Home About us Products Services Contact us Bookmark
:: wikimiki.org ::
The Desert Song

The Desert Song

The Desert Song was a notable 1926 Broadway operetta with music by Sigmund Romberg and book and lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II and Otto Harbach, respectively. It opened at the Casino Theatre November 30 and ran for 465 performances [http://www.musicaltheatreguide.com/composers/romberg/desert_song.htm]. The leading man was Scottish baritone Richard Halliday and the heroine Vivienne Segal. To celebrate the centenary of Romberg’s birth (1987), the New York City Opera staged a lavish production with Richard White and Linda Michele. The Desert Song is still frequently performed and has been made into a motion picture four times: in 1929, 1939, 1943, and (the best-known version) in 1953 with Kathryn Grayson and Gordon MacRae. When it was adapted for live television in 1955 (with Gale Sherwood and Nelson Eddy, and Salvatore Baccalone imported from the Metropolitan opera to play Ali Ben Ali) one of the writers brought in to modernize some unplayable dialogue was the young Neil Simon [http://www.dandugan.com/maytime/dsrtsong.htm]. The plot, reminiscent of The Scarlet Pimpernel or Superman, concerns "The Red Shadow", a dashing rebel leader whose band of freedom fighters, the Riff, threaten the safety of a French outpost in the Moroccan desert. In reality, the Shadow is Pierre, unassuming son of French General Birabeau. Margot, a French girl soon to be married at the fort, is in love with the Red Shadow, little suspecting his true identity. Pierre, in disguise, kidnaps her in order to reveal his love for her. Eventually, when the Red Shadow is unable to battle General Birabeau face-to-face, his identity is discovered and they live happily ever after. Apart from the title song, musical numbers include:
- High On A Hill
- Ho! (The Riff Song)
- Let Love Go
- Margot
- One Alone
- One Flower Alone Grows In Your Garden
- One Good Man Gone Wrong
- The Song of the Brass Key

External link


- [http://www.musicaltheatreguide.com/composers/romberg/desert_song.htm Guide to operetta:]The Desert Song
- [http://www.mixed-up.com/lyrics/round/desert-song/ "The Desert Song" lyrics] Desert Song, The Desert Song

1926

1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar).

Events

January-April


- January 1 - Ireland's first regular radio service, 2RN (later Radio Éireann), begins broadcasting.
- January 1, Turkey switches to the Gregorian calendar after reforms set by Kamal Ataturk
- January 8 - Abdul-Aziz ibn Saud is crowned King of Hejaz
- January 12 - Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll premiere their radio program Sam 'n' Henry, in which the two white performers portrayed two black characters from Harlem looking for extra money during the Depression. It was a precursor to Gosden and Correll's more popular later program, Amos 'n' Andy.
- January 16 – BBC radio play about worker's revolution causes a panic in London
- January 26 - John Logie Baird demonstrates a mechanical television system.
- January 31 - British and Belgian troops leave Cologne
- February 9 - Flooding on London suburbs
- February 12 - Irish minister for Justice, Kevin O'Higgins, appoints the Committee on Evil Literature
- March 6 - The Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon is destroyed by fire
- March 16 - Robert Goddard launches the first liquid-fueled rocket, at Auburn, Massachusetts
- April 7 - Failed assassination attempt against Mussolini
- April 12 - By a vote of 45 to 41, the United States Senate unseats Iowa Senator Smith W. Brookhart and seats Daniel F. Steck, after Brookhart had already served for over one year.
- April 16 - Train crash in San Jose, Costa Rica - 178 dead
- April 21 - Princess Elizabeth born in London
- April 25 - Reza Khan is crowned Shah of Iran under the name "Pahlevi."

May-July


- May 1 - Coal miner's strike begins in Britain
- May 3 - General strike begins in support of the coal strike
- May 9 - Martial law in Britain because of the general strike
- May 9 - French navy bombards Damascus because of Druze riots
- May 9 - Admiral Richard E. Byrd and Floyd Bennett claim to have flown over the North Pole (later discovery of his diary seems to indicate that this did not happen).
- May 10 - Talks between government and strikers begins in UK
- May 12 - March 15 - Military coup by Jozef Pilsudski succeeds in Poland
- May 12 - UK general strike called off
- May 12 - Roald Amundsen flies over north pole
- May 12 - UK General Strike 1926: In the United Kingdom, a general strike by trade unions ends (the strike began on May 3).
- May 18 - Evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson disappears while visiting a Venice, California beach.
- May 26 - Rifkabyl rebels surrender in Morocco
- May 28 - 1926 coup d'état commanded by Manuel Gomes da Costa in Portugal that installed the Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship) that would be followed be António de Oliveira Salazar's Estado Novo.
- June 4 - Ignacy Moscicki becomes president of Poland
- June 29 - Arthur Meighen returns to office as Prime Minister of Canada.
- July 1 - Kuomingtang begins a campaign in the northern China for unification
- July 9 - New military coup in Portugal, now by general Antonio Carmona
- July 12 - Lightning strike destroys an ammunition depot in Dover, New Jersey
- July 15 - BEST buses make its début in Mumbai.
- July 23 - Fox Film buys the patents of the Movietone sound system for recording sound onto film.

