
- 1981 - Roy Wilkins, American civil rights activist (b. 1901)
- 1981 - Hideki Yukawa, Japanese physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1907)
- 1985 - John Franklin Enders, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1887)
- 2002 - Laurie Williams, West Indian cricketer (b. 1968)
- 2003 - Jaclyn Linetsky, Canadian voice actress (b. 1986)
- 2003 - Leni Riefenstahl, German film director (b. 1902)
- 2004 - Frank Thomas, American animator (b. 1913)
- 2005 - Noel Cantwell, Irish cricketer and footballer (b. 1932)

Holidays


- RC Saints - Feast of the Birth of Mary, also in the Anglican Church; Pope Sergius I
- Eastern Orthodoxy - Feast of the Nativity of the Theotokos
- Andorra - National day: Mare de Deu de Meritxell
- Bahá'í Faith - Feast of 'Izzat (Might) - First day of the tenth month of the Bahá'í calendar
- Republic of Macedonia - Independence day (from Yugoslavia, 1991)
- Fiestas de Santa Fe in New Mexico, USA
- National literacy day (UK)

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/8 BBC: On This Day] ---- September 7 - September 9 - August 8 - October 8 – more historical anniversaries ko:9월 8일 ja:9月8日 simple:September 8 th:8 กันยายน

1905

1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar).

Events

January-April


- January 2 - Russo-Japanese War: The Russian Army surrenders at Port Arthur, China; an event which shocked the world.
- January 22 - Massacre of Russian demonstrators at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg, one of the triggers of the abortive Russian Revolution of 1905.
- January 26 - The Cullinan Diamond is found near Pretoria, South Africa at the Premier Mine.
- February 10 - Bomb kills grand duke Sergei in Moscow
- February 18 - Tsar orders A. G. Bulygin, the new minister of internal affairs, to make a plan for representative assembly
- February 23 - Foundation of Rotary International
- February 24 - Workmen from the Italian side of the Simplon Tunnel under the Swiss Alps break through the Swiss side
- March 1 - Australian Conservative leader Richard Butler takes office as Premier of South Australia
- March 3 - Tsar Nicholas II of Russia agrees to create an elected assembly (the Duma).
- March 5 - Russian troops begin to retreat from Mukden, Manchuria after losing 100,000 troops in 3 days.
- March 10 Japanese capture of Mukden (now Shenyang) completes rout of Russian armies in Manchuria.
- March 10 - Cassie Chadwick sentenced for 14 years in Cleveland for fraud
- March 17 - Albert Einstein publishes his paper "On a heuristic viewpoint concerning the production and transformation of light" in which he explains the photoelectric effect using the notion of light quanta
- March 31 - During his visit in Morocco, German emperor William II asserts German equality with France in Morocco, triggering the Tangier (or First Moroccan) Crisis.
- April 2 - The Simplon Tunnel dedicated
- April 4 - In India, an earthquake near Kangra, kills 20,000.
- April - Albert Einstein works on the special theory of relativity as well as the theory of Brownian motion

