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1100

1100

:For alternate uses, see 1100 (number).

Events

- William II of England dies in a hunting accident - Henry I becomes King of England
- King Henry I proclaims the Charter of Liberties, one of the first examples of a constitution.
- Baldwin I becomes King of Jerusalem.
- Baldwin of Bourcq becomes Count of Edessa.
- Dagobert of Pisa becomes Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem.
- Bohemund I of Antioch is captured by the Danishmends, leaving Tancred as regent of the Principality of Antioch.
- The cities of Kalmar, Kungälv, and Varberg, Sweden are chartered.
- In Iceland, Althing decides that the laws should be transferred to a written form
- Approximate date of the invention of checkers.
- Approximate date of the rise of the Ancient Pueblo Peoples culture.

Births

- May 23 - Emperor Qinzong of China (d. 1161)
- Mary and Eliza Chulkhurst, English conjoined twins (died 1134)
- Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke (died 1148)

Deaths

- January 8 - Antipope Clement III
- February 23 - Emperor Zhezong of China (b. 1077)
- July 18 - Godfrey of Bouillon, King of Jerusalem
- August 2 - William II of England
- September 16 - Bernold of Constance, German chronicler
- October 13 - Count Guy I of Ponthieu.
- December 22 - Duke Bretislav II of Bohemia Category:1100 ko:1100년 simple:1100

William II of England

William II (called "Rufus", perhaps because of his red-faced appearance) (c. 1056 – 2 August 1100) was the second son of William the Conqueror and was King of England from 1087 until 1100, with powers also over Normandy, and influence in Scotland. He was less successful in extending his control in Wales. Although William was an effective soldier, he was a ruthless ruler and was little liked by those he governed; according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, he was "hated by almost all his people." However, it is not surprising that the chroniclers of his time took a dim view of Rufus, because many literate men of the day were men of the Church, against which Rufus fought hard and long, and in Norman tradition William Rufus scorned the Anglo-Saxons and their culture. (Cantor 1993, p 280) William himself seems to have been a flamboyant character, and his reign was marked by his bellicose temperament. He never married or had illegitimate children; William's favourite was Ranulf Flambard, whom he appointed Bishop of Durham in 1099, an appointment based on political requirements, for a see that was at the same time a great feudal fief. It has been suggested that William was homosexual.

Early years

William's exact date of birth is unknown, but it was sometime between the years 1056 and 1060. He was born in his father's duchy of Normandy, which would be inherited in due course by his elder brother, Robert Curthose, a third son during his youth, educated under the eye of Lanfranc and destined to be a great lord but not a king, until the death of the Conqueror's second son put him in the line of succession. His father's favourite son, William succeeded to the throne of England on his father's death, but there was always hostility between him and his eldest brother, though they became reconciled after an attempted coup in 1091 by their youngest brother, Henry. Relations between the three brothers had never been excellent; Orderic Vitalis relates an incident that took place at Laigle, in 1077 or 1078. William and Henry, having grown bored with casting dice, decided to make mischief by pouring foetid water on their brother Robert from an upper gallery, thus infuriating and shaming him. A brawl broke out, and their father King William was forced to intercede and restore order.

Appearance

According to William of Malmesbury, William Rufus was "thickset and muscular with a protruding belly; a dandy dressed in the height of fashion, however outrageous, he wore his blond hair long, parted in the centre and off the face so that his forehead was bare; and in his red, choleric face were eyes of changeable colour, speckled with flecks of light" (Barlow).

England and France

The division of William the Conqueror's lands into two parts presented a dilemma for those nobles who held land on both sides of the Channel. Since the younger William and Robert were natural rivals, these nobles worried that they could not hope to please both of their lords, and thus ran the risk of losing the favour of one ruler or the other (or both of them). The only solution, as they saw it, was to unite England and Normandy once more under one ruler. The pursuit of this aim led them to revolt against William in favour of Robert in the Rebellion of 1088, under the leadership of the powerful Bishop Odo of Bayeux, who was a half-brother of William the Conqueror. Robert failed to appear in England to rally his supporters, and William won the support of the English with silver and promises of better government, and defeated the rebellion, thus securing his authority. In 1090 he invaded Normandy, crushing Robert's forces and forcing him to cede a portion of his lands. The two made up their differences and William agreed to help Robert recover lands lost to France, notably Maine. Thus William Rufus was secure in the most powerful kingdom in Europe (with the contemporary eclipse of the Salian Emperors) and, within England, the least trammelled by feudal obligations. As in Normandy, his bishops and abbots were bound to him by feudal obligations, and his right of investiture in the Norman tradition was unquestioned within the kingdom during the age of the Investiture Controversy that brought excommunication upon the Salian Emperor Henry IV. Anglo-Norman royal institutions reached an efficiency unknown in medieval Europe, and the king's personal power through an effective and loyal chancery penetrated to the local level to an extent unmatched in France. Without the Capetians' ideological trappings of an anointed monarchy forever entangled with the hierarchy of the Church, the King's administration and the King's law unified the kingdom, rendering the English King relatively impervious to papal condemnation, as the reign of William Rufus demonstrated.

Power struggles

William Rufus inherited the Anglo-Norman settlement whose details are reflected in Domesday Book (1086), a survey that could not have been undertaken anywhere in Europe at that time and a signal of the control of the monarchy, but he did not inherit William's charisma and political skills. Within a few years he lost William's advisor and confidant, the Italian-Norman archbishop of Canterbury, Lanfranc, in 1089. Much of William's reign was spent feuding with the church; after the death of Lanfranc, he delayed appointing a new archbishop while he appropriated ecclesiastical revenues in the interim, which was protracted, and for this he was much criticised. Finally, in a time of panic during William's serious illness in 1093 another Norman-Italian was made Archbishop of Canterbury, Anselm of Bec, the greatest theologian of his generation, and this led to a long period of animosity between church and state. Anselm was a stronger supporter of the Gregorian reforms in the Church than Lanfranc had been. William and Anselm disagreed on a range of ecclesiastical issues, and the English clergy, beholden to the king for their preferments and livings, were unable to support Anselm publicly. William called a council at Rockingham in 1095 to bring Anselm to heel but the churchman appealed to Rome. In October 1097, Anselm went into exile, taking his case to the Pope. The new pope was the diplomatic and flexible Cluniac Urban II who was not in a position to make further royal enemies. The Emperor of Germany supported an antipope, and Urban came to a concordat with William Rufus: William recognized Urban as pope and Urban gave sanction to the Anglo-Norman ecclesiastical status quo. William was able to claim the revenues of the archbishopric of Canterbury as long as Anselm remained in exile, and Anselm remained in exile until the reign of William's successor, Henry I. William Rufus was less capable than his father at channelling the Norman lords' propensity for indiscipline and violence. In 1095, Robert de Mowbray, the earl of Northumbria, would not come to William's Curia Regis the thrice-annual court where decisions were made and delivered to the great lords, and William subsequently led an army against him and defeated him; the earl was dispossessed and imprisoned. Another noble, William of Eu, was also accused of treachery and blinded and castrated. That same year, William II also made an unsuccessful foray into Wales. He tried again in 1097 with an equal lack of success. He returned to Normandy in 1097 and from then until 1099 campaigned in France, securing and holding northern Maine but failing to seize the French-controlled part of the Vexin region. At the time of his death he was planning to occupy Aquitaine in south-western France. William also quarrelled with the Scottish king, Malcolm III, forcing him to pay homage in 1091 and seizing the border city of Carlisle and Cumbria in 1092. At the Battle of Alnwick, November 13, 1093 Malcolm and his son were slain; William gained effective control of the Scottish throne after Malcolm's death, when he backed a successful bid by Edgar Atheling to dethrone Malcolm III's brother Donald Bane in favour of his nephew, also named Edgar. The newly crowned King Edgar, who ruled Scotland from 1097 to 1107, thus owed his position to William. In 1096, William's brother Robert Curthose joined the First Crusade. He needed money to fund this venture and pledged his duchy to William in return for a payment of 10,000 marks; a sum equalling about one-fourth of William's annual revenue. In a display of the effectiveness of Norman taxation inaugurated by the Conqueror, William raised the money by levying a special, heavy, and much-resented tax upon the whole of England. William then ruled Normandy as regent in Robert's absence—Robert did not return until September 1100, one month after William's death.