August-October


- August 1 - Failed assassination attempt against Miguel Primo de Rivera in Barcelona
- August 6 - Gertrude Ederle becomes the first woman to swim the English Channel from France to England
- August 6 - In New York, the Warner Brothers' Vitaphone system premieres with the movie Don Juan starring John Barrymore.
- August 18 - British miner's union begins negotiations with the government
- August 18 - A weather map is televised for the first time, sent from NAA Arlington to the Weather Bureau Office in Washington, D.C.
- August 22 - In Greece, Georgios Konfylis ousts Theodoros Pangalos
- August 25 - Pavlos Kountouriotis announces that dictatorship is finished in Greece and becomes a president
- September 11 - Spain leaves the League of Nations
- September 11 - Aloha Tower is officially dedicated at Honolulu Harbor in the Territory of Hawai'i
- September 18 - Great Miami Hurricane: A strong hurricane devastates Miami, Florida, leaving over 100 dead and caused several hundred million dollars in damage; equal to nearly $100 billion dollars today.
- September 20 - Twelve cars full of gangsters open fire at the Hawthorne Inn, headquarters of Al Capone in Chicago. Only one of Capone's men is wounded
- September 25 - William Lyon Mackenzie King returns to office as Prime Minister of Canada.
- October 2 - Jozef Pilsudski becomes prime minister of Poland
- October 12 - British miners agree to end their strike
- October 20 - Hurricane kills 650 in Cuba
- October 23 - Decree in Italy bans women from holding public office
- October 31 - Magician Harry Houdini dies of gangrene and peritonitis that developed after his appendix ruptured.

November-December


- November 10 - In San Francisco, California, a necrophiliac serial killer named Earle Nelson (dubbed "Gorilla Man") kills and then rapes his 9th victim, a boardinghouse landlady named Mrs. William Edmonds.
- November 10 - Michinomiya Hirohito is crowned the 124th Emperor of Japan
- November 15 - The NBC radio network opens with 24 stations (it was formed by Westinghouse, General Electric and RCA).
- November 24 - The village of Rocquebillier in French Riviera is almost destroyed in a massive hail
- November 25 - Death penalty re-established in Italy
- November 27 - Vesuvius erupts
- November 27 - In Williamsburg, Virginia, the restoration of Colonial Williamsburg begins.
- December 2 - British prime minister Stanley Baldwin ends the martial law that had been declared due to general strike
- December 3 - Agatha Christie disappears from her home in Surrey; on December 14 she is found in Harrogate hotel
- December 18 - Turkey converted to Gregorian calendar making 'tomorrow' January 1 1927
- December 25 - In Japanese History, end of the Taishō period and beginning of the Shōwa era and the period of Japanese expansionism

Unknown dates


- League of Nations Slavery Convention abolishes all types of slavery.
- Afghanistan declares monarchy.
- Lebanon becomes a republic.
- Eamon de Valera organizes Fianna Fáil.
- The short-lived Western Australian Secession League is founded.
- International African Institute is founded.
- Raymond Pearl publishes landmark book, Alcohol and Longevity.

Births

January


- January 3 - George Martin, English producer of The Beatles
- January 8 - Evelyn Lear, American soprano
- January 8 - Hanae Mori, Japanese fashion designer
- January 8 - Soupy Sales, American comedian
- January 11 - Lev Demin, cosmonaut (d. 1998)
- January 12 - Ray Price, American singer
- January 14 - Maria Schell, Austrian actress (d. 2005)
- January 14 - Tom Tryon, American actor and novelist (d. 1991)
- January 17 - Moira Shearer, Scottish actress and dancer
- January 19 - Fritz Weaver, American actor
- January 20 - Patricia Neal, American actress
- January 20 - David Tudor, American pianist and composer (d. 1996)
- January 21 - Steve Reeves, American actor (d. 2000)
- January 27 - Fritz Spiegl, Austrian journalist (d. 2003)
- January 29 - Abdus Salam, Pakistani physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1996)

February


- February 2 - Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, President of France
- February 6 - Haskell Wexler, American cinematographer
- February 7 - Konstantin Feoktistov, cosmonaut
- February 8 - Neal Cassady, American writer (d. 1968)
- February 8 - Audrey Meadows, American actress (d. 1996)
- February 11 - Paul Bocuse, French chef
- February 11 - Alexander Gibson, British conductor and founder of the Scottish Opera
- February 11 - Leslie Nielsen, Canadian actor
- February 12 - Paul Kurtz, American philosopher
- February 16 - John Schlesinger, British film director (d. 2003)
- February 20 - Richard Matheson, American author
- February 20 - Bob Richards, American track and field athlete
- February 22 - Kenneth Williams, English actor (d. 1988)
- February 27 - David H. Hubel, Canadian neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- February 28 - Svetlana Alliluyeva, Russian author

March


- March 1 - Pete Rozelle, American commissioner of the National Football League (d. 1996)
- March 2 - Murray Rothbard, American economist (d. 1995)
- March 3 - James Merrill, American poet (d. 1995)
- March 6 - Alan Greenspan, American economist and Chairman of the Federal Reserve
- March 6 - Andrzej Wajda, Polish film director
- March 8 - Sultan Salahuddin (d. 2001)
- March 13 - Carlos Roberto Reina, President of Honduras (d. 2003)
- March 15 - Norm Van Brocklin, American football player (d. 1983)
- March 16 - Jerry Lewis, American comedian
- March 16 - Charles Goodell, American politician (d. 1987)
- March 17 - Siegfried Lenz, German writer
- March 18 - Peter Graves, American actor
- March 24 - Dario Fo, Italian author, Nobel Prize laureate
- March 26 - László Papp, Hungarian boxer (d. 2003)
- March 30 - Ingvar Kamprad, Swedish businessman
- March 31 - John Fowles, English writer (d. 2005)

April


- April 1 - Charles Bressler, American tenor
- April 1 - Anne McCaffrey, American author
- April 2 - Jack Brabham, Australian race car driver
- April 3 - Gus Grissom, astronaut (d. 1967)
- April 6 - Sergio Franchi, Italian tenor and actor (d. 1990)
- April 6 - Gil Kane, Latvian-born cartoonist (d. 2000)
- April 6 - Ian Paisley, British politician
- April 7 - Dame Joan Sutherland, Australian soprano
- April 9 - Hugh Hefner, American magazine editor
- April 17 - Gerry McNeil, Canadian hockey player (d. 2004)
- April 21 - Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
- April 22 - James Stirling, Scottish architect (d. 1992)
- April 24 - Thorbjörn Fälldin, Prime Minister of Sweden
- April 26 - Michael Mathias Prechtl, German illustrator (d. 2003)
- April 30 - Cloris Leachman, American actress

