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Josef Myslivecek

Josef Myslivecek

Josef Mysliveček (March 9, 1737 - February 4, 1781) was a Czech composer. He was born in Prague, one of twins, and studied philosophy at the university there before following in the footsteps of his father to become a miller. He later gave this up in favour of music, going to Venice in the 1760s to study with Giovanni Pescetti. He eventually settled in Italy, where he was known as Il divino Boemo. His first opera was performed at Bergamo around 1765. Shortly afterwards, his Il Bellerofonte was a great success in Naples, and led to a number of commissions from Italian theatres. He met the young Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in Bologna in 1770. Similarities in their musical styles have often been noted. Mozart went on to write approvingly of Mysliveček in letters. Mysliveček's fame spread outside Italy: a number of his works were performed in Munich in the 1770s. His final operas were unsuccessful, however. He died impoverished of syphilis in Rome having written over twenty opera serie in all including Idomeneo, Abramo et Isacco, Il Bellerofonte as well as oratorios, symphonies, concerti, chamber music and other works. He is often described as the father of Czech opera but his style was very much that of the Italianate opera seria. Myslivecek, Josef Myslivecek, Josef Myslivecek, Josef Myslivecek, Josef Myslivecek, Josef

March 9

March 9 is the 68th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (69th in Leap years). There are 297 days remaining.

Events


- 1276 - Augsburg becomes an Imperial Free City
- 1765 - After a public campaign by the writer Voltaire, judges in Paris posthumously exonerate Jean Calas of murdering his son. Calas had been tortured and executed in 1762 on the charge, though his son had actually committed suicide.
- 1796 - Napoléon Bonaparte marries his first wife, Joséphine de Beauharnais.
- 1841 - The Supreme Court of the United States rules in the Amistad case, concerning captive Africans who seized control of the slave-trading ship carrying them: the court rules that they had been taken into slavery illegally.
- 1842 - Giuseppe Verdi's third opera Nabucco premieres in Milan; its success establishes Verdi as one of Italy's foremost opera writers.
- 1847 - Mexican-American War: United States forces under General Winfield Scott invade Mexico near Vera Cruz.
- 1862 - American Civil War: The first battle between two ironclad warships - In a five-hour battle near Hampton Roads, Virginia the USS Monitor fights the CSS Virginia to a draw.
- 1908 - Inter Milan was founded
- 1916 - Pancho Villa leads 1,500 Mexican raiders in an attack against Columbus, New Mexico, killing 17.
- 1924 - Italy annexes Fiume.
- 1932 - The Egyptian University rector "Ahmed Lotfy El-Said" resigned to protest against the transfer of Dr.Taha Hussein without the University permission. On 2003, an academic group called "march 9" was established in Egypt to defend academic rights and university independence.
- 1933 - Great Depression: The U.S. Congress begins its first 100 days of enacting New Deal legislation. President Franklin D. Roosevelt submits the Emergency Banking Act to Congress.
- 1945 - World War II: Bombing of Tokyo - American B-29 bombers attack Tokyo, Japan with incendiary bombs. The resulting fire storm kills over 100,000 people.
- 1954 - McCarthyism: CBS television broadcasts the See It Now episode, "A Report on Senator Joseph McCarthy," produced by Edward R. Murrow.
- 1957 - Aleutian Islands register a 9.1 magnitude earthquake
- 1959 - The Barbie doll debuts.
- 1964 - The first Ford Mustang rolls off the assembly line at Ford Motor Company.
- 1967 - Josef Stalin's daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva defects to the United States.
- 1975 - Construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System begins.
- 1976 - 42 people die in a Cavalese cable-car disaster, the worst cable-car accident to date.
- 1977 - Approximately a dozen armed Hanafi Muslims take over three buildings in Washington, DC, killing one person and taking more than 130 hostages. The hostage situation ends two days later.
- 1986 - United States Navy divers find the largely intact but heavily-damaged crew compartment of the Space Shuttle Challenger. The bodies of all seven astronauts were still inside.
- 1987 - Rock band U2 release the album The Joshua Tree.
- 1989 - A strike forces financially-troubled Eastern Airlines into bankruptcy.
- 1990 - Dr. Antonia Novello is sworn in as Surgeon General of the United States, becoming the first female and Hispanic American to serve in that position.
- 1990 - Newfoundland and Labrador Premier Clyde Wells confirms he will rescind Newfoundland's approval of the Meech Lake Accord, effectively killing the Accord.
- 1991 - Massive demonstrations are held against Slobodan Milošević in Belgrade. Two people are killed and tanks are in the streets.
- 1993 - Rodney King testifies at the federal trial of four Los Angeles, California police officers accused of violating King's civil rights when they beat him during an arrest.
- 1995 - Kappa Phi Lambda is founded at Binghamton University.
- 2004 - John Allen Muhammad is sentenced to death for his part in the Beltway sniper attacks of October 2002. Lee Boyd Malvo is sentenced to life in prison.
- 2004 - A terrorist attack on a restaurant in Istanbul kills one and injures 5.
- 2005 - Dan Rather presents his final broadcast of the CBS Evening News.

