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Scotland Rugby League

Scotland Rugby League

The Scotland Rugby League is the governing body for rugby league in Scotland. It administers the Scotland national rugby league teams jointly with the Rugby Football League, as well as running the domestic competition.

Teams in Scotland Rugby League

- Fife Lions
- Royal Scots
- Moray Eels
- Edinburgh Eagles
- Clyde Bulls
- Easterhouse Panthers

External link

- [http://www.scotlandrugbyleague.org.uk/ Scotland Rugby League] Category:Rugby league governing bodies Category:Rugby league in Scotland

Rugby league

Rugby league is a team sport, played by two teams of 13 players. The aim is to carry an oval ball up the field towards the opponents in-goal where the ball is grounded to score a try. The opposing team attempts to prevent the attacking team from carrying out this objective by tackling the player with the ball. It is one of the two codes of rugby, the other being rugby union. Rugby league was initially played by a breakaway faction of the English Rugby Football Union known as the Northern Union. As the Northern Union's rules changed and international expansion took place, its name was changed to the Rugby Football League. Thus, the game became known as rugby league. Rugby Football League

History

Like most forms of football, rugby league's roots can be traced to early football history, through the playing of ball games which bear little resemblance to modern sports. It is then important to acknowledge the development of the modern codes and two separate schisms in football history. In the nineteenth century football was most prominently played in private schools. Each school had its own rules based on whatever playing field that was available to them. The rules could be categorised as either handling or kicking forms of football. The kicking and handling forms were later codified by the Football Association and the Rugby Football Union (RFU) respectively. In 1895 rugby football was later beset with a schism that resulted in the formation of the rebel Northern Rugby Football Union (NRFU). It was this schism, and similar movements in other countries, that lead to a division in rugby football. The NRFU's rules soon changed, and organisations allied to the NRFU changed their names from union to league, hence the names rugby league and rugby union.

Playing rugby league

rugby union Rugby league is played by two teams on a rectangular field with a length generally double the width. The in-goal areas, located at each end of the field, are used to score a try. At the intersection between the field of play and each in-goal area are also a set of goal posts in the shape of the capital letter H, used for point scoring via a field goal, penalty goal or conversion. Rugby league consists of an attacking team who has possession of the ball and a defending team who must attempt to stop the attacking team from scoring. In order to score points the attacking team must move up field. To do this they use a combination of kicking and running head-on into the defensive line to either force back the defence or break the defensive line. The defending team must devise tactics to limit the effectiveness of the attacking team's ball running and kicking. The attacking team has six chances to attempt to score. The defending team tries to stop the attacking team from scoring by tackling the player with the ball. When a player is tackled, the entire defending team, with the exception of two markers, must move back 10 metres towards their in-goal area. The tackled player must then play the ball. After each tackle the attacking team is usually closer to the oppositions in-goal area and hence goal posts. If the attacking team is tackled a sixth time, a change over takes place, where the defending team becomes attacking and visa versa.

Attacking Tactics

- The largest players generally move the ball up field through what is known as a hit up in order push back the defence; in other words gain field position.
- Skilful forwards will attempt pass the ball after drawing in the defence which breaks down the effectiveness of the defensive line; known as an off-load.
- The attacking team may use combinations of plays utilising speed, passing and kicking designed to confuse the defence, breaking down the effectiveness of the defensive line.
- Kicking is most commonly attempted as a last ditch attempt to score, when a team has used all of its 'chances'. Kicks are used to break the defensive line or to gain field position.

Defensive Tactics

- A defending team must effectively defend against ball runners. The sliding defence and the umbrella defence are effective in stopping line breaks.
- Players in the defence usually drop out of the defensive line to cover the back half of the field in order to defend against line breaks and kicks.
- A defensive team may force the attacking team in to touch or force errors which gives possession to the defending team.
- Late during the tackle count an attacking team uses an array of tactics to put themselves in the better defensive position on the opposite side of the 'change over'.

Players

Players on field are divided into forwards and backs. Each position has a designated number, 1 through to 13. Numbers 14 and higher are given to players on the bench, who only come on to the field to replace a starting player who is either injured or tired.

