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Shag

Shag

The term Shag may refer to one of the following.
- Shag (fabric) is a type of fabric
- Shag (bird) is the name for some birds of the cormorant family like the Common Shag.
- Shag (tobacco) is fine-cut tobacco.
- Shag (dance) is a form of swing dance.
- Shag is a 1989 film starring Bridget Fonda, Phoebe Cates, Annabeth Gish, Jeff Yagher and Scott Coffey. It features Carolina Shag dancing and was produced in cooperation with the North Carolina Film Commission.
- SHAG is the pseudonym of the artist Josh Agle.
- Shag is also a British slang word meaning sexual intercourse.
- Shag is also a hairstyle.
- Shag (Day) is a non-sexual tradition at Westminster School where the pupils may wear non-uniform clothes, but are expected to donate to charity. There are several locations named Shag.

Shag (fabric)

Shag is typically used to make a deep-pile carpets. This is the oldest use of the term. Shag carpet is sometimes evoked as an example of the aesthetic from the culture of the US 1970s. Also used to make carpets for mariners. Category:Rugs and carpets

Shag (bird)

- Nannopterum
- Phalacrocorax
- Leucocarbo The Phalacrocoracidae family of birds is represented by about thirty species of cormorants and shags. Several different classifications of the family have been proposed recently, but in the one most commonly used, all but three species are placed in a single genus Phalacrocorax, the exceptions being the Galapagos' Flightless Cormorant, the Kerguelen Shag and the Imperial Shag. Humans have historically exploited cormorants' fishing skills, in China and Japan, where they have been trained by fishermen. Traditional cormorant fishing can be watched in the city of Inuyama, in Aichi Prefecture in Japan. In Guilin, China, cormorant birds are famous for fishing on the shallow Lijiang River. Because the Great Cormorant's outline while drying its wings suggested a cross, it occasionally featured in medieval heraldry.

Names

There is no consistent distinction between cormorants and shags. The names "cormorant" and "shag" were originally the common names of the two species of the family found in Great Britain, Phalacrocorax carbo (now referred to by ornithologists as the Great Cormorant) and P. aristotelis (the Common Shag). "Shag" refers to the bird's crest, which the British forms of the Great Cormorant lack. As other species were discovered by English-speaking sailors and explorers elsewhere in the world, some were called cormorants and some shags, depending on whether they had crests or not. Sometimes the same species is called a cormorant in one part of the world and a shag in another, e.g. the Great Cormorant is called the Black Shag in New Zealand (the birds found in Australasia have a crest that is absent in European members of the species). Some modern classifications of the family have divided it into two genera and have tried to attach the name "Cormorant" to one and "Shag" to the other, but this flies in the face of common usage and has not been widely adopted. Christopher Isherwood was obviously unaware of the distinction when he wrote the poem :"The common cormorant (or shag) :Lays eggs inside a paper bag, :You follow the idea, no doubt? :It is to keep the lightning out. :But what these unobservant birds :Have never thought of, is that herds :Of wandering bears might come with buns :And steal the bags to hold the crumbs." His information about the bird's nesting habits shouldn't be relied on either. The scientific name is latinized Greek for phalakros (bald) and kora (raven).

Characteristics

Cormorants and shags are medium-to-large seabirds. The majority, including all Northern Hemisphere species, have mainly dark plumage, but some Southern Hemisphere species are black and white, and a few (e.g. the Spotted Shag of New Zealand) are quite colourful. Many species have areas of coloured skin on the face (the lores and the gular skin) which can be bright blue, orange, red or yellow, typically becoming more brightly coloured in the breeding season. The bill is long, thin, and sharply hooked. Their feet are four-toed and webbed, a distinguishing feature among the Pelecaniformes order. They are coastal rather than oceanic birds, and some have colonised inland waters. They range around the world, except for the central Pacific islands. All are fish-eaters, dining on small eels, fish, and even water snakes. They dive from the surface, though many species make a characteristic half-jump as they dive, presumably to give themselves a more streamlined entry into the water. Under water they propel themselves with their feet. After fishing, cormorants go ashore to dry their wings by holding them out in the sun. Unusually for a water bird, their feathers are not waterproofed. This may help them dive quickly, since their feathers do not retain air bubbles. Cormorants are colonial nesters, using trees, rocky islets, or cliffs. The eggs are a chalky-blue colour. There is usually one brood a year. The young are fed through regurgitation.

Species

For an alternative scientific classification, see Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy.
- Genus Phalacrocorax
- Brandt's Cormorant, Phalacrocorax penicillatus
- Double-crested Cormorant or White-crested Cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus
- Great Cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo
- Neotropic Cormorant, Phalacrocorax brasilianus
- Olivaceous Cormorant or Mexican Cormorant, Phalacrocorax olivaceus
- Pelagic Cormorant or Baird's Cormorant, Phalacrocorax pelagicus
- Red-faced Cormorant, Phalacrocorax urile
- Guanay Cormorant , Phalacrocorax bougainvillii (off Peru, guano collected from nesting colonies of this bird is used to produce internationally traded commercial fertilizer)
- Little Black Cormorant, Phalacrocorax sulcirostris
- Indian Cormorant, Phalacrocorax fuscicollis
- Cape Cormorant, Phalacrocorax capensis
- Socotran Cormorant, Phalacrocorax nigrogularis
- Wahlberg's Cormorant or Bank Cormorant, Phalacrocorax neglectus
- Temminck's Cormorant, Phalacrocorax capillatus
- Common Shag, Phalacrocorax aristotelis
- Rock Shag, Phalacrocorax magellanicus
- Long-tailed Cormorant, Phalacrocorax africanus
- Little Cormorant, Phalacrocorax niger
- Pygmy Cormorant, Phalacrocorax pygmaeus
- Pitt Cormorant or Featherstone's Shag Phalacrocorax featherstoni
- Pied Cormorant or Yellow-faced Cormorant, Phalacrocorax varius
- King Shag, Phalacrocorax carunculatus
- Black-faced Cormorant, Phalacrocorax fuscescens
- Spectacled Cormorant, Phalacrocorax perspicillatus (extinct)
- Red-footed Shag, Phalacrocorax gaimardi
- Spotted Shag Phalacrocorax punctatus
- White-bellied Shag, Phalacrocorax albiventer
- Little Pied Cormorant, Phalacrocorax melanoleucos
- Stewart Island Shag, Phalacrocorax chalconotus
- Chatham Shag, Phalacrocorax onslowi
- Auckland Shag, Phalacrocorax colensoi
- Campbell Shag, Phalacrocorax campbelli
- Bounty Shag, Phalacrocorax ranfurlyi
- Genus Leucocarbo
- Imperial Shag, Leucocarbo atriceps (Previously Antarctic, South Georgian, Heard, Crozet, and Macquarie Shags, Phalacrocorax bransfieldensis, georgianus, nivalis, melanogenis, and purpurascens.)
- Kerguelen Shag, Leucocarbo verrocosus (Previously P. verrocosus.)
- Genus Nannopterum
- Flightless Cormorant, Nannopterum harrisi (confined to the Galapagos Islands where, through evolution, its wings have shrunk to the size of a penguin's flippers) The King Shag of New Zealand has a number of races previously considered as full species.

