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Shota Complex

Shota complex

Shotacon (ショタコン) (also Shota ショタ, and commonly misspelled Shouta) is a Japanese and anime term for a sexual complex where an adult is attracted to an underage boy. Whereas yaoi is for the most part done by women and for women, shotacon is often created by male artists. Shota typically refers to characters under high school age with an older partner or another child. Because shotacon art tends to emphasize cuteness, common themes are yaoi (boy x boy), crossdressing, or even incest with an older brother or sister, or relative. Because most shotacon characters are bishōnen, classically the fetish is identified with yaoi. However, straight shotacon is sometimes seen.

Controversy

yaoi As boys are stereotypically perceived as being more interested in sex at a young age than girls, shotacon is usually more well-received and less stigmatized than the lolicon counterpart. It is often used as a comedic device to diffuse potential controversy. In addition, many male fans enjoy mild shotacon themes as a form of wish-fulfillment due to the use of older, attractive women in a sexually dominant position or as a romantic/sexual instructor; some feel this balances out the sterotypical female-exploiting nature of hentai themes (or anime in general) which idealizes virginal, submissive girls and portrays men as overly aggressive partners.

Origins

The phrase derives from "Shotaro complex" (Shōtarō is a hero character from Tetsujin 28-go and is a popular generic name for young male characters in anime) and is sometimes contracted further to shota. Shōtarō, in those anime and manga, often outwitted and was never afraid to say what he had to against ungainly grownups. Except for few occasions where his physical limits failed him, he had everything that could be had for an adult. His appearance was also deemed cute. Where this shotacon concept developed is hard to prove but one of the earliest root of this syndrome can be traced to readers responses to detective series written by Edogawa Rampo featuring a cool detective Kogoro Akechi. In it, Yoshio Kobayashi and his friends form "Shōnentanteidan" (Junior Detective Group, similar to the Baker Street Irregulars of Sherlock Holmes) to aid Mr. Akechi. Kobayashi was written as a perfect young teenager who, some might say, had a strong "dependency" to Mr. Akechi. Every time he appears, he is either worried about Akechi's well-being or helping Akechi set the trap for criminals. On the numerous occasions that he was captured, Akechi swooped in for a timely rescue. He even lived together in the Akechi's house who happened to be not married. In short, he acted almost as though he was Akechi's wife and no doubt few female readers had not read the stories picturing themselves to be in Kobayashi's position.

Shotacon as a Meme

Bridget, a crossdressing young boy of the video game series Guilty Gear became infamous on image boards like Futaba Channel and 4chan as a shotacon sex symbol, whose cuteness was lauded by otherwise vehemently straight fans. Usually depicted in his blue nun habit, he became instantly recognizable even when his origin and sex wasn't. Canonically, he dressed as a girl to avoid the supersitious persecution of twins, and has an honest desire to become more manly. Interestingly, fanworks usually depict him in a feminine or even lolicon style of dress but nearly always anatomically male.

Non-hentai Series With Shotacon Themes

- The shounen series Negima stars a capable if beleaguered ten year old teacher in a situation somewhat similar to a harem series, and contains frequent playful asides regarding the shotacon fetish.
- Onegai Teacher is a seinen series typically seen as a series supporting an older woman fetish. However, several mentions are made of the lead female character (and her mother) of having a pechant for younger men, in particular the lead who is a legal adult by purely technicalities.
- Haunted Junction is a fairly typical high-school ghost-hunter series. One of the trio of main characters, though, is a teenage girl with a self-declared Shota complex; she takes it as a matter of pride that she only has crushes on boys 12 years or younger.

Anime

:This article is about Japanese animation. For the oleo-resin, see Animé (oleo-resin). Animé (oleo-resin) Anime (アニメ, see Terminology section about pronunciation) is a style of animation originating in Japan. It is sometimes referred to by the portmanteau Japanimation. Anime is characterized by stark, colorful graphics and stylized, colorful images depicting vibrant characters in a variety of different settings and story-lines, aimed at a wide range of audiences. Anime is usually influenced by Japanese comics known as manga.

Terminology

manga on top of the Ghibli Museum in Mitaka, Tokyo]] The Japanese term for animation is アニメーション (animēshon, pronounced: ), written in katakana. It is a direct transliteration of the English term "animation." The Japanese term is abbreviated as アニメ (anime, pronounced: ). Both the original and abbreviated forms are valid and interchangeable in Japanese. The term is a broad one, and does not specify an animation's nation of origin or style. In turn, the English word anime is a transliteration of the abbreviated version of this Japanese term, and it is typically pronounced as , or "ANN ih may" ("AH nee may" is a less common variant). Some non-Japanese speakers theorize the word comes from the French animé ("animated") or "les dessins animés" (animated drawings) and pronounce it as "ah nee MAY", though the Japanese themselves deny this theory, and the fact that it is written in Japanese syllables as アニメ (anime) rather than アニメー (animei) further lowers its credibility. As with a few other Japanese words such as Pokémon and Kobo Abé, anime is sometimes spelled as animé in English with an acute accent over the final e to cue the reader that the letter is pronounced as . Hence, the pronunciations "ah NEEM" and "uh NEEM" are incorrect. Anime once bore the popular name Japanimation, but this term has fallen into disuse. It saw the most usage during the 1970s and 1980s, which broadly comprise the first and second waves of anime fandom. The term survived at least into the early 1990s but seemed to fade away shortly before the mid-1990s anime resurgence. In general, the term now only appears in nostalgic contexts. The term Japanimation is much more commonly used in Japan to refer to domestic animation. Since anime or animeshon is used to describe all forms of animation, Japanimation is meant to distinguish Japanese work from that of the rest of the world. In more recent years, anime has also frequently been referred to as manga in Europe, a practice that may stem from the Japanese usage. In Japan, manga can refer to both animation and comics (although the use of "manga" to refer to animation is mostly restricted to non-fans). Among English speakers, manga usually has the stricter meaning of "Japanese comics". An alternate explanation is that it is due to the prominence of Manga Entertainment, a distributor of anime to the US and UK markets. This term is much more common in Europe since Manga Entertainment started out in the UK. The voice actors for anime usually bear the Japanese equivalent designation, seiyū.