Backs

The backs are generally smaller and more athletic. Backs are likely the most creative and evasive players on the field, preferring fine skills, tactics and/or set plays to break the defensive line in favour of brute force.
- The title of full-back comes from the fullbacks defensive position where the player drops out of the defense line to cover the back half of the field. In attack the fullback will typically inject themselves into the line out wide at second or third receiver or run close in support of their forwards in anticipation of a short pass or offload. Fullbacks can play a role in attack similar to a halfback or 5-8th and the fact that the fullback doesn't have to defend in the (first) defensive line means that a coach can hide a playmaker from the tackling responsibilities of the first line whilst allowing them to retain their attacking role, e.g. Brent Webb.
- The wings or wing three quarters may be the fastest players in a team and are responsible the far left and right fringes of the field.
- The centres or centre three-quarters are positioned one in from the wings and together complete what is known as the three-quarter line.
- The half-back or scrum-half in recent times have taken on a leadership role which has lead them to be considered the player that gives a team direction in attack. The term half-back comes from the position of the player relative to the team line and the scrum. A halfback will typically be first receiver in attack and be responsible for the teams kicking game, although these duties are usually shared and interchanged with the 5-8th in a 'halves combination'.
- The stand off or 5-8th typically plays second receiver in attack and hence is responsible for ball distribution out wide to the teams centres and wingers. In the modern game however the difference between halfback and 5/8 has become blurred and almost enitrely dependent upon the coaches strategy and the respective players ability. Players such as Preston Campbell, who went from 2001 'Dally M Halfback' at Cronulla to 2003 NRL Premiership winning 5-8th at Penrith, and the classical ball-running 5/8th Trent Barrett regularly filling in at halfback at both club and State of Origin level, exemplify the similarity and shared nature of the positions in the game today. The half-back position mentioned above is named after the role or location of the player with respect to the scrum during 'scrum play' or scrummage. To understand the half back or any other players role in the scrum, see rugby league positions.

Forwards

The forwards two responsibilities can be broken into 'normal play' and 'scrum play'. For information on a forwards role in the scrum see rugby league scrummage. Forward positions are traditionally named after the players position in the scrum yet are equal with respect to 'normal play' with the exception of the hooker. Forward positions are traditionally broken into:
- front row forwards (two prop forwards and a hooker).
- Props are normally the largest players on field and usually weigh over 100 kilograms or 15 stones. Defend in the middle of the line where their lack of mobility is often targeted by the oppositions quicker players. Apt at running one out in attack and crashing straight into the defensive line early in the tackle count. Set the platform in attack and create the space for the 'halves' to work in.
- the 'hooker' is most likely to play the role of dummy-half. In defense the hooker usually defends in the middle of the line against the oppositions props and second-rowers. He is also typically responsible for keeping the defence around the ruck tight. In attack as dummy-half the hooker is responsible for setting the play from every play-the-ball by deciding which of his teammates he will pass to. The heavy workload in both attack and defense of the hooker has lead to the rise of two separate starting and interchange hookers being commonly used, with the role being shared more or less evenly between the two players over the course of a game.
- second row forwards, of which there are two. Fitter, faster, more mobile and skillfull than Props, though typically at a size disadvantage. Usually better suited to running wider than one out (e.g. off a halfback at first receiver) and later in the tackle count.
- the lock or loose forward is the only forward in the 3rd and last row of the scrum. Usually the fittest player on field and the one responsible for cover defence should the attacking team break through the defensive line. Typically big ball-runners who can ocassionaly slot in as a passing link or kick option, it is not uncommon for Locks to have the skills of a 5-8th and to play a similar role in the team. For further information on a player role in the scrum see rugby league positions.

Competitions

Representative

The premier international competition is the Rugby League World Cup, first held in 1954. The format has changed over the years, but it is currently held every 5 years. Australia has dominated the competition, winning for the fourth time in 1975, and has defended it 5 times since then. At the beginning of each season the reigning champions of the National Rugby League of Australia and the Super League of Great Britain contest the World Club Challenge to determine the best club side in the world. The British club Leeds Rhinos currently hold this title having beaten the Canterbury Bulldogs. The ARL, partners of the NRL, also conducts the fiercely contested and well-attended State of Origin matches between New South Wales and Queensland which arguably overshadow international matches in terms of public interest within those states. Other international competitions include the Ashes (a test match series between Great Britain and Australia), the ANZAC tests between Australia and New Zealand and the Tri-Nations to name the largest. There are also many international competitions aimed at developing rugby league in Europe and the Pacific involving what are known as "Developing Nations".

