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1029

1029

Events

Births

- July 2 - Caliph Al-Mustansir of Cairo (d. 1094)
- Alp Arslan, second sultan of the Seljuk dynasty (d. 1072)
- Lulach, king of Scotland (d. 1058)

Deaths

Category:1029 ko:1029년

July 2

July 2 is the 183rd day of the year (184th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 182 days remaining. It is the middle day of a non-leap year, because there are 182 days before and 182 days after. It falls on the same day of the week as New Year's Day (of non-leap years) and New Year's Eve.

Events

- 1298 - The Battle of Göllheim is fought between Albert I of Habsburg and Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg.
- 1578 - Martin Frobisher sights Baffin Island.
- 1613 - First English expedition from Massachusetts against Acadia - led by Samuel Argall.
- 1644 - Battle of Marston Moor in the English Civil War.
- 1679 - Europeans first visit Minnesota and see headwaters of Mississippi - led by Daniel Greysolon de Du Luth.
- 1776 - The Continental Congress adopts a resolution severing ties with Great Britain, though a formal Declaration of Independence is not adopted until July 4.
- 1777 - Vermont becomes the first American state to abolish slavery.
- 1808 - Simon Fraser reaches Pacific near New Westminster.
- 1819 - The Factory Act is passed in Britain, creating restrictions on child labor.
- 1839 - Twenty miles off the coast of Cuba, 53 rebelling African slaves led by Joseph Cinque take over the slave ship Amistad.
- 1850 - The self-contained gas mask is patented by Benjamin J. Lane.
- 1853 - The Russian Army invades Turkey, beginning the Crimean War.
- 1863 - Second day of the Battle of Gettysburg.
- 1878 - What will become the BMT Brighton Line opens in the City of Brooklyn (which merged with Manhattan and other counties to become the City of Greater New York in 1898)
- 1881 - Charles J. Guiteau shoots and fatally wounds U.S. President James Garfield, who eventually dies from infection on September 19.
- 1890 - The U.S. Congress passes the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
- 1900 - First zeppelin flight on Lake Constance near Friedrichshafen, Germany.
- 1917 - 48 die in rioting in East St. Louis, Illinois, as lower-paid black laborers clash with whites.
- 1937 - Amelia Earhart and navigator Fred Noonan disappear over the Pacific Ocean while attempting to make the first round-the-world flight at the equator.
- 1947 - An object speculated to be a UFO crashes near Roswell, New Mexico, though the United States Air Force claims it is a weather balloon.
- 1950 - Henri Queuille becomes Prime Minister of France.
- 1964 - U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act into law.
- 1973 - James R. Schlesinger is sworn in as the 12th United States Secretary of Defense.
- 1976 - North and South Vietnam, divided since 1954, reunite to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
- 1978 - The New York Times publishes its last edition composed using hot metal typesetting.
- 1979 - The first U.S. coin to honor a woman, the Susan B. Anthony dollar, is introduced.
- 1982 - Larry Walters uses 45 helium balloons and a lawnchair to propel himself to 16,000 feet.
- 1985 - Andrei Gromyko is appointed the chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union.
- 1990 - A stampede inside a pedestrian tunnel led to the deaths of 1,426 pilgrims in Mecca during hajj.
- 2000 - Vicente Fox Quesada is elected the first President of México from an opposition party, the Partido Acción Nacional (PAN) after more than 70 years of continuous rule from the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI).
- 2002 - Steve Fossett becomes the first person to fly solo around the world nonstop in a balloon.
- 2003 - International Olympic Committee session in Prague. Vancouver is declared the Host City for the XXI Olympic Winter Games in 2010.
- 2005 - Ten Live 8 concerts are held around the world in an attempt to force G8 countries to address poverty.
- 2005 - Oklahoma Governor Brad Henry and the Oklahoma House of Representatives proclaimed July 2, 2005 as “Chet Baker Day”.