May-October


- May 8 - In Russia, Union of Unions, an umbrella group for newly-formed Russian trade and professional organizations, is found with Paul Milyakov as its leader
- May 11 - Albert Einstein submits his doctoral dissertation "On the Motion of Small Particles..." where he explains the Brownian motion
- May 13 - Mata Hari debuts in Paris
- May 15 - Las Vegas, Nevada is founded when 110 acres (0.4 km²), in what later would become downtown, are auctioned off.
- May 27-28 - Russo-Japanese War: Battle of Tsushima - The Japanese fleet under Admiral Heihachiro Togo destroys Russian fleet under Admiral Zinovi Petrovich Rozhdestvenski in this two day battle
- June 7 - The Norwegian Parliament declares the union with Sweden dissolved, thus Norway achieves its independence.
- June 14-15 - Mutiny in the Russian ironclad Potemkin
- June 15 - Princess Margaret of Connaught marries Gustav, Crown Prince of Sweden.
- June 30 - Albert Einstein publishes the article "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" where he discovers special relativity.
- July 6 - Alfred Deakin becomes Prime Minister of Australia for the second time.
- July 11 - July 14 - first meeting of the Niagara Movement
- August 13 - Norway holds referendum in favour of dissolving the union with Sweden.
- August 20 - Lord Curzon resigns as viceroy of India
- September 1 - The Canadian province of Alberta is established from the southwestern part of the Northwest Territories.
- September 4 - The Canadian province of Saskatchewan is established.
- September 5 - Russo-Japanese War: Treaty of Portsmouth signed - In New Hampshire a treaty mediated by US President Theodore Roosevelt, is signed by victor Japan and defeated party Russia. In the agreement, Russia cedes the island of Sakhalin and port and rail rights in Manchuria to Japan.
- September 20 - Printer's strike in Moscow
- October 3 - HMS Dreadnought is laid down, revolutionizing battleship design and triggering a naval arms race.
- October 13 - St. Petersburg Soviet of worker's deputies formed
- October 17 - Russian chief minister Sergei Witte announces October Manifesto, plan for representative assembly, increased voting rights and freedom of speech, religion and association
- October 18 - Naval students demonstrate in St Petersburg
- October 26 - Sweden agrees to the repeal of the union with Norway. King Oscar II abdicates the Norwegian throne.
- October 30 - Tsar Nicholas II is forced to grant Russia's first constitution, conceding a national assembly (Duma) with limited powers.
- October 31 - Local peasants in Volokolamsk declare the Markovo Republic (Russian troops overrun it July 18 1906)
- 70 Onion Johnnies die when the steamer Hilda sinks off France.

November-December


- November 9 - The Province of Alberta, Canada holds its 1st General Election.
- November 18 - Prince Carl of Denmark becomes King Haakon VII of Norway.
- November 21 - Moscow soviet formed
- November 28 - Irish nationalist Arthur Griffith founds Sinn Féin in Dublin as a political party whose goal is the independence for all of Ireland.
- December 6 - St Petersburg soviet calls for a general strike
- December 8 - Armed uprising in Moscow is defeated
- December 9 - In Novorossiisk in Siberia, local Socialist Soviet declares independence. 19 days later Russian artillery forces them to surrender
- December 30 - Bomb kills Frank Steunenberg, ex-governor of Idaho. Case leads to a trial again

Births

January-April


- January 2 - Michael Tippett, English composer (d. 1998)
- January 3 - Anna May Wong, American actress (d. 1961)
- January 12 - Tex Ritter, American actor and singer (d. 1974)
- January 18 - Joseph Bonanno, American gangster (d. 2002)
- January 21 - Christian Dior, French couturier (d. 1957)
- January 26 - Charles Lane, American actor
- January 26 - Maria von Trapp, Austrian singer (d. 1987)
- January 29 - Barnett Newman, American painter (d. 1970)
- January 31 - John O'Hara, American writer (d. 1970)
- February 1 - Emilio G. Segrè, Italian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1989)
- February 2 - Ayn Rand, American author (d. 1982)
- February 7 - Paul Nizan, French author (d. 1940)
- February 14 - Thelma Ritter, American actress (d. 1969)
- February 15 - Harold Arlen, American composer of popular music (d. 1986)
- February 23 - Derrick Henry Lehmer, American mathematician (d. 1991)
- February 27 - Franchot Tone, American actor (d. 1968)
- March 6 - Bob Wills, American singer (d. 1975)
- March 15 - Berthold Graf Schenk von Stauffenberg, German lawyer and Nazi opponent (d. 1944)
- March 16 - Elisabeth Flickenschildt, German actress (d. 1977)
- March 18 - Thomas Townsend Brown, American scientist (d. 1985)
- March 18 - Robert Donat, English actor (d. 1958)
- March 18 - Benny Friedman, American football player (d. 1982)
- March 19 - Albert Speer, Nazi official (d. 1981)
- March 23 - Lale Andersen, German singer (d. 1972)
- March 23 - Joan Crawford, American actress (d. 1977)
- March 27 - Elsie MacGill, Canadian aeronautical engineer (d. 1980)
- April 18 - George H. Hitchings, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1998)
- April 21 - Edmund G. Brown, Govenor of California (d. 1996)