The Court of William II

William Rufus had a notorious disregard for the church; his most passionate detractors are found among clergymen. Eadmer relates two incidents in which William Rufus either convinced converted Jews to return to Judaism, or attempted to do so. During his quarrels with Anselm of Canterbury, the king declared that "he hated him much yesterday, that he hated him much today, and that he would hate him more and more tomorrow and every other day." William of Malmesbury decries William Rufus' court, which he describes as being filled by "effeminate" young men in extravagant clothes mincing about in "shoes with curved points". Orderic Vitalis makes mention of the "fornicators and sodomites" who held favour during William Rufus' reign, and remarks approvingly that when Henry became king, one of his first acts was to have his courtiers shorn of their long hair.

The unusual death of William II

Henry Perhaps the most memorable event in the life of William Rufus was his death, which occurred while William was hunting in the New Forest. He was killed by an arrow through the heart, but the circumstances remain unclear. On a bright August day in 1100, William organised a hunting trip in the New Forest. An account by Orderic Vitalis described the preparations for the hunt: :...an armourer came in and presented to him (Rufus) six arrows. The King immediately took them with great satisfaction, praising the work, and unconscious of what was to happen, kept four of them himself and held out the other two to Walter Tyrrel... saying It is only right that the sharpest be given to the man who knows how to shoot the deadliest shots. On the subsequent hunt, the party spread out as they chased their prey, and William, in the company of Walter Tirel (or Tyrell), Lord of Poix, became separated from the others. It was the last time that William was seen alive. William was found the next day by a group of local peasants, lying dead in the woods with an arrow piercing his lungs. William's body was abandoned by the nobles at the place where he fell, because the law and order of the kingdom died with the king, and they had to flee to their English or Norman estates to secure their interests. Legend has it that it was left to a local charcoal-burner named Purkis to take the king's body to Winchester Cathedral on his cart. According to the chroniclers, William's death was not murder. Walter and William had been hunting together when Walter let loose a wild shot that, instead of hitting the stag he aimed for, struck William in the chest. Walter tried to help him, but there was nothing he could do. Fearing that he would be charged with murder, Walter panicked, leapt onto his horse, and fled. A version of this tale is given by William of Malmesbury in his Chronicle of the Kings of the English (c. 1128): :The day before the king died he dreamt that he went to heaven. He suddenly awoke. He commanded a light to be brought, and forbade his attendants to leave him. The next day he went into the forest... He was attended by a few persons... Walter Tirel remained with him, while the others, were on the chase. The sun was now declining, when the king, drawing his bow and letting fly an arrow, slightly wounded a stag which passed before him... The stag was still running... The king, followed it a long time with his eyes, holding up his hand to keep off the power of the sun's rays. At this instant Walter decided to kill another stag. Oh, gracious God! the arrow pierced the king's breast. :On receiving the wound the king uttered not a word; but breaking off the shaft of the arrow where it projected from his body... This accelerated his death. Walter immediately ran up, but as he found him senseless, he leapt upon his horse, and escaped with the utmost speed. Indeed there were none to pursue him: some helped his flight; others felt sorry for him. :The king's body was placed on a cart and conveyed to the cathedral at Winchester... blood dripped from the body all the way. Here he was buried within the tower. The next year, the tower fell down. William Rufus died in 1100... aged forty years. He was a man much pitied by the clergy... he had a soul which they could not save... He was loved by his soldiers but hated by the people because he caused them to be plundered. To some chroniclers, such an 'Act of God' was a just end for a wicked king. However, over the centuries, the obvious suggestion that one of William's many enemies may have had a hand in this extraordinary event has been repeatedly made. Even chroniclers of the time point out that Walter was renowned as a keen bowman, and unlikely to fire such an impetuous shot. And William's brother Henry, who was among the hunting party that day, benefited directly from William's death, as he was shortly after crowned king. Abbot Suger, another chronicler, was Tirel's friend and sheltered him in his French exile. He said later: :It was laid to the charge of a certain noble, Walter Tirel, that he had shot the king with an arrow; but I have often heard him, when he had nothing to fear nor to hope, solemnly swear that on the day in question he was not in the part of the forest where the king was hunting, nor ever saw him in the forest at all.
The Rufus Stone
A stone known as the Rufus Stone marks the spot where some believe he fell. The inscription on the Rufus Stone reads:

Here stood the oak tree, on which an arrow shot by Sir Walter Tyrell at a stag, glanced and struck King William the Second, surnamed Rufus, on the breast, of which he instantly died, on the second day of August, anno 1100. King William the Second, surnamed Rufus, being slain, as before related, was laid in a cart, belonging to one Purkis, and drawn from hence, to Winchester, and buried in the Cathedral Church, of that city.

The current monument is made of cast iron and was erected in 1865.
Fictional treatments
William Rufus is a major character in Valerie Anand's historical novel, King of the Wood (1989). He is also a major character in Parke Godwin's Robin and the King (1993), the second volume in Godwin's reinterpretation of the Robin Hood legend. William II is indirectly the subject of two historical novels by George Shipway, called The Paladin and The Wolf Time. The main character of the novels is Walter Tirel (or Tyrell) the supposed assassin of King William, and the main thrust of the plot of the novels is that the assassination was engineered by Henry. The death of William Rufus is portrayed in Edward Rutherfurd's fictionalised history of the New Forest, called The Forest (2001). In Rutherfurd's version of events, the King's death takes place nowhere near the Rufus Stone, and Walter Tyrrell is framed for it by the powerful Clare family. Also, Purkiss is a clever story teller who manages (much later) to convince Charles II that one of his ancestors had been involved.
See also

- Orderic Vitalis
- William of Malmesbury
- Eadmer
References

- Barlow, Frank. William Rufus. Berkeley, CA : University of California, 1983. ISBN 0300082916
- Cantor, Norman F. The Civilization of the Middle Ages pp 280–84. ISBN 0-06-092553-1
- Douglas, David C. William the Conqueror; the Norman impact upon England. Berkeley, CA : University of California, 1964. ISBN 0520003500
- Hollister, C. Warren. "The Strange Death of William Rufus." Speculum, 48.4 (1973): 637-653.
- Mason, Emma. "William Rufus: myth and reality." Journal of Medieval History, 3.1 (1977): 1-20.
- Warren, W. L. "The Death of William Rufus." History Today, 9 (1959) Category:1056 births Category:1100 deaths Category:Heirs to the English & British thrones Category:English monarchs ja:ウィリアム2世 (イングランド王) simple:William II of England

List of monarchs of England

The Kingdom of England was first unified as a state by Athelstan of Wessex. It ceased to exist as an independent kingdom following the Act of Union in 1707, when it was merged with the Kingdom of Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain. Today, England exists as one of the constituent countries and nations of the United Kingdom, alongside Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, "Her (or His) Majesty's Peculiars", and a number of colonial holdings. See also: English monarchs family tree.