May


- May 5 - Ann B. Davis, American actress
- May 8 - Don Rickles, American comedian and actor
- May 15 - Peter Shaffer, English playwright
- May 26 - Miles Davis, American jazz trumpeter (d. 1991)

June


- June 1 - Andy Griffith, American actor
- June 1 - Marilyn Monroe, American actress (d. 1962)
- June 3 - Allen Ginsberg, American poet (d. 1997)
- June 6 - Klaus Tennstedt, German conductor (d. 1998)
- June 11 - Frank Plicka, Czech-born photographer
- June 21 - Conrad Hall, Tahitian-born cinematographer (d. 2003)
- June 25 - Ingeborg Bachmann, Austrian writer (d. 1973)
- June 28 - Mel Brooks, American entertainer
- June 30 - Paul Berg, American chemist, Noble Prize laureate

July


- July 1 - Robert Fogel, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- July 1 - Hans Werner Henze, German composer
- July 4 - Alfredo Di Stefano, Argentine-born footballer
- July 8 - Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, Swiss-born psychiatrist (d. 2004)
- July 9 - Ben Roy Mottelson, American-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- July 15 - Leopoldo Galtieri, Argentine dictator (d. 2003)
- July 16 - Stanley Clements, American actor (d. 1981)
- July 16 - Irwin Rose, American biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
- July 28 - Walt Brown, American Presidential candidate

August


- August 3 - Tony Bennett, American singer
- August 3 - Anthony Sampson, British journalist and biographer (d. 2004)
- August 11 - Aaron Klug, Lithuanian-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- August 14 - René Goscinny, French comic book writer (d. 1977)
- August 19 - Arthur Rock, American venture capitalist

September


- September 7 - Don Messick, American voice actor (d. 1997)
- September 15 - Jean-Pierre Serre, French mathematician
- September 16- John Knowles, American author (d. 2001)
- September 21 - Donald A. Glaser, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- September 21 - Noor Jehan, Pakistani and Indian actress (she could have been born in 1929)
- September 23 - John Coltrane, American jazz saxophonist (d. 1967)
- September 26 - Masatoshi Koshiba, Japanese physicist, Nobel Prize laureate

October


- October 15 - Michel Foucault, French philosopher (d. 1984)
- October 15 - Karl Richter, German conductor (d. 1981)
- October 18 - Chuck Berry, American musician
- October 25 - Galina Vishnevskaya, Russian soprano
- October 29 - Jon Vickers, Canadian tenor

November


- November 2 - Tsung-Dao Lee, Chinese physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- November 3 - Valdas Adamkus, President of Lithuania
- November 20 - Andrzej W. Schally, Polish-born endocrinologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- November 23 - Sri Satya Sai Baba, Indian guru
- November 23 - R.L. Burnside, American musician
- November 25 - Poul Anderson, American author (d. 2001)

December


- December 9 - Henry Way Kendall, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999)
- December 13 - George Rhoden, Jamaican athlete
- December 16 - James McCracken, American tenor (d. 1988)
- December 17 - Allan V. Cox, American geologist (d. 1987)
- December 20 - Sir Geoffrey Howe, British politician
- December 21 - Joe Paterno, American football coach
- December 23 - Robert Bly, American poet

Deaths


- January 21 - Camillo Golgi, Italian physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1843)
- February 21 - Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1853)
- March 5 - Clément Ader, French engineer and inventor, airplane pioneer (b. 1841)
- April 30 - Bessie Coleman, American pilot (b. 1892)
- May 16 - Mehmed VI, last Ottoman Sultan (b. 1861)
- May 26 - Simon Petlyura, Ukrainian independence fighter (b. 1879)
- June 10 - Antoni Gaudí, Catalan architect (b. 1852)
- June 14 - Mary Cassatt, American artist (b. 1844)
- July 12 - Gertrude Bell, English archaeologist, writer, spy, and administrator known as the "Uncrowned Queen of Iraq" (b. 1868)
- July 26 - Robert Todd Lincoln, American statesman and businessman (b. 1843)
- August 22 - Charles W. Eliot, President of Harvard University (b. 1834)
- August 23 - Rodolfo Valentino, Italian actor (b. 1895)
- September 15 - Rudolf Christoph Eucken, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1846)
- September 21 - Leon Charles Thevenin, French telegraph engineer (b. 1857)
- October 20 - Eugene V. Debs, American labor and political leader (b. 1855)
- October 31 - Harry Houdini, Hungarian-born magician (b. 1874)
- October 31 - Charles Vance Millar, Canadian businessman (b. 1853)
- December 4 - Ivana Kobilca, Slovenian painter (b. 1861)
- December 5 - Claude Monet, French painter (b. 1840)
- December 25 - Emperor Taisho, 123rd Emperor of Japan (b. 1879)
- December 29 - Rainer Maria Rilke, Austrian poet (b. 1875)

Nobel Prizes


- Physics - Jean Baptiste Perrin
- Chemistry - Theodor Svedberg
- Physiology or Medicine - Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger
- Literature - Grazia Deledda
- Peace - Aristide Briand, Gustav Stresemann
- ko:1926년 ms:1926 ja:1926年 simple:1926 th:พ.ศ. 2469



Sigmund Romberg

Sigmund Romberg (July 29, 1887 – November 9, 1951) was a Jewish composer best known for his operettas. He was born in Nagykanizsa in Hungary. He went to Vienna to study engineering, but also took composition lessons while there. He moved to the United States of America in 1909 and, after a brief stint working in a pencil factory, was employed as a pianist in cafes. He eventually founded his own orchestra and published a few songs, which, despite their limited success, drew him to the attention of the Shubert brothers who hired him to write music for their Broadway shows in 1914. That year he wrote his first significant operetta, The Whirl of the World. Romberg's adaptation of melodies by Franz Schubert for Blossom Time (1921, produced in the UK as Lilac Time) was a great success. He subsequently wrote his best known operettas, The Student Prince (1924), The Desert Song (1926) and The New Moon (1928) which are in a similar style to the Viennese operettas of Franz Lehár. His later works, such as Up in Central Park (1945), are closer to the American musical in style, but they were less successful. Romberg also wrote a number of film scores and adapted his own work for film. Sigmund Romberg passed away in 1951 in New York City and was interred in the Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York. Romberg was the subject of the 1954 Stanley Donen-directed film Deep in My Heart, in which he was portrayed by José Ferrer.

