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1450

1450

Events

- March - French troops under Guy de Richemont besiege the English commander in France, Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, in Caen
- April 15 - Battle of Formigny. French troops under the Comte de Clermont defeat an English army under Sir Thomas Kyriel and Sir Matthew Gough which was attempting to relieve Caen
- May 8 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen revolt against King Henry VI.
- June 18 - Battle of Seven Oaks. Jack Cade's rebels are driven from London by loyal troops, bringing about the collapse of the rebellion
- July 6 - Surrender of Caen to the French
- August 12 - Surrender of Cherbourg, the last English territory in Normandy, to the French
- Universitat de Barcelona founded.
- Charles VIII of Sweden who was also serving as Carl I of Norway is declared deposed from the later throne in favor of Christian I of Denmark.

Births

- August 18 - Marko Marulic, Croatian poet (died 1524)
- William Catesby, English politician (died 1485)
- Gaspar Corte-Real, Portuguese explorer (died 1501)
- Heinrich Isaac, Franco-Flemish composer (died 1517)
- Bartolommeo Montagna, Italian painter (died 1523)
- Hugh Oldham, Bishop of Exeter
- Pandolfo Petrucci, tyrant of Siena (died 1512)
- Arnolt Schlick, German composer and organist
- Piero Soderini, Florentine statesman (died 1513)
- Pietro Antonio Solari, Italian architect (died 1493)

Deaths

- February 9 - Agnès Sorel, mistress of Charles VII of France (b. 1421)
- May 2 - William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk, English military leader (born 1396)
- May 18 - Sejong the Great of Joseon, ruler of Korea (born 1397)
- June 10 - William Tresham, English politician
- August 27 - Reginald West, 6th Baron De La Warr, English politician (b. 1395)
- Louis Aleman, French cardinal
- James Fiennes, 1st Baron Saye and Sele
- Francis I, Duke of Brittany (born 1414)
- Thomas Occleve, English poet (born 1368)
- 'Abd al-Latif, ruler of Transoxonia Category:1450 ko:1450년

March

---- March is the third month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. March begins (astrologically, non-sidereal) with the sun in the sign of Pisces and ends in the sign of Aries. Astronomically speaking, the sun begins in the constellation of Aquarius and ends in the constellation of Pisces. In ancient Rome, March was called Martius, so named after the Roman god of war and was considered a lucky time to begin a war. March was originally the first month of the Roman calendar because the winter months of January and February were unsuited for warfare, the essence of any Italic state. Julius Caesar's calendar reform in 45 BCE began the year on January 1. The tradition of starting the year in March continued in some countries for a long time. January 1 was only instituted as New Year's Day in France in 1564. Great Britain and her colonies continued to use March 25 until 1752, the same year they finally adopted the Gregorian calendar. In ancient Hellenic civilization, March was called Anthesterion. In old Japanese calendar, the month is called Yayoi (弥生). In Finnish, the month is called maaliskuu, of obscure origin. Historical names for March include the Saxon term Lenctmonat, named for the equinox and eventual lengthening of days and the eventual namesake of Lent. The Saxons also called March Rhed-monat (for their goddess Rhedam); ancient Britons called it hyld-monath (meaning loud or stormy). Britons

Events in March

- The equinox named the vernal or spring equinox in the northern hemisphere and the autumnal equinox in the southern hemisphere occurs on dates varying from 19 March to 21 March (in UTC).

External links

- [http://www.astro.uu.nl/~strous/AA/en/antwoorden/seizoenen.html Astronomy Answers article on the seasons] Category:Months ko:3월 ms:Mac ja:3月 simple:March th:มีนาคม

Caen

Caen is a city and a commune of northwestern France. It is the préfecture (administrative capital) of the Calvados département, and the capital of the administrative Basse-Normandie (Lower Normandy) région. Population 115,000, total urban sprawl around 200,000. Caen is known in particular for its historical buildings built under William the Conqueror, and for its martyrdom during the Normandy battle in 1944.

History

William the Conqueror During the Battle of Normandy in World War II, Caen saw intense and bitter combat between Allied and Axis forces. British and Canadian forces finally captured the city on July 9, 1944. In the preceding month-long battle, many of the town's inhabitants had sought refuge in the Abbaye aux Hommes, built on the orders of William the Conqueror some 800 years before. Post-WWII rebuilding took 14 years (1948-1962) and led to the current urbanization of Caen. 1962

Geography

Caen is built in a very damp area. The Orne flows through Caen, as well as different small rivers known as "les Odons", most of them having been burried under the city to improve urban hygiene. Caen sits 10 km away from the Channel. A canal was built under Napoleon III and runs parallel to the river Orne to link Caen to the sea at all times, notwithstanding tides.

Monuments

Castle

The castle (Château de Caen), built ca. 1060 by William the Conqueror, who successfully conquered England in 1066, is one of the largest medieval fortresses of Western Europe. It remained an essential feature of Norman strategy and policy. At Christmas 1182 a royal court celebration for Christmas in the aula of Caen Castle brought together Henry II and his sons, Richard Cœur de Lion and Jean sans Terre, receiving more than a thousand knights. Caen Castle, along with all of Normandy, was handed over to the French Crown in 1204. The castle saw several engagements during the Hundred Years War (1346, 1417, 1450) and was in use as a barracks as late as World War II. Today it serves as a museum enclosure. (See [http://www.ville-caen.fr/mdn/RedecouvChateau/chronoGB.htm Timeline of Caen Castle]) Hundred Years War

Abbeys

In repentance for marrying his cousin Mathilde de Flandres, William also ordered two abbeys to be built:
- Abbaye aux Hommes (Men's Abbey), the current town hall of Caen. It was completed in 1063 and is dedicated to St Etienne (St. Stephen).
- Abbaye aux Dames (Women's Abbey), current regional council (conseil régional) of Basse-Normandie. It was completed in 1060 and is dedicated to St Gilles.

Others

- Saint-Pierre church.
- Memorial pour la Paix, a Museum for Peace established in 1988, charting the events leading up to and after D-Day. It is an emotional presentation inviting meditation on the thought of Elie Wiesel: "Peace is not a gift from God to man, but a gift from man to himself".
- St. Etienne Cathedral

Administration

Elie Wiesel Mayors of Caen include:
- 1970 - 2001: Jean-Marie Girault
- since 2001: Brigitte Lebrethon In 1952, the small commune of Venoix became part of Caen. In 1990, the agglomeration of Caen was organized in an arrondissement, transformed in 2002 into a community of agglomeration (Grand Caen, re-elected Caen la Mer in 2004) which gathers 29 communes including Villons-les-Buissons which recently (in 2004) joined the agglomeration.

Transports

2004 Caen has one of the first types of tramways on tyres - in actual fact a guided busway based on Bombardier