External links

- [http://www.swuklink.com/BAAAGARU.php Cormorants (Phalacracorax carbo) in the British Isles]
- Category:Heraldic birds ja:ウ科 (Sibley)

Common Shag

The Common Shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) is a species of cormorant. It breeds around the rocky coasts of western and southern Europe, southwest Asia and north Africa, mainly wintering in its breeding range except for northernmost birds. In Britain this seabird is usually referred to as simply the Shag; in scientific literature it is usually called the European Shag. scientific literature This is a medium-large black bird, 68-78 cm long and with a 95-110 cm wingspan. It has a longish tail and yellow throat-patch. Adults have a small crest in the breeding season. It is distinguished from the Great Cormorant by its smaller size, lighter build, thinner bill, and, in breeding adults, by the crest and metallic green-tinged sheen on the feathers. Among those differences are that a shag has a lighter, narrower beak; and the juvenile shag has darker underparts. The Common Shag's tail has 12 feathers; the Great Cormorant, 14 feathers. The green sheen on the feathers results in the alternative name "Green Cormorant" sometimes being given to the Common Shag. It feeds in the sea, and, unlike the Great Cormorant, is rare inland. It will winter along any coast that is well-supplied with fish. The Shag is one of the deepest divers among the cormorant family. Using depth gauges, Shags have been shown to dive to at least 45 metres. Shags are preponderantly benthic feediers, i.e. they find their prey on the sea bottom. They will eat a wide range of fish but their commonest prey is the sand eel. Shags will travel many kilometres from their roosting sites in order to feed. In UK coastal waters, dive times are typically around 20-45 seconds, with a recovery time of around 15 seconds between dives; this is consistent with aerobic diving, i.e. the bird depends on the oxygen in its lungs and dissolved in its bloodstream during the dive. When they dive, they jump out of the water first to give extra impetus to the dive. It breeds on coasts, nesting on rocky ledges or in crevices or small caves. The nests are untidy heaps of rotting seaweed or twigs cemented together by the bird's own guano. The nesting season is long, begining in late February but some nests not starting until May or even later. Three eggs are laid. Their chicks hatch without down and so they rely totally on their parents for warmth, often for a period of two months before they can fly. Fledging may occur at any time from early June to late August, exceptionally to mid October. The name shag is also used in the Southern Hemisphere for several additional species of cormorants. There are three subspecies:
- Phalacrocorax aristotelis aristotelis - northwestern Europe (Atlantic Ocean coasts)
- Phalacrocorax aristotelis desmarestii - southern Europe, southwest Asia (Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea coasts)
- Phalacrocorax aristotelis riggenbachi - northwest African coast The subspecies differ slightly in bill size and the breast and leg colour of young birds. Recent evidence suggests that birds on the Atlantic coast of southwest Europe are distinct from all three, and may be an as-yet undescribed subspecies (Yésou et al., Brit. Birds 98: 369-370, 2005).

Shag (dance)

Shag is an early form of swing dance, contemporary with Lindy Hop. The two most common variations are the Carolina Shag and the Collegiate Shag.

Moves

Shag (from lead's point of view) usually the lead's left hand is up and the lead's left elbow touches the follow's right elbow. Follow usually mirrors the leads footwork in closed position.
- Basic: (left, left, right, right, left, right)
- Circle Kicks: (like basic, but up foot moves in a circle)
- Camel Kicks: (side by side) kick left, step left, kick right, step right, step left (replace), step right (replace). Follows should not mirror the lead in closed, but rather match in a different way.
- Hop and Hold: (left hold right hold left right)
- Girl Spin: The girl can do overhead, free, or apache turns on the slows or the fasts.
- Guy spin:

Bridget Fonda

Bridget Jane Fonda (born January 27, 1964) is an American actress. She was born in Los Angeles, California, USA, into a family of actors, including her grandfather Henry Fonda, father Peter Fonda, mother Susan Brewer and aunt Jane Fonda. She attended New York University when she was 18 and also went to the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute.