External Links


- [http://www.ibdb.com/person.asp?ID=8686 Sigmund Romberg] at the Internet Broadway Database Romberg, Sigmund Romberg, Sigmund Romberg, Sigmund Romberg, Sigmund Romberg, Sigmund Romberg, Sigmund Romberg, Sigmund Romberg, Sigmund

Book

:This page is about bound sheets of paper. For the graph theory concept, see Book (graph theory). For the musical theater meaning, see Book (musical theater). A book is a collection of leaves of paper, parchment or other material, bound together along one edge within covers. A book is also a literary work or a main division of such a work. A book produced in electronic format is known as an e-book. In library and information science, a book is called a monograph to distinguish it from serial publications such as magazines, journals or newspapers. Publishers may produce low-cost, pre-proof editions known as galleys for promotional purposes, such as generating reviews in advance of publication. Galleys are usually made as cheaply as possible, since they are not intended for sale. A lover of books is usually referred to as a bibliophile, a bibliophilist, or a philobiblist, or, more informally, a bookworm. A book may be studied by students in the form of a book report. It may also be covered by a professional writer as a book review to introduce a new book.

History

book review.]] The oral account (word of mouth, tradition, hearsay) is the oldest carrier of messages and stories. When writing systems were invented in ancient civilizations, clay tablets or parchment scrolls were used as, for example, in the library of Alexandria. Scrolls were later phased out in favor of the codex, a bound book with pages and a spine, the form of most books today. The codex was invented in the first few centuries A.D. or earlier. Some have said that Julius Caesar invented the first codex during the Gallic Wars. He would issue scrolls folded up accordion style and use the "pages" as reference points. Before the invention and adoption of the printing press, almost all books were copied by hand, which made books comparatively expensive and rare. During the early Middle Ages, when only churches, universities, and rich noblemen could typically afford books, they were often chained to a bookshelf or a desk to prevent theft. The first books used parchment or vellum (calf skin) for the pages, which was later replaced with paper. In the mid 15th century books began to be produced by block printing in western Europe (the technique had been known in the East centuries earlier). In block printing, a relief image of an entire page was carved out of wood. It could then be inked and used to reproduce many copies of that page. Creating an entire book, however, was a painstaking process, requiring a hand-carved block for each page. Also, the wood blocks were not terribly durable and could easily wear out or crack. The oldest dated book printed by the method of block printing is The Diamond Sutra. There is a wood block printed copy in the British Library which, although not the earliest example of block printing, is the earliest example which bears an actual date. It was found in 1907 by the archaeologist Sir Marc Aurel Stein in a walled-up cave near Dunhuang, in northwest China. The colophon, at the inner end, reads: Reverently [caused to be] made for universal free distribution by Wang Jie on behalf of his two parents on the 13th of the 4th moon of the 9th year of Xiantong [i.e. 11th May, CE 868 ]. The Chinese inventor Pi Sheng made moveable type of earthenware circa 1045, but we have no surviving examples of his printing. He embedded the characters, face up, in a shallow tray lined with warm wax. He laid a board across them and pressed it down until all the characters were at exactly the same level. When the wax cooled he used his letter tray to print whole pages. It was not until Johann Gutenberg popularized the printing press with metal moveable type in the 15th century that books started to be affordable and widely available. This upset the status quo, leading to remarks such as "The printing press will allow books to get into the hands of people who have no business reading books." It is estimated that in Europe about 1,000 various books were created per year before the invention of the printing press. With the rise of printing in the fifteenth century, books were published in limited numbers and were quite valuable. The need to protect these precious commodities was evident. One of the earliest references to the use of bookmarks was in 1584 when the Queen's Printer, Christopher Barker, presented Queen Elizabeth I with a fringed silk bookmark. Common bookmarks in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were narrow silk ribbons bound into the book at the top of the spine and extended below the lower edge of the page. The first detachable bookmarks began appearing in the 1850's and were made from silk or embroidered fabrics. Not until the 1880's, did paper and other materials become more common. The following centuries were spent on improving both the printing press and the conditions for freedom of the press through the gradual relaxation of restrictive censorship laws. See also intellectual property, public domain, copyright. In mid-20th century, Europe book production has risen to over 200,000 titles per year.

Structure of book

Depending of book's purpose or type (i.e. Encyclopedia , Dictionary, Textbook, Monograph) structure could vary, but some common (traditional) structural parts of the book usually are: #Book cover (hard or soft, fancy-looking, with illustration) #Title page (shows title and author, often with small illustration or icon) #Metrics page #(sometimes - dedication page) #Table of contents #Preface #Text of contents of that book #Index (publishing) #Back cover (hard or soft, fancy-looking, with illustration)

Conservation issues

In the mid-19th century, papers made from pulp (cellulose, wood) were introduced because it was cheaper than cloth-based papers (i.e. vellum or parchment). Pulp based paper made cheap novels, cheap school text books and cheap books of all kinds available to the general public. This paved the way for huge leaps in the rate of literacy in industrialised nations and eased the spread of information during the Second Industrial Revolution. However, this pulp paper contained acid that causes a sort of slow fires that eventually destroys the paper from within. Earlier techniques for making paper used limestone rollers which neutralized the acid in the pulp. Libraries today have to consider mass deacidification of their older collections. Books printed from 1850-1950 are at risk; more recent books are often printed on acid-free or alkaline paper. The proper care of books takes into account the possibility of chemical changes to the cover and text. Books are best stored in reduced lighting, definitely out of direct sunlight, at cool temperatures, and at moderate humidity. Books, especially heavy ones, need the support of surrounding volumes to maintain their shape. It is desirable for that reason to group books by size.