Births


- 1213 - Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy, French crusader (d. 1271)
- 1285 - Emperor Go-Nijō of Japan (d. 1318)
- 1454 - Amerigo Vespucci, Italian explorer and cartographer (d. 1512)
- 1564 - David Fabricius, German astronomer (d. 1617)
- 1568 - Aloysius Gonzaga, Italian saint (d. 1591)
- 1629 - Tsar Alexis I of Russia (d. 1676)
- 1720 - Philip Yorke, 2nd Earl of Hardwicke, English politician (d. 1790)
- 1737 - Josef Mysliveček, Czech composer (d. 1781)
- 1749 - Honore Mirabeau, French writer and politician (d. 1791)
- 1753 - Jean-Baptiste Kleber, French general (d. 1800)
- 1758 - Franz Joseph Gall, German neuroscientist (d. 1828)
- 1763 - William Cobbett, English journalist and author (d. 1835)
- 1814 - Taras Shevchenko, Ukrainian poet (d. 1861)
- 1825 - Alexander F. Mozhaiski, Russian aviation pioneer (d. 1890)
- 1839 - Phoebe Knapp, American hymn writer (d. 1908)
- 1856 - Eddie Foy, American singer and dancer (d. 1928)
- 1887 - Phil Mead, English cricketeer (d. 1958)
- 1890 - Vyacheslav Molotov, Russian politician (d. 1986)
- 1892 - Vita Sackville-West, English writer and gardener (d. 1962)
- 1900 - Howard Aiken, American computing pioneer (d. 1973)
- 1902 - Will Geer, American actor (d. 1978)
- 1907 - Mircea Eliade, Romanian historian of religions and writer (d. 1986)
- 1910 - Samuel Barber, American composer (d. 1981)
- 1918 - George Lincoln Rockwell, American Nazi leader (d. 1967)
- 1918 - Mickey Spillane, American writer
- 1923 - Walter Kohn, Austrian-born physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
- 1929 - Desmond Hoyte, Prime Minister and President of Guyana (d. 2002)
- 1932 - Keely Smith, American singer
- 1933 - Mel Lastman, Canadian politician
- 1934 - Yuri Gagarin, cosmonaut (d. 1968)
- 1936 - Tom Sestak, American football player (d. 1987)
- 1937 - Mickey Gilley, American musician and singer
- 1940 - John Cale, Welsh composer and musician
- 1940 - Raúl Juliá, Puerto Rican actor (d. 1994)
- 1941 - Ernesto Miranda, American litigant (d. 1976)
- 1943 - Bobby Fischer, American chess player
- 1943 - Charles Gibson, American television journalist
- 1945 - Dennis Rader, American serial killer
- 1947 - Keri Hulme, New Zealand writer
- 1948 - Jeffrey Osborne, American singer
- 1950 - Doug Ault, baseball player (d. 2004)
- 1950 - Danny Sullivan, American race car driver
- 1951 - Michael Kinsley, American journalist and editor
- 1954 - Bobby Sands, Irish republican (d. 1981)
- 1960 - Linda Fiorentino, American actress
- 1964 - Juliette Binoche, French actress
- 1965 - Benito Santiago, baseball player
- 1968 - Johnny Kelly, American drummer (Type O Negative)
- 1971 - Emmanuel Lewis, American actor
- 1972 - Kerr Smith, American actor
- 1972 - Spencer Howson, Australian radio broadcaster
- 1973 - Aaron Boone, baseball player
- 1975 - Roy Makaay, Dutch footballer
- 1975 - Juan Sebastián Verón, Argentine footballer
- 1977 - Radek Dvořák, Czech hockey player
- 1978 - Lucas Neill, Australian footballer
- 1979 - Melina Perez, WWE Diva
- 1980 - Chingy, American rapper
- 1981 - Antonio Bryant, American football player
- 1987 - Bow Wow, American rapper and actor

Deaths


- 1202 - King Sverre of Norway
- 1440 - St Frances of Rome, Italian nun (b. 1384)
- 1566 - David Rizzio, Italian secretary of Mary I of Scotland (b. 1533)
- 1649 - James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton, Scottish statesman (b. 1606)
- 1649 - Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland, English soldier (executed) (b. 1590)
- 1661 - Jules Cardinal Mazarin, French cardinal and statesman (b. 1602)
- 1709 - Ralph Montagu, 1st Duke of Montagu, English diplomat
- 1808 - Joseph Bonomi the Elder, architect (b. 1739)
- 1937 - Paul Elmer More, American critic and essayist (b. 1864)
- 1954 - Eva Ahnert-Rohlfs, German astronomer (b. 1912)
- 1964 - Paul Erich von Lettow-Vorbeck, German general (b. 1870)
- 1974 - Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr., American physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1915)
- 1983 - Faye Emerson, American actress (b. 1917)
- 1983 - Ulf von Euler, Swedish physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1905)
- 1981 - Max Delbrück, German biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1906)
- 1989 - Robert Mapplethorpe, American artist (b. 1946)
- 1992 - Menachem Begin, Prime Minister of Israel, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1913)
- 1993 - C. Northcote Parkinson, British historian and writer (b. 1909)
- 1994 - Charles Bukowski, American writer (b.1920)
- 1996 - George Burns, American actor and singer (b. 1896)
- 1997 - The Notorious B.I.G., American rapper (b. 1972)
- 2000 - Ivo Robić, Croatian singer and songwriter (b 1923)
- 2003 - Stan Brakhage, American filmmaker (b. 1933)
- 2003 - Bernard Dowiyogo, President of Nauru (b. 1946)
- 2004 - Albert Mol, Dutch actor (b.1917)
- 2004 - Robert Pastorelli, American actor (b. 1954)
- 2005 - István Nyers, Hungarian footballer (b. 1924)

Holidays and observances


- Catholicism - Feast day of St Frances of Rome.
- Belize - Baron Bliss Day
- United Kingdom - National No Smoking Day

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/9 BBC: On This Day] ---- March 8 - March 10 - February 9 - April 9 -- Listing of all days ko:3월 9일 ja:3月9日 simple:March 9 th:9 มีนาคม