Marriage

On November 29, 2003, Fonda married film-composer Danny Elfman. They have one son, Oliver, born in January, 2005. Danny Elfman

Selective filmography

- Snow queen (2005) as Winter
- Monkeybone (2001) as Dr. Julie McElroy
- Kiss of the Dragon (2001) as Jessica
- Lake Placid (1999) as Kelly Scott
- A Simple Plan (1998) as Sarah Mitchell
- Break Up (1998) as Jimmy Dade
- Jackie Brown (1997) as Melanie
- The Road to Wellville (1994) as Eleanor Lightbody
- It Could Happen to You (1994)
- Camilla (1994) as Freda Lopez
- Army of Darkness (1993) as Linda
- Point of No Return (1993)
- Little Buddha (1993)
- Singles (1992) as Janet Livermore
- Single White Female (1992) as Allison Jones
- Leather Jackets (1992) as Claudi
- Doc Hollywood (1991) as Nancy Lee Nicholson
- Godfather III (1990) as Grace Hamilton
- Frankenstein Unbound (1990) as Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin/Shelly
- Scandal (1989) as Mandy Rice-Davies
- Aria (1987)

External links

- Fonda, Bridget Fonda, Bridget Fonda, Bridget Fonda, Bridget

Phoebe Cates

)]] Phoebe Cates (born July 16, 1963) is an American film actress who, by her description, has retired from acting to be a full-time mother. She is the daughter of Jewish director Joseph Cates and his Filipina wife of mixed Chinese and Russian Jewish descent, accounting for her exotic appearance. She is also the niece of Gilbert Cates, also a director. She is a native of New York City, where she attended the Children's Professional Acting School. She is the goddaughter of actress Joan Crawford. Cates's birth name was Phoebe Belle Katz. She followed in the steps of her father and uncle in changing her surname for professional reasons. She achieved icon status in the early 1980's for her role in Fast Times at Ridgemont High, in which she stripped off the top of her bikini in a slow-motion fantasy scene. [http://www.celebritymoviearchive.com/tour/movie.php/3508] That same year, in the movie Paradise, and in contrast to the coyness of Brooke Shields in the similarly themed and more popular The Blue Lagoon, Cates appeared nude in several scenes, although she was said to have used a body double in some of the close-ups. In a People magazine article, Cates said she had expressed reservations about this situation to her father, who advised her to play it in whatever way she felt was artistically honest. [http://www.celebritymoviearchive.com/tour/movie.php/2192] Her later roles were more modest and largely oriented toward younger audiences. Her face made the covers of teen magazines such as Tiger Beat, 16, Teen Beat and others. In 1989 she married actor Kevin Kline, whom she had originally met while auditioning for the part that Meg Tilly ultimately won in The Big Chill. In 1991 she was slated to be in Father of the Bride, but became pregnant and couldn't take the role. Kline and Cates make their home in New York City and have two children, Owen and Greta. They all appeared in Cates' most recent film, The Anniversary Party.

Selected filmography

- Paradise (1982)
- Fast Times at Ridgemont High (1982)
- Private School (1983)
- Lace (1984, TV)
- Gremlins (1984)
- Date with an Angel (1987)
- Bright Lights, Big City (1988)
- Shag (1989)
- I Love You to Death (1990)
- Gremlins 2: The New Batch (1990)
- Drop Dead Fred (1991)
- Bodies, Rest and Motion (1993)
- Princess Caraboo (1994)
- The Anniversary Party (2001)

External links

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- [http://www.phoebe-cates.com Fanpage] Cates, Phoebe Cates, Phoebe Cates, Phoebe Cates, Phoebe Cates, Phoebe Cates, Phoebe Cates, Phoebe Cates, Phoebe

Annabeth Gish

Annabeth Gish (b. Anne Elizabeth Gish on March 13, 1971 in Albuquerque, New Mexico) is a contemporary American actress known for starring roles in The X-Files, Scarlett and Double Jeopardy. Gish was born to Robert and Judy Gish. When she was 2, her family moved to Cedar Falls, Iowa, where she grew up with her brother Tim and sister Robin. Her father was an English professor at the University of Northern Iowa. Her mother was also an educator. In addition to acting during her formative years, she was active in the Lutheran denomination. She attended Duke University and is fluent in Spanish. In 2001, Gish joined the cast of The X-Files, after series star David Duchovny announced his intent to leave. During the eighth and ninth seasons, Gish and fellow newcomer Robert Patrick were designed to be the replacements once Duchovny and Gillian Anderson left. While fans now agree that their performances were good, the primary reason for many fans watching the show had been the interaction between Duchovny and Anderson's characters Mulder and Scully, and the ratings continued to drop. The ninth season became the show's last. In 2003, Gish guest starred on The West Wing playing Elizabeth Bartlet Westin, eldest daughter of President Josiah Bartlet (Martin Sheen). She appeared several times over the following seasons, rounding out the fictional Bartlet family also consisting of First Lady Abigail Bartlet (Stockard Channing) and daughters Ellie (Nina Siemaszko) and Zoey (Elisabeth Moss). She will next be seen in July as part of the cast of the Stephen King miniseries Desperation.

External link

- Gish, Annabeth Gish, Annabeth Gish Annabeth Gish, Annabeth Gish, Annabeth Gish, Annabeth Gish Annabeth

Jeff Yagher

Jeff Yagher is an American actor,(b. January 18, 1962) in Lawrence, Kansas,USA. His television debut was in V as Kyle Bates from 1984 until 1985. Later, he starred in a pilot episode of 21 Jump Street as officer Tommy Hanson, a role that was subsequently taken over by the actor Johnny Depp. Jeff Yagher's guest appearances include roles in Six Feet Under, Star Trek: Voyager as Iden,a Bajoran hologram leading a rebellion in the episodes Flesh and Blood, Walker, Texas Ranger, and the TV movie Bionic Showdown: The Six Million Dollar Man and the Bionic Woman. He acted in the feature films My Fellow Americans, Shag, and View from the Top. Jeff Yagher's brother is special effects expert and director Kevin Yagher. Jeff is married to actress Megan Gallagher, they have 2 children.

External links

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- Yagher, Jeff Yagher, Jeff Yagher, Jeff Yagher, Jeff Yagher, Jeff

SHAG (Josh Agle)

Josh Agle (born August 31, 1962), is an American artist known by most followers by the nickname “SHAG” which is how he started signing his paintings in 1987 (derived from the last two letters of his first name, and the first two letters of his last name). He's best known for comical, richly-colored cocktail and tiki-themed scenes reminiscent of the slick commercial art of the 1950s to mid-1960s. 1960s SHAG started out as a freelance commercial illustrator in the late 1980s and early 1990s before galleries and collectors began to take notice of his works. He had his first solo gallery exhibition in 1997, and has since had other shows in the United States, Japan and Australia. He's the author and illustrator of several books about tiki culture and cocktail recipes. He currently lives in the hills overlooking Los Angeles, California.