May-August


- May 3 - Sebastian Shaw, English actor (d. 1994)
- May 8 - Red Nichols, American jazz musician (d. 1965)
- May 15 - Joseph Cotten, American actor (d. 1994)
- May 16 - Henry Fonda, American actor (d. 1982)
- June 12 - Ray Barbuti, American athlete (d. 1975)
- July 4 - Irving Johnson, American sail training pioneer (d. 1991)
- July 5 - Jock Cameron, South African cricketer (d. 1935)
- July 12 - Edward Bernds, American director (d. 2000)
- July 12 - Prince John of the United Kingdom (d. 1919)
- July 15 - Dorothy Fields, American songwriter (d. 1988)
- July 22 - Doc Cramer, Major League Baseball player (d. 1990)
- July 25 - Elias Canetti, Bulgarian-born British writer (d. 1994)
- July 29 - Dag Hammarskjöld, Swedish United Nations Secretary-General, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1961)
- August 2 - Karl Amadeus Hartmann, German composer (d. 1963)
- August 3 - Franz König, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Vienna (d. 2004)
- August 8 - André Jolivet, French composer (d. 1974)
- August 11 - Erwin Chargaff, Austrian biochemist (d. 2002)
- August 16 - Marian Rejewski, Polish mathematician and cryptologist (d. 1980)
- August 20 - Jean Gebser, author, linguist and poet (d. 1973)
- August 21 - Friz Freleng, American animator (d. 1995)
- August 23 - Constant Lambert, British composer (d. 1951)
- August 29 - Dhyan Chand, Indian hockey legend. (d. 1979)
- August 31 - Dore Schary, American film writer, director, and producer (d. 1980)

September-December


- September 1 - Elvera Sanchez, Puerto Rican dancer (d.2000)
- September 3 - Carl David Anderson, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1991)
- September 18 - Eddie Anderson, American actor (d. 1977)
- September 18 - Greta Garbo, Swedish actress (d. 1990)
- September 22 - Eugen Sänger, Austrian aerospace engineer (d. 1964)
- September 24 - Severo Ochoa, Spanish–American biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1993)
- September 30 - Savitri Devi, Greek writer and philosopher (d. 1982)
- September 30 - Nevill Francis Mott, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1996)
- September 30 - Michael Powell, British director (d. 1990)
- October 5 - Helen Wills Moody, American tennis player (d. 1998)
- October 23 - Felix Bloch, Swiss-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1983)
- November 7 - William Alwyn, English composer (d. 1985)
- November 9 - Erika Mann, German writer and oldest daughter of Thomas Mann (d. 1969)
- November 15 - Mantovani, Italian-born conductor and arranger (d. 1980)
- November 17 - Queen Astrid of Belgium (d. 1935)
- November 26 - Bob Johnson, baseball player (d. 1982)
- December 11 - Gilbert Rowland, Mexican-born American actor (d. 1994)
- December 24 - Howard Hughes, American film maker, industrialist, aircraft designer, and airline founder (d. 1976)
- December 27 - Leonard Goldenson, American television executive (d. 1999)
- December 30 - Jule Styne, English-born composer (d. 1994)

Unknown dates


- Sada Abe, Japanese actress (d. 1970)

Deaths


- January 14 - Ernst Abbe, German physicist (b. 1840)
- January 19 - Debendranath Tagore, Indian philosopher (b. 1817)
- February 4 - Louis-Ernest Barrias, French sculptor (b. 1841)
- March 6 - John Henninger Reagan, American Confederate politician (b. 1818)
- March 24 - Jules Verne, French author (b. 1828)
- June 22 - Francis Lubbock, Governor of Texas (b. 1815)
- July 8 - Walter Kittredge, American musician and composer (b. 1834)
- August 14 - Simeon Solomon, British artist (b. 1840)
- September 18 - George MacDonald, Scottish author and poet, Christian minister (b. 1824)
- October 13 - Henry Irving, English actor (b. 1838)
- October 29 - Étienne Desmarteau, Canadian athlete (b. 1873)
- Muhammad Abduh, Egyptian philosopher and jurist (b. 1849)

Nobel Prizes


- Physics - Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard
- Chemistry - Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer
- Physiology or Medicine - Robert Koch
- Literature - Henryk Sienkiewicz
- Peace - Baroness Bertha Sophie Felicita Von Suttner Category:1905

April 11

April 11 is the 101st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (102nd in leap years). There are 264 days remaining.