1737

Events


- 12 February — The San Carlo, the oldest working opera house in Europe, is inaugurated in Naples, Italy.
- May 28 — The planet Venus passed in front of Mercury. The event is witnessed during the evening hours by the amateur astronomer John Bevis at the Royal Greenwich Observatory. As of 2005, it is still the only such planet/planet occultation that has been directly observed.
- Benjamin Franklin created the Philadelphia police force - the first city-paid force.
- In Britain the Theatrical Licensing Act requires plays to be submitted to the Lord Chamberlain for censorship.
- Georg August University of Göttingen Founded
- The direct male line of the Medici family becomes extinct
- Richmond, Virginia founded
- Austro-Turkish War begins
- Our Lady of Guadalupe is designated the patron saint of Mexico City
- The (Belfast) News Letter newspaper founded in Ireland
- Lancaster County Prison is first constructed
- North Adams, Massachusetts first settled
- New Salem, Massachusetts first settled
- Hardwick, Massachusetts first settled
- Westminster, Massachusetts first settled

Births


- January 23 - John Hancock, American statesman and revolutionary (d. 1793)
- January 29 - Thomas Paine, American patriot and pamphleteer (d. 1809)
- April 27 - Edward Gibbon, English historian (d. 1794)
- May 20 - William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne, British statesman (d. 1805)
- September 9 - Luigi Galvani, Italian physician and physicist (d. 1798)
- September 14 - Michael Haydn, Austrian composer (d. 1806)
- September 19 - Charles Carroll of Carrollton, signer of the American Declaration of Independence (d. 1832)
- December 26 - Prince Josias of Coburg, Austrian general (d. 1815)
- Frances Abington, English actress (d. 1815)
- John Hunter, second governor of New South Wales (d. 1821)
- Johann Friedrich Struensee, Danish royal physician (d. 1772)
- Tokugawa Ieharu, Japanese shogun (d. 1786)

Deaths


- January 17 - Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann, German architect (b. 1662)
- January 29 - George Hamilton, 1st Earl of Orkney, British soldier (b. 1666)
- February 14 - Charles Talbot, 1st Baron Talbot of Hensol, Lord Chancellor of Great Britain (b. 1685)
- March 16 - Benjamin Wadsworth, American President of Harvard University (b. 1670)
- May 4 - Eustace Budgell, English writer (b. 1686)
- May 10 - Emperor Nakamikado of Japan (d. 1702)
- July 9 - Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b. 1671)
- September 27 - John Sidney, 6th Earl of Leicester, English privy councillor (b. 1680)
- November 20 - Caroline of Ansbach, queen of George II of Great Britain (b. 1683)
- December 11 - John Strype, English historian and biographer (b. 1643)
- December 18 - Antonio Stradivari, Italian luthier (b. 1644)
- December 19 - James Sobieski, Crown Prince of Poland (b. 1667)
- December 27 - William Bowyer, English printer (b. 1663)
- William Wake, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1657) Category:1737 ko:1737년

February 4

February 4 is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 330 days remaining, (331 in leap years).

Events


- 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies, leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons, Caracalla and Geta.
- 1454 - In the Thirteen Years' War, the Secret Council of the Prussian Confederacy sends a formal act of disobedience to the Grand Master.
- 1703 - In Edo (now Tokyo), 46 of the Forty-Seven Ronin commit seppuku (ritual suicide) as recompense for avenging their master's death.
- 1783 - American Revolutionary War: The United Kingdom formally declares that it will cease hostilities with the United States of America.
- 1789 - George Washington is unanimously elected to be the first President of the United States by the U.S. Electoral College.
- 1792 - George Washington is unanimously elected to a second term as President of the United States by the U.S. Electoral College.
- 1794 - The French legislature abolishes slavery throughout all territories of the French Republic.
- 1801 - John Marshall is sworn in as Chief Justice of the United States.
- 1810 - British Navy seizes Guadeloupe.
- 1859 - Codex Sinaiticus discovered in Egypt.
- 1861 - American Civil War: In Montgomery, Alabama the Confederate States of America is formed by delegates from six break-away United States.
- 1862 - Bacardi, one of the world's largest spirits company, is founded as a small distillery in Santiago de Cuba in eastern Cuba.
- 1899 - The Philippine-American War begins.
- 1915 - Germany establishes a submarine blockade around the UK and declares any vessel in it a legitimate target.
- 1927 - The first talkie is released - The Jazz Singer starring Al Jolson.
- 1932 - World War II: Japan occupies Harbin, China.
- 1932 - 1932 Winter Olympics open in Lake Placid, New York.
- 1932 - Asteroid 1239 Queteleta discovered by Eugène Joseph Delporte.
- 1934 - Asteroid 2824 Franke discovered by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth.
- 1936 - Radium E. becomes the first radioactive element to be made synthetically.
- 1938 - Thornton Wilder's play Our Town opens (New York City).
- 1938 - Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released, and it went on to become a major box-office success, making more money than any other motion picture in 1938.
- 1941 - World War II: The United Service Organization (USO) is created to entertain American troops.
- 1943 - Battle of Stalingrad ends.
- 1945 - World War II: President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin begin the Yalta Conference.
- 1948 - Ceylon (later renamed Sri Lanka) becomes independent within the British Commonwealth.
- 1957 - USS Nautilus, the first nuclear-powered submarine, logs her 60,000th nautical mile, matching the endurance of the fictional Nautilus described in Jules Verne's novel "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea".
- 1960 - Lorraine, Quebec is founded.
- 1962 - Ian Fleming's The Living Daylights first published
- 1966 - All Nippon Airways Boeing 727 jet plunges into Tokyo Bay, killing 133
- 1968 - Bowie Kuhn becomes the fifth commissioner of Major League Baseball, replacing William Eckert
- 1969 - Yasser Arafat takes over as chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization.
- 1974 - The Symbionese Liberation Army kidnaps Patty Hearst in Berkeley, California.
- 1976 - In Guatemala and Honduras an earthquake kills more than 22,000.
- 1976 - 1976 Winter Olympics open in Innsbruck, Austria.
- 1977 - Fleetwood Mac releases one of the biggest-selling albums of all time, Rumours.
- 1980 - Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini names Abolhassan Banisadr as president of Iran.
- 1984 - The Youth of the Left Socialists (VSU) founded in Denmark.
- 1991 - The Baseball Hall of Fame votes to ban Pete Rose.
- 1996 - Major snowstorm paralyzes Midwestern United States, Milwaukee, Wisconsin ties all-time record low temperature at -26°F. (-32°C)
- 1997 - O. J. Simpson is found to be civilly liable for the deaths of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman.
- 1997 - En route to Lebanon, two Israeli Sikorsky CH-53 troop-transport helicopters collide in mid-air over northern Galilee, Israel killing 73.
- 1997 - After at first contesting the results, Serbian President Slobodan Milošević recognizes opposition victories in the November 1996 elections.
- 1998 - An earthquake measuring 6.1 on the Richter Scale in northeast Afghanistan kills more than 5,000.
- 1999 - Hugo Chávez Frías, Venezuelan military and politician, is elected President of Venezuela.
- 1999 - Unarmed West African immigrant Amadou Diallo is shot dead by four plainclothes New York City police officers on an unrelated stake-out, enflaming race-relations in the city.
- 2000 - USS Iwo Jima (LHD-7) launched.
- 2000 - German extortionist Klaus-Peter Sabotta is jailed for life for attempted murder and extortion in connection with sabotage of German railway lines.
- 2003 - The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is officially renamed to Serbia and Montenegro and adopts a new constitution.
- 2007 - Super Bowl XLI will take place from Dolphins Stadium in Miami, Florida.