External links

- [http://www.shag.com/ SHAG official website]
- [http://www.modculture.co.uk/shag/ ModCulture.com Interview with Josh "SHAG" Agle]
- [http://www.artbeatstreet.com/html/shag.html KittyKitty Interviews the Artists - SHAG]
- [http://covetshag.blogspot.com Unofficial, Unscientific, Unsubstantiated, Unreliable Shag Fan Weblog] Category:American artists Category:Tiki Culture

British slang

London slang is slang that is used in London. Cockney rhyming slang is the best known form of London slang, but London has a very diverse population and there are many sources and styles of slang. An example is Jamaican patois. One problem with identifying what is specifically London slang is that the dominant cultural position that London has within the United Kingdom causes London slang to be exported to the rest of the UK, leading to London slang becoming general United Kingdom English slang.

Sources of London slang

London slang is a mixture from many sources, reflecting the diverse cultural makeup of the city's population. In 21st century South London, Jamaican patois is the source of words such as "dat" and "dere". Many London slang words and phrases are believed to have been imported from Indian languages by servicemen in the 19th century. London slang words for money such as "monkey" (£500) and "pony" (£25) are believed to have come from the Indian rupee banknote, which features pictures of such animals. Another money slang word, "nicker" (£1) is hypothesised to be connected to the U.S. "nickel". Conversely, "wonga" is believed to have come from Romany.

British Airways' list of London slang words and phrases

In 2005, British Airways launched an advertising campaign in the United States, purporting to teach people approximately 60 (of what it deemed to be) "London slang" words such as "peckish" and "snog". A feature of the campaign was that slang words were listed on the British Airways web site, along with links to an "Insider's guide to London", the URLs for which people were encouraged to send to one another via electronic mail or SMS. Another feature was that it was context-sensitive. The word "queue" was used on an advertisement on a bus shelter, for example, explaining how people "queue for a bus". "Queue" is not considered to be a slang word in United Kingdom English, however, and several other of British Airways' other purported "London slang" words are considered to be either general United Kingdom English slang words or simply not slang words at all, merely differences between United Kingdom English and United States English. Other words and phrases in the British Airways list of London slang were:
- "naff"
- "loo"
- "lift"
- the "blower"
- the "bin"
- "cheers!"
- "chuffed"
- "half-four"
- "kip"
- "laughing gear"
- "readies"
- "shout"
- "nang"

References

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External links

- [http://london.ba.com./index.asp?word=queue The British Airways slang page for "queue"]
- [http://www.translatebritish.com The British to American Translator]

Sexual intercourse

:This article is about sexual intercourse in humans and its societal implications. For biological copulation in general, see copulation. copulation copulation copulation Sexual intercourse or coitus is the human form of copulation. The term sexual intercourse refers to a wider range of sexual activities than the term coitus, which only refers to male-female genital sex. See Human sexual behavior for a discussion of the broader sense of sexual intercourse and List of sexual positions for the wide variety of sexual activities that exist. See the terms frot for male-male genital sex and tribadism for female-female genital sex. Coitus may be preceded by foreplay which leads to sexual arousal of the partners, resulting in erection of the penis and natural lubrication of the vagina. To engage in sexual intercourse, the erect penis is inserted into the vagina and one or both of the partners move back and forth to repeatedly remove and reinsert the penis, usually without ever fully removing it. In this way, they stimulate themselves and each other usually until orgasm and ejaculation are achieved. A detailed description of the physiology of sexual arousal and orgasm can be found in the article Human sexual response cycle.

Sexual reproduction

Coitus is the basic reproductive method of humans. During ejaculation, which normally accompanies male orgasm, a series of muscular contractions delivers semen containing male gametes known as sperm cells or spermatozoa into the vault of the vagina. The subsequent route of the sperm from the vault of the vagina, is through the cervix and into the uterus, and thence into the fallopian tubes. Millions of sperm are present in each ejaculation, to increase the chances of one fertilizing an egg or ovum. Sperm cells can survive up to nine days in the female body. When a fertile ovum from the female is present in the fallopian tubes, the male gamete joins with the ovum resulting in fertilization and the formation of a new embryo. When a fertilized ovum reaches the uterus, it becomes implanted in the lining of the uterus known as endometrium and a pregnancy begins. Male-female genital sex should always be considered likely to result in pregnancy unless adequate contraceptive (birth control) measures are in force, or unless one (or both) of the partners is not fertile. For example a woman who has passed through the menopause cannot conceive, but can still participate in, and enjoy, intercourse. Where both participants are believed to be fertile pregnancy should still be considered as a possible outcome of intercourse since no birth control measure is 100% effective. Coitus interruptus, or withdrawal of the penis from the vagina just before the man's orgasm, typically has a high failure rate, but is reasonably effective when done correctly. Surgical sterilization (tubal ligation for women or vasectomy for men) is considered permanent birth control, although it can sometimes be reversed surgically, or, rarely, the body can repair itself. If both partners are fertile, abstinence from heterosexual sexual intercourse is the only 100% effective way to avoid pregnancy. Outercourse, and other sexual contact (such as mutual masturbation or oral sex), in which there is sexual activity without penis insertion, can be performed without resulting in pregnancy provided that semen does not come in contact with the vulva.

Sex evolving beyond reproduction

Humans, bonobos and notably dolphins are animals known to have non-reproduct sex, apparently for the sake of pleasure. All three animals have heterosex even when the female is not in estrus, that is, at a point in her reproductive cycle suitable for successful impregnation. Likewise, all three animals have homosex. In both humans and bonobos the female has hidden estrus, which does not evidence to the male whether she is fertile or not, to ensure sex at any time for social reasons rather than reproductive ones. Indeed, sex is often for social reasons and only occasionally for reproductive ones. Humans, bonobos and dolphins are all intelligent social animals, whose cooperative behavior proves far more successful than that of any individual alone. In these animals, the use of sex evolved beyond reproduction to serve additional social functions. Sex reinforces intimate social bonds between individuals to form larger social structures. The resulting cooperation encourages collective tasks that promote the group's survival.