Collections of books

alkaline Maintaining a library used to be the privilege of princes, the wealthy, monasteries and other religious institutions, and universities. The growth of a public library system in the United States started in the late 19th century and was much helped by donations from Andrew Carnegie. This reflected classes in a society: The poor or the middle class had to share most books through a public library or by other means while the rich could afford to have a private library built into their homes. The advent of paperback books in the 20th century led to an explosion of popular publishing. Paperback books made owning books affordable for many people. Paperback books often included works from genres that had previously been published mostly in pulp magazines. As a result of the low cost of such books and the spread of bookstores filled with them (in addition to the creation of a smaller market of extremely cheap used paperbacks) owning a private library ceased to be a status symbol for the rich. While a small collection of books, or one to be used by a small number of people, can be stored in any way convenient to the owners, a large or public collection requires a catalogue and some means of consulting it. Often codes or other marks have to be added to the books to speed the process of relating them to the catalogue and their correct shelf position. Where these identify a volume uniquely, they are referred to as "call numbers". In large libraries this call number is usually based on a Library classification system. The call number is placed inside the book and on the spine of the book, normally a short distance before the bottom, in accordance with institutional or national standards such as ANSI/NISO Z39.41 - 1997. This short (7 pages) standard also establishes the correct way to place information (such as the title or the name of the author) on book spines and on "shelvable" book-like objects such as containers for DVDs, video tapes and software. In library and booksellers' catalogues, it is common to include an abbreviation such as "Crown 8vo" to indicate the paper size from which the book is made. When rows of books are lined on a bookshelf, bookends are sometimes needed to keep them from slanting.

Keeping track of books

One of the earliest and most widely known systems of cataloguing books is the Dewey Decimal System. This system has fallen out of use in some places, mainly because of a Eurocentric bias and other difficulties applying the system to modern libraries. However, it is still used by most public libraries in America. Another popular classification system is the Library of Congress system, which is more popular in university libraries. All books of the world are said to constitute the Gutenberg Galaxy, or, to use a term coined by eBook author Rick Sutcliffe in the early 1980s, the Metalibrary. For the entire 20th century most librarians concerned with offering proper library services to the public (or a smaller subset such as students) worried about keeping track of the books being added yearly to the Gutenberg Galaxy. Through a global society called the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) they devised a series of tools such as the International Standard Book Description or ISBD. Besides, each book is specified by a International Standard Book Number, or ISBN, which is unique to every book produced by participating publishers, world wide. It is managed by the ISBN Society. It has four parts. The first part is the country code, the second the publisher code, and the third the title code. The last part is a checksum or a check digit and can take values from 0-9 and X (10). The EAN Barcodes numbers for books are derived from the ISBN by prefixing 978, for Bookland and calculating a new check digit. Many government publishers, in industrial countries as well as in developing countries, do not participate fully in the ISBN system. They often produce books which do not have ISBNs. In certain industrialized countries large classes of commercial books, such as novels, textbooks and other non-fiction books, are nearly always given ISBNs by publishers, thus giving the illusion to many customers that the ISBN is an international and complete system, with no exceptions.

Transition to digital format

The term e-book (electronic book) in the broad sense is an amount of information like a conventional book, but in digital form. It is made available through internet, CD-ROM, etc. In the popular press the term eBook sometimes refers to a device such as the Sony Librie EBR-1000EP, which is meant to read the digital form and present it to a human being. Throughout the 20th century, libraries have faced an ever-increasing rate of publishing, sometimes called an information explosion. The advent of electronic publishing and the Internet means that much new information is not printed in paper books, but is made available online e.g. through a digital library, on CD-ROM, or in the form of e-books. On the other hand, though books are nowadays produced using a digital version of the content, for most books such a version is not available to the public (i.e. neither in the library nor on internet), and there is no decline in the rate of paper publishing. There is an effort, however, to convert books that are in the public domain into a digital medium for unlimited redistribution and infinite availability. The effort is spearheaded by Project Gutenberg combined with Distributed Proofreaders. There have also been new developments in the process of publishing books. Technologies such as print on demand have made it easier for less known authors to make their work available to a larger audience.

Related articles and lists


- Author
- Bookbinding
- Bookselling
- List of books by title
- List of books by author
- List of books by genre or type
- List of books by award or notoriety
- List of books by year of publication
- List of banned books
- List of fictional books
- Metasearch engine sites search multiple online bookstore sites. Some require separate searches for new or used books.
  - Addall.com
  - BookFinder.com
- Online bookstores
  - Abebooks
  - Alibris
  - Amazon.com
  - Biblio.com
  - BibliOZ
  - Barnes & Noble
  - Borders
  - Powell's City of Books
  - Book Sense
  - Thriftbooks

Online book databases and lists


- The Internet Book Database of Fiction
- Internet Book List
- ISBNdb.com, books database built from libraries data

External links


- [http://headlesschicken.ca/eng204/ The History & Future of the Book - course syllabus & extensive bibliography]
- [http://www.thebookstandard.com/bookstandard/search/books_authors/index.jsp The Book Standard Books & Authors Database]
- Category:Documents ja:本 simple:Book tokipona:lipu toki