Births


- 1575 - Pierre de Bérulle, French cardinal and statesman (d. 1629)
- 1620 - Gustaf Bonde, Swedish statesman (d. 1667)
- 1646 - Hans Erasmus Aßmann, Freiherr von Abschatz, German statesman and poet (d. 1699)
- 1677 - Johann Ludwig Bach, German composer (d. 1731)
- 1688 - Pierre de Marivaux, French writer (d. 1763)
- 1725 - Dru Drury, English entomologist (d. 1804)
- 1778 - Augustin Pyrame de Candolle, Swiss botanist (d. 1841)
- 1840 - Hiram Stevens Maxim, American weapons inventor (d. 1916)
- 1841 - Clément Ader, French aviation pioneer (d. 1926)
- 1842 - Arrigo Boito, Italian poet and composer (d. 1918)
- 1849 - Jean Richepin, French poet
- 1871 - Friedrich Ebert, president of the Weimar Republic (d. 1925)
- 1873 - Étienne Desmarteau, Canadian athlete (d. 1905)
- 1875 - Ludwig Prandtl, German physicist (d. 1953)
- 1881 - Fernand Léger, French painter (d. 1955)
- 1892 - Prince George I, Duke of Westrogothia (d. 1971)
- 1897 - Ludwig Erhard, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1977)
- 1902 - Charles Lindbergh, American pilot (d. 1974)
- 1902 - Hartley Shawcross, British lawyer and politician (d. 2003)
- 1904 - MacKinlay Kantor, American writer (d. 1977)
- 1906 - Dietrich Bonhoeffer, German theologian (d. 1945)
- 1906 - Clyde Tombaugh, American astronomer (d. 1997)
- 1912 - Erich Leinsdorf, Austrian conductor (d. 1993)
- 1912 - Byron Nelson, American golfer
- 1913 - Rosa Parks, American civil rights activist (d. 2005)
- 1914 - Alfred Andersch, German writer (d. 1980)
- 1915 - William Talman, American actor (1968)
- 1915 - Norman Wisdom, English actor and comedian
- 1917 - Yahya Khan, President of Pakistan (d. 1980)
- 1918 - Janet Waldo, American actress
- 1921 - Betty Friedan, American feminist
- 1921 - K. R. Narayanan, President of India (d. 2005)
- 1923 - Conrad Bain, Canadian-born actor
- 1925 - Russell Hoban, American writer
- 1931 - Isabel Martínez de Perón, third wife of Argentine dictator Juan Perón
- 1935 - Martti Talvela, Finnish bass (d. 1989)
- 1936 - David Brenner, American comedian
- 1936 - Gary Conway, American actor
- 1940 - George Romero, American screenwriter, producer, and director
- 1940 - John Schuck, American actor
- 1943 - Ken Thompson, American computer scientist
- 1947 - Dan Quayle, Vice President of the United States
- 1948 - Alice Cooper, American musician
- 1949 - Michael Beck, American actor
- 1950 - Pamela Franklin, British actress
- 1951 - Patrick Bergin, Irish actor
- 1953 - Kitaro, Japanese composer
- 1957 - Don Davis, American composer
- 1958 - Tomasz Pacyński, Polish writer
- 1959 - Pamelyn Ferdin, American actress
- 1959 - Lawrence Taylor, American football player
- 1960 - Jonathan Larson, American composer (d. 1996)
- 1961 - Stewart O'Nan, American author
- 1962 - Clint Black, American musician
- 1964 - Noodles, American guitarist (The Offspring)
- 1967 - Sergei Grinkov, Russian figure skater (d. 1995)
- 1968 - Marko Matvere, Estonian actor
- 1969 - Duncan Coutts, Canadian bassist (Our Lady Peace)
- 1970 - Gabrielle Anwar, English actress
- 1971 - Rob Corddry, American actor and comedian
- 1972 - Giovanni Silva De Oliveira, Brazilian footballer
- 1973 - Oscar De La Hoya, Mexican-born boxer
- 1975 - Natalie Imbruglia, Australian musician and actress
- 1987 - Lucie Safarová, Czech tennis player
- 1988 - Carly Patterson, American gymnast