Sexual drive

The urge of adult humans to have sexual intercourse is generally seen as being a physiological need similar to needs such as food, water and air. See, for example, Maslow's hierarchy of needs. At an emotional level sexual intercourse is often, though not always, the ultimate physical expression of feelings of romantic love between two humans (sometimes more). In many cultures, mutual romantic love often forms a formalized or informal partnership, a full sexual relationship within this partnership, procreation or adoption of children and parenting. Romantic partners can be differentsex or samesex. However sexual intercourse is also often decoupled from romantic love and/or from a wish for procreation. Casual sex often used to satisfy a physiological need is common although open to censure by some as being promiscuous and morally questionable. The sex industry is the commercialization of casual sex and prostitution may provide physiological satisfaction.

Sexual problems

Some males suffer from erectile dysfunction, or impotence, at least occasionally. For those whose impotence is caused by medical conditions, prescription drugs such as Viagra, Cialis, and Levitra are available. However, doctors caution against the unnecessary use of these drugs since they are accompanied by serious risks such as increased chance of heart attack. Also, as is too often the case, using a drug to counteract the symptom, impotence, masks the underlying problem causing the impotence, and does not fix the problem. A serious condition might be aggravated if left untreated. A more common sexual disorder in males is premature ejaculation (PE). Those afflicted with PE can perform intercourse for an average of 1.8 minutes before experiencing an orgasm. This compares with an average of 7.3 minutes for those not suffering from premature ejaculation. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is currently examining the drug dapoxetine to treat premature ejaculation. In clinical trials those with PE who took dapoxetine experienced intercourse three to four times longer before orgasm than without the drug. The American Urological Association (AUA) estimates that premature ejaculation could affect 27 percent to 34 percent of men in the United States. The AUA also estimates that 10 percent to 12 percent of men in the United States are affected by erectile dysfunction. Inability to achieve orgasm is called anorgasmia. It is much more common in women than men and usually needs attention from both partners over a long time span to solve. Many women, especially younger women with little sexual experience, have difficulty achieving orgasm. Whether a woman considers anorgasmia a problem or not is highly individual; the popular but dubious notion that both partners should achieve orgasm in "normal" intercourse may contribute to a woman's concern over anorgasmia. Vaginismus is involuntary tensing of the pelvic floor musculature, making coitus distressing or impossible. Dyspareunia is painful or uncomfortable intercourse; it can be due to a variety of reasons.

Sexual morality and legality

Various laws, moral rules, and taboos surround sexual intercourse. See sexual morality for a detailed discussion. Unlike some other sexual activities, sexual intercourse itself has rarely been made taboo on religious grounds or by government authorities. It is believed that all of the cultures that prohibited sexual intercourse entirely no longer exist, save the Shakers, a sect of Christianity which has very few adherents, although there are many communities within cultures that prohibit their members to engage in any form of sex, such as members of religious orders and the priesthood in the Roman Catholic Church and lamas in Buddhist monasteries. Within some ideologies, coitus has been considered the only "acceptable" sexual activity. Relatively strict designations of "appropriate" and "inappropriate" sexual intercourse have been almost universal in human societies. These have included prohibitions against specific positions, against intercourse among partners who are not married (this is called fornication) or at least one of whom is married, but not to each other (called adultery), against sexual intercourse with a close relative (called incest), and against intercourse during a woman’s menstrual period. Most countries have age of consent laws specifying the minimum legal age for engaging in sexual intercourse. Sexual intercourse with a person against his or her will, or without their informed legal consent, is called rape and is considered a serious crime in most cultures. Religions have often established standards and mores for sexual intercourse, usually encouraging monogamy and marriage. In the Christian faith, sex outside marriage is officially condemned with varying degrees of severity. This prohibition on sex solely for pleasure has led to the Roman Catholic Church’s highly controversial condemnation of contraception. See (for example) http://www.catholic.net/rcc/Periodicals/Faith/11-12-98/Morality2.html There is a good deal of controversy about the kind of relationship one should have with someone else before engaging in sexual intercourse. This controversy is beyond the scope of this article; interested readers are encouraged to read the articles on chastity, evolutionary psychology, and sexual morality.

External links

- [http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~taflinge/biosex2.html Biology of sexual intercourse]
- [http://www.nvsh.nl/Website_Engels/Texts/Sexual_Information/Basics/Skills_1.htm Dutch Society for Sexual Reform]
- [http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/section7/index.html UK legal guidance for prosecutors concerning sexual acts]
- [http://www.abouthealth.com/parent_topic_dialogue.cfm?Parent_Excerpt_ID=23&Topic_Title=3 Resources for parents to talk about sexual intercourse to their children]
- [http://www.ppacca.org/site/pp.asp?c=kuJYJeO4F&b=139496 Planned Parenthood information on sexual intercourse]
- [http://www.healthcentral.com/mhc/top/003157.cfm Medical Resources related to sexual intercourse]
- [http://www.total-health-care.com/family-health/sexual-health.htm Sexual Health]
- [http://www.studentbmj.com/issues/00/01/papers/images/sex2.jpg Sexual intercourse diagram]
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Shag (Day)

The Royal College of St. Peter at Westminster, but almost always referred to as Westminster School, or even just Westminster, for short) is an ancient English public school, located by Westminster Abbey in Westminster, central London, with a history stretching back to the 12th century. Its A-level results in 2004 and 2005 were the highest in the country. The school traditionally aims in particular to foster independent and original thinking. The Head Master is Dr. Stephen Spurr.