History

seiyū. (1963-1966)]] Though filmmakers in Japan had been experimenting with animation beforehand, the first widely popular anime series was cartoonist Osamu Tezuka's Astro Boy in 1963. During the 1970s, anime developed further, separating itself from its Western roots, and developing unique genres such as giant robots (popularly known among English-speaking fans as mecha). Notable shows in this period include Science Ninja Team Gatchaman, Lupin III and Mazinger Z. In the 1980s, anime experienced a boom in production. The start of the Gundam franchise and the beginnings of cartoonist Rumiko Takahashi's career have their roots here. Akira set records in 1988 for the production costs of an anime. The late 1990s and early 2000s saw the increased acceptance of anime in overseas markets. Cowboy Bebop was widely popular in Japan and attracted attention in the West. Spirited Away shared the first prize at the 2002 Berlin Film Festival and won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature in 2002, and Innocence: Ghost in the Shell was featured at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival.

Characteristics

2004 Cannes Film Festival]] Anime features a wide variety of genres and unique artistic styles which varies from artist to artist and each attracts a different target audience.

Target Audience

Anime is often an explicitly commercial art form; producers and marketers aim for very specific audiences, with focused categories for shōnen (boys) and shōjo (girls) genres, as well as for teenagers and adults.

Genres

Anime can have as many genres as live action cinema, including adventure, science fiction, children's stories, romance, medieval fantasy, erotica (hentai), occult/horror, action. Most anime includes a variety of thematic elements. Many anime shows feature a large mix of genres, making distinguishing and categorizing difficult. A show might have a seemingly simple surface plot, but at the same time feature far more complex storyline and character development. For example, it is not uncommon for strongly action-themed anime to involve humor, romance, and even poignant social commentary, and romance-themed anime may involve a strong action element. The following are genres and designations that are specific to anime and manga. (For other possible genres, see list of movie genres.)
- Bishōjo: Japanese for 'beautiful girl', blanket term that can be used to describe any anime that features pretty girls.
- Bishōnen: Japanese for 'beautiful boy' blanket term that can be used to describe any anime that features "pretty" and elegant boys and men, example: Fushigi Yugi
- Ecchi: Japanese for 'indecent sexuality'. Contains mild sexual humor, example: Love Hina
- Hentai: Japanese for 'abnormal' or 'perverted'. Pornographic anime, erotica. Sometimes referred to as "seinen" (成年; adult).
- Yaoi: Homo-erotic hentai featuring men, intended for females. Increasingly used in North America to refer to shounen-ai (boys-love) titles.
- Yuri: Homo-erotic hentai featuring women.
- Shotacon: As in 'shotaro complex' - erotic anime featuring young boys.
- Lolicon: As in 'lolita complex' - erotic anime featuring young girls.
- Josei: Japanese for 'young woman', this is anime or manga that is aimed at young women, and is one of the rarest forms.
- Kodomo: Japanese for 'child', this is anime or manga that is aimed at young children, example Doraemon.
- Mecha: Anime or manga featuring giant robots, an example is Neon Genesis Evangelion.
- Moé: Anime or manga featuring characters that are extremely perky or cute, example Little Snow Fairy Sugar.
- Progressive: "Art films" or extremely stylized anime, example Voices of a Distant Star.
- Seinen: Anime or manga targeted at young male adults, example Oh My Goddess!.
- Sentai/Super Sentai: Literally "fighting team" in Japanese, refers to any show that involves a superhero team (e.g. Cyborg 009).
- Shōjo: Japanese for 'young lady' or 'little girl', refers to anime or manga targeted at girls, example Cardcaptor Sakura.
- Mahō Shōjo: Subgenre of Shoujo known for 'Magical Girl' stories, example Sailor Moon.
- Shōjo-ai: Japanese for 'girl-love', refers to anime or manga that focus on love and romance between female characters, example Revolutionary Girl Utena.
- Shōnen: Japanese for 'boys', refers to anime or manga targeted at boys, example Dragon Ball Z.
- Shōnen-ai: Japanese for 'boy-love', refers to anime or manga that focus on love and romance between male characters. This term is being phased out in Japan due to references to pedophilia, and is being replaced by the term "Boys Love" (BL). An example of this style is Gravitation.

Music

Songs and music used in Anime can bring a view of the story to the audience, or allow the audience to ask questions relating to the story, some of which are not commonly asked, or are plotholes which have been discovered. Mai-HiME 's insert song "It's Only The Fairy Tale" is an example of the former, while various opening songs (Abbrevation: OP) and ending themes (Abbrevation: ED) can also provide a (occasionally hidden) summary of the story. Other characteristics of songs and music in Anime include those played to add emotions or tones to a certain scene, for example Neon Genesis Evangelion 's "Decisive Battle", played when the EVA characters have to make battle preparations against enemies, has heavy drum beats and a militaristic-style of music, indicating that something serious is going to happen. In this way, music and songs become a very important "ingredient" in Anime.