Lyrics

Lyrics are the written words in a song. Lyrics can be written during the composition of a song or after the accompanying music is composed. Sometimes, however, music is adapted to or written for a song or poem that has already been written. The meaning conveyed in lyrical verses can be explicit or implicit. It can also be as extreme as completely unintelligible. In these cases of lyrics, there is a tendency to emphasize the form, articulation, meter, and symmetries of the expressions. An example of this in Western lyrics is that of the work of rock and roll lyricists. As lyrics tend to be highly interpretive, this choice of classification does not necessarily apply exclusively to that genre of music. There are many websites that have lyrics to songs. From the Greek, a lyric is a song sung with a lyre. Now, it is commonly used to mean a song of no defined length or structure. A lyric poem is one that expresses a subjective, personal point of view. I would be the Lyric Ever on the lip, Rather than the Epic Memory lets slip. —Thomas Bailey Aldrich Lyrics can be studied from an academic perspective. For example, the words can be considered a form of social commentary. Lyrics often connote messages which are culturally significant to its origin. Thematic elements of lyrics often contain political, social, economic, and aesthetic parts. Lyrics can also be analyzed with respect to the sense of unity (or lack of unity) it has with its supporting music. Analysis based on tonality and contrast are particular examples. Chinese lyrics (詞) are Chinese poems written in the set metrical and tonal pattern of a particular song.

External links


- [http://dmoz.org/Arts/Music/Lyrics/ Lyrics] at Open Directory Project Category:Musical compositionsCategory:Poetry
- [http://lilypond.org/doc/v2.7/input/mutopia/F.Schubert/morgenlied.png Notes and lyrics generated using] LilyPond.

Otto Harbach

Otto Abels Harbach, born Otto Abels Hauerbach (August 18, 1873 - January 24, 1963) was a lyricist and librettist of about 50 musical comedies. He was born in Salt Lake City, Utah to Danish immigrant parents Adolph Hauerbach and his wife Sena Olsen, and attended the Salt Lake Collegiate Institute, transferring to Knox College, in Galesburg, Illinois, where he was a friend of Carl Sandburg, and graduated in 1895. He obtained his masters degree in English from Whitman College in Walla Walla, Washington, and attended Columbia University in New York with the goal of becoming an English professor. In the early 1900s, complaining of eye difficulties making prolonged reading uncomfortable, he became a newspaper reporter. He also worked at various advertising agencies. He collaborated as lyricist or librettist with Karl Hoschna, Rudolf Friml, Oscar Hammerstein II, Jerome Kern, Louis Hirsch, Herbert Stothart, Vincent Youmans, George Gershwin and Sigmund Romberg. He was a charter member of ASCAP in 1914, serving as its director (1920-1963), vice president (1936-1940), and finally president (1950-1953). He was lyricist for many songs now in the standard repertoire, including "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes," "Indian Love Call," "Cuddle Up a Little Closer," "One Alone," "The Night Was Made For Love," and "I Won't Dance." Harbach, an inductee of the Songwriter's Hall of Fame, passed away in New York City. His work includes:
- Early Work
  - 1907 Three Twins (music Karl Hoschna)
  - 1909 Bright Eyes (music Karl Hoschna)
  - 1912 The Firefly (music Rudolf Friml)
  - 1913 High Jinks
- Jerome Kern and Harbach
  - 1925 Sunny, a Marilyn Miller vehicle
  - 1931 The Cat and The Fiddle
  - 1933 Roberta
- Oscar Hammerstein II and Harbach
  - 1924 Rose-Marie by Rudolf Friml
  - 1926 The Desert Song by Sigmund Romberg
  - 1927 Golden Dawn, music by Emmerich Kalman and Herbert P. Stothart
- Vincent Youmans, Irving Caesar and Harbach
  - No, No, Nanette Harbach Harbach Harbach

New York City Opera

The New York City Opera (NYCO) is New York City's second opera company (after the Metropolitan Opera). Its home base is Philip Johnson's New York State Theater at Lincoln Center. The company was founded in 1944 with the aim of an opera company that would be financially accessible to a wide audience, innovative in its choice of repertory, and a home for American singers and composers. In 1945, NYCO became the first major opera company to have an African American performer. This was the production Leoncavallo's I Pagliacci with Todd Duncan's performance as Tonio. Lawrence Winters was another notable African American opera pioneer to sing with the company during this period. The first African American woman to sing with the company was Camilla Williams, soprano as Madama Butterfly in 1946. (Southern, 417) In its early years, the company's home base was the City Center on West 55th Street. On February 22, 1966, it innaugurated its new home at Lincoln Center with a production of Alberto Ginastera's Don Rodrigo with tenor Plácido Domingo. In 1966, the American soprano Beverly Sills made her major breakthrough as Cleopatra in Handel's Giulio Cesare. Although Sills went on to become a leading opera singer, she remained faithful to the NYCO. Upon her retirement from the stage in 1979, she joined the company as its General Director, replacing conductor Julius Rudel, who had led the company since 1957. In 1983, the NYCO became the first American company to use supertitles. In recent years, the works of baroque masters such as Handel, Gluck, and Rameau have gained special prominence in its repertoire, sparking a renewal of interest in these long-neglected works The NYCO has extensive education and outreach programs, offering arts-in-education programs to 12,000 students in over seventy-five schools.

References

The Music of Black Americans: A History. Eileen Southern. W. W. Norton & Company; 3rd edition. ISBN 0393971414

External links


- [http://www.nycopera.com New York City Opera website] Category:New York City culture Category:Opera companies



1929

1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar).

Events

January


- January 2 - Canada and the United States agree on a plan to preserve Niagara Falls.
- January 9 - The Seeing Eye is established with the mission to train dogs to assist the blind (Nashville, Tennessee).
- January 10 - Tintin, a comic book character created by Hergé, makes his debut. He went on to be published in over 200 million comic books in 40 languages, and loved across the world.
- January 15 - First issue of Annales d'histoire économique et sociale published in France by Armand Collin.
- January 17 - Popeye, a comic strip character created by Elzie Crisler Segar, makes his debut.
- January 18 - Leon Trotsky expelled from Soviet Union; he moves to Turkey January 29 and applies for sanctuary in France and Germany
- January 29 - Seeing Eye Dog organization is formed.