History

The School originally became a public school (and so available to all members of the public, provided that they could pay for tuition costs) in 1179, as the educational part of the Roman Catholic Abbey at Westminster, the Benedictine monks being required to provide a small charity school by decree of Pope Alexander III. Parts of the School's buildings date back to the eleventh century, and it is quite likely that the first schoolboys were taught by the monks even before then. However, this arrangement changed in 1540, when King Henry VIII ordered the dissolution of the Monasteries of the Catholic Church in England, but personally ensured the School's survival by his royal charter. The College of St. Peter carried on with forty "King's Scholars" funded from the royal purse. Although during Queen Mary I's brief reign the Abbey was reinstated as a Roman Catholic monastery, it was redissolved on Queen Elizabeth I's accession, and neither of these events had a major impact on the School. The School occupies a number of the buildings vacated by the monks. Elizabeth I refounded the School in 1560, with new statutes to select 40 Queen's Scholars from boys who had already attended the school for a year. Queen Elizabeth frequently visited her scholars, although she never signed the statutes nor endowed her scholarships, and this date is now generally taken as the date that the school was "founded", although effective separation from the Abbey was only achieved with the Public Schools Act 1868. Westminster Under School was formed in 1943, as a semi-separate entity for the teaching of day pupils from the ages of 8 to 13 (now 7 to 13). Only the separation is new: in previous generations, for instance, Gibbon attended Westminster at the age of 11. Originally situated in Little Dean's Yard (the main square of the School, off Dean's Yard), it later took residence in Vincent Square, overlooking the School's playing fields. The current headmaster of the Under School is Mr. Jeremy Edwards. In 1967, the first girl pupil was admitted to the School, with girls becoming full members of the Upper School from 1973 onwards. In 1979, the school was the subject of " Public School", a then unprecedented BBC documentary by Mary Rose-Richards, Edward Mirzoeff and Jonathan Gili, still unmatched in its wholly unrestricted access to a public school.

Location

documentary The School is located primarily in the former grounds of the long-defunct monastery at Westminster Abbey, its main buildings surrounding its private square Little Dean's Yard (known as 'Yard'), off Dean's Yard, where Church House, the headquarters of the Anglican Church, is sited, along with some of the Houses, the Common Room, the new humanities building Weston's, and College Hall. The humanities are also taught in Sutcliff's (named after the sweet shop that used to occupy the ground floor of the building in the 19th century) on the neighbouring Great College Street, and the Robert Hooke Science Centre is just off Smith Square. As part of a recent expansion programme funded by a legacy from A A Milne, the school has added the nearby Millicent Fawcett Hall for dramatic performances and the Manoukian Centre for music. College Garden, to the East of Little Dean's Yard, is believed to be the oldest garden in England, under continuous cultivation for at least the last thousand years, and just beyond rises the Victoria Tower of the Houses of Parliament; the Queen's Scholars have special rights of access to the House of Commons. To the North, the Dark Cloister leads straight to the Abbey, which serves as the School Chapel. The playing fields are half a mile away at Vincent Square, which Dean Vincent created for the School by hiring a horse and plough to carve ten acres out of the open Tothill Fields. The boathouse is now at Putney, although the school's First Eight still annually returns to exercise its traditional right to land at Black Rod Steps of the Palace of Westminster.

Notable buildings

The 14th century Abbot's state dining hall, now named 'College Hall', may be one of the oldest and finest examples of medieval refectory in existence. The School uses it for its original purpose every day in term-time, whilst during the holidays it reverts to the Dean, as the Abbot's successor. Elizabeth Woodville took sanctuary here in 1483 with 5 daughters and her son Richard, but failed to save him from his fate as one of the Princes in the Tower. In the 1560s Queen Elizabeth I several times came to see her scholars act their Latin Plays on a stage in front of the attractive Elizabethan gallery, which may have been first erected especially for the purpose. 'College' (now shared between the three Houses of College, Dryden's and Wren's) is a dressed stone building overlooking College Garden, the former monastery's Infirmary garden which is now the property of Westminster Abbey. It dates from 1729, and was designed by the Earl of Burlington based on earlier designs from Sir Christopher Wren (himself an Old Westminster). 'School', the School's main hall and former monks' Dormitory, is used for Latin Prayers (a weekly assembly with prayers spoken in the Westminster-dialect of Latin), exams, and large concerts, plays and the like. From 1599 onwards it was used to teach all the pupils, the Upper and Lower Schools being split by a curtain hung from a 16th century bar made of pig iron, which remains the largest piece of pig iron in the world. The stone steps and entranceway to School have been attributed as the work of Inigo Jones, and are engraved with the names of many pupils who used to hire a stonemason for the purpose. The panelling "up School" is similarly, but officially, painted with the coats of arms of many former pupils. The shell-shaped apse at the North end of School gave its name to the Shell forms taught there and the corresponding classes at many other public schools. The current shell displays a Latin epigram on the rebuilding of School, with the acrostic Semper Eadem, Queen Elizabeth's motto. The roofs of both School and College were destroyed in The Blitz by an incendiary bomb in 1941, the buildings being re-opened by George VI in 1950. Ashburnham House, which today houses the library and the Mathematics Department, was built by Inigo Jones or his pupil John Webb around the time of the Restoration, as a London seat for the family which became the Earls of Ashburnham. It incorporates remains of the mediaeval Prior's House, and its garden is the site of some of the earliest sittings of the House of Commons. In 1721 there was a disastrous fire when Ashburnham housed the King's and Cottonian libraries, which form the basis of the British Library, and many of the books and manuscripts still show the marks. After the Public Schools Act 1868 there was an outrageous parliamentary and legal battle between the Abbey and the School, until the School finally obtained Ashburnham under the Act for £4000. In 1881 William Morris conducted a public campaign which succeeded in preventing its demolition along with the neighbouring ruinous mediaeval buildings. During the Second World War, the library was used as a communications station for the Royal Air Force. In 1969, it was used as one of the locations for the film The Magic Christian. Needless to say, the schoolchildren generally take absolutely no notice of the history or antiquity of their notable buildings!