The Saxon kings

- Ælfred (Alfred) the Great (871-899)
- Edward the Elder (899-924)
- Ethelweard (924)
- Athelstan (924-939)
- Edmund I (939-946)
- Edred (946-955)
- Edwy (955-959)
- Edgar (959-975)
- Edward the Martyr (975-978)
- Ethelred II (978-1013)

Danish Kings

- Sweyn I of Denmark (1013-1014)

The Saxon Kings

- Ethelred II (Restored) (1014-1016)
- Edmund II "Ironside" (1016)

Danish Kings

- Canute I (1016-1035)
- Harold I (1035-1040)
- Canute II (1040-1042)

The Saxon restoration

- Edward the Confessor (1042-1066)
- Harold II (1066)
- Edgar Ætheling, uncrowned (1066)

The Norman kings

After the Norman Conquest in 1066, numbering of kings began anew; this affected only the Edwards.
- William I (1066-1087)
- William II (1087-1100)
- Henry I (1100-1135)
- Stephen (1135-1154)

The Angevins or Plantagenets

- Henry II (1154-1189)
- Richard I (1189-1199)
- John (1199-1216)
- Henry III (1216-1272)
- Edward I (1272-1307)
- Edward II (1307-1327)
- Edward III (1327-1377)
- Richard II (1377-1399)

The House of Lancaster

- Henry IV (1399-1413)
- Henry V (1413-1422)
- Henry VI (1422-1461 and 1470-1471)

The House of York

- Edward IV (1461-1470 and 1471-1483)
- Edward V, uncrowned (1483)
- Richard III (1483-1485)

The House of Tudor

- Henry VII (1485-1509)
- Henry VIII (1509-1547)
- Edward VI (1547-1553)¹
- Mary I (1553-1558)
- Elizabeth I (1558-1603)

The House of Stuart

- James I, (1603-1625), also from an earlier date King James VI of Scots
- Charles I (1625-1649), also King of Scots

Interregnum

There was no reigning king between Charles I's execution in 1649 and the restoration in 1660. See English Interregnum.

The Stuart restoration

- Charles II (1660-1685), also King of Scots
- James II (1685-1688), also King James VII of Scots
- William III and Mary II (1689-1694), as co-monarchs, also King and Queen of Scotland
- William III (1694-1702), continued as single monarch, also King of Scotland
- Anne (1702-1707), also Queen of Scotland, then Queen of Great Britain after 1707 until her death in 1714 William III, Mary II and Anne used the style "of Scotland" rather than "of Scots". From 1707, the terms "King of England" and "Queen of England" are incorrect. Hence, this list runs up to 1707; for monarchs after that date, see List of British monarchs.

Footnotes

¹Lady Jane Grey was proclaimed queen on the death of Edward VI; however, Mary I deposed her after 9 days, and so she is not included in the list as she is not considered to have been de jure Queen.

External link

- [http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/ English Monarchs] England, Monarchs Category:History of England
- England Monarchs of England Monarchs of England Monarchs of England

Henry I of England

Henry I of England (c.1068 – 1 December 1135), called Henry Beauclerc because of his scholarly interests, was the fourth son of William the Conqueror. He reigned as King of England from 1100 to 1135, succeeding his brother, William II Rufus. Henry also was known by the nickname "Lion of Justice", due to the refinements which he brought about in the rudimentary administrative and legislative machinery of the time. He seized power after the death of William II, which occurred (conveniently) during the absence of his older brother Robert Curthose on the Crusades. His reign is noted for his opportunistic political skills, the aforementioned improvements in the machinery of government, the integration of the divided Anglo-Saxon and Normans within his kingdom, his reuniting of the dominions of his father, and his controversial (although well-founded) decision to name his daughter as his heir.

Early life

Henry was born between May 1068 and May 1069, probably in Selby, Yorkshire in England. His mother, Queen Matilda of Flanders, named him after her uncle, King Henry I of France. As the youngest son of the family, he was most likely expected to become a bishop and was given extensive schooling for a young nobleman of that time period. William of Malmesbury asserts that Henry once remarked that an illiterate king was a crowned ass. He was probably the first Norman ruler to be fluent in the English language. His father William, upon his death in 1087, bequeathed his dominions to his three remaining sons (third son Richard having died previously) in the following manner:
- Robert received the Duchy of Normandy
- William received the Kingdom of England
- Henry received 5,000 pounds of silver Orderic Vitalis reports that King William declared to Henry: "You in your own time will have all the dominions I have acquired and be greater than both your brothers in wealth and power." Henry played his brothers off against each other. Eventually, wary of his devious manouevering, they acted together and signed an accession treaty which effectively barred Henry from both thrones, stipulating that if either died without an heir, the two dominions of their father would be reunited under the surviving brother.

Seizing the throne of England

When William II was killed by an arrow whilst hunting on 2 August 1100, Robert was returning from the First Crusade. His absence, along with his poor reputation among the Norman nobles, allowed Henry to seize the keys of the royal hoard at Winchester. He was accepted as king by the leading barons and was crowned three days later on 5 August at Westminster. He secured his position among the nobles by an act of political appeasement, issuing the Charter of Liberties, which is considered a forerunner of the Magna Carta.

First marriage

On 11 November 1100 Henry married Edith, daughter of King Malcolm III of Scotland. Since Edith was also the niece of Edgar Atheling, the marriage united the Norman line with old English line of kings. The marriage greatly displeased the Norman barons, however, and as a concession to their sensibilities Edith changed her name to Matilda upon becoming queen. The other side of this coin, however, was that Henry, by dint of his marriage, became far more acceptable to the Anglo-Saxon populace. William of Malmesbury describes Henry thus: "He was of middle stature, greater than the small, but exceeded by the very tall; his hair was black and set back upon the forehead; his eyes mildly bright; his chest brawny; his body fleshy."