Animation Style

Decisive Battle It should be noted that typically the drawing style used in anime is counter productive to the animation process, having far too many details and subsequently making it difficult to keep the number of drawings comparable to other cartoons with design ethics that stress simplicity. This may be due to a philosophy of pouring more effort into a each of a few drawings than less effort into one of many. Osamu Tezuka adapted and simplified many Disney animation precepts to reduce the budget and number of frames, though it should be noted that Disney films are not anime. This was intended to be a temporary measure to allow him to produce one episode every week with inexperienced animation staff. Anime studios have since perfected techniques to draw as little new animation as possible, using scrolling or repeating backgrounds, still shots of characters sliding across the screen, and dialogue which involves only animating the mouths while the rest of the screen remains absolutely still, a technique not wholly unfamiliar to Western animation. The overall effect of these techniques—reduced frame rate, many still shots, scrolling backgrounds—has led some critics to accuse anime of choppiness or poor quality in general. (See also limited animation.) However, there are often scenes where the frame rate of the animation far exceeds the norm of the rest of the work. These are commonly called "money shots" outside Japan, where more effort is put into the animation of one scene to give it emphasis over the rest of the work. Animator Yasuo Otsuka was the pioneer of this technique. Exceptions to these rules are early classic films, such as those produced by Toei Animation up to the mid 1960s, and recent big budget films, such as those produced by the enormously successful Studio Ghibli. These movies have much higher production values, due to their anticipated success at the box office. Some animators in Japan can overcome production values by utilizing different techniques than Disney or the old Tezuka/Otsuka norms of anime. Directors such as Hiroyuki Imaishi (RE: Cutey Honey, Dead Leaves) simplify backgrounds so that more attention can be paid to character animation. Other animators like Tatsuyuki Tanaka (in Koji Morimoto's Eternal Family in particular) use squash and stretch, an animation technique not often used by Japanese animators; Tanaka makes other shortcuts to compensate for this. Some higher-budgeted television and OVA (Original Video Animation) series also forego shortcuts found in most other anime. In short, anime tends to be dominated by a school of animation thought that emphasizes direction over character motion as means to save money. Other schools of thought in animation do exist in Japan but these works are less common. Mainstream anime is often very stylized. Because of this stylization certain features or concepts have become so common that they have been given names of their own. Often in comedic anime, characters that are shocked or surprised will perform a "face fault", in which they take an extremely exaggerated expression. Angry characters may exhibit a "vein" or "stressmark" effect, where four lines representing stylized bulging veins will appear on their forehead. Angry women will sometimes summon a mallet from nowhere and strike someone with it, leading to the concept of Hammerspace. Male characters will develop an inexplicable bloody nose around their female love interests (typically to indicate arousal). Embarrassed characters will invariably produce a massive sweat-drop, which has become something of a stereotype of anime. More auteuristic schools of anime don't use such shorthands or find different but similar ways to express the same thing. FLCL (pronounced "Furi Kuri" and sometimes called "Fooly Cooly") is known for more wild exaggerated stylized emotions than in most mainstream works. In contrast an Isao Takahata film like Only Yesterday takes a much more realistic approach emphasizing realism over stylization. Another unique aspect of anime not found in other commercial animation markets is the lack of a directoral system. In most animation produced around the world animators are all forced to conform to a set style by the director or animation director. In Japan starting with the animation director Yoshinori Kanada (as a means to save time and money) each animator brings his/her own style to the work. The most extreme examples of this can be found in Mindgame or The Hakkenden. The Hakkenden is particularly extreme showing constantly shifting styles of animation based upon the key animator that worked on that particular episode. This approach combined with Otsuka's "money shots" make key animators important individuals in the style and production of an anime film. Many non-Japanese cartoons are starting to incorporate mainstream anime shortcuts and symbols to appeal to anime's tremendously growing fanbase and cut costs.

The "large eyes" style

Large, saucer-like eyes are a striking and common feature of anime characters. This is mainly due to the influence of Osamu Tezuka, who was inspired by the exaggerated features of Western cartoon characters such as Betty Boop and Mickey Mouse and from Disney's Bambi. Tezuka found that large eyes allowed his characters to better express their emotions. Some Western audiences have interpreted such stylized eyes as more Caucasian. Cultural anthropologist Matt Thorn argues that Japanese animators and audiences do not perceive them as inherently more or less foreign. When he began drawing Ribbon no Kishi, the first manga specifically targeted at young girls, Tezuka further exaggerated the size of the characters' eyes. Indeed, through Ribbon no Kishi, Tezuka set a stylistic template that later shōjo artists tended to follow. Another variation of this style is "chibi" or "super-deformed"; which usually feature huge eyes, an enlarged head, and small body.