Club

There are two fully professional club level competitions: Super League (Europe) and the National Rugby League of Australia and New Zealand. The Super League is a 12 team competition; currently all teams are from England. In 2006 a French team, Union Treiziste Catalane of Perpignan, will enter, though the number of teams will stay at 12, with two English teams being relegated to the National Leagues at the end of the 2005 season. The National Rugby League consists of 15 teams; it will expand to 16 in 2007 with the introduction of the Gold Coast Titans. The Challenge Cup is a knock-out competition for all British clubs, amateur and professional, held since 1896. In recent years the entry has been expanded to allow French and Russian teams to take part. Please refer to individual rugby league playing nations, for information on national, state or local level club competitions.

Glossary

‘ball-runner’ vs ‘ball-player’ (also ‘ball-running’ vs ‘ball-playing’) : A descriptive categorization of a players technique based upon their favoured ‘action’ (play) when receiving the ball. A ‘ball-runner’ prefers to run at the defensive line and will look to pass/offload to his supporting teammates upon reaching, breaking or busting through the defensive line but not before. Alternatively a ‘ball-player’ prefers to pass before the defensive line rather than at or after meeting it, and can imply they possess a degree of creativity in their ‘passing game’. Although not mutually exclusive (players can combine both ‘ball-running’ and ‘ball-playing’ in their overall ‘game’) it is an important distinction in playing styles that requires a different approach from coaches & players and different sets of skills to employ and counter in attack and defense. calls : Plays across the Rugby League field often originate not from set plays but from the spontaneous ‘calls’ of players on field. Players will call for passes, kicks etc… when they sense an opportunity and playmakers will often respond. Teams sometimes have a high priority call meant to override other calls, e.g. the NSW in State of Origin have for many years used an “Arko” call in reference to the nickname of the former head of the Australian Rugby League – Ken Arthurson, because he always got his way… The Dummy-half must decide between many competing pass calls (and his own play options) which he will choose to service at every play-the-ball change over or handover : Change over refers to the attacking team relinquishing possession of the ball and the defending team gaining possession of the ball. This means the previous defending team becomes the current attacking team and visa versa. dummy-half : In attack the player who stands behind the tackled player at the ruck and receives the ball from the 'play-the-ball' which he can then pass or run with. Any player who receives the play-the-ball is called the dummy-half for that play, although it is common for the hooker to be referred to as the teams "dummy-half" independent of individual plays. chip kick : A chip kick is simply a punt kick that is very short and very low. It is usually performed so that the kicker or another member of the team can quickly recover the ball; thus the ball must not go out of reach of the receiving player. first receiver, second receiver etc... : The order a player receives the ball starting with a pass from the dummy-half, hence being the 'first receiver' and so on, of a pass in that play. (The dummy-half is excluded from this numbering scheme i.e. he is the 'zero receiver', as although he is the first ball handler he does not receive a pass) game : ‘Game’ is a catch phrase that can be used to describe the total sum of an individual players or teams collective talents, skills, limitations, playing style, on-field playing actions etc… in Rugby League. Often it is limited to describe a particular group of skills e.g. a “players passing game” or a “teams kicking game”, but it can be used generally e.g. “they were off their game tonight” or “the fullback still has mistakes in his game”. Alternatively ‘game’ can refer to an individual match or the game of Rugby League itself. goal line : The goal line is the line between the 'field of play' and the in goal area, thus there is a goal line for both in goal areas. The goal posts are also situated on the goal line. The goal line represents the goal of the attacking team. A try can be scored by 'touching down' on the goal line. head and feed : A team is said to have the head and feed of a scrum. The feed refers to the action of placing the ball into the scrum. in goal area : The in-goal area is a special area where points are scored in the form of a try. There are two in-goal areas on the field, one for each team. A defensive team must defend the in-goal area behind them from the attacking team. The attacking team must defeat the oppositions defences to score a try in their in-goal area. left/right arm carry: : When running with the ball a player can employ a one-arm (hand) carry by tucking the football into their shoulder/arm-pit. This allows a more secure hold when