Conquest of Normandy

In 1101, the following year, Robert Curthose attempted to seize the crown by invading England. In the Treaty of Alton, Robert agreed to recognize Henry as King of England and return peacefully to Normandy, upon receipt of an annual sum of 2000 marks, which Henry proceeded to pay. In 1105, to eliminate the continuing threat from Robert and to obviate the drain on his fiscal resources, Henry led an expeditionary force across the English Channel. In 1106, he defeated his brother's Norman army decisively at Tinchebray in Normandy. He imprisoned his brother, initially in the Tower of London, subsequently at Devizes Castle and later at Cardiff. Henry appropriated the Duchy of Normandy as a possession of England, and reunited his father's dominions. He attempted to reduce difficulties in Normandy by marrying his eldest son, William, to the daughter of Fulk V, Count of Anjou, then a serious enemy. Eight years later, after William's untimely death, a much more momentous union was made between Henry's daughter Matilda and Fulk's son Geoffrey Plantagenet, which eventually resulted in the union of the two realms under the Plantagenet kings.

Activities as a King

Plantagenet Henry's need for finance to consolidate his position led to an increase in the activities of centralized government. As king, Henry carried out social and judicial reforms, including:
- issuing the Charter of Liberties
- restoring laws of King Edward the Confessor. Henry was also known for some brutal acts. He once threw a traitorous burgher named Conan Pilatus from the tower of Rouen; the tower was known from then on as "Conan's Leap". In another instance that took place in 1119, King Henry's son-in-law, Eustace de Pacy, and Ralph Harnec, the constable of Ivry, exchanged their children as hostages. When Eustace blinded Harnec's son, Harnec demanded vengeance. King Henry allowed Harnec to blind and mutiliate Eustace's two daughters, who were also Henry's own grandchildren. Eustace and his wife, Juliane, were outraged and threatened to rebel. Henry arranged to meet his daughter at a parlay at Breteuil, only for Juliane to draw a crossbow and attempt to assassinate her father. She was captured and confined to the castle, but escaped by leaping from a window into the moat below. Some years later Henry was reconciled with his daughter and son-in-law.

Legitimate children

He had two children by Edith-Matilda, who died in 1118:
- Matilda, born February 1102, and
- William Adelin, born November 1103. Disaster struck when William, his only legitimate son, perished in the wreck of the White Ship on 25 November 1120 off the coast of Normandy. Also among the dead were two of Henry's illegitimate children, as well as a niece, Lucia-Mahaut de Blois. Henry's grieving was intense, and the succession was in crisis.

Second marriage

On 29 January 1121, he married Adeliza, daughter of Godfrey I of Leuven, Duke of Lower Lotharingia and Landgrave of Brabant, but there were no children from this marriage. Left without male heirs, Henry took the unprecedented step of making his barons swear to accept his daughter Empress Matilda, widow of Henry V, the Holy Roman Emperor, as his heir.

Death and legacy

Henry visited Normandy in 1135 to see his young grandsons, the children of Matilda and Geoffrey. He took great delight in his grandchildren, but soon quarreled with his daughter and son-in-law and these disputes led him to tarry in Normandy far longer than he originally planned. Henry died of food poisoning from eating foul lampreys in December 1135 at St. Denis le Fermont in Normandy and was buried at Reading Abbey, which he had founded 14 years before. Although Henry's barons had sworn allegiance to his daughter as their queen, her sex and her remarriage into the House of Anjou, an enemy of the Normans, allowed Henry's nephew Stephen of Blois to come to England and claim the throne with popular support. The struggle between the Empress and Stephen resulted in a long civil war known as the Anarchy. The dispute was eventually settled by Stephen's naming of Matilda's son, Henry, as his heir in 1153.

Illegitimate Children

King Henry is famed for holding the record for the largest number of acknowledged illegitimate children born to any English king, with the number being around 20 or 25. He had many mistresses, and identifying which mistress is the mother of which child is difficult. His illegitimate offspring for whom there is documentation are: # Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester. His mother was probably a member of the Gai family. # Maud FitzRoy, married Conan III, Duke of Brittany # Constance FitzRoy, married Roscelin de Beaumont # Mabel FitzRoy, married William III Gouet # Aline FitzRoy, married Matthieu I of Montmorency # Matilda FitzRoy, abbess of Montvilliers. Her mother was Isabel de Beaumont, sister of Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester. # William de Tracy, died shortly after King Henry. # Gilbert FitzRoy, died after 1142. His mother may have been a sister of Walter de Gand. # Emma, born circa 1138; married Gui de Laval, Lord Laval. # Eustacie, born circa 1084. Married William Gouet II, Lord Montmirial.

With Edith

# Matilda du Perche, married Count Rotrou II of Perche, perished in the wreck of the White Ship.

With Ansfride

Ansfride was born circa 1070. She was married Sir Anskill of Abingdon Abbey. # Juliane de Fontevrault, married Eustace de Pacy. She tried to shoot her father with a crossbow after King Henry allowed her two young daughters to be blinded. # Fulk FitzRoy, a monk at Abingdon. # Richard of Lincoln, perished in the wreck of the White Ship.

With Sibyl Corbet

Lady Sybilla Corbet of Alcester was born in 1077 in Alcester, Warwickshire, England. She married Herbert FitzHerbert, son of Herbert "the Chamberlain" of Winchester and Emma de Blois. She died after 1157 and was also known as Adela (or Lucia) Corbet. Sybil was definitely mother of Sybil and Rainald, possibly also of William and Rohese. Some sources suggest that there was another daughter by this relationship, Gundred, but it appears that she was thought as such because she was a sister of Reginald de Dunstanville but it appears that that was another person of that name who was not related to this family. # Sybilla of England, married King Alexander I of Scotland. # William Constable, born before 1105. Married Alice (Constable); died after 1187. # Reginald de Dunstanville, 1st Earl of Cornwall. # Gundred of England (1114 – 1146), married 1130 Henry de la Pomeroy, son of Joscelin de la Pomerai. # Rohese of England, born 1114; married Henry de la Pomeroy.

With Edith FitzForne

# Robert FitzEdith, Lord Okehampton, (1093 – 1172) married Dame Maud d'Avranches du Sap. # Adeliza FitzEdith. Appears in charters with her brother Robert.

With Princess Nest

Nesta verch Rhys of Deheubarth was born circa 1073 of Dynevor, Llandyfeisant, Carmarthenshire, Wales. She was married first time Stephen of Cardigan, Constable of Cardigan. She was married second time Geraldus FitzOther de Windsor, son of Walter FitzOther of Windsor, Keeper of the Forest and Gwladys verch Rhywallon, in 1095. She died circa 1114. # Henry FitzRoy, died 1157.

With Isabel de Beaumont

Isabel (Elizabeth) de Beaumont (after 1102 – after 1172), daughter of Robert de Beaumont. She was married Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke, in 1130. She was also known as Isabella de Meulan. # Isabel Hedwig of England, born circa 1120.

References

- Cross, Arthur Lyon. A History of England and Greater Britain. (New York: Macmillan, 1917).
- Hollister, Warren C. Henry I (Yale Monarchs Series)
- Thompson, K. Affairs of State: the illegitimate children of Henry I, 2003.