Births

- 419 - Valentinian III, Roman Emperor (d. 455)
- 1029 - Caliph Al-Mustansir of Cairo (d. 1094)
- 1262 - Arthur II, Duke of Brittany (d. 1312)
- 1489 - Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1556)
- 1647 - Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham, English privy councilor (d. 1730)
- 1665 - Samuel Penhallow, English-born American colonist and historian (d. 1726)
- 1714 - Christoph Willibald Gluck, German composer (d. 1787)
- 1724 - Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, German poet (d. 1803)
- 1821 - Sir Charles Tupper, sixth Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1915)
- 1856 - Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Indian nationalist leader (d. 1920)
- 1862 - William Henry Bragg, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1942)
- 1865 - Lily Braun, German writer (d. 1916)
- 1877 - Hermann Hesse, German-born writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1962)
- 1884 - Alfons Maria Jakob, German neurologist (d. 1931)
- 1900 - Tyrone Guthrie, English actor (d. 1971)
- 1903 - Sir Alec Douglas-Home, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1995)
- 1903 - King Olav V of Norway (d. 1991)
- 1906 - Hans Bethe, German-born nuclear physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2005)
- 1908 - Thurgood Marshall, U. S. Supreme Court Justice (d. 1993)
- 1914 - Frederick Fennell, American conductor (d. 2004)
- 1916 - Ken Curtis, American actor and singer (d. 1991)
- 1916 - Hans-Ulrich Rudel, German pilot (d. 1982).
- 1918 - Wibo, Dutch cartoonist (d. 2005)
- 1923 - Wisława Szymborska, Polish writer, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1925 - Medgar Evers, American civil rights activist (d. 1963)
- 1925 - Patrice Lumumba, Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (d. 1961)
- 1927 - Brock Peters, American actor
- 1929 - Imelda Marcos, First Lady of the Philippines
- 1930 - Carlos Menem, President of Argentina
- 1932 - Dave Thomas, American fast food entrepreneur (d. 2002)
- 1937 - Polly Holliday, American actress
- 1937 - Richard Petty, American race car driver
- 1939 - John H. Sununu, U.S. Secretary of State
- 1940 - Kenneth Harry Clarke, British politician
- 1942 - Vicente Fox, President of Mexico
- 1946 - Richard Axel, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- 1946 - Ron Silver, American actor
- 1947 - Larry David, American television producer
- 1955 - Andrew Divoff, Venezuelan actor
- 1956 - Jerry Hall, American actress and model
- 1957 - Bret "Hitman" Hart, Canadian professional wrestler
- 1958 - Thomas Bickerton, American Methodist bishop
- 1959 - Mike Hallett, English snooker player
- 1964 - Jose Canseco, baseball player
- 1970 - Yancy Butler, American actress
- 1971 - Evelyn Lau, Canadian author
- 1974 - Matthew Reilly, Australian author
- 1975 - Erik Ohlsson, Swedish guitarist (Millencolin)
- 1976 - Tomas Vokoun, Czech hockey player
- 1983 - Michelle Branch, American musician
- 1986 - Lindsay Lohan, American actress