February


- February 11 - Italy and the Vatican sign the Lateran Treaty
- February 11 - Eugene O'Neill's Dynamo premieres in New York
- February 14 - St. Valentine's Day Massacre: Seven gangsters rivalling Al Capone are murdered in Chicago, Illinois.
- February 18 - First Academy Awards are announced
- February 26 - The Grand Teton National Park is created.

March


- March 3 - Revolt attempt of Generals José Gonzalo Escobar and Jesús María Aguirre fails in Mexico.
- March 4 - Herbert Hoover is inaugurated as the 31st President of the United States, succeeding Calvin Coolidge.

May


- May 13 - National Crime Syndicate founded in Atlantic City.
- May 14 - Wilfred Rhodes takes his 4000th first-class wicket during a performance of 9 for 39 at Leyton.
- May 31 - British general election returns a hung parliament yet again - Liberals will determine who has power.

June


- June 7 - In Britain Tories concede power rather than risk courting Liberals for fragile majority
- June 8 - Ramsay MacDonald founds new Labour government.
- June 21 - agreement brokered by US ambassador Dwight Whitney Morrow ends the Cristero War in Mexico. In June 27, church bells ring for the first time in years

July


- July 5 - Scotland Yard seizes 12 nude paintings of D.H. Lawrence from the Mayfair gallery on grounds of indecency
- July 24 - French prime minister Raymond Poincaré resigns for medical reasons - he is succeeded by Aristide Briand
- July 24 - The Kellogg-Briand Pact, renouncing war as an instrument of foreign policy, goes into effect (it was first signed in Paris on August 27, 1928 by most leading world powers).

August


- August 8 - The German airship Graf Zeppelin begins a round-the-world flight (will end on August 29).
- August 19 - The radio comedy show Amos and Andy makes its debut starring Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll.

September


- September 5 - Aristide Briand presents his plan of the United States of Europe
- September 7 - Steamboat Kuru sinks in Näsijärvi, Tampere, Finland - 136 drowned
- September 17 - Coup ousts Augustinas Voldemaras in Lithuania; new president is Antanas Smetona

October


- October 11 - JC Penney opens Store #1252 in Milford, Delaware, making it a nationwide company with stores in all 48 states.
- October 22 - Government of Aristide Briand falls in France
- October 24 - Great Depression begins: Black Thursday and then Black Tuesday (October 29) - The New York Stock Exchange crashes, ushering in what will be a world-wide economic crisis.

November


- November 7 - In New York City, the Museum of Modern Art opens to the public.
- November 18 - 1929 Grand Banks earthquake: Off the south coast of Newfoundland in the Atlantic Ocean, a Richter magnitude 7.2 submarine earthquake centered on Grand Banks, breaks 12 submarine transatlantic telegraph cables and triggers a tsunami that destroys many south coast communities in the Burin Peninsula area, killing 28. As of 1997, it is Canada's most lethal earthquake.[http://www.shunpiking.com/ol0103/1929_Tsunami_in_NF.pdf]
- November 29 - US Admiral Richard Byrd becomes the first person to fly over the South Pole.

December


- December 2 - First phone booths in London
- December 3 - Great Depression: US President Herbert Hoover announces to U.S. Congress that the worst effects of the recent stock market crash are behind the nation and the American people have regained faith in the economy.
- December 29 - All India Congress in Lahore demands Indian independence
- December 31 - Guy Lombardo plays Auld Lang Syne for the first time

Unknown dates


- Third Geneva Convention
- The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is proposed.
- Greatest number of fatal civil aircraft crashes in US history.
- Civil war in Afghanistan
- Lapua Movement in Finland
- Branch Davidian sect founded in Los Angeles
- Start of the Soviet-Chinese Conflict
- May - Wickersham Commission began investigation of alcohol prohibition in U.S.
- Vladimir Zworykin takes out the first patent for colour television.

Births

January-March


- January 3 - Sergio Leone, Italian director (d. 1989)
- January 6 - Babrak Karmal, third President of Afghanistan (d. 1996)
- January 15 - Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., American civil rights leader, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1968)
- January 17 - Jacques Plante, Canadian hockey player (d. 1986)
- January 20 - Fireball Roberts, American race car driver (d. 1964)
- January 23 - John Charles Polanyi, Canadian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- January 26 - Jules Feiffer, American cartoonist and writer
- January 28 - Acker Bilk, American jazz clarinetist
- January 28 - Claes Oldenbourg, Swedish sculptor
- January 29 - Gastón Suárez, Bolivian novelist and dramatist (d. 1984)
- January 31 - Rudolf Mössbauer, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- January 31 - Jean Simmons, English actress
- February 5 - Luc Ferrari, French composer (d. 2005)
- February 5 - Fred Sinowatz, Austrian politician
- February 6 - Pierre Brice, French actor
- February 14 - Vic Morrow, American actor (d. 1982)
- February 15 - Graham Hill, English race car driver (d. 1975)
- February 17 - Chaim Potok, American rabbi and author (d. 2002)
- February 17 - Patricia Routledge, English actress
- February 18 - Len Deighton, British author
- February 28 - Hayden Fry, American football coach
- February 28 - Frank Gehry, Canadian-born architect
- March 1 - Georgi Markov, Bulgarian dissident (d. 1978)
- March 4 - Bernard Haitink, Dutch conductor
- March 9 - Desmond Hoyte, Prime Minister and President of Guyana (d. 2002)
- March 17 - Peter L. Berger, Austrian-born sociologist
- March 23 - Sir Roger Bannister, British runner