External links

- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/henry_i_king.shtml BBC site on Henry I]
- [http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page54.asp Royal British site on Henry I]
- [http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon24.html Brittania site on Henry I]
- [http://www.swuklink.com/BAAAGCBL.php Henry I (c.1068-1135), King of England (1100-1135), Duke of Normandy (1106-1135)]
- [http://www.swuklink.com/BAAAGBAG.php The Sinking of the White Ship (1120)]
- [http://www3.dcs.hull.ac.uk/cgi-bin/gedlkup/n=royal?royal01391 A listing of Henry's descendants] Category:1068 births Category:1135 deaths Category:English monarchs Category:Dukes of Normandy ja:ヘンリー1世 (イングランド王) simple:Henry I of England

Charter of Liberties

The Charter of Liberties, also called the Coronation Charter, was a written proclamation by Henry I of England, issued upon his ascension to the throne in 1100. It bound the king to certain laws regarding the treatment of church officials and nobles. It is considered a landmark document in English history and a forerunner of Magna Carta. The document addressed certain abuses of royal power by his predecessor, his brother William Rufus, specifically the over-taxation of the barons, the abuse of vacant sees, and the practices of simony and pluralism.

External sources

- [http://www.britannia.com/history/docs/charter.html Text of the Charter] Category:1100

Baldwin I of Jerusalem

Baldwin of Boulogne (died April 2, 1118) was one of the leaders of the First Crusade, who became count of Edessa and then the second monarch and first titled king of Jerusalem. He was the brother of the first king, Godfrey of Bouillon.

Early life

Baldwin was a son of Eustace II of Boulogne and Ida of Boulogne, and the younger brother of Eustace III of Boulogne and Godfrey. As the youngest brother, Baldwin was originally intended for a career in the church, but he had given this up around 1080; according to William of Tyre, who lived later in the 12th century and did not know Baldwin personally: "in his youth, Baldwin was well nurtured in the liberal studies. He became a cleric, it is said, and, because of his illustrious lineage, held benefices commonly called prebends in the churches of Rheims, Cambrai, and Liège." Afterwards he lived in Normandy, where he married Godehilde (or Godvera), a member of a noble English family, but returned to Lorraine in order to take control of the county of Verdun (previously held by Godfrey).

First Crusade

In 1096 he joined the First Crusade with his brothers Godfrey and Eustace III of Boulogne, selling much of his property to the church in order to pay for his expenses. His wife Godehilde (or Godvera) also accompanied him. This was the second movement of crusaders; the first, the People's Crusade, had been composed of the lower classes and caused much destruction on their march before being destroyed in Asia Minor. When Godfrey passed through Hungary, King Coloman demanded a hostage to ensure their good conduct, and Baldwin was handed over until his companions had left Hungarian territory. After entering Byzantine territory, there were a few skirmishes with the Greeks, who had also suffered from the People's Crusade. Baldwin commanded a detachment of troops which captured a bridge in the vicinity of Constantinople. After reaching the city, the mass of troops could not be restrained from pillaging the surrounding territory, and Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus was forced to provide a hostage in order to restore peace. The hostage, his son the future emperor John II Comnenus, was entrusted to the care of Baldwin. According to Anna Comnena, Baldwin reprimanded one of his soldiers who dared to sit on Alexius' throne in Constantinople. Baldwin accompanied his brothers as far as Heraclea in Asia Minor, where he broke away from the main body of the crusaders with Tancred to march into Cilicia. Tancred was surely seeking to capture some land and establish himself as a petty ruler in the east, and Baldwin may have had the same goal. During his absence his wife fell ill and died at Marash. In September of 1097 he took Tarsus from Tancred, and installed his own garrison in the city, with help from a fleet of pirates from Boulogne. Tancred and Baldwin's armies skirmished briefly at Mamistra, but the two never came to open warfare and Tancred marched on towards Antioch. After rejoining the main army at Marash, Baldwin received an invitation from an Armenian named Pakrad, and moved eastwards towards the Euphrates, where he occupied Turbessel.

Count of Edessa

Another invitation came from Thoros of Edessa, where Baldwin was adopted as Thoros' son and successor. When Thoros was assassinated in March of 1098, Baldwin became the first count of Edessa, although it is unknown if he played any role in the assassination. He ruled the county until 1100, marrying Arda, the daughter of Thoros I of Armenia, and acting as an ambassador between the crusaders and Armenians. During these two years he captured Samosata and Seruj (Sarorgia) from the Muslims, and defeated a conspiracy by some of his Armenian subjects in 1098. During the Siege of Antioch he sent money and food to his fellow crusaders, although he himself did not participate. Kerbogha, the governor of Mosul, was marching to relieve Antioch but first stopped at Edessa, which he besieged for three weeks, to no avail. Kerbogha was later defeated at Antioch and the crusaders established a principality there. Later that year Baldwin had consolidated his power enough that he was able to march out and besiege Azaz with his brother Godfrey, where they defeated the forces of Ridwan of Aleppo. At the end of 1099 he visited Jerusalem along with Bohemund I of Antioch, but he returned to Edessa in January 1100. After returning to Edessa, Baldwin aided in relieving the siege of Melitene, at which Bohemund was captured by the Danishmends. The Armenian ruler of the city, Gabriel, then recognized Baldwin as overlord of the city.

King of Jerusalem

After Godfrey's death in July of 1100 he was invited to Jerusalem by the supporters of a secular monarchy. He granted Edessa to a cousin, Baldwin of Bourcq, and on the way to Jerusalem he was ambushed by Duqaq of Damascus near Beirut. Duqaq’s troops were defeated and there was no further trouble on the way to Jerusalem, where he arrived at the beginning of November. In Jerusalem Baldwin was opposed by his old enemy Tancred, as well as the new patriarch, Dagobert of Pisa, who would have preferred to set up a theocratic state while Godfrey was still alive. As soon as he arrived Baldwin set out on an expedition against the Egyptian territory to the south and did not return until the end of December. On Christmas Day he was crowned the first king of Jerusalem by the patriarch himself, who had in the meantime given up his opposition to Baldwin, although he refused to crown Baldwin in Jerusalem. The coronation took place instead in Bethlehem. The struggle between church and state continued into the spring of 1101, when Baldwin had Dagobert suspended by a papal legate, while later in the year the two disagreed on the question of the contribution to be made by the patriarch towards the defence of the Holy Land. The struggle ended in the deposition of Dagobert in 1102.