Deaths

- 862 - St. Swithun, Bishop of Winchester
- 1298 - Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg, King of the Romans
- 1504 - Ştefan cel Mare, Prince of Moldova (b. 1434)
- 1582 - Akechi Mitsuhide, Japanese samurai (b. 1528)
- 1591 - Vincenzo Galilei, Italian composer (b. 1520)
- 1621 - Thomas Harriot, English astronomer and mathematician
- 1656 - François-Marie, comte de Broglie, Italian-born French commander (b. 1611)
- 1674 - Eberhard III, Duke of Württemberg (b. 1614)
- 1684 - John Rogers, American President of Harvard University (b. 1630)
- 1743 - Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington, English statesman
- 1746 - Thomas Baker, English antiquarian (b. 1656)
- 1778 - Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Swiss philosopher (b. 1712)
- 1778 - Bathsheba Ruggles, American murderer
- 1833 - Gervasio Antonio de Posadas, Argentine leader (b. 1757)
- 1843 - Samuel Hahnemann, German physician
- 1912 - Tom Richardson, English cricket player (b. 1870)
- 1926 - Émile Coué, French psychologist (b. 1857)
- 1932 - King Manuel II of Portugal (b. 1889)
- 1937 - Amelia Earhart, American aviator (disappeared) (b. 1897)
- 1961 - Ernest Hemingway, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (suicide) (b. 1899)
- 1964 - Glenn "Fireball" Roberts, American race car driver (b. 1929)
- 1966 - Jan Brzechwa, Polish poet (b. 1900)
- 1972 - Joseph Fielding Smith, president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1876)
- 1973 - Betty Grable, American actress (b. 1916)
- 1977 - Vladimir Nabokov, Russian-born writer (b. 1899)
- 1989 - Andrei Gromyko, Soviet foreign minister (b. 1909)
- 1991 - Lee Remick, American actress (b. 1935)
- 1994 - Andrés Escobar, Colombian footballer (murdered)
- 1997 - James Stewart, American actor (b. 1908)
- 1999 - Mario Puzo, American author (b. 1920)
- 2004 - Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, Portuguese writer and poet (b. 1919)
- 2004 - John Cullen Murphy, American comic strip artist (b. 1919)
- 2005 - Ernest Lehman, American screenwriter (b. 1915)

Holidays and observances

- Originally, in the Roman Catholic Church, the Feast of the Visitation was celebrated on this day, although it has since been transferred to May 31
- Palio di Provenzano in Siena

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/2 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.tnl.net/when/7/2 Today in History: July 2] ---- July 1 - July 3 - June 2 - August 2 -- listing of all days ko:7월 2일 ms:2 Julai ja:7月2日 simple:July 2 th:2 กรกฎาคม

Al-Mustansir of Cairo

Al-Mustansir (: المستنصر) ‎ (July 2, 1029 – January 10, 1094), was born in Cairo on 16th Jamada II, 420/ and eight months afterwards was declared to succeed his father. His name was Ma'd Abu Tamim, surnamed al-Mustansir billah (Imploring the help of God). He ascended on 15th Shaban, 427/June 13, 1036 at the age of 7 years. During the early years, the state affairs were administered by his mother. His period of Caliphate lasted for 60 years, the longest of all the caliphs, either in Egypt or elsewhere in Islamic states. Ali bin Ahmad Jarjarai, an able vizir, whose period was one of the prosperity in Egypt, died in 436/1044. He was followed by Ibn al-Anbari and Abu Mansur Sadaqa, but none of them were competent. In 442/1050, there came forward a capable vizir Abu Muhammad Hasan bin Abdur Rehman Yazuri, who held the office for 8 years, and was an earnest reformer. He was followed by about 40 vizirs one after another during 15 years (450-466/1058-1073), but none equated him, because they squandered the royal treasury. Between 457/1065 and 464/1072, the famine made the condition of Egypt from bad to worse. Meanwhile, in 454/1062 and again in 459/1067, the struggle between the Turkish and Sudanese soldiery deteriorated into open warfare, ending in a victory for the Turks and their Berber allies. The Berbers in lower Egypt deliberately aggravated the distress by ravaging the country, destroying the embankments and canals, and seeking every way to reduce the capital and the neighbouring districts by sheer starvation. Makrizi sees in this incident the beginning of the crisis in Egypt, which he refers by the appellations, disorder (fitna), civil war (al-shidda al-mashhura), corruption of state (fasad ad-dawla) and days of calamity and dearth (ayyam al-shidda wal ghala). In al-Mustansir's stable where there had been ten thousand animals there were now only three thin horses, and his escort once fainted from hunger as it accompanied him through the streets. As long as the calamity lasted, al-Mustansir alone possessed a horse, and, when he rode out, the courtiers followed on foot, having no beast to carry them. The condition of the country deteriorated with the protracted famine that followed by plague, and the whole districts were absolutely denuded of population and house after house lay empty. Meanwhile, the Turkish mercenaries had drained the treasury, the works of art and valuables of all sorts in the palace were sold to satisfy their demands; often they themselves were the purchasers at merely nominal prices and sold the articles again at a profit. Emeralds valued at 300,000 dinars were bought by one Turkish general for 500 dinars, and in one fortnight of the year 460/1068 articles to the value of 30,000,000 dinars were sold off to provide pay for the Turks. The precious library which had been rendered available to the public and was one of the objects for which many visited Cairo was scattered, the books were torn up, thrown away, or used to light fires. At length, the Turks began fighting amongst themselves. Nasir ad-Dawla, the Turkish general of the Fatimid army, had attacked the city which was defended by the rival faction of the Turkish guard and, after burning part of Fustat and defeating the defenders, he entered as conqueror. When he reached the palace, he found al-Mustansir lodged in rooms which had been stripped bare, waited on by only three slaves, and subsisting on two loaves which were sent him daily by the daughters of Ibn Babshand, the grammarian. The victorious Turks dominated Cairo, held the successive vizirs in subjection, treated al-Mustansir with contempt, and used their power to deplete the treasury by enhancing their pay to nearly twenty times its former figure. After this victory over the unhappy city, Nasir ad-Dawla became so over-bearing and tyrannical in his conduct that he provoked even his own followers, and so at length he was assassinated in 466/1074. But this only left the city in a worse condition than ever, for it was now at the mercy of the various Turkish factions which behaved no better than troops of brigands. In sum, the condition of Egypt continued to rage with unabated violence. Mention should be made on this juncture of the Byzantine emperor Constantine IX Monomachus (1042-1055), who had maintained a friendly relation with al-Mustansir and had provided Egypt with wheat after the above mentioned famine. Category:1029 births Category:1094 deaths Category:Fatimid caliphs