impacting in the tackle, it frees one hand to fend off tacklers, and allows one-arm offloads. Often players secure the ball exclusively with either their left or right arm. Being predictable, this becomes an important consideration for defenders trying to avoid the fend of the empty arm whilst targeting the ball-carrying arm to try and wrap the ball up and shut down the possibility of an offload, or to attempt to strip the ball from the attackers possession (Strips are only legal in a one-on-one tackle). offload : A pass, usually short & one-handed, made by an attacking player to his supporting teammates after he has reached the defensive line, i.e. while the defenders are attempting to tackle him. The advantageous opportunity for the attackers created by the offload is called second-phase play. place kick : The place kick is a kick from a tee. This act of kicking the ball from the tee is similar to hitting a goal ball from the tee. The tees in both sports provide the same support, to lift the ball off the ground. In rugby league higher tees are used to kick the ball higher. playmaker : A player who provides the organizational structure and creative impetus in a team via his passing game, (and usually though not always) his kicking and running game. A playmaker will organize his team by talking and structure attacking sets with his plays. From first receiver halfbacks are usually the teams primary playmaker, although 5-8ths often play a similar role in the modern game. play-the-ball : After a player has been tackled, and provided the team has not completed the number of tackles allocated to it under the six tackle rule, the player stands facing the opposition try-line, places the ball on the ground, and projects it backwards with one foot to the waiting dummy-half. rushing up : Rushing up is the act of a defender coming out of the defensive line in a hurry in anticipation of a pass. The aim is either to intercept the pass or tackle the player upon receiving the ball from a pass. It is somewhat risky to leave the defensive line but is very effective in stopping the attacking play. Also called a 'shooter'. 'Rushing up' can also refer to the entire defensive line (or sections of it) moving up quickly together, not just a single player coming out of the line. the halves : Narrowly defined they are the halfback and 5-8th. They form a ‘halves combination’ and are usually the teams organizers and creative playmakers. The definition can sometimes be extended to others who play a traditional halfback 5/8th role in a team from another position, most commonly fullback, lock or hooker. Sometimes the hooker, as ‘dummy-half’ is automatically included when ‘the halves’ are referred too. the ruck : In Rugby League the structure formed at the play-the-ball after a player has been tackled. It is often cited as a reference point in describing play, e.g. "they passed two-wide of the ruck and scored". In compromises of the tackled player who 'plays the ball', the dummy-half who receives the play-the-ball, two optional defensive markers who ignore the 10m offside rule and stand face to face with the player playing the ball, although they must stand directly in line with that player, and the A and B Defenders who stand either side of the gap in the defensive line that is left behind the play-the-ball ('A' usually refers to the defender on the left of the gap, and 'B' to the defender on the right as viewed from the attacking team). second-phase play : The play generated by an offload, which is effectively a second play under the same tackle, hence the name. The defensive line is typically standing still or retreating after an offload and is often disorientated and disjointed, presenting an excellent opportunity for the attacking team to capitalize on. short-side & open-side : From a play-the-ball (ruck), tap or scrum the ‘short side’ is the segment of the field to either the left or right that is shortest, and the ‘open side’ is the segment of the field to the left or right that is longest. The defensive line on the short-side doesn't usually push up as quickly as the open side prsenting oppurtuinites for the attack against defenders who think that the lack of space means the attack will ignore them go to the open side. Often teams ‘switch the point of attack’ by passing to one side from dummy-half only to have the 1st receiver throw a long pass (or run) behind the ruck to attack the other side in an attempt to catch out lazy defenders who have ‘switched off’ once the ball initially moved away from them. slide defense: : A defensive technique where each defender in the line will mark up against an opponent and (on the open-side) ‘show them the outside’ by standing several metres inside their opposite, encouraging them to try and beat them out wide. The defensive line will then ‘slide’ sideways with their opposite attackers as they attempt run wide and tackle them side on. The weakness of slide defense is the inside pass & run that cuts back towards the centre of the field, catching the defenders wrong-footed. See ‘Up & In Defense’ (to be added).