Expansion of the kingdom

In 1101 Baldwin captured Arsuf and Caesarea, with assistance from a Genoese fleet. In return the Genoese were granted trading quarters in these towns, and an archbishopric was established in Caesarea. In September of that year Baldwin defeated the Egyptians at the Battle of Ramlah, although it was believed in Jerusalem that the crusader army had been defeated and Baldwin had been killed. Tancred was prepared to take up the regency before it was finally reported that Baldwin had been victorious. In 1102 another battle was fought at Ramlah, with remnants of the Crusade of 1101, including Stephen, Count of Blois, William IX of Aquitaine, and Hugh VI of Lusignan. This time the Egyptians were victorious; Baldwin lost most of his army including Stephen of Blois, but he himself escaped back to Arsuf on his horse (unusually for this period, especially considering the high death rate of horses during the First Crusade and afterwards, the name of the horse has survived: she was called Gazala). He did not want to risk venturing out of the city in fear of being captured by the Egyptians, so he was ferried back to Jaffa by the English pirate Godric of Finchale, and thence secretly to Jerusalem. The Egyptians were still in the field, however, and Baldwin met them again outside Jaffa, and this time was victorious. In 1103 Baldwin besieged Acre, without success as it was relieved by an Egyptian fleet. That year he also paid the ransom for Bohemund of Antioch, who was still in prison following his defeat at Melitene; Baldwin preferred Bohemund to Tancred, who ruled Antioch as regent, and was also prince of Galilee earlier in Baldwin's reign. In 1104 however Baldwin was assisted by a Genoese fleet and Acre was captured. In 1105 another battle was fought at Ramlah and Baldwin was victorious here as well. In 1109 he acted as arbitrator of a council of the greatest barons outside the walls of Tripoli, and forced Tancred to give up his claim to the city. Soon after the city fell to the crusaders, forming the nucleus of the County of Tripoli. In 1110 Beirut was added to the territory of Jerusalem, again with help from the Genoese. Baldwin then travelled north to assist Edessa, under siege from Mawdud of Mosul. On his return, Sidon was captured with aid from Sigurd I of Norway. In 1111 Baldwin assisted Tancred in besieging Shaizar, and then also besieged Tyre with no success. In 1113 Baldwin faced a large invasion by the combined forces of Toghtekin of Damascus and Aksunk-ur of Mosul, and though the kingdom was on the brink of destruction Baldwin was assisted by troops from Antioch and new arrivals of European pilgrims. In 1113 he also married Adelaide del Vasto; he had abandoned his Armenian wife Arda in 1108, on the pretext that she had had sexual relations with Muslim men, although it is more likely that she was simply politically useless in Jerusalem, which had no Armenian population. Under the marriage agreement, if Baldwin and Adelaide had no children, the heir to the kingdom would be Roger II of Sicily, Adelaide's son by her first husband Roger I. Technically the marriage to Adelaide was bigamous because Arda was still alive in a monastery in Jerusalem, and it would later cause many problems both for Baldwin and Patriarch Arnulf, who had sanctioned it. In 1115 he led an expedition into Oultrejordain and built the castle of Montreal. The Syrian Christians who lived in the area were invited to settle in Jerusalem to replenish the population, which had been mostly massacred in 1099. In 1117 he built the castle of Scandalion near Tyre, which was still in Muslim hands.

Death

In 1117 Baldwin also fell ill. He was convinced that the sickness was due to his bigamous marriage to Adelaide, and in response Adelaide was sent back to Sicily, much to her disgust. Baldwin recovered however, and in 1118 he marched into Egypt and plundered Farama. According to Fulcher of Chartres,

"Then one day he went walking along the river which the Greeks call the Nile and the Hebrews the Gihon, near the city, enjoying himself with some of his friends. Some of the knights very skillfully used their lances to spear the fish found there and carried them to their camp near the city and ate them. Then the king felt within himself the renewed pangs of an old wound and was most seriously weakened."

As 17th century historian Thomas Fuller remarked more succinctly, Baldwin "caught many fish, and his death in eating them." Baldwin was carried back to Jerusalem on a litter but died on the way, at the village of Al-Arish on April 2. Fulcher of Chartres says "The Franks wept, the Syrians, and even the Saracens who saw it grieved also." His cousin Baldwin of Bourcq was chosen as his successor, although the kingdom was also offered to Eustace III, who did not want it.

Personal life

Fulcher described him as another Joshua, "the right arm of his people, the terror and adversary of his enemies." William of Tyre remarked that he was similar to Saul. Although William did not know him personally like Fulcher did, he left a detailed description of him:

"He is said to have been very tall and much larger than his brother…He was of rather light complexion, with dark-brown hair and beard. His nose was aquiline and his upper lip somewhat prominent. The lower jaw slightly receded, although not so much that it could be considered a defect. He was dignified in carriage and serious in dress and speech. He always wore a mantle hanging from his shoulders…[He] was neither stout nor unduly thin, but rather of a medium habit of body. Expert in the use of arms, agile on horseback, he was active and diligent whenever the affairs of the realm called him."

Baldwin's personal life was controversial. After abandoning Arda and marrying Adelaide it was suspected that he was homosexual, since he had no children with either, nor any from his first wife Godvera. William said that he "struggled in vain against the lustful sins of the flesh." The Historia Hierosolymitana of Fulcher, who had accompanied Baldwin to Edessa as Baldwin's chaplain, and had lived in Jerusalem during his reign, is the primary source for Baldwin's career.

Sources

- Fulcher of Chartres, A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 1095-1127, trans. Frances Rita Ryan. University of Tennessee Press, 1969.
- Anna Comnena, The Alexiad, trans. E.R.A. Sewter. Penguin Books, 1969.
- William of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, trans. E.A. Babcock and A.C. Krey. Columbia University Press, 1943.
- Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vols. I-II. Cambridge University Press, 1951-1952. Category:Counts of Edessa Category:Kings of Jerusalem Category:1118 deaths

Kings of Jerusalem

This is a list of Kings of Jerusalem, from 1099 to 1291, as well as claimants to the title up to the present day.

Kings of Jerusalem, 1099-1291

The Kingdom of Jerusalem had its origins in the First Crusade, when Godfrey of Bouillon took the title Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri, "Protector of the Holy Sepulcher", in 1099 and was crowned in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem. The following year, his brother Baldwin I of Jerusalem was the first to use the title "king" and the first to be crowned in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem itself. The kingship of Jerusalem was partially elected and partially hereditary. During the height of the kingdom in the mid-12th century there was a royal family and a relatively clear line of succession. Nevertheless the king was elected, or at least recognized, by the Haute Cour. In the Haute Cour the king was considered primus inter pares, and in his absence his duties were performed by his seneschal. The royal palace was located in the Citadel in the Tower of David. The Kingdom of Jerusalem introduced French feudal structures to the Levant: the king personally held several fiefs incorporated into the royal domain (these varied from king to king). He was also responsible for leading the kingdom into battle, although this duty could be passed to the constable. While several contemporary European states were moving towards centralized monarchies, the king of Jerusalem was continually losing power to the strongest of his barons. This was partially due to the young age of many of the kings, and the frequency of regents from the ranks of the nobles. After the fall of Jerusalem in 1187, the capital of the Kingdom was moved to Acre, where it remained until 1291, although coronations took place in Tyre. In this period the kingship was often simply a nominal position, held by a European ruler who never lived in Acre. When young Conradin was king and living in Southern Germany, his father's second cousin Hugh of Brienne claimed the regency of the Kingdom of Jerusalem (and, indirectly, his place in the succession) in 1264 as senior heir of Alice of Jerusalem, second daughter of Queen Isabella I, being the son of their eldest daughter, but was passed over by the Haute Cour in favor of his cousin Hugh of Antioch, the future Hugh III of Cyprus and I of Jerusalem. After 1268, the kingship was held by the Lusignan family, simultaneously kings of Cyprus. However, Charles I of Sicily had purchased the rights of one of the heirs of the kingdom in 1277. In that year, he sent Roger of Sanseverino to the East as his bailiff. Roger captured Acre and obtained a forced homage from the barons. Roger was recalled in 1282 due to the Sicilian Vespers and left Odo Poilechien in his stead; his resources and authority was minimal, and he was ejected by Henry II of Cyprus when he arrived from Cyprus for his coronation as King of Jerusalem. Acre was captured by the Mamluks in 1291, eliminating the crusader presence in the east.