Deaths


- 211 - Septimius Severus, Emperor of Rome (b. 146)
- 708 - Pope Sisinnius
- 784 - Hrabanus Maurus, German poet
- 856 - Rabanus Maurus, Bishop of Mainz
- 869 - Saint Cyril, Greek missionary to the Slavs (b. 827)
- 1590 - Gioseffo Zarlino, Italian composer (b. 1517)
- 1615 - Dom Justo Takayama, Japanese warlord (b. 1552)
- 1694 - Nataliya Kyrillovna Naryshkina, Tsaritsa of Russia (b. 1651)
- 1713 - Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury, English politican and philosopher (b. 1671)
- 1774 - Charles Marie de La Condamine, French mathematician and geographer (b. 1701)
- 1781 - Josef Mysliveček, Czech composer (b. 1737)
- 1894 - Adolphe Sax, Belgian instrument maker (b. 1814)
- 1905 - Louis-Ernest Barrias, French sculptor (b. 1841)
- 1928 - Hendrik Lorentz, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1853)
- 1933 - Archibald Sayce, English educator (b. 1846)
- 1936 - Wilhelm Gustloff, German leader of the Swiss Nazi party (b. 1895)
- 1944 - Yvette Guilbert, French singer and actress (b. 1867)
- 1944 - Arsen Kotsoyev, Russian writer (b. 1872)
- 1958 - Henry Kuttner, American author (b. 1915)
- 1968 - Neal Cassady, American writer (b. 1926)
- 1968 - Gilbert H. Grosvenor, American president of the National Geographic Society (b. 1875)
- 1969 - Thelma Ritter, American actress (b. 1905)
- 1974 - Satyendra Nath Bose, Indian physicist (b. 1894)
- 1975 - Louis Jordan, American musician (b. 1908)
- 1977 - Brett Halliday, American writer (b. 1904)
- 1983 - Karen Carpenter, American singer and musician (Carpenters) (anorexia) (b. 1950)
- 1984 - Anna Anderson, claimant to the throne of Russia
- 1987 - Liberace, American musician (b. 1919)
- 1987 - Carl Rogers, American psychologist (b. 1902)
- 1992 - Lisa Fonssagrives, supermodel (b. 1911)
- 1995 - Godfrey Brown, British athlete and teacher (b. 1915)
- 1995 - Patricia Highsmith, American author (b. 1921)
- 2000 - Carl Albert, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (b. 1908)
- 2000 - Doris Coley, American singer Shirelles (b. 1941)
- 2001 - J. J. Johnson, American jazz trombonist and composer (b. 1924)
- 2001 - Iannis Xenakis, Greek-born composer (b. 1922)
- 2005 - Ossie Davis, American actor (b. 1917)

Holidays and observances


- Ancient Latvia - Biezputras Diena observed
- Saint Paul of Tarsus
- Independence Day in Sri Lanka (1948)
- Angolan Anniversary of the Outbreak of Armed Struggle against Portuguese Colonialism

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/4 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20050204.html The New York Times: On This Day] ---- February 3 - February 5 - January 4 - March 4 -- listing of all days ko:2월 4일 ms:4 Februari ja:2月4日 simple:February 4 th:4 กุมภาพันธ์

1781

1781 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar).

Events


- January 5 - American Revolutionary War: Richmond, Virginia is burned by British naval forces led by Benedict Arnold.
- January 30 - Articles of Confederation ratified by 13th state, Maryland.
- January - William Pitt the Younger, later Prime Minister, enters Parliament.
- March 1 - American Continental Congress implements the Articles of Confederation.
- March 13 - Sir William Herschel discovers the planet Uranus. Originally he calls it Georgium Sidus (George's Star) in honour of King George III of England.
- March 15 - American Revolutionary War: American General Nathanael Greene loses Battle of Guilford Court House to British.
- July 27 - French spy Francis Henry de la Motte executed in Tyburn prison in England for high treason
- August 30 - American Revolutionary War: French fleet under Comte de Grasse enters Chesapeake Bay, cutting British General Charles Cornwallis off from escape by sea.
- September 4 - Los Angeles is founded as El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora La Reina de Los Ángeles de Porciuncula (City of Our Lady the Queen of the Angels of Porciuncula) by a group of 44 Spanish settlers.
- September 5 - British fleet under Thomas Graves arrives and fights de Grasse, but to no effect.
- September 6 - The British army attacks a fort in Groton, Connecticut which became known as the Battle of Groton Heights.
- September 10 - Graves gives up trying to break through the now-reinforced French fleet and returns to New York, leaving Cornwallis to his fate.
- October 19 - General Charles Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown, Virginia, ending the armed struggle of the American Revolutionary War.
- November 5 - John Hanson is elected President of the Continental Congress.
- November 29 - The slave ship Zong dumps its living cargo into the sea in order to claim insurance.
- December 12 - French and British fleets fight in the Second Battle of Ushant.
- Bank of North America is chartered by the Continental Congress.
- Charles Messier publishes final catalog of Messier objects.
- Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovers tungsten.
- Immanuel Kant publishes Critique of Pure Reason.
- Jeremy Bentham formulates utilitarian ethics.
- Reverend Samuel Peters publishes General History of Connecticut, using the term blue law for the first time.
- Antonio Salieri selected as music teacher of Princess of Württemberg over Mozart.