External links

- [http://www.rfl.uk.com/Templates/RFLDefault.asp?modeID=Content&uID=13 Laws of rugby league] - Rugby Football League
- [http://www.nrl.com.au/ Official site of premier Australasian league] - National Rugby League
- [http://www.superleague.co.uk/ Official site of premier European league] - European Super League
- [http://www.skysports.com/skysports/rugbyleague/ Sky Sports] - SkySports.com Rugby League Section
- [http://www.sportinglife.com/rugbyleague/news/ Sportinglife.com] - SportingLife.com Rugby League Section
- [http://www.totalrl.com/home/index.shtml Leader in World Rugby League Journalism] - Total Rugby League
- [http://www.rleague.com/ Leading fan site; International news, opinion pieces & forums] - World of Rugby League
- ja:ラグビーリーグ

Scotland national rugby league team

There are two Scottish teams selected: Scotland and Scotland A run under the joint auspices of the Rugby Football League and Scotland Rugby League. The Scotland team is predominently second-generation professional players, born and bred in England, whereas the Scotland A team (nicknamed "the Bravehearts") is selected from the Scottish domestic competition comprising of six teams.

History

The history of rugby league in Scotland goes back to 1909 when the touring Australian team played a match against England at Celtic Park, Glasgow. As football and to lesser extent rugby union were already well established in Scotland, rugby league did not make much of an impact, and until recently all Scottish rugby league players were converts from union. Only fourteen Scottish players made this switch prior to the ending of discrimination against playing rugby league, the most famous of whom was Dave Valentine, who captained Great Britain to World Cup victory in 1954. In 1995, the full Scottish national team made its debut, losing narrowly to Ireland and later playing in the Emerging Nations section of the 1995 World Cup. Captained by Alan Tait they beat Russia and the U.S.A., before going down to eventual winners, the Cook Islands. They were given full international status in 1996, which meant they were allowed to select as many professionals as they wished using the grandparent ruling, and subsequently took part in two very closely contested European Nations’ tournaments with France and Ireland. Since 2002, Scotland A has participated in the Amateur Four Nations competition and toured Italy, the Netherlands and Serbia. Scotland has participated in the 2000 World Cup and the European Nations Cup (since 2003) competitions. Scotland's next scheduled match is against Wales on October 16, 2005.

Results

Scotland

- Wales def. Scotland 22-14 (16 October 2005)
- Ireland def. Scotland 43-10 (29 October 2004)
- Scotland def. Wales 30-22 (24 October 2004)
- Scotland def. France 8-6 (9 November 2003)
- Ireland def. Scotland 24-22 (26 October 2003)
- Scotland def. France 42-20 (3 July 2001)
- Samoa def. Scotland 20-12 (5 November 2000)
- Ireland def. Scotland 18-6 (1 November 2000)
- New Zealand Maoris def. Scotland 17-16 (29 October 2000)
- Ireland def. Scotland 31-10 (31 October 1999)
- Scotland def. Wales 36-16 (22 October 1999)
- Ireland def. Scotland 17-10 (18 November 1998)
- France def. Scotland 26-22 (18 November 1998)
- France def. Scotland 22-20 (9 July 1997)
- Scotland def. Ireland 26-6 (6 August 1996)

Scotland A

- Scotland A def. Ireland A 42-16 (14 August 2005)
- Scotland A def. England "Lionhearts" 17-16 (24 June 2005)
- Wales A def. Scotland A 70-8 (13 June 2005)
- Scotland A def. Ireland A 24-16 (22 August 2004)
- Wales A def. Scotland A 34-26 (3 July 2004)
- England "Lionhearts" def. Scotland A 28-26 (13 June 2004)
- Scotland A def. Ireland A 48-20 (9 August 2003)
- Wales A def. Scotland A 42-22 (27 July 2003)
- Scotland A def. Serbia 42-22 (13 July 2003)
- Scotland A def. Italy 30-10 (11 July 2003)
- Scotland A def. Netherlands 22-18 (9 July 2003)
- England "Lionhearts" def. Scotland A 28-20 (21 June 2003)
- Ireland A def. Scotland A 70-10 (18 August 2002)
- England "Lionhearts" def. Scotland A 58-8 (20 July 2002)
- Wales A def. Scotland A 40-22 (15 June 2002)
- Wales A def. Scotland A 36-6 (16 September 2001)
- Ireland A def. Scotland A 28-10 (11 September 2001)
- Scotland A drew with Wales A 20-20 (19 September 1999)
- Scotland A def. Wales A 28-18 (3 October 1998)
- Ireland A def. Scotland A 21-16 (30 May 1998)
- Ireland A def. Scotland A 25-18 (25 October 1997)