April-June


- April 1 - Milan Kundera, Czech-born author
- April 5 - Ivar Giaever, Norwegian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- April 6 - André Previn, German-born pianist, composer, and conductor
- April 8 - Walter Berry, Austrian bass-baritone (d. 2000)
- April 10 - Max von Sydow, Swedish actor
- May 4 - Audrey Hepburn, Belgian actress (d. 1993)
- May 4 - Sydney MacDonald Lamb, American linguist
- May 6 - Paul Lauterbur, American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- May 10 - Antonine Maillet, Canadian author
- May 14 - Gump Worsley, Canadian hockey player
- May 14 - Henry McGee, English actor
- May 21 - Heinz Holliger, Swiss oboist
- May 25 - Beverly Sills, American soprano
- June 1 - Nargis, Indian actress (d. 1981)
- June 2 - Norton Juster, American author and architect
- June 3 - Werner Arber, Swiss microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- June 6 - Sunil Dutt, Indian actor and politician (d. 2005)
- June 10 - Harald Juhnke, German entertainer (d. 2005)
- June 12 - Brigid Brophy, English author (d. 1995)
- June 12 - Anne Frank, German diarist (d. 1945)
- June 13 - Alan Civil, English French horn player (d. 1989)
- June 16 - Ramon Bieri, American actor (d. 2001)
- June 17 - Tigran Petrosian, Russian chess player (d. 1984)
- June 23 - June Carter Cash, American singer (d. 2003)
- June 26 - Milton Glaser, American graphic designer

July-September


- July 1 - Gerald Edelman, American biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- July 2 - Imelda Marcos, First Lady of the Philippines
- July 4 - Bill Tuttle, baseball player
- July 5 - Tony Lock, English cricketer (d. 1995)
- July 9 - King Hassan II of Morocco (d. 1999)
- July 11 - Hermann Prey, German bass-baritone (d. 1998)
- July 18 - Dick Button, American figure skater
- July 18 - Jalacy "Screamin' Jay" Hawkins, American musician (d. 2000)
- July 24 - Oriana Fallaci, Italian journalist and author
- July 25 - Somnath Chatterjee, Indian politician
- July 26 - Alexis Weissenberg, Bulgarian-French pianist
- July 29 - Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, wife of John F Kennedy
- August 1 - Hafizullah Amin, second President of Afghanistan (d. 1979)
- August 16 - Helmut Rahn, German footballer (d. 2003)
- August 24 - Yasser Arafat, Palestinian leader, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2004)
- August 26 - Maurice Tempelsman, Belgian diamond merchant and financier
- August 28 - Istvan Kertesz, Hungarian conductor (d. 1973)
- September 1 - Anne Ramsey, American actress (d. 1988)
- September 5 - Bob Newhart, American comedian and actor
- September 5 - Andrian Nikolayev, cosmonaut (d. 2004)
- September 6 - Yash Johar, Indian film producer (d. 2004)
- September 8 - Christoph von Dohnanyi, German conductor
- September 9 - Claude Nougaro, French singer (d. 2004)
- September 15 - Murray Gell-Mann, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- September 20 - Anne Meara, American comedienne and actress
- September 21 - Bernard Williams, British philosopher (d. 2003)
- September 25 - Ronnie Barker, British comedian (d. 2005)
- September 25 - Barbara Walters, American journalist
- September 28 - Lata Mangeshkar, Indian playback singer

October-December


- October 14 - Yvon Durelle, Canadian boxer
- October 22 - Lev Yashin, Soviet footballer (d. 1990)
- October 24 - George Crumb, American composer
- October 24 - Yordan Radichkov, Bulgarian writer and playwright (d. 2004)
- November 2 - Muhammad Rafiq Tarar, President of Pakistan
- November 2 - Richard E. Taylor, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- November 4 - Doris Roberts, American actress
- November 7 - Eric R. Kandel, Austrian-born neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- November 8 - Lal Krishna Advani, Indian politician
- November 9 - Imre Kertesz, Hungarian writer, Nobel Prize laureate
- November 11 - LaVern Baker, American singer (d. 1997)
- November 12 - Grace Patricia Kelly, American actress and Princess of Monaco (d. 1982)
- November 19 - Norman Cantor, Canadian medieval scholar (d. 2004)
- November 30 - Dick Clark, American television entertainer
- December 6 - Nikolaus Harnoncourt, German-born conductor
- December 9 - Bob Hawke, twenty-third Prime Minister of Australia
- December 16 - Nicholas Courtney, British actor
- December 16 - James Moore, British author
- December 17 - Jacqueline Hill, British actress (d. 1993)
- December 28 - Terry Sawchuk, Canadian hockey player (d. 1970)
- December 28 - Brian Redhead, English journalist and broadcaster (d. 1994)

Deaths


- January 5 - Nikolai Nikolaevich Romanov, Grand Duke of Russia (b. 1856)
- January 13 - Wyatt Earp, American gunfighter (b. 1848)
- January 30 - La Goulue, French dancer (b. 1866)
- February 8 - Maria Christina of Austria, Queen Regent of Spain (b. 1858)
- February 12 - Lillie Langtry, British singer and actress (b. 1853)
- February 14 - Tom Burke, American runner (b. 1875)
- March 20 - Ferdinand Foch, French commander of allied forces in World War I (b. 1851)
- April 4 - Karl Benz, German automotive pioneer (b. 1844)
- April 24 - Caroline Rémy, French feminist (b. 1855)
- May 21 - Archibald Primrose, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1847)
- June 8 - Bliss Carman, Canadian poet (b. 1861)
- June 11 - William Dickson Boyce, American entrepreneur and founder of the Boy Scouts of America (b. 1858)
- June 28 - Edward Carpenter, English poet (b. 1844)
- July 15 - Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Austrian writer (b. 1874)
- August - Mary MacLane, Canadian feminist writer (b. 1881)
- August 3 - Thorstein Veblen, Norwegian-born economist (b. 1857)
- August 3 - Emil Berliner, German-born inventor (b. 1851)
- August 5 -