Alp Arslan

Muhammed ben Da'ud (1029–December 15, 1072) was the second sultan of the dynasty of Seljuk Turks, in Persia, and great-grandson of Seljuk, the founder of the dynasty. He assumed the name of Muhammed when he embraced Islam, and on account of his military prowess and personal valor and fighting skills he obtained the surname Alp Arslan, which signifies "a valiant lion." He is known to history as a valiant, generous, heroic warrior and leader. He succeeded his father Da'ud as ruler of Khorasan in 1059, and his uncle Toğrül as sultan of Iran and Baghdad in 1063, and thus became sole monarch of Persia from the river Oxus to the Tigris. In consolidating his empire and subduing contending factions he was ably assisted by Nizam ul-Mulk, his vizier, one of the most eminent statesmen in early Muslim history. Peace and security being established in his dominions, he convoked an assembly of the states and declared his son Malik Shah I his heir and successor. With the hope of acquiring immense booty in the rich church of St. Basil in Caesarea, the capital of Cappadocia, he placed himself at the head of the Turkish cavalry, crossed the Euphrates and entered and plundered that city. He then marched into Armenia and Georgia, which (in 1064) he finally subdued.

Byzantine struggle

In 1068 Alp Arslan invaded the Byzantine Empire. The emperor Romanus IV Diogenes, assuming the command in person, met the invaders in Cilicia. In three arduous campaigns, the two first of which were conducted by the emperor himself while the third was directed by Manuel Comnenus (great-uncle of Emperor Manuel Comnenus), the Turks were defeated in detail and finally (1070) driven across the Euphrates. In 1071 Romanus again took the field and advanced with 100,000 men, including a contingent of the Turkish tribe of the Uzes and of the French and Normans, under Ursel of Bahol, into Armenia. At Manzikert, on the Murad Tchai, north of Lake Van, he was met by Alp Arslan. The sultan proposed terms of peace, which were scornfully rejected by the emperor, and the two forces met in the Battle of Manzikert, in which the Greeks, after a terrible slaughter, were totally routed, a result due mainly to the betrayal of Romanus by his political enemies during the battle and the rapid tactics of the Turkish cavalry. The largest army ever fielded by the Roman Empire was destroyed. Emperor Romanus IV was himself taken prisoner and conducted into the presence of Alp Arslan, who treated him with generosity, and terms of peace having been agreed to, dismissed him, loaded with presents and respectfully attended by a military guard. This famous conversation is recorded to have taken place after Romanus IV was brought as a prisoner before the Sultan: :Alp Arslan: "What would you do if I was brought before you as a prisoner?" :Romanus: "Perhaps I'd kill you, or exhibit you in the streets of Constantinople." :Alp Arslan: "My punishment is far heavier. I forgive you, and set you free." The Sultan was as good as his word, and freed the Emperor, loading him with presents. Unfortunately, Romanus' subjects were far less kind than his enemy, making the mercy of Alp Arlsan a curse: Romanus was blinded and finally killed after great torment. After Alp Arslan's victories the balance in the near Asia changed completely in favour of Seljuk Turks and Sunni Muslims. While the Byzantine Empire was to continue for nearly another four centuries, and the Crusades would contest the issue for some time, their victory at Manzikert signalled the beginning of Turkish ascendancy in the Middle East. Most historians, including Edward Gibbons, date the terrible defeat at Manzikert as the beginning of the end of the Eastern Roman Empire. Certainly the entry of Turkic farmers following their horsemen, ended the themes in Anatolia which had furnished the Empire with men and treasure. The importance of this battle, and the brilliance of Alp Arslan in fighting it, cannot be overstated. His greatness as a human being was reflected after the battle, in his treatment of prisoners.

State organization

Alp Arslan was obviously a courageous man, generous in his treatment of opponents, and one who inspired great loyalty from his warriors. His strength lay in the military realm, domestic affairs being handled by his Persian vizier, Nizam al-Mulk, founder of the administrative organization which characterized and strengthened the sultanate during the reigns of Alp Arslan and his son, Malik Shah. Military fiefs, governed by Seljuk princes, were established to provide support for the soldiery and to accommodate the nomadic Turks to the established Persian agricultural scene. This type of military fiefdom enabled the nomadic Turks to draw on the resources of the sedantary Persians, and other established cultures within the Seljuk realm, and allowed Alp Arslan to field a huge standing army, without depending on tribute from conquest to pay his soldiery. He not only had enough food from his subjects to maintain his military, but the taxes collected from traders and merchants added to his coffers sufficiently to fund his continuous wars. Many historians speculate that had he lived, his conquests could have matched Ghenghis Khan's. Certainly while Malik Shah was competant, he was not a match for his father as conquerer, nor was he able to meld his realm into a single entity able to survive generations after his passing — something his father intended on doing, and might well have been successful at.

Death

The dominion of Alp Arslan after Manzikert extended over much of western Asia. He soon prepared to march to the conquest of Turkestan, the original seat of his ancestors. With a powerful army he advanced to the banks of the Oxus. Before he could pass the river with safety, however, it was necessary to subdue certain fortresses, one of which was for several days vigorously defended by the governor, Yussuf el-Harezmi, a Khwarezmian. He was, however, obliged to surrender and was carried a prisoner before the sultan, who condemned him to a cruel death. Yussuf, in desperation, drew his dagger and rushed upon the sultan. Alp Arslan, the most skilful archer of his day, motioned to his guards not to interfere and drew his bow, but his foot slipped, the arrow glanced aside and he received the assassin's dagger in his breast. The wound proved mortal, and Alp Arslan expired a few hours after he received it. As he lay dying, Alp Arsland whispered that his vanity had killed him. "Alas," he is recorded to have said, "surrounded by great warriors devoted to my cause, guarded night and day by them, I should have allowed them to do their job. I had been warned against trying to protect myself, and against letting my courage get in the way of my good sense. I forgot those warnings, and here I lay, dying in agony. Remember well the lessons learned, and do not allow your vanity to overreach your good sense..." The message in this cannot be overstated either. All the courage and brilliance in the world does not avail a person if fate is against him, or they allow their courage to overshadow their good sense. Alp Arslan, a conquerer unequaled by anyone save Alexander or Ghenghis Khan, (and one it has been speculated might have matched them had he lived!) died because he slipped after declining to allow his bodyguards to do their jobs. Alp Arslan died four days later from this wound on November 25, 1072 in his 42nd year, and was taken to Merv to be buried next to his father Çağrı Bey. Upon his tomb lies the following inscription: :“O those who saw the sky-high grandeur of Alp Arslan, behold! He is under the black soil now...”