External links

- [http://www.rfl.uk.com/Templates/RFLDefault.asp?modeID=Content&uID=33 RFL Scotland page]

- [http://www.scotlandrugbyleague.org.uk/ Scotland Rugby League] Category:International rugby league teams Category:Rugby league in Scotland Category:Rugby league in the United Kingdom

Rugby league in Scotland

Rugby league is comparatively minor sport in Scotland, dwarfed by the popularity of football, and to a lesser extent sports such as rugby union, curling and shinty.

History

The history of rugby league in Scotland goes back to 1909 when the touring Australian team drew 17 all with England at Celtic Park, Glasgow. A further match against the Australians followed at Tynecastle, Edinburgh in 1911, again a 11 all tie. After this the Rugby Football League largely gave up on expansion "north of the border". Nonetheless, a number of Scottish rugby union players, particularly from the Border region, moved south to play for English clubs. The numbers were not nearly so great as with the Welsh players (see Rugby league in Wales), and a Scottish national team was never seriously considered, though Scots did feature for Other Nationalities and were elgible for Great Britain . Probaly the most famous figure in Scottish rugby league during this period was Dave Valentine, who captained Great Britain to World Cup victory in 1954. In 1989 a Scotland students side was formed at Aberdeen University, and this proved to be the catalyst for the formation of a number of other clubs. The national team first played in 1995, and a domestic league followed in 1997. In 2000 the Challenge Cup Final was held at Murrayfield in Edinburgh. Bradford Bulls defeated Leeds Rhinos in front of 65,000 spectators, by far the biggest rugby league event ever held in Scotland.

Governing body

Technically, the governing body for the sport in Scotland is the Rugby Football League, whose remit covers the United Kingdom as a whole. In recent years the RFL have established a semi-autonomous section for Scotland, the Scotland Rugby League.

Competitions

The Scotland Rugby League comprises of six teams at present. It has been suggested that from 2006 this will be integrated in the Rugby League Conference as a Scottish division thereof.

Popularity

Rugby league is only a minority sport in Scotland, attracting few spectators. In addition to the clubs in the Scottish conference there are a number of other clubs, making around 20 in total. The majority of the clubs are based in and around Glasgow, and Glasgow City Council provide funding for junior teams.

The national team

There are two Scottish teams selected: Scotland and Scotland A. The Scotland team is predominently second-generation professional players, born and bred in England, whereas the Scotland A team (nicknamed "the Bravehearts") is selected from the domestic Scottish competition. Scotland has participated in the Emerging Nations Cup (1995), World Cup (2000) and European Nations Cup (since 2003) competitions. Since 2002, Scotland A has participated in the Amateur Four Nations competition and toured Italy, the Netherlands and Serbia.

References

- [http://www.scotlandrugbyleague.org.uk/ Scotland Rugby League]
- [http://rlwc2000.rivals.net/default.asp?sid=1385&p=2&stid=8062791 Scottish History]
-

Category:Rugby league in Scotland

Rugby League in Scotland Rugby league Category:Rugby league in the United Kingdom

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Scotland Rugby League

Teams in Scotland Rugby League

See also

External link

Rugby league

History

Playing rugby league

Attacking Tactics

Defensive Tactics

Players

Backs

Forwards

Competitions

Representative

Club

Glossary

See also

External links

Scotland national rugby league team

History

Results

Scotland

Scotland A

See also

External links

Rugby league in Scotland

History

Governing body

Competitions

Popularity

The national team

See also

References

Category:Rugby league in Scotland

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