Events


- 1241 - Batu Khan defeats Bela IV of Hungary at the Battle of Muhi
- 1512 - Battle of Ravenna
- 1713 - War of the Spanish Succession (Queen Anne's War): Treaty of Utrecht
- 1775 - Last execution for witchcraft in Germany
- 1803 - French Foreign Minister Charles Talleyrand offers to sell all of the Louisiana Territory to the United States
- 1814 - Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to Elba.
- 1827 - The Greek national assembly at Troezene elected Capo d'Istria president of the republic.
- 1856 - Battle of Rivas in the war between the Central American coalition and filibuster William Walker.
- 1868 - The Shogunate is abolished in Japan
- 1876 - The Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks is organized
- 1888 - The Concertgebouw in Amsterdam is inaugurated.
- 1899 - Spain cedes Puerto Rico to the United States
- 1921 - First sports broadcast on the radio.
- 1921 - The Emirate of Transjordan is created.
- 1945 - World War II: United States forces liberate Buchenwald concentration camp.
- 1947 - Jackie Robinson is the first African American to play in a modern-day Major League Baseball game.
- 1951 - Korean War: President Harry S. Truman relieves General Douglas MacArthur of overall command in Korea.
- 1961 - Bob Dylan makes his singing début in New York City.
- 1965 - The Palm Sunday Tornado Outbreak: Fifty-one tornadoes hit in six Midwestern states killing 256 people.
- 1968 - Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1968, prohibiting discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing.
- 1968 - German student leader Rudi Dutschke is shot in Berlin.
- 1970 - Apollo 13 is launched.
- 1979 - Ugandan dictator Idi Amin is deposed.
- 1981 - A massive riot in Brixton, South London, results in almost 300 police injuries and 65 serious civilian injuries.
- 2001 - The detained crew of a United States EP-3E aircraft that landed in Hainan, People's Republic of China after a collision with an F-8 fighter is released.
- 2001 - Extreme Championship Wrestling Folds
- 2002 - The Ghriba synagogue bombing by Al Qaeda kills 21 in Tunisia.
- 2002 - Eighteen people were killed and 150-185 people were injured, some quite seriously, during the April 11 protest march against Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez

Births


- 146 - Septimius Severus, Roman Emperor (d. 211)
- 1357 - King John I of Portugal (d. 1433)
- 1374 - Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, heir to the throne of England (d. 1398)
- 1492 - Margaret of Navarre, queen of Henry II of Navarre (d. 1549)
- 1592 - John Eliot, English statesman (d. 1632)
- 1705 - William Cookworthy, English chemist (d. 1780)
- 1721 - David Zeisberger, Moravian missionary (d. 1808)
- 1722 - Christopher Smart, English poet (d. 1771)
- 1755 - James Parkinson, English physician (d. 1824)
- 1769 - Jean Lannes, French marshal (d. 1809)
- 1810 - Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, English soldier and orientalist (d. 1895)
- 1819 - Charles Hallé, German pianist and conductor (d. 1895)
- 1825 - Ferdinand Lassalle, German politician (d. 1864)
- 1869 - Gustav Vigeland, Norwegian sculptor (d. 1943)
- 1883 - Hozumi Shigeto, Japanese author (d. 1951)
- 1889 - Nick LaRocca, American musician (d. 1961)
- 1893 - Dean Acheson, U.S. Secretary of State (d. 1971)
- 1900 - Sandor Marai, Hungarian writer (d. 1989)
- 1906 - Dale Messick, American cartoonist (d. 2005)
- 1908 - Leo Rosten, American humorist and author (d. 1997)
- 1911 - Stanislawa Walasiewicz, Polish-born runner (d. 1980)
- 1913 - Oleg Cassini, French-born fashion designer
- 1914 - Robert Stanfield, Premier of Nova Scotia (d. 2003)
- 1916 - Alberto Ginastera, Argentine composer (d. 1983)
- 1917 - David Westheimer, American novelist (d. 2005)
- 1930 - Anton LaVey, American founder of the Church of Satan (d. 1997)
- 1931 - Johnny Sheffield, American actor
- 1932 - Joel Grey, American singer, actor, and dancer
- 1935 - Richard Berry, American singer, and composer (d. 1997)
- 1938 - Kurt Moll, German bass
- 1939 - Louise Lasser, American actress
- 1944 - John Milius, American director and writer
- 1946 - Bob Harris, British disc jockey and presenter
- 1947 - Peter Riegert, American actor
- 1947 - Meshach Taylor, American actor
- 1949 - Bernd Eichinger, German film producer
- 1951 - Doris McGowen Beck Angleton, American socialite (d. 1997)
- 1951 - James Patrick Kelly, American author
- 1953 - Andrew Wiles, British mathematician
- 1953 - Guy Verhofstadt, Prime Minister of Belgium
- 1955 - Kevin Brady, American politician
- 1955 - Michael Callen, American singer and songwriter (d. 1993)
- 1958 - Stuart Adamson, British musician (Big Country) (d. 2001)
- 1959 - Frank C Scott, Australian photo-journalist
- 1960 - Jeremy Clarkson, British journalist
- 1961 - Doug Hopkins, American musician
- 1963 - Chris Ferguson, American poker player
- 1966 - Mason Reese, American actor
- 1966 - Lisa Stansfield, English singer
- 1968 - Sergey Lukyanenko, Russian author
- 1971 - Oliver Riedel, German musican (Rammstein)
- 1972 - Jason Varitek, baseball player
- 1974 - Trot Nixon, baseball player
- 1980 - Mark Teixeira, baseball player
- 1982 - Ian Bell, English cricketer
- 1987 - Joss Stone, English singer