Births


- January 26 - Achim von Arnim, German writer (d. 1831)
- January 30 - Adelbert von Chamisso, German writer (d. 1838)
- February 17 - Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laennec, French physician and inventor (d. 1826)
- March 4 - Rebecca Gratz, American educator and philanthropist (d. 1869)
- March 13 - Karl Friedrich Schinkel, German architect and painter (d. 1841)
- June 9- George Stephenson, English engineer (d. 1848)
- June 21 - Siméon-Denis Poisson, French mathematician and physicist (d. 1840)
- July 6 - Thomas Stamford Raffles, English founder of Singapore (d. 1826)
- July 6 - John D. Sloat, American naval officer (d. 1867)
- July 27 - Mauro Giuliani, Italian composer (d. 1828)
- September 3 - Eugène de Beauharnais, French nobleman, son of Napoleon's wife Josephine (d. 1824)
- September 6 - Anton Diabelli, Austrian music publisher, editor, and composer (d. 1858)
- October 1 - James Lawrence, U.S. Navy officer (d. 1813)
- November 6 - Lucy Aikin, English writer (d. 1864)
- November 20 - Karl Friedrich Eichhorn, German jurist (d. 1854)
- November 29 - Andrés Bello, Venezuelan poet, lawmaked, teacher, philosopher and sociologist (d. 1865)
- November 30 - Alexander Berry, Scottish adventurer and Australian pioneer (d. 1873)
- December 11 - Sir David Brewster, Scottish physicist (d. 1868)
- William Williams of Wern, minister (d. 1840)

Deaths


- January 12 - Richard Challoner, English Catholic prelate (b. 1691)
- January 15 - Marianne Victoria of Borbón, queen regent of Portugal (b. 1718)
- February 15 - Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, German author and philosopher (b. 1729)
- February 23 - George Taylor, American signer of the Declaration of Independence
- February 24 - Edward Capell, English critic (b. 1713)
- March 18 - Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune, French statesman and economist (b. 1727)
- April 23 - James Abercrombie, British general (b. 1706)
- April 28 - Cornelius Harnett, American delegate to the Continental Congress (b. 1723)
- May 8 - Richard Jago, English poet (b. 1715)
- May 27 - Giovanni Battista Beccaria, Italian physicist (b. 1716)
- July 18 - Padre Francisco Garcés, Spanish missionary (killed) (b. 1738)
- July 23 - John Joachim Zubly, Swiss-born Continental Congressman (b. 1724)
- September 28 - William Henry Nassau de Zuylestein, 4th Earl of Rochford, British diplomat and statesman (b. 1717)
- October 16 - Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke, British naval officer (b. 1705)
- November 4 - Johann Nikolaus Götz, German poet (b. 1721)
- Peter Scheemakers, Flemish sculptor (b. 1691) Category:1781 ko:1781년 ms:1781

Composer

A composer is a person who writes music. The term refers particularly to someone who writes music in some type of musical notation, thus allowing others to perform the music. This distinguishes the composer from a musician who improvises. However, a person may be called a composer without creating music in documentary form, since not all musical genres rely on written notation. In this context, the composer is the originator of the music, and usually its first performer. Later performers then repeat the musical composition they have heard. The level of distinction between composers and other musicians also varies, which affects issues such as copyright and the deference given to individual interpretations of a particular piece of music. For example, in the development of classical music in Europe, the function of composing music initially had no greater importance than the function of performing music. The preservation of individual compositions received little attention, and musicians generally had no qualms about modifying compositions for performance. Over time, however, the written notation of the composer has come to be treated as strict instructions, from which performers should not deviate without good reason. This notion is often seen as a purist one. The term "composer" is often used specifically to mean a composer in the Western tradition of classical music. In popular and folk music, the composer is typically called a songwriter (since the music generally takes the form of a song.)

Lists of composers


- List of composers
- List of opera composers
- List of uncategorized composers
- List of soundtrack composers

By style, time period, or technique


- List of classical music composers
- List of 20th century classical composers
- List of 21st century classical composers
- List of modernist composers

By nationality, culture, or identity


- List of French composers
- List of Dutch and Flemish composers
- List of Indonesian composers
- List of Italian composers
- List of Russian composers
- List of Polish composers
- List of Indian composers
- List of female composers
- List of gay, lesbian or bisexual composers
- List of composers of African descent

By chronology


- [http://members.chello.nl/epzachte/Wikipedia/EasyTimeline/Introduction.htm Timeline of classical composers] Category:Classical music Composers Category:Occupations in music ko:작곡가 ja:作曲家 th:คีตกวี



Venice

Venice (Italian: Venezia), the "city of canals", is the capital of the region of Veneto and of the province of Venice, , population 271,663 (census estimate 2004-01-01). The city is included, with Padua (Padova), in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area, population 1,600,000. The city stretches across numerous small islands in the marshy Venetian Lagoon along the Adriatic Sea in northeast Italy. The saltwater lagoon stretches along the shoreline between the mouths of the Po (south) and the Piave (north) Rivers. The Venetian Republic was a major sea power and a staging area for the Crusades, as well as a very important centre of commerce (especially the spice trade) and art in the Renaissance.