Production Types of anime

Most anime can be categorized as one of three types:
- Films, which are generally released in theaters, represent the highest budgets and generally the highest video quality. Popular anime movies include Akira, and Spirited Away. Some anime films are only released at film or animation festivals and are shorter and sometimes lower in production values. Some examples of these are Winter Days, and Osamu Tezuka's Legend of the Forest. Other types of films include compilation movies, which are television episodes edited together and presented in theaters for various reasons, and are hence a concentrated form of a television serial. These may, however, be longer than the average movie. There are also theatrical shorts derived from existing televisions series and billed in Japanese theaters together to form feature-length showing.
- Television series anime is syndicated and broadcast on television on a regular schedule. Television series are generally low quality compared to OVA (Original Video Animation) and film titles, because the production budget is spread out over many episodes rather than a single film or a short series. Most episodes are about 23 minutes in length, to fill a typical thirty-minute time slot with added commercials. One full season is 26 episodes, and many titles run half seasons, or 13 episodes. Most TV series anime episodes will have opening credits, closing credits, and often an "eyecatch", a very short scene, often humorous or silly, that is used to signal the start or end of the commercial break (as "bumpers" in the United States are used in a similar fashion). "Eyecatch" scenes are often found in TV series anime and are generally similar throughout the series.
- OVA (Original Video Animation; sometimes OAV, or Original Animated Video) anime is often similar to a television miniseries. OVAs are typically two to twenty episodes in length; one-shots are particularly short, usually less than film-length. They are most commonly released directly to video. As a general rule OVA anime tends to be of high quality, approaching that of films. Titles often have a very regular, continuous plot best enjoyed if all episodes are viewed in sequence. Popular OVA titles include FLCL, Bubblegum Crisis, and Tenchi Muyo!. Opening credits, closing credits, and eyecatches may sometimes be found in OVA releases, but not universally. It is very common for one title to spawn several different releases. A title that starts as a popular television series might then have a movie produced at a later date. A good example is Tenchi Muyo!—originally an OVA, Tenchi Muyo! spawned three movies, three television series, and several spinoff titles and specials.

Licensing and distribution

Anime is available outside of Japan in localized form, referred to as licensed anime or Dubs. Licensed anime is modified by western distributors through dubbing into the language of the country. The anime may also be edited to alter cultural references that may not be understood by a non-Japanese person and companies may remove what may be perceived as objectionable content. For the fans who may object to the editing and dubbing of anime, DVDs may be their preference. DVD releases often include both the dubbed audio and the original Japanese audio with subtitles, are typically unedited, and lack commercials.

Fansubs

Although it is a violation of copyright laws in many countries, some fans watch fansubs, recordings of anime series that have been subtitled by fans. Watching subtitled Japanese versions is usually seen as the intended method of watching anime by enthusiasts. The ethical implications of producing, distributing, or watching fansubs is a topic of much controversy even when fansub groups do not profit from and cease distribution of their work once the series has been licensed. See fansub for further discussion of ethical issues of fansubbing

References

- Clements, Jonathan and Helen McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia. Berkeley, Calif.: Stone Bridge Press, 2001. ISBN 1880656647.
- Napier, Susan J. Anime: From Akira to Princess Mononoke. New York: Palgrave, 2001. ISBN 031223862.
- Poitras, Gilles. Anime Companion. Berkeley, Calif.: Stone Bridge Press, 1998. ISBN 1880656329.
- Poitras, Gilles. Anime Essentials. Berkeley, Calif.: Stone Bridge Press, 2000. ISBN 1880656531.
- Baricordi, Andrea and Pelletier, Claude. Anime: A Guide to Japanese Animation (1958-1988). Montreal, Canada.: Protoculture, 2000. ISBN 2980575909. #

External links

Databases

- [http://www.anidb.net/ AniDB]: database of anime series, hashes, fansub groups, and 'mylist' feature
- [http://www.animelyrics.com/ Anime Lyrics]
- [http://www.AnimeNfo.com/ AnimeNfo]: Anime database, reviews and community forums
- [http://www.animeacademy.com/ Anime Academy]: Anime database, community forum; articles on culture, style, prominent figures, etc.

Link sites

- [http://www.animeallies.com Anime Allies Directory] Directory of quality anime sites and resources.
- [http://www.anipike.com/ Anime Web Turnpike]

News

- [http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/ Anime News Network]: one of the oldest and busiest English language anime news sources on the net. Also has weekly columns, forums, and an extremely extensive encyclopedia of series, companies, and staff/cast

Wikis

- [http://www.anime-wiki.org/ Anime Wiki] Their goal is to build the wiki without copying other sources (e.g. Wikipedia)

Other reference

- [http://www.animeondvd.com/ Anime on DVD]: one of the most popular anime web sites with an extensive list of reviews of anime DVDs, primarily Region 1, and an active forum
- [http://www.animefridge.com/ Anime Fridge] An archive of anime, video games, manga, and related soundrack reviews. It has a continuously growing community forum.
- [http://www.theanimereview.com/ The Anime Review] Reviews of current and past anime series
- [http://www.tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/AnimeTrope Anime Tropes]: common cliches and visual cues.
- ko:재패니메이션 ms:Anime ja:アニメ th:อะนิเมะ

Sexual complex

Sexual fetishism, first described as such by Alfred Binet in his Le fétichisme dans l’amour, though the concept and certainly the activity is quite ancient, is a form of paraphilia where the object of affection is a specific inanimate object or part of a person's body. The term arose from fetishism, the general concept of an object having supernatural powers, or an object created by humans that has power over other humans. Karl Marx also used the term fetishism, but in a quite separate way.

Freud's early theories

As Sigmund Freud described it later, sexual fetishes in men are the result of childhood trauma regarding castration anxiety. According to this theory, a boy curious to see his mother's penis averts his eyes in horror when he discovers his mother has no penis. The inanimate object on which the boy focuses when he averts his eyes becomes the fetishized object. Later in life, the fetishized object must be present in order for the man to complete orgasm. Within this framework, men are capable of having sexual fetishes, while women are incapable—something which makes this a falsifiable theory. This is a point of contention for feminists analyzing Freud's work, who point out that the observed fetishistic behavior in many women makes Freud's theory untenable. Despite such flaws that may make it unpalatable at the present, the theory was taken seriously when conceived.