Deaths


- 1240 - Llywelyn the Great, Prince of Gwynedd
- 1554 - Thomas Wyatt the younger, English rebel (executed) (b. 1521)
- 1555 - Joanna of Castile, mother of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1479)
- 1612 - Emanuel van Meteren, Flemish historian (b. 1535)
- 1612 - Edward Wightman, English Baptist preacher (burned at the stake) (b. 1566)
- 1626 - Marin Getaldić, Croatian mathematician (b. 1568)
- 1712 - Richard Simon, French Biblical critic (b. 1638)
- 1723 - John Robinson, English diplomat (b. 1650)
- 1798 - Karl Wilhelm Ramler, German poet (b. 1725)
- 1856 - Juan Santamaría, national hero of Costa Rica (b. 1831)
- 1861 - Francisco González Bocanegra, Mexican poet (b. 1824)
- 1873 - Edward Canby, U.S. general (assassinated) (b. 1817)
- 1906 - James Anthony Bailey, American circus impresario (b. 1847)
- 1906 - Francis Pharcellus Church, American editor and publisher (b. 1839)
- 1916 - Richard Harding Davis, American author (b. 1864)
- 1926 - Luther Burbank, American botanist (b. 1849)
- 1970 - Cathy O'Donnell, American actress (b. 1923)
- 1970 - John O'Hara, American author (b. 1905)
- 1983 - Dolores del Rio, Mexican actress (b. 1905)
- 1985 - Enver Hoxha, Albanian statesman (b. 1908)
- 1987 - Erskine Caldwell, American author (b. 1903)
- 1987 - Primo Levi, Italian chemist, composer, librettist, and author (b. 1919)
- 1996 - Jessica Dubroff, American pilot (b. 1988)
- 1999 - Jean Vander Pyl, American voice actress (b. 1919)
- 2001 - Harry Secombe, Welsh actor and comedian (b. 1921)
- 2003 - Cecil Howard Green, British-born geophysicist and businessman (b. 1900)
- 2005 - Lucien Laurent, French footballer (b. 1907)

Holidays and observances


- 1993, 2004, 2066: Easter
- Anniversary of the Battle of Rivas (State holiday in Costa Rica)

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/11 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.tnl.net/when/4/11 Today in History: April 11] ---- April 10 - April 12 - March 11 - May 11 -- listing of all days ko:4월 11일 ms:11 April ja:4月11日 simple:April 11 th:11 เมษายน

1995

1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. It was the first year of the International Decade of the World's Indigenous People (1995-2005): http://www.unesco.org/culture/indigenous/