Reference

- [http://www.bookrags.com/biography-alp-arslan/index.html Biography] Category:1029 births Category:1072 deaths Category:Monarchs of Persia Category:Seljuk Turks

1072

Events

- William I of England invades Scotland, and also receives the submission of Hereward the Wake.
- Osbern FitzOsbern becomes Bishop of Exeter.
- January 10 - Normans conquer Palermo in Sicily.

Births

Deaths

- March 16 - Adalbert of Hamburg, German archbishop
- December 15 - Alp Arslan, Turkish sultan in Persia (b. 1029)
- Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury Category:1072 ko:1072년

Lulach I of Scotland

Lulach (Lulach mac Gilla Comgain) (c. 1029 – March 17, 1058), was king of Scotland between August 15, 1057 and March 17 1058. He was the last king of the House of Alpin. He appears to have been a weak king, and was indeed known as Lulach the Simple or Lulach the Fool. He does, however, have the distinction of being the first king of Scotland of whom there are coronation details available. He was crowned in August 1057 at Scone Abbey in Perthshire, Scotland. Lulach was said to be the son of princess Gruoch of Scotland (Lady Macbeth), from her first marriage to Gillacomagnan the Earl of Moray, and thus the stepson of Macbeth. Following the death in battle of Macbeth in 1057, the king's followers placed Lulach in the throne, despite strong resistance from the Malcolm Canmore faction. Lulach ruled only for a few months before being assassinated and succeeded by Malcolm. Category:1029 births Category:1058 deaths Category:Scottish monarchs Category:Medieval_Gaels Category:Medieval Scotland Category:History of Scotland ja:ルーラッハ (スコットランド王)

1058

Events

- March 17 - King Lulach I of Scotland is killed in battle against his cousin and rival Malcolm Canmore, who later becomes King of Scotland as Malcolm III of Scotland. End of the House of Alpin rule, beginning of the Dunkeld dynasty
- Antipope Benedict X is crowned pope, later deposed.
- Pope Nicholas II is elected pope in December, crowned in following year.
- Battle of Varaville
- Boleslaus II takes office as duke of Poland.
- Construction begins on Cathedral of Parma, Italy.
- Aldred becomes the first English bishop to make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.
- The Almoravids conquer the Berghouata

Births

Deaths

- March 17 - King Lulach I of Scotland
- March 29 - Pope Stephen X
- Casimir I of Poland (b. 1015)
- Saint Alfwold Category:1058 ko:1058년

Category:1029

Category:1020s ko:분류:1029년

Jolt Cola

Jolt Cola ist eine Cola mit überdurchschnittlich viel Koffein. Jolt wurde 1986 in den USA erfunden und ist mittlerweile auch in Deutschland erhältlich. Das Jolt-Cola-Logo besteht aus einem gelben Blitz, der das Wort Jolt im Buchstaben o durchschlägt. Frühere Jolt-Rezepte hatten weniger Zucker als das aktuell verkaufte Produkt, dennoch schmeckt es nicht zu süß wegen des hohen Koffeingehalts, welcher als Bitterstoff fungiert. Jolt Cola hat ungefähr die gleiche Menge Koffein in einer 0,5-Liter-Flasche wie ein starker Espresso und ungefähr doppelt soviel wie Coca-Cola. Jolt Cola wurde ursprünglich hergestellt von The Jolt Cola Company aus Rochester in New York; mittlerweile wird es hergestellt von Wet Planet Beverages, auch aus Rochester. In Deutschland wird der Vertrieb von Jolt durch KD-Marketing aus Köln übernommen. In den USA gibt es zusätzliche Geschmacksrichtungen, die in Deutschland noch nicht vertrieben werden. Siehe auch: Liste von Cola-Marken

Weblinks

- [http://www.jolt.de/ Jolt Cola Deutschland] Kategorie:Limonade ja:ジョルト・コーラ

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