History

See also Veneti. Veneti] The city was founded as a result of the influx of refugees into the marshes of the Po estuary following the invasion of northern Italy by the Lombards in 568. In the mid-8th century, the Venetians resisted the empire-building efforts of Pepin III and remained subject to the Byzantine Empire, at least theoretically. As the community continued to develop and as Byzantine power waned, an increasingly anti-Eastern character emerged, leading to the growth of autonomy and eventual independence. Venice was a city state (an Italian thalassocracy or Repubblica Marinara, the other three being Genoa, Pisa, and Amalfi). Its strategic position at head of the Adriatic made Venetian naval and commercial power almost invulnerable. In the 12th century the essentials for the power of Venice were laid: the Venetian Arsenal was under construction in 1104; Venice wrested control of the Brenner pass from Verona in 1178, opening a lifeline to silver from Germany; the last autocratic doge, Vitale Michiele, died in 1172. The Republic of Venice seized the eastern shores of the Adriatic before 1200, mostly for commercial reasons, because pirates based there were a menace to trade. The Doge already carried the titles of Duke of Dalmatia and Duke of Istria. Later mainland possessions, which extended across Lake Garda as far west as the Adda River, were known as "Terrafirma", and were acquired partly as a buffer against belligerent neighbors, partly to guarantee Alpine trade routes, and partly to ensure the supply of mainland wheat, on which the city depended. In building its maritime commercial empire, the Republic acquired control of most of the islands in the Aegean, including Cyprus and Crete, and became a major power-broker in the Near East. By the standards of the time, Venice's stewardship of its mainland territories was relatively enlightened and the citizens of such towns as Bergamo, Brescia, and Verona rallied to the defence of Venetian sovereignty when it was threatened by invaders. Venice became an imperial power following the Fourth Crusade, which (with Venetian aid) seized Constantinople in 1204 and established the Latin Empire. Considerable plunder was brought back to Venice, including the Winged Lion of St. Mark, symbol of Venice. Only Venetian ships could efficiently transport the men, supplies, and (especially) war horses. Winged Lion of St. Mark The Venetian governmental structure was a mix of Byzantine and Islamic systems, but the social order was entirely feudal. Church and various private properties were tied to military service, though there was no knight tenure within the city itself. The Cavalieri di San Marco was the only order of chivalry ever instituted in Venice, and no citizen could accept or join a foreign order without the government’s consent. Venice remained a republic throughout its independent period and politics and the military were kept completely separate. War was regarded as a continuation of commerce by other means (hence, the city's early production of large numbers of mercenaries for service elsewhere). The chief executive was the Doge (duke), who, theoretically, held his elective office for life. In practice, a number of Doges were forced by pressure from their oligarchical peers to resign the office and retire into monastic seclusion when they were felt to have been discredited by perceived political failure. monastic Though the people of Venice generally remained orthodox Roman Catholics, the state of Venice was notable for its freedom from religious fanaticism and it enacted not a single execution for religious heresy during the Counter-Reformation. This apparent lack of zeal contributed to its frequently coming into conflict with the Papacy. Venice was threatened with the interdict on a number of occasions and twice suffered its imposition. The second, more famous, occasion was on April 27, 1509, by order of Pope Julius II (see League of Cambrai). Venetian ambassadors sent home still-extant secret reports of the politics and rumours of European courts, providing fascinating information to modern historians. League of Cambrai After 1070 years, the Republic lost its independence when Napoleon Bonaparte on May 12, 1797, conquered Venice during the First Coalition. The French conqueror brought to an end the most fascinating century of its history: It was during the "Settecento" that Venice became perhaps the most elegant and refined city in Europe, greatly influencing art, architecture, and literature. Napoleon was seen as something of a liberator by the city's Jewish population. He removed the gates of the Ghetto and ended the restrictions on when and where Jews could live and travel in the city. Venice became part of the Austrian-held Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia when Napoleon signed the Treaty of Campo Formio on October 12 1797. The Austrians took control of the city on January 18, 1798. It was taken from Austria by the Treaty of Pressburg in 1805 and became part of Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy, but was returned to Austria following Napoleon's defeat in 1814. In 1866, along with the rest of Venetia, Venice became part of Italy. After 1797, the city fell into a serious decline, with many of the old palaces and other buildings abandoned and falling into disrepair, although the Lido became a popular beach resort in the late 19th century.

Naval and military affairs

By 1450, more than 3,000 Venetian merchant ships were in operation, and most of these could be converted when necessary into either warships or transports. The government required each merchant ship to carry a specified number of weapons (mostly crossbows and javelins) and armor; merchant passengers were also expected to be armed and to fight when necessary. A reserve of some 25 (later 100) war-galleys was maintained in the Arsenal. Galley slaves did not exist in medieval Venice, the oarsmen coming from the city itself or from its possessions, especially Dalmatia. Those from the city were chosen by lot from each parish, their families being supported by the remainder of the parish while the rowers were away. Debtors generally worked off their obligations rowing the galleys. Rowing skills were encouraged through races and regattas. regatta By 1303, crossbow practice had become compulsory in the city, with citizens training in groups. As weapons became more expensive and complex to operate, professional soldiers were assigned to help work merchant sailing ships and as rowers in galleys. The company of "Noble Bowmen" was recruited in the later 14th century from among the younger aristocracy and served aboard both war-galleys and armed merchantmen, with the privilege of sharing the captain's cabin. Though Venice was famous for its navy, its army was equally effective. In the 13th century, most Italian city states already were hiring mercenaries, but Venetian troops were still recruited from the lagoon, plus feudal levies from Dalmatia and Istria. In times of emergency, all males between seventeen and sixty years were registered and their weapons were surveyed, with those called to actually fight being organized into companies of twelve. The register of 1338 estimated that 30,000 Venetian men were capable of bearing arms; many of these were skilled crossbowmen. As in other Italian cities, aristocrats and other wealthy men were cavalrymen while the city's conscripts fought as infantry. Early in the 15th century, as new mainland territories were expanded, the first standing army was organized, consisting of condottieri on contract. In its alliance with Florence in 1426, Venice agreed to supply 8,000 cavalry and 3,000 infantry in time of war, and 3,000 and 1,000 in peacetime. Later in that century, uniforms were adopted that featured red-and-white stripes, and a system of honors and pensions developed. Throughout the 15th century, Venetian land forces were almost always on the offensive and were regarded as the most effective in Italy, largely because of the tradition of all classes carrying arms in defense of the city and official encouragement of general military training. The command structure in the army was different from that in the fleet. By ancient law, no nobleman could command more than twenty-five men (to prevent against sedition by private armies), and while the position of Captain General was introduced in the mid-14th century, he still had to answer to a civilian panel of twenty "wise men". Not only was efficiency not degraded, this policy saved Venice from the military takeovers that other Italian city states so often experienced. A civilian commissioner (not unlike a commissar) accompanied each army to keep an eye on things, especially the mercenaries. The Venetian military tradition also was notably cautious; they were more interested in achieving success with a minimum expense of lives and money than in the pursuit of glory.