King/Queen	Reigned	Regent
Godfrey of Bouillon (Protector of the Holy Sepulchre)	1099–1100
Baldwin I	1100–1118
Baldwin II	1118–1131	Eustace Grenier (Regent, 1123) William Bures (Regent, 1123-1124)
Melisende and Fulk	1131–1153 Fulk lost influence after 1136, and died in 1143. Melisende countinued to reign by right of law
Baldwin III	1143–1162, was crowned as co-ruler and heir of Melisende 1143; claimed full power in 1153	Melisende (Regent and advisor, 1154–1161)
Amalric I	1162–1174
Baldwin IV	1174–1185	Raymond III of Tripoli (Regent, 1174–1177) Guy of Lusignan (Regent, 1183–1184)
Baldwin V	1185–1186	Raymond III of Tripoli (Regent, 1185–1186)
Sibylla and Guy of Lusignan	1186–1187
Jerusalem lost in 1187; Sybilla died in 1190, but Guy refused to cede crown; kingship disputed until 1192, after which kings ruled over a narrow coastal strip
Isabella I	1192–1205
With Conrad of Montferrat, Conrad I	1192
With Henry of Champagne, Henry I	1192–1197
With Amalric II	1198–1205
Maria of Montferrat	1205–1212	John of Ibelin (Regent, 1205–1210)
John of Brienne	1210–1212
Yolande (Isabella II)	1212–1228	John of Brienne (Regent 1212–1225)
With Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor	1225–1228
Conrad of Hohenstaufen, Conrad II	1228–1254	Frederick II (Regent, 1228–1243) Queen Alice of Cyprus (Regent, 1243–1246) King Henry I of Cyprus (Regent, 1246–1253) Queen Plaisance of Cyprus (Regent, 1253–1254)
Conrad III of Jerusalem	1254–1268	Queen Plaisance of Cyprus (Regent, 1254–1261 Isabella of Lusignan (Regent, 1261–1264) Hugh of Antioch (Regent, 1264–1268 (challenged by the claim of Hugh of Brienne))
Hugh I (the former Hugh of Antioch)	1268–1284 (firstly challenged by claims of Hugh of Brienne and Mary of Antioch, then opposed by Charles of Anjou)
Charles of Anjou	1277–1285 (Opposed by Hugh I and John II)
John II	1284–1285 (Opposed by Charles of Anjou)
Henry II	1285–1291
Acre captured in 1291; kingdom ends.

Claimants to the throne of Jerusalem

Count Hugh of Brienne claimed the regency of the Kingdom of Jerusalem (and, indirectly, his place in the succession) in 1264 as senior heir of Alice of Jerusalem, second daughter of Queen Isabella I, and Hugh I of Cyprus, being the son of their eldest daughter, but was passed over by the Haute Cour in favor of his cousin Hugh of Antioch, the future Hugh III of Cyprus and I of Jerusalem. The Brienne line continues, but has afterwards taken next to no part in affairs in Outremer. After the end of the kingdom, Henry II of Cyprus continued to use the title "King of Jerusalem." After his death the title was claimed by his direct heirs, the Kings of Cyprus. The title was also continuously used by the Angevin Kings of Naples, whose founder, Charles of Anjou, had bought a claim to the throne from Mary of Antioch. Thereafter, this claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem was treated as a tributary of the crown of Naples, which often changed hands by testament or conquest rather than direct inheritance. As Naples was a papal fief, the Popes often endorsed the title of King of Jerusalem as well as of Naples, and the history of these claims is that of the Neapolitan Kingdom. In 1806, Emperor Napoleon I of France conceded the title to his brother and the new King of Naples Joseph Bonaparte, who died in 1844. Over the years, many European rulers claimed to be the rightful heirs to one of these claims. None of these, however, have actually ruled over a part of the Kingdom.

Lines of succession in several claims

Italics indicate individuals who did not themselves use the title of "King of Jerusalem".

Cypriot claimants

- Henry II (1285) 1291–1324
- Hugh 1324–1359
- Peter I 1359–1369
- Peter II 1369–1382
- James I 1382–1398
- Janus 1398–1432
- Jean 1432–1458
- Charlotte I 1458–1485 (d. 1487) m. 1459 her cousin Louis of Savoy (d. 1482) In 1460, Charlotte was dispossessed of Cyprus by her illegitimate half-brother James. However, she maintained her claims until 1485, when she resigned them to the next legitimate heir, Charles I of Savoy.
- # Cypriot illegitimate claimants
- #
- James II 1460–1473 (illegitimate, usurped Cyprus from his half-sister Charlotte)
- #
- James III 1473–1474
- #
- Catherine 1474–1489 (wife and widow of James II)
- #
- Catherine surrendered her rights to the Republic of Venice in 1489.
- # Savoyard claimants
- #
- Charles I 1482–1490
- #
- Charles II 1490–1496 On the death of Charles, the Duchy of Savoy passed to his heir-male Philip, and the Dukes of Savoy continued to claim Jerusalem. However, there was never historically a bar on female succession to the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
- #
- # Savoyard heirs-general
- #
- #
- Charles' heirs-general do not appear to have used the title King of Jerusalem or ever asserted a claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The current heir-general is either Charles-Antoine Lamoral, Prince de Ligne de la Trémoïlle or Elisabeth, Princess of Urach.
- #
- # Savoyard heirs-male
- #
- #
- Philip 1496–1497
- #
- #
- Philibert 1497–1504
- #
- #
- Charles III 1504–1553
- #
- #
- Emmanuel Philibert 1553–1580
- #
- #
- Charles Emmanuel I 1580–1630
- #
- #
- Victor Amadeus I 1630–1637 (assumed the title of "King of Cyprus" only in 1632)
- #
- #
- Charles Emmanuel II 1637–1675
- #
- #
- Victor Amadeus II of Savoy 1675–1730 (assumed the title 1713, in conjunction with his brief reign as King of Sicily)
- #
- #
- Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia 1730–1773
- #
- #
- Victor Amadeus III 1773–1796
- #
- #
- Charles Emmanuel IV 1796–1819
- #
- #
- Victor Emmanuel I 1819–1821
- #
- #
- Charles Felix 1821–1831
- #
- #
- Charles Albert 1831–1849
- #
- #
- Victor Emmanuel II 1849–1878
- #
- #
- Humbert I 1878–1900
- #
- #
- Victor Emmanuel III 1900–1946
- #
- #
- Humbert II 1946–1983
- #
- #
- Victor Emmanuel IV 1983–present