Customs

1969 On Shrove Tuesdays since 1753 the 'Greaze' takes place "up School", in which the head cook is required to throw a horsehair pancake over the bar that used to separate the parts of the schoolroom, for which elected members of the school fight for one minute whilst being watched over by the Dean of Westminster Abbey and the Head Master; the pupil with the largest piece after the minute is up being the winner, and awarded a sovereign. Were the cook to fail to get the 'pancake' over the bar within 3 tries, he or she would have been booked, or pelted with (rather heavy) Latin primers; it is rumoured that this has taken place on (at least) one occasion. The Greaze is still an extremely popular tradition with some members of the school, although the tradition of booking the cook no longer exists. The privilege of being the first commoners to acclaim each new sovereign at their coronation in Westminster Abbey is reserved for the current Queen's (or King's) Scholars. Their shouts of "Vivat Regina" (Long live the Queen!) are now incorporated into the Coronation Anthem. A service is given in Latin each year in Westminster Abbey, called 'Little Commem.', in which the School celebrates its benefactors, most notably Elizabeth I. Every third year a much larger service is given in its place, and called 'Big Commem'. The Latin Play, acted by members of College, is presented annually in College, with a prologue and humorous epilogue on contemporary events given in Latin by the head of the House (known as the Master of the Queen's Scholars, regardless of their sex). Elizabeth I, who spoke fluent Latin, inaugurated the plays by her school statutes in 1560, and the early plays were acted in College Hall before Queen Elizabeth and her whole Council. However, in a more prudish age Queen Victoria recorded in her diary that the Play was "very Improper"! No other school in the world can claim to have carried on this ancient yuletide custom, almost without interruption to the present day.

Entry

There are 4 main points of entry for prospective pupils:
- For the Under School, at ages 7 and 11, judged by a combination of internal exam and interview.
- For the Lower School, at age 13, judged by either Common Entrance, a standardised, national set of exams for entrance to independent schools, for standard entry, and the Challenge, an internal set of exams, for scholarship entry, as well as interview.
- For the Upper School, at age 16, judged by subject-specific exams and interviews and conditional upon GCSE results. This is the only point of entry for girls, and a handful of boys. As well as the Queen's Scholarships, which pay from endowment one half of boarding fees, and of which there are (almost always) 8 in each year, pupils applying for entry under the Challenge have available a small number, usually 2, of (non-boarding) Honorary Scholarships. Stephen Hawking was entered for the scholarship in 1952, but fell ill on the day of the Challenge examination. Those entering the Lower School also have the opportunity to obtain scholarships based on musical talent, and bursaries for those whose parents are not able to fund their tuition. Ignoring scholarships and bursaries, annual fees before incidentals range from £10,500 (approx. $20,000 US) for pupils at the Under School to £23,000 (approx. $42,000 US) for boarding pupils.

Westminster jargon

Year names

Westminster has an unusual system for naming the school years, which can cause confusion to those not familiar with the system. For this reason the Under School changed to the nationally standard year names in September 1997. :Under School (no longer in use) :
- Year 3: Year not in existence until after names were dropped :
- Year 4: Petty B :
- Year 5: Petty A :
- Year 6: Form 1 :
- Year 7: Form 2 :
- Year 8: Remove :Great School (still in use) :
- Year 9: Vth Form :
- Year 10: Lower Shell :
- Year 11: Upper Shell :
- Year 12: VIth Form :
- Year 13: Remove When the above names were phased out, entrance to the Under School was at 'about' 8 (though in practice, many entrants were 7); now the cut-off is precise (pupils must be 7 on the first day of the school year to join Year 3), which means that while direct comparison is not possible, it has been speculated that Year 3 would have been called 'Petty C'. The Lower and Upper Shell years are named for the shell-like alcove up School where they were originally taught.

Other jargon

; Abbey : When used without an article refers to the compulsory morning service in the Abbey on Mondays and Fridays; "It's time for Abbey". ; Begging a Play : Making a request for a play (qv). The Dean annually begs a play at the Greaze, but other plays may also be begged especially in recognition of notable events in the life of the School. ; The Challenge : The exam sat by pupils applying for scholarships. Wholly oral until 1855 ; Dignissima : Latin for "most worthy". An award given to a pupil for an outstanding piece of work. This is now called a Digniora, and the award given is a silver thrupenny piece. ;Eddie :The Afroed Undermaster, who is in charge of disipline, and strikes fear in the heart of pupils ; Gating : Pupils are 'gated' as the worst form of punishment next to expulsion or suspension. A pupil who has been gated must attend detention every day (including SAP) for a week or more, depending on the severity of the teacher. ; The Greaze : Annual pancake fight. See customs. ; Green : Dean's Yard; "They played football on Green". ; LO : Excused from Station (owing to illness, for example). It is speculated that LO stands for "leave off" from the normal station lists. ; Occupat : During the annual Anglican confirmation service, non-church goers are confined to their houses. This is referred to as occupat. ; The Pink List : The list of pupils and members of the Common Room of the school. This exists both as a small notebook and as a computer database. ; Play : A day's holiday, especially in conjunction with a notable event. Annual plays are the Queen's Play and the Dean's Play. The most recent extraordinary play was the Pooh Play in recognition of the School's selling the rights of Winnie the Pooh to the Walt Disney Corporation. The day on which a play occurs is usually a Saturday. ; SAP : Saturday afternoon punishment; detention on a Saturday afternoon. ; Shag (Day) : Pupils may attend school wearing clothes not specified by the uniform code, but are expected to give to charity if they do so. This is only permitted on certain days; "It's Shag Day on Friday." ;Sly Brown :Going to smoke a cigarette ; Station : Sports which are compulsory and held on Tuesday and Thursday afternoon from 2:00pm onwards; "He missed Station as he was sick". ; Up (house, School, etc.) : "He was up Grant's", "You should be up house if you don't have a lesson", "Latin prayers take place up School". Events in Vincent Square are said to be "up Fields", particularly among the Common Room. An exception to the general rule is that one is never "up College", only "in College". ; Yard : Little Dean's Yard; "He was in Yard".