Transport

commissar Venice is famous for its canals. It is built on an archipelago of more than 100 islands in a shallow lagoon. In the old center, the canals serve the function of roads, and every form of transport is on water or on foot. In the 19th century a causeway to the mainland brought a railroad station to Venice, and an automobile causeway and parking lot was added in the 20th century. Beyond these land entrances at the northern edge of the city, transportation within the city remains, as it was in centuries past, entirely on water or on foot. Venice is Europe's largest carfree area, unique in Europe in remaining a sizable functioning city in the 21st century entirely without motorcars or trucks. 21st century The classical Venetian boat is the gondola, although it is now mostly used for tourists, or for weddings, funerals, or other ceremonies, due to its cost. Most Venetians now travel by motorised waterbuses ("vaporetti") which ply regular routes along the major canals and between the city's islands. The city also has many private boats. The only unmotorized gondolas still in common use by Venetians are the traghetti, foot passenger ferries crossing the Grand Canal at certain points without bridges. Venice is served by the newly rebuilt Marco Polo International Airport, or Aeroporto di Venezia Marco Polo, named in honor of its famous citizen. The airport is on the mainland and was rebuilt away from the coast so that visitors now need to get a bus to the pier, from which a water taxi or Aliliguna waterbus can be used.

Demographics

The city is much visited by tourists, of course; but of the permanent population 3.8 % are foreigners as well: from all around the world, and especially from Asia. Istat breaks down the population as:
- 96.2% Italian
- 0.4% Turkish
- 0.3% Moldavians
- 0.2% Ukrainian
- 0.2% Romanian Other populations include Bulgarian, Tunisian, Albanian, and Macedonian.

Places of note

Sestieri

The sestieri are the primary traditional divisions of Venice. The city is divided into the six districts of Cannaregio, San Polo, Dorsoduro (including the Giudecca), Santa Croce, San Marco and Castello (including San Pietro di Castello and Sant'Elena).

Piazzas and Campi of Venice


- Piazza San Marco
- Campo San Polo

Palaces


- Doge's Palace
- Palazzo Grassi
- Ca' d'Oro
- Ca' Rezzonico
- Peggy Guggenheim Collection museum
- Palazzo Labia

Churches


- Basilica di San Marco
- Other churches

Other buildings


- The Arsenal
- La Fenice opera house
- Accademia

Bridges and channels


- Rialto Bridge
- The Bridge of Sighs
- Accademia Bridge
- Scalzi Bridge

Surroundings


- The Venetian Lagoon
- Islands:
  - Burano
  - Lido
  - Murano
  - San Michele
  - Sant'Erasmo
  - San Lazzaro degli Armeni
  - Torcello
  - Vignole
- Giudecca

Sinking of Venice

The buildings of Venice are constructed on closely spaced wood piles (under water, in the absence of oxygen, wood does not decay) which penetrate alternating layers of clay and sand. Most of these piles are still intact after centuries of submersion. The foundations rest on the piles, and buildings of brick or stone sit above these footings. The buildings are often threatened by flood tides pushing in from the Adriatic between autumn and early spring. Six hundred years ago, Venetians protected themselves from land-based attacks by diverting all the major rivers flowing into the lagoon and thus preventing sediment from filling the area around the city. This created an ever-deeper lagoon environment. During the 20th century, when many artesian wells were sunk into the periphery of the lagoon to draw water for local industry, Venice began to subside. It was realised that extraction of the aquifer was the cause. This sinking process has slowed markedly since artesian wells were banned in the 1960s. However, the city is still threatened by more frequent low-level floods (so-called Acqua alta, "high water") that creep to a height of several centimeters over its quays, regularly following certain tides. In many old houses the former staircases used by people to unload goods are now flooded, rendering the former ground floor uninhabitable. Thus, many Venetians resorted to moving up to the upper floors and continue with their lives. Some recent studies have suggested that the city is no longer sinking, but this is not yet certain; therefore, a state of alert has not been revoked. In May 2003, Silvio Berlusconi, the Italian Prime Minister, inaugurated the MOSE project, which will lay a series of 79 inflatable pontoons across the sea bed at the three entrances to the lagoon. When tides are predicted to rise above 110 centimetres, the pontoons will be filled with air and block the incoming water from the Adriatic sea. This challenging engineering work is due to be completed by 2011.

Venice in culture, the arts, and fiction

In the 14th century, many young Venetian men began wearing tight-fitting multicolored hose, the designs on which indicated the Compagnie della Calza ("Trouser Club") to which they belonged. The Senate passed sumptuary laws, but these merely resulted in changes in fashion in order to circumvent the law. Dull garments were worn over colorful ones, which then were cut to show the hidden colors -- which resulted in the wide spread of men's "slashed" fashions in the 15th century. During the 16th century, Venice became one of the most important musical centers of Europe, with the development of the Venetian polychoral style under composers such as Adrian Willaert, who worked at San Marco. Venice was the early center of music printing; Ottaviano Petrucci began publishing music almost as soon as this technology was available, and his publishing enterprise helped to attract composers from all over Europe, especially from France and Flanders. By the end of the century, Venice was famous for the splendor of its music, as exemplified in the "colossal style" of Andrea and Giovanni Gabrieli, which used multiple choruses and instrumental groups. Canvases (the now almost universal surface for painting) originated in Venice during the early renaissance. They were generally rough. A remarkable, and unflattering, portrait of Venetian politics appears in The Bravo, published in 1831 by American novelist James Fennimore Cooper. A bravo is an assassin under contract to the state, typically carrying out his assignments with a stilletto. Cooper's novel depicts Venice as a brutal dictatorship, governed through intrigue and murder, masked by the placid facade of the Repubblica Serenissima (serene republic). Other major works involving Venice include:
- William Shakespeare's Othello and The Merchant of Venice
- Friedrich Schiller's Der Geisterseher (The Ghost-Seer)
- Death in Venice, a 1912 novel by Thomas Mann
- Nicolas Roeg's 1973 film Don't Look Now, based on a story by Daphne du Maurier
- The Silent Gondoliers a fable told by William Goldman's S. Morgenstern
- Film:
- The Italian Job (in its 2003 remake incarnation)
-