Events

January


- January 1 - Austria, Finland and Sweden enter the European Union
- January 1 - Fred West, accused of mass murder, hangs himself in Winson Green Prison, Birmingham
- January 1 - World Trade Organization is established to replace GATT
- January 2 - Former President of Somalia, Siyad Barre died. He had been ousted in 1991.
- January 6-January 7 - A chemical fire occurs in an apartment complex in Manila, Philippines. Policemen led by watch commander Aida Fariscal and investigators find a bomb factory and a laptop computer and disks that contain plans for Project Bojinka, a mass-terrorist attack. The mastermind, Ramzi Yousef, is arrested one month later
- January 9 - Valeri Polyakov completes 366 days in space while aboard the Mir space station breaking a duration record
- January 17 - A magnitude 7.3 earthquake called "the Great Hanshin earthquake" occurs near Kōbe, Japan, causing great property damage and killing 6,433 people
- January 24 - The prosecution delivers its opening statement in the O. J. Simpson murder trial
- January 25 - The Norwegian Rocket Incident - A rocket launched from the space exploration centre at Andøya, Norway to study the Northern Lights, is mistaken by the Russians as a nuclear attack and the russian missile command is put into combat mode before realizing the misunderstanding.
- January 31 - United States President Bill Clinton invokes emergency powers to extend a $20 trillion loan to help Mexico avert financial collapse.

February


- February 9 - Dr. Bernard A. Harris, Jr. makes history as the first African American astronaut to walk in space.
- February 13 - United Nations tribunal on human rights violation in the Balkans charges 21 Bosnian Serb commanders with genocide and crimes against humanity
- February 15 - Hacking: Kevin Mitnick is arrested by the FBI and charged with breaking into some of the United States' most "secure" computers systems.
- February 17 - Colin Ferguson is convicted of six counts of murder for the December 1993 Long Island Rail Road shootings and later receives a 200+ year sentence
- February 21 - Serkadji prison mutiny in Algeria; 4 guards and 96 prisoners killed in a day and a half.
- February 21 - Steve Fossett lands in Leader, Saskatchewan, Canada becoming the first person to make a solo flight across the Pacific Ocean in a balloon
- February 23 - The Dow Jones Industrial Average gains 30.28 to close at 4,003.33 -- The Dow's first ever close above 4,000.
- February 26 - The United Kingdom's oldest investment banking firm, Barings Bank collapses after a securities broker Nick Leeson has lost $1.4 billion by speculating on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
- February 27 - In Denver, Colorado, the old Stapleton Airport closes: it is replaced by a new Denver International Airport, the largest airport in the United States.
- February 28 - Members of the Group Patriot's Council are convicted in Minnesota for manufacturing ricin

March


- March 1 - Attack Submarine USS-Seahorse (now ex-Seahorse SSN-669) starts to be deactivated
- March 1 - Polish Prime Minister Waldemar Pawlak resigns from parliament and is replaced by ex-communist Jozef Oleksy
- March 1 - Daniel Sleator announces his intentions to commercialize the Internet Chess Server (ICS) himself, renames it the Internet Chess Club, or ICC, and charges a yearly membership fee of $49 to howls of protest
- March 1 - Muntinlupa City, Philippines officially becomes a city.
- March 1 - In Moscow, Russian anti-corruption journalist Vladislav Listyev is killed by a gunman.
- March 2 - Nick Leeson is arrested for his role in the collapse of Barings Bank.
- March 3 - In Somalia, the United Nations peacekeeping mission ends.
- March 6 - Adrianus Jacobs, chairman of Internationale Nederlanden Groep NV announces that his company would buy bankrupt Barings PLC bank for a nominal prize
- March 14 - Astronaut Norman Thagard becomes the first American to ride to space on-board a Russian launch vehicle.
- March 20 - Terrorist incident: Members of the Aum Shinrikyo religious cult release sarin gas on five separate railway trains in Tokyo, killing 12 and injuring hundreds.
- March 22 - Cosmonaut Valeri Polyakov returns after setting a record for 438 days in space. Also, the Schengen treaty comes into force.
- March 24 - For the first time in twenty six years, no British soldiers patrol the streets of Belfast, Northern Ireland.
- March 30 - Police officer tries to assassinate Takaji Kunimatsu, chief of the National Police Agency of Japan
- March 31 - The president of Selena fan club, Yolanda Aldivar, kills the star in Corpus Christi, Texas