Houses

Little Dean's Yard The School is split into 11 Houses, some of which are 'day Houses' (and only admit day-pupils; those who go home after school), the others having a mix of day-pupils and boarders. The Houses are named after people connected to the house or school in various ways - mainly prominent Old Westminsters but also former Head Masters and House Masters. Grant's is the oldest house, not only of Westminster but of any public school. Houses are a focus for pastoral care and social and sporting activities, as well as accommodation for boarders. All the day houses are mixed-sex, and all houses admit day girls, however only Busby's and Purcell's provide boarding accommodation for girls. Day houses:
- Ashburnham
- Wren's
- Dryden's
- Hakluyt's
- Milne's Boarding houses:
- Grant's
- Rigaud's
- Liddell's
- Busby's (mixed)
- Purcell's (girl boarders only: formerly Barton Street and originally a part of Dryden's) There is also 'College', the House for the Queen's Scholars (all of whom board), but which has assigned to it some of the (non-boarding) girls who enter the School in the VIth form.

Sport ("Station")

The School has one of only a few Eton Fives courts in the world, being different from Fives in having a buttress and step, and semi-regularly fields pupils as national entries in international competitions in rowing, or "Water", and fencing. Sport facilities at the school itself are however fairly limited due to its location in the centre of London, which cannot provide space for the wide range of sports available. The School's main sports ground is nearby at Vincent Square, but it is limited to football, cricket and tennis. Westminster has a historic claim to having founded Association Football.

Former pupils

:Fuller list: List of former pupils of Westminster The following people were educated at Westminster, and can be recorded with OW (Old Westminster) after their name (collectively, OWW):
- Ben Jonson (1573 – 1637), poet and dramatist
- George Herbert (1593 – 1633), public orator and poet
- John Dryden (1631 – 1700), poet and playwright
- John Locke (1632 – 1704), philosopher
- Sir Christopher Wren (1632 – 1723), architect and scientist, co-founder of the Royal Society
- Robert Hooke FRS SRS (1635 – 1703), British scientist
- Henry Purcell (1659 – 1695), composer
- Charles Wesley (1707 – 1788), Methodist preacher and writer of over 6,000 hymns
- Edward Gibbon FRS (1737 – 1794), historian
- Jeremy Bentham (1748 – 1832), lawyer, eccentric, and philosopher
- Lewis Carroll (1832 – 1898), author
- A. A. Milne (1882 – 1956), author and journalist
- Sir Adrian Boult (1889 – 1983), conductor
- Sir John Gielgud (1904 – 2000), actor and director
- Sir Peter Ustinov (1921 – 2004), actor, writer and director
- Rudolf von Ribbentrop (born 1921), son of the German ambassador and later German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop
- Tony Benn (born 1925), politician
- Peter Brook (born 1925), theatre director
- Andrew Lloyd Webber (born 1948), composer and producer
- Martin Amis (born 1949) , novelist
- Stephen Poliakoff ( born 1952) , director, playwright and television dramatist
- Shane MacGowan (born 1957), musician
- Matt Frei (born 1963), foreign correspondent for BBC News
- Helena Bonham Carter (born 1966), actress
- Ruth Kelly (born 1968), Cabinet minister
- Dido Armstrong (born 1971), British musician under the name "Dido"

External links

- [http://www.westminster.org.uk/ Westminster School website]
- [http://homepages.westminster.org.uk/wsbc2/WSBC_home_page.htm Westminster School Boat Club website]
- [http://www.busbys.org.uk Busby's House Website]
- Category:Schools in London Category:Public schools in England Category:Schools established in the 12th century Category:Westminster

Inuitin kieli

Inuiittikielet on kieliryhmä, joka kuuluu eskimo-aleuttilaisen kielikunnan eskimokielten ryhmään.

Nykytilanne

Inuiittikielet muodostavat nauhamaisen murrejatkumon, joka alkaa Alaskan länsirannikolta ja jatkuu pitkin Pohjois-Amerikan mannermaan pohjoisreunaa aina Newfoundlandiin asti ja edelleen Baffininsaaren kautta Grönlannin länsi- ja itärannikolle. Kielet ovat hyvin läheistä sukua keskenään ja usein käytetäänkin koko kieliryhmästä nimeä inuiitti, inuit, inuiitin kieli tai inuitin kieli.

Luokittelu

Inuiittikielet jaetaan tavallisesti neljään kieleen, jotka edelleen jakautuvat useiksi murteiksi. Tarkempi luokittelu on alla.
- inupiaq
- Pohjois-Alaskan murre
- Sewardin niemimaan murre
- inuvialuktun
- uummarmiutun
- siglitun
- inuinnaqtun
- inuktitut
- Keewatinin murre
- Labradorin murre
- Baffinin murre
- grönlanti
- pohjoisgrönlanti eli inuktun
- länsigrönlanti eli kalaallisut
- itägrönlanti Luokka:Inuittikielet

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Shag

Shag (fabric)

Shag (bird)

Names

Characteristics

Species

External links

Common Shag

See also

Shag (dance)

Moves

See also

Bridget Fonda

Marriage

Selective filmography

External links

Phoebe Cates

Selected filmography

External links

Annabeth Gish

External link

Jeff Yagher

External links

SHAG (Josh Agle)

See also

External links

British slang

Sources of London slang

British Airways' list of London slang words and phrases

References

See also

External links

Sexual intercourse

Sexual reproduction

Sex evolving beyond reproduction

Sexual drive

Sexual problems

Sexual morality and legality

See also

External links

Shag (Day)

History

Location

Notable buildings

Customs

Entry

Westminster jargon

Year names

Other jargon

Houses

Sport ("Station")

Former pupils

Further reading

External links

Inuitin kieli

Nykytilanne

Luokittelu

Založenie a vývoj strany

Založenie a vývoj strany