Modern theories of fetishism

Although Freud's theory on fetishes may seem peculiar and was based on anecdotal evidence rather than empirical, he had discovered a critical aspect of human sexuality: the relationship between human orgasms and conditioning. Ongoing studies make this relationship more clear. For example, in a study published by Dr. Lique M. Coolen on April 14, 2003 at an Experimental Biology conference in San Diego, California, male rats accustomed to having sex in a particular cage will have elevations of "pleasure-inducing chemicals in the brain" simply from being in the particular cage, even if a female or a female scent are not present. Sexual conditioning occurred. It has been hypothesized that human sexuality may similarly be tied to conditioning, and this may explain the phenomenon of sexual fetishism. This is consistent with the theory that fetishism derives from behavioural imprinting in early childhood, a phenomenon which is not only supported by anecdotal evidence in humans, but can be demonstrated experimentally in other species of Kingdom Animalia. It is also hypothesized that the modern world provides many opportunities for superstimulus based on objects that both mimic and exaggerate natural stimuli. Common fetishes include fetishes focused on shoes, boots, gloves, wigs, body piercing, underclothing, diapers, or other garments made out of specific materials such as rubber, fur, spandex, leather, or nylon. Transvestic fetishism, the fetish of dressing in the clothes of the opposite sex, is also common. Some clothing materials are fetishized by a small number of people, perhaps on the basis that the material forms a "second skin" that acts as a fetishistic surrogate for the wearer's own skin. The most common forms of this are spandex fetishism and rubber fetishism, in which the fabric is both stretchy and shiny, exaggerating some of the aspects of human skin. Other fetishistic attachments can be to specific parts of the body, such as head or body hair, legs, feet or breasts, or specific shapes of the body, rather than to the person as an individual. This might explain foot binding in China in pre-modern times, extensive corset use in the West in the 19th century and breast implants in the contemporary United States. Sometimes, whole cultures can develop the fetish to such an extent that it is no longer perceived as a fetish, but merely as a normal sexual desire; for example late-Victorian England's ankle fetish, or the modern commonplace fetish for lingerie. In this regard, there can be said to be a degree of fetishistic arousal in the average person who respond to particular bodily features as sign of attractiveness. However fetishistic arousal is generally considered to be a problem only when it interferes with normal sexual or social functioning. Sometimes the term 'fetishism' is used only for those cases where non-fetishist sexual arousal is impossible. Although these forms of fetishism are the most common, fetishism, like other forms of human sexuality, can be extremely varied and can encompass almost any aspect of human behavior. A number of sub-genres of pornography exist to serve fetishistic interests, with corresponding erotica in the form of fetish art.

Common varieties of fetishism

- Amputee fetishism
- Breast fetishism
- Boot fetish
- Bestiality (Animal Fetish)
- Corset fetishism (Tightlacing)
- Crush fetishism
- Cuckolding
- Cum fetishism/(Felching)
- Diaper fetishism
- Foot fetishism
- Glove fetishism
- Hair cut fetishism
- Humiliation fetishism
- Infantilism
- Interracial fetishism
- Leather fetishism
- Medical fetishism
- Nun fetishism
- Panty fetishism
- Pantyhose fetishism
- Pregnancy fetishism
- Rubber fetishism
- Schoolgirl uniform fetishism
- Scuba fetishism
- Shoe fetishism
- Spandex fetishism
- Spanking fetishism
- Stocking fetishism
- Tickling fetishism
- Toonophilia (Funny animal fetishism)
- Transvestic fetishism

Less common forms of fetishism

- Abasiophilia
- Acrotomophilia
- Agalmatophilia
- Age Progression
- Arborphilia
- Aretifism
- Balloon fetishism
- Blindness fetishism
- Breast expansion fetish
- Dental braces fetishism
- Circumcision fetish
- Depilation fetishism
- Endosomatophilia
- Eyeglasses fetishism
- Fart fetishism
- Fat fetishism
- Foreskin fetishism
- Freckle fetishism
- Fruit fetishism
- Hair fetishism
- Harpaxophilia
- Hypnofetishism
- Inflation fetishism
- Klismaphilia
- Giant fetishism
- Mask fetishism
- Milk fetishism
- Robot fetishism
- Love of poultry
- Silk/Satin fetishism
- Smoking fetishism
- Sneezing fetishism
- Spitting fetishism
- Stripping fetishism
- Redhead fetishism
- Unbirth
- Urine fetishism/Urolagnia
- Veil fetishism
- Vorarephilia fetishism
- Wet and messy fetishism
- Growing tails See paraphilia for other rarer or pathological forms of paraphilia.

References and further reading

- Valerie Steele, Fetish: Fashion, Sex, and Power, Oxford University Press, 1995. ISBN 0195090446
- Larry Utley, Autumn Carey-Adamme, Fetish Fashion: Undressing the Corset, Green Candy Press, 2002. ISBN 1931160066
- Katharine Gates, Deviant Desires: Incredibly Strange Sex, published by Juno Books ISBN 1-890451-03-7
- Brenda Love, The Encyclopedia of Unusual Sex Practices, published by Barricade Books, 1994, ISBN 1569800111

External links

- [http://www.curtin.edu.au/curtin/dept/physio/podiatry/footsex.html Article] on various forms of foot fetishism
- [http://www.shef.ac.uk/~psysc/human/chap4.html Article: is 'perversion' obsolete?]
- [http://www.talksexwithsue.com/fetishes.html Fetishes - article on Sex Talk with Sue Johanson]
- [http://www.deviantdesires.com/map/mappics/map81002.gif A comprehensive visual map of sexual fetishes]
- [http://www.fetishfish.com/ Reviews fetish sex sites] Category:Paraphilia
- ja:フェチ