April

Corpus Christi, Texas
- April 19 - Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma city was bombed. 168 people, including 8 Federal Marshals and 19 children, were killed. Timothy McVeigh and one of his accomplices, Terry Nichols set off the bomb.
- April 24 - Unabomber bomb kills lobbyist Gilbert Murray in Sacramento, California

May


- May 7 - Jacques Chirac elected president of France.
- May 11 - In New York City, more than 170 countries decide to extend the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty indefinitely and without conditions.
- May 14 - The Dalai Lama proclaims 6-year-old Gedhun Choekyi Nyima as the eleventh reincarnation of the Panchen Lama.
- May 16 - Japanese police besieges the headquarters of Aum Shinrikyo near Mount Fuji and arrest cult leader Shoko Asahara.
- May 16 - Jacques Chirac assumes the presidency of France.
- May 23 - Oklahoma City bombing: In Oklahoma City, the remains of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building are imploded.
- May 24 - AFC Ajax beat AC Milan 1-0 to win the Champions League.
- May 25 - Egan v. Canada - Supreme Court of Canada rules that sexual orientation is a prohibited grounds of discrimination under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
- May 27 - In Charlottesville, Virginia, actor Christopher Reeve is paralyzed from the neck down after falling from his horse in a riding competition, ending his career.
- May 28 - Neftegorsk, Russia is hit by a 7.6 magnitude earthquake killing at least 2000 people (2/3rd of the towns population).

June


- June 1 - The busiest hurricane season in 62 years begins. (see 1995 Atlantic hurricane season).
-
- EarthBound is released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in the U.S.
- June 2 - United States Air Force Captain Scott O'Grady's F-16 is shot down over Bosnia while patrolling the NATO no-fly zone. O'Grady survives on bugs and grass until he is rescued.
- June 2 - SS captain Erich Priebke extradited from Argentina to Italy
- June 5 - Bose-Einstein condensate created.
- June 6 - U.S. astronuat Norman Thagard broke NASA's space endurance record of 14 days, one hour and 16 minutes, aboard the Russian space station Mir.
- June 8 - Downed U.S. Air Force pilot Captain Scott O'Grady is rescued by U.S. Marines in Bosnia.
- June 13 - French president Jacques Chirac announces the resumption of nuclear tests in French Polynesia.
- June 15 - While on trial for murder, O.J. Simpson put on a pair of gloves that were found soaked with blood at the murder scene. The gloves appear not to fit.
- June 20 - Oil multinational Shell caves in to international pressure and abandons plans to dump the Brent Spar oil rig at sea.
- June 22 - Japanese police rescues 365 hostages from a hijacked Nippon Airlines 747 at Hakodae airport. The hijacker was armed by a knife and demanded release of Shoko Asahara
- June 24 - The New Jersey Devils sweep the Detroit Red Wings in 4 games in the 1995 Stanley Cup Finals.
- June 29 - Lisa Clayton completes her 10-month solo circumnavigation from the northern hemisphere.
- June 29 - The Space Shuttle Atlantis docks with the Russian Mir space station for the first time.
- June 29 - The Sampoong Department Store collapses in the Seocho-gu district of Seoul, South Korea, killing 501 and injuring 937.
- Summer - Iraq disarmament crisis: According to UNSCOM, the unity of the UN Security Council begins to fray, as a few countries, particularly France and Russia, are starting to become increasingly more interested in making financial deals with Iraq than disarming the country.

July

Iraq
- Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq threatens to end all cooperation with UNSCOM and IAEA, if sanctions against the country are not lifted by Thursday, August 31, 1995
- Midwestern United States heat wave: An unprecedented heat wave strikes the Midwestern United States for most of the month. Temperatures exceed 104°F (40°C) in the afternoon in numerous cities for 5 straight days. At least 3000 people die, 750 in Chicago, Illinois alone.
- July 1 - Iraq disarmament crisis: In response to UNSCOM's evidence, Iraq admits for first time the existence of an offensive biological weapons program, but denies weaponization.
- July 4 - The UK Prime Minister, John Major, has won his battle to remain leader of the Conservative Party.
- July 8 - Volcanic eruption begins in the island of Montserrat
- July 11 -