Neapolitan claimants

Mary of Antioch claimed the throne of Jerusalem from 1269 to 1277. She was the daughter of Prince Bohemond IV of Antioch and his second wife Melisende of Cyprus. Melisende was the youngest daughter of Isabella, Queen of Jerusalem and her fourth husband King-Consort Amalric II of Jerusalem. Since Mary was, at the time of the death of Conradin, the only living grandchild of Queen Isabella, she claimed the throne on basis of proximity in blood to the Kings of Jerusalem. Denied by the Haute Cour, she went to Rome and sold her rights, with papal blessing and confirmation, to Charles of Anjou in 1277. Thereafter, this claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem was treated also as tributary to the crown of Naples, which often changed hands by testament or conquest rather than direct inheritance.
- Charles I 1277–1285; acquired title with approval of the Pope in 1277
- Charles II 1285–1309
- Charles Robert, king of Hungary, son of his eldest, predeceased son
- Louis I of Hungary, king of Hungary and also of Poland, made a claim to Jerusalem and Sicily
- Mary I of Hungary, childless, her kingdoms were kept by her husband, the future Emperor Sigismund
- Jadwiga of Poland (d. 1399), sister, childless, left her rights to her husband king Ladislas Jagello of Lithuania and Poland; after her death, the heir-general was her distant cousin and her family's enemy's widow
- Margaret of Durazzo (d. 1412), Dowager Queen of Hungary, Sicily and Jerusalem
- Ladislas of Naples
- Joanna of Durazzo, after whose death, the heir-general of the line of Charles I of Sicily was:
- Charles VII of France
- Louis XI of France
- Charles VIII of France, conquered Naples 1495 and assumed the title
- Anne of Beaujeu, Duchess of Bourbon
- Anne of Laval, ancestress of La Tremoille, her issue also heirs of rights of Frederick IV of Naples
- Robert 1309–1343, third but eldest surviving son, who succeeded in Naples superseding the rights of his eldest brother's heirs
- Joan I 1343–1382. Joan left her kingdom by testament to Louis I of Anjou, whom she had previously adopted as heir, but she was ousted and soon murdered by Charles of Durazzo, the heir male of her house.
- # Senior Angevin claimants
- #
- Charles III (the Durazzo prince) 1382–1386
- #
- Ladislas 1386–1414
- #
- Joan II 1414–1435 Joan left her kingdom by testament to René of Anjou, of the junior line. She had previously adopted (and subsequently repudiated the adoption) her kinsman Alfonso V of Aragon and Sicily, who launched a conquest to have Naples. However, her heir general in Jerusalem, Sicily, Hungary etc was her distant cousin Charles VII of France, see above
- # Junior Angevin claimants
- #
- Louis I 1382–1384
- #
- Louis II 1384–1417
- #
- Louis III 1417–1434
- René I 1434–1480 united the claims of junior and senior lines. However, in 1441, control of the Kingdom of Naples was lost to Alfonso V of Aragon, who also claimed the Kingdom of Jerusalem thereby. In addition, while René was succeeded in Bar by his grandson René of Vaudemont, René's nephew and heir male Charles IV of Anjou claimed the kingdoms of Sicily and Jerusalem, and he then testamented them to his cousin Louis XI of France. In 1494 Charles VIII of France also claimed the Kingdom of Naples and Jerusalem as the great-grandson of Louis II of Anjou and launched his conquest.
- # Angevin-Lorraine claimants
- #
- Yolande 1480–1483, Titular Queen of Jerusalem, Sicily, Aragon etc
- #
- René II 1480–1508, Titular King of Jerusalem, Sicily and Aragon etc. (did not adopt the title until 1493)
- #
- Anthony 1508–1544
- #
- Francis I 1544–1545
- #
- Charles 1545–1608
- #
- Henry 1608–1624
- #
- Nicoletta 1624–1657, and her husband Charles
- #
- Ferdinand I Philip 1657–1659
- #
- Charles Leopold 1659–1690
- #
- Leopold I Joseph 1679–1729, resumed the title in 1700
- #
- Francis II Stephen 1729–1765
- #
- Joseph 1765–1790
- #
- Leopold II 1790–1792
- #
- Francis III 1792–1835
- #
- Ferdinand 1835–1875
- #
- Francis Joseph 1875–1916
- #
- Charles 1916–1922
- #
- Otto 1922–present
- # French claimants
- #
- Charles IV 1480–1481, heir male of René, Titular King of Jerusalem and Sicily
- #
- Louis 1481–1483, first cousin, by testament
- #
- Charles V 1483–1498 — In 1495, Charles VIII of France had conquered Naples and was crowned as king. He died 1498, leaving his sister Anne of Beaujeu as his heir-general, and his second cousin Louis XII of France as his heir male. After Anne of Beaujeu, the heir-general was Anne of Laval, great-granddaughter of Louis XI's eldest surviving sister. See above (Cyprus claim)
- #
- Louis V 1498–1515 took up the claim, although he was heir-male of Charles and lacked close descent from the main Neapolitan lines (he was a descendant of the eldest daughter of Charles II of Naples). He succeeded in conquering part of Naples 1500–1504. No other French king has adopted the title [http://heraldica.org/topics/national/jerusale.htm].
- # Aragonese claimants
- #
- Alfonso I 1442–1458 by conquest of Naples
- #
- Ferdinand I 1458–1494, natural son, by testament
- #
- Alfonso II 1494–1495
- #
- Ferdinand II 1495–1496, who lost briefly to Charles VIII of France. His heiress general was his sister Isabella of Naples
- #
- Frederick 1496–1501, uncle, during whose reign the Neapolitan lands were invaded by the alliance of Louis XII of France, who claimed the succession, and Ferdinand II of Aragon, who succeeded in driving out both Frederick and Louis by 1504. Frederick's heirs exercised the claim afterwards as puppets of France for several decades, when it was convenient for the French policies; his current heir is the Prince de Ligne de la Trémoïlle aforementioned.
- #
- Ferdinand 1504–1516 (by conquest, and Papal enfeoffment) - the heir of original Aragonese claims of Constance Manfredi of Sicily and Peter III of Aragon
- #
- Charles 1516–1556
- #
- Philip I 1556–1598
- #
- Philip II 1598–1621
- #
- Philip III 1621–1665
- #
- Charles 1665–1700
- #
- Philip IV 1700–1734 (by testament), during whose reign the Kingdom of Naples was lost in 1707 to Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor and 1713 the island of Sicily (later that of Sardinia) to Victor Amadeus II of Savoy who also was given the title King of Jerusalem (see above the Savoyard succession).
- #
- # Habsburg claimants
- #
- #
- Joseph 1707–1711
- #
- #
- Charles VI 1711–1740, who lost the Kingdom of Naples in 1734 to a Bourbon prince, the future Charles III of Spain, and renounced his claims, retaining his titles to Naples and Jerusalem during his lifetime.
- #
- Charles of Bourbon 1734–1788 Charles was obliged by treaty to prevent the union of the crowns of Spain and the Two Sicilies, and so resigned the Two Sicilies to his son Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies. However, the Kings of Spain continued to use the titles of the Two Sicilies and Jerusalem.
- #
- # Two Sicilies claimants (Ferdinand's father and older brother took the Jerusalem title)
- #
- #
- Ferdinand 1759–1825
- #
- #
- Francis I 1825–1830
- #
- #
- Ferdinand 1830–1859
- #
- #
- Francis II 1859–1894
- #
- #
- Alfonso (Count of Caserta) 1894–1934
- #
- #
- Ferdinand 1934–1960
- #
- #
- Alfonso (Duke of Calabria) 1960–1964
- #
- #
- Charles 1964&ndash