Adult

The term adult describes any mature organism, but normally it refers to a human: one that is no longer a child / minor and is now either a man or a woman. Coming of age is the event of becoming an adult, i.e. of entering adulthood. Legally it means that one can engage in a contract. The same or a different minimum age may be applicable to, for example, parents losing parenting rights and duties regarding the person concerned, parents losing financial responsibility, marriage, voting, having a job, being a soldier, buying/possessing firearms (if legal at all), driving, travelling abroad, drinking alcoholic beverages (perhaps different ages for different categories), smoking, sex, being a prostitute (if legal at all), being a client of a prostitute, being a model or actor in pornography, etc. Admission of a young person to a place may be restricted because of danger for that person, and/or because of the risk that the young person causes damage (for example, at an exhibition of fragile items). One can distinguish the legality of acts of a young person, and of enabling a young person to carry out that act, by selling, renting out, showing, permitting entrance, participating, etc. There may be distinction between commercially and socially enabling. Sometimes there is the requirement of supervision by a legal guardian, or just by an adult. Sometimes there is no requirement, but just a recommendation. With regard to drinking one can distinguish:
- being allowed inside of drinking establishments
- being allowed to purchase alcohol
- being allowed to consume alcoholic beverages
- another person being allowed to sell the young person alcohol
- another person being allowed to give the young person alcohol See also legal considerations regarding alcoholic beverages. With regard to pornography one can distinguish:
- being allowed inside an adult establishment
- being allowed to purchase pornography
- being allowed to possess pornography
- another person being allowed to sell, rent out, or show the young person pornography, see disseminating pornography to a minor
- being a model or actor in pornography: rules for the young person, and for other people, regarding production, possession, etc. (see child pornography) With regard to movies with violence, etc.:
- another person being allowed to sell, rent out, or show the young person the movie, a cinema being allowed to let the young person (under age 17 or 18) enter The legal definition of entering adulthood varies between ages 16-21, depending on the region in question. Some cultures in Africa define adult at age 13, but most other civilizations consider this the teenager stage. Often the age is 18. Exceptions: :19: South Korea :20: Japan "Adult" also means "not considered suitable for children", in particular as a euphemism for being related to sexual behaviour, e.g. adult entertainment, adult video, adult magazine, adult bookstore. However, adult education simply means education for adults, not particularly sex education. Some propose that moving into adulthood involves an emotional structuring of denial. This process becomes necessary to cope with one's own behaviour (especially in uncomfortable situations) and also the behaviour of others.

External links

- [http://www.peak.org/~jeremy/dictionary/tables/independence.php Table 8. Age of Independence] US and UK legal age guide Category:Biology Category:Human development ja:大人 simple:Adult

Boy

A boy is a male human child or adolescent, as contrasted to a female child, which is a girl. The term "boy" is used to indicate biological sex distinctions, cultural gender role distinctions, or both. An adult male human is a man. The boundary is not clear cut. In English, a youth or a teenager may be either male or female. No gender specific term exists for an intermediate stage between a boy and a man. In the Royal Navy there is a rank "ship's boy".

Colloquial uses

Many occasions occur when an adult male could be referred to as a boy. A man or woman will refer to a boyfriend in one or two words regardless of age. A man's group of male friends are often "the boys". A young man who has not assumed (or has been denied) the traditional roles of a man might also be called a boy. It may feel uncomfortable to a young male upon being referred to as a "man" before he believes he has assumed these roles, such as having a career, a family,a wife, and fathering children. Conversely, it may feel uncomfortable to a male to be called a "boy" if he believes he has assumed the traditional roles of a "man." In the UK, football managers quite often refer to footballers as "The boy so-and-so" and this usage is by no means restricted to the youngest players, though it is rarely applied to the most senior. Historically, in countries such as the U.S. and South Africa, "boy" was used as a disparaging, racist insult towards a black male slave. The words, "man/boy" and "woman/girl" seem to cause much confusion in society. The best idea is to use extreme caution and be thoroughly aware of the semantics behind either option, one may be offended accidentally by another who holds a different view of these words.

Etymology

The origin of the English word boy is unclear; it is probably related to East Frisian boi, Old Norse bófi, Dutch boef "knave, rogue", and German Bube. These apparently all have their origin in baby talk (like the word baby itself) (Buck 1949: 89). But there is a theory that English "boy" derives from an Anglo-Saxon word
- boia = "boy or servant", thus explaining the English placenames Boyton and Boycott. If so, the word may have originated from the Celtic tribe called the Boii, who formerly lived in Bohemia but were driven out by the Marcomanni German tribe taking the area over in Roman times. In the dispersal, many Boii may have become slaves or servants, and their name became a word for "servant". (The same happened later to many Slav people, whence the word slave.)

References

External link

- [http://members.tripod.com/~histclo/ Historical Boys' Clothing] Category:Childhood Category:Men ja:少年 simple:Boy

Josei

Josei manga (Japanese: 女性, lit. "woman", IPA ; also known as redīsu (レディース) or redikomi (レディコミ), lit. "ladies' comics"), is a genre of manga or anime created mostly by women, for late teenage and adult female audiences. The male equivalent to josei is seinen. In Japanese, the word josei means only "female" and is not directly indicative of sexual matter. The stories tend to be about everyday experiences of women living in Japan. Though there are some that cover high school, most cover the lives of adult women. The style also tends to be a more restrained, realistic version of shōjo, keeping some of the wispy features and getting rid of the very large sparkly eyes. There are exceptions in the style described above, but what defines josei is some degree of stylistic continuity of comics within this particular demographic (the same is true with different demographics that have different stylistic tendencies). In addition, unlike shōjo, josei comics can portray realistic romance (as opposed to mostly idealized romance). A subset of josei comics are comics that are aimed at women about homosexual male relationships, much like but not to be confused with yaoi; josei tending to be both more explicit and with more mature storytelling. Josei is also known for a very sexual edge; many of the magazines have some of the raunchiest porn produced in Japan. Josei is sometimes used within anime or manga, mostly by male characters, to refer to a sexual preference for older women, as contrasted with lolicon.

Examples

- Blue
- Gokusen (anime and manga)
- Honey and Clover (anime and manga)
- Happy Mania (manga)
- Nana (manga and film)
- Only Yesterday (anime and manga)
- Oruchuban Ebichu (anime and manga) unofficially translated as Ebichu The Housekeeping Hamster, etc.
- Tramps Like Us (manga) Japanese title: Kimi wa Petto
- River's Edge (manga) Category:Japanese terms Category:Anime and manga terminology Josei ja:レディースコミック

Yaoi

The word Yaoi (pronounced "Yah-Oh-ee") was originally used to refer to fan manga (such as doujinshi) that focused on homosexual relationships between male characters, especially two bishōnen - the manga equivalent of slash. The term is an acronym derived from the Japanese phrase 「ヤマなし、オチなし、意味なし」 ( yama nashi, ochi nashi, imi nashi ), meaning "no climax, no punch line, no meaning." Its target audience, readership and creators are mostly young to middle-age women, with men of the same age comprising most of the rest. Women make up the majority of yaoi readership in Japan, where it began as manga and, now, around the world. The attraction is often focused on the romantic situations more than the actual homosexuality and homoeroticism. The term is often used in a general way to refer to male-male sexual or romantic content anywhere in anime, manga and fan fiction based on these; usually of a more sexually explicit nature than the now-obsolete shōnen-ai. The term "BL" (Boys' Love) is more often used in Japan than the term Yaoi, and all commercially published works are referred to as Boy's Love. There exists a large mainstream market for Boys' Love comics in Japan, as well as a flourishing dōjinshi market. In recent years, several popular Japanese BL works have been commercially translated and imported to English-speaking countries by companies such as Be Beautiful and Digital Manga Publishing. Currently-available works include Kazuma Kodaka's Kizuna and Only the Ring Finger Knows by Satoru Kannagi and Hotaru Odagiri. Whether such works will have comparable popularity in English-speaking countries remains to be seen. Over the years, gay-themed comic strips inspired by and referred to as yaoi have been adapted as a sub-culture in North America, with writings and art displayed on websites devoted to it. Notable American yaoi comics include the webcomic Boy Meets Boy by K. Sandra Fuhr, and its successor Friendly Hostility hosted on Keenspot. Some common subjects of the American yaoi subculture include the boys of Trigun, Cardcaptor Sakura, Dragon Ball, Final Fantasy, Gravitation, Gundam Wing, Naruto, Prince of Tennis, Weiss Kreuz, Yu-Gi-Oh!, and YuYu Hakusho. Generally speaking, if a series features attractive male characters, it will attract yaoi fans. Thus a large amount actually comes from male-oriented shounen & seinen demographics. This sometimes causes conflict because many fans dislike such themes, especially when inserted as fanon. Yaoi is often thought of as more "story-based" than heterosexual hentai manga or anime; however, a broad spectrum of "intensity" exists in the genre. Themes range from ordinary themes and mild adult situations to extreme fetish-oriented works, including anthromorphism, cosplay, nonconsensual sex ("non-con"), and even monsters, incest, orgies, and assorted other highly taboo depictions of homosexuality. Interestingly, though protagonists are male, definite gender-related power structures are prevalent in much of the genre. The "seme," (攻め) or "giving," tends to be depicted as the standard male of anime and manga culture: restrained, physically powerful, protective. The "uke" (受け), or "receiving," may be more androgynous or feminized in appearance and demeanor: younger, physically weak, et cetera. Certain authors and works exploit and re-invent these stereotypes; anthologies published by BexBoy, for example, feature sets of stories centered around themes such as "younger seme" or "reversibles." The infamous "height rule"-- referencing height as a measure of power-- also relates to this element of yaoi culture.

References

- Mark McLelland, (2001). "[http://www.cult-media.com/issue1/CMRmcle.htm Homoerotic Manga: Why Are Japanese Girls’ Comics full of Boys Bonking?]." Intensities: The Journal of Cult Media. 1.

External links

- [http://www.yaoi-manga.com/ Digital Manga Publishing's Yaoi-manga.com]
- [http://www.yaoi.sk Yaoi.sk]
- [http://www.yaoicon.com Yaoi-Con]
- [http://www.aestheticism.com/visitors/reference/aestheticism.htm Glossary defining Yaoi and other related terms]
- [http://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2005/04/25/he_loves_him_she_loves_them/ Boston.com article with details on the current state of Yaoi in the US]
- [http://yaoi.y-gallery.net y!Gallery, an art community for Yaoi artists]
- [http://www.jastusa.com/yaoi JAST USA has announced the first PC dating-sims (ren'ai games) for yaoi]
- [http://www.boysonboysonfilm.com Boys on Boys on Film, containing teviews and information about yaoi anime and manga] Category:LGBT art Category:Hentai Category:Anime and manga terminology ko:야오이 ja:やおい

Bishōnen

(美少年, also transliterated bishounen; literally, "beautiful boy") is a specific Japanese aesthetic concept of the ideally beautiful young man. The prefix bi (美) specifically refers to feminine beauty. On the other hand, bijin, literally "beautiful person", refers to a beautiful woman. The bishōnen is typically quite slender and not very muscular, with a tapered chin, stylish hair, and an overall effeminate or androgynous appearance. The aesthetic of the bishōnen began as an ideal of a young homosexual lover, likely arising from the effeminate male actors who played female characters in Kabuki theater. It is perpetuated today in anime and manga, especially shōjo (girl) anime, shōnen-ai, and yaoi. Most homosexual characters in anime are also often categorized as bishōnen.

Conventional usage

Some western anime and manga fans use the term to refer to any handsome male character regardless of age. This is regarded as incorrect by some. In the place of bishōnen, some fans prefer to use the more all-encompassing bishie (which may be equivalent to bijin, although that term is not as popular). It is occasionally used to describe some androgynous female characters (such as Lady Oscar in The Rose of Versailles, Karou no Kimi and Hana no Saint Juste in Oniisama e), or any women with traits stereotypical to bishōnen. The term binanshi was popular in the 1980s. Occasionally biseinen (literally beautiful young man) is seen as a synonym, but biseinen usually refers to a handsome man older than a bishōnen, since the age range of a bishōnen tends to be from 14-19, while a biseinen is often 20+. A handsome male below 14 is sometimes referred to as a bi-shota, although that is usually equated with a slight underage fetish.

Yaoi

References

- Mark McLelland, (2001). "[http://www.cult-media.com/issue1/CMRmcle.htm Homoerotic Manga: Why Are Japanese Girls’ Comics full of Boys Bonking?]." Intensities: The Journal of Cult Media. 1.

External links

Lolicon

Lolicon, or Rorikon (ロリコン) is a Japanese abbreviation of Lolita complex, which means paedophilia or ephebophilia in Japan. Strictly speaking, Lolita complex in Japanese refers only to the condition, but the abbreviation lolicon can refer to pedophiles. In the Western world, the term lolicon refers to sexual anime-style artwork portraying underage characters, often produced in Japan. Lolicon art usually involves female characters between the ages of 8 and 13 (sometimes, between 3, 4 and 17, 18 in Japanese rorikon.) Illustrated lolicon is legal in Japan, but actual child pornography was outlawed in 2000, and lolicon manga drawing from actual underage models is outlawed. Illustrated lolicon is also legal in the United States, but outlawed in other countries such as Canada. Lolicon art is a frequent subject of scholarly articles on sexuality in Japan, and is often suggested to exist in Japan for the same reasons that adult women in high-school uniforms are considered attractive, and enjo kosai is popular. In many general bookstores and newsstands in Japan, drawn lolicon media is almost freely available for browsing and purchase except for some limitations that apply to all pornographic media. Illustrated and fictional lolicon is frequently accused of being similar to or a form of paedophilia, particularly by Westerners. Defenders of lolicon say that fictional material does not adversely affect children, and may in some cases help to relieve the sexual tension of actual paedophiles; opponents often say that the existence of fictional material encourages the viewing of children as sex objects. Another point of note is that the children depicted in lolicon do not have realistic proportions for their age, more closely resembling older females on a smaller scale. Despite the fact that most lolicon artwork is produced in Japan, there is no evidence that it has caused an increase of violent crimes against children and teens. Crime against children in Japan, as well as violent crime in general, is well below that of most other developed countries. Toddlerkon is another Western term; it is essentially lolicon that depicts girls younger than those in a typical lolicon manga/drawing, typically infants and toddlers (hence the term "toddlerkon"). Because many aficionados of lolicon find it distasteful and offensive, this sub-genre was created in an attempt to distinguish it from ordinary manga/drawings that focus on older prepubescents. In the furry fandom, "cub porn" is anthropomorphic pornography portraying the young of many species of animal. This particular genre is generally marginalized by the fans of mainstream pornographic artwork, even more so than lolicon or shotacon.

Etymology

"Lolita Complex" is abbreviated as "lolicon" rather than "lolicom" due to the phonology of Japanese. Other foreign words with syllables ending in "m" are often transliterated in the same manner. The other Japanese spelling of the word is "rorikon." In its original meaning in Japan, the term "lolicon" is not directly connected to the art. "Loli" denotes any sexual imagery featuring young girls and children, not only manga, but also actual photographs of child models ("Loli photobooks") and videos. "Lolicon" can also refer to people who are sexually attracted to fictional or real underage girls and thus synonymous to paedophile. The meaning of "lolicon" has changed in the West (similarly to words like anime, otaku and hentai). In this case, the word "lolicon" refers to a type of hentai anime and manga that contain sexual/erotic representations of underage girls.

External links

News Articles

- [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?fl20040427zg.htm Does comic relief hurt kids?] - Japan Times (April 27 2004)

Blogs

- [http://www.lolitron.org/ Lolitron blog]

Imageboards

Please note: viewing the following imageboard links may be illegal in some areas.
- [http://www.renchan.org renchan.org]
- [http://www.not4chan.org not4chan.org] Category:Japanese sex terms Category:Anime and manga terminology Category:Childlove ja:ロリータ・コンプレックス

Anime

Terminology

History

Characteristics

2004 Cannes Film Festival]] Anime features a wide variety of genres and unique artistic styles which varies from artist to artist and each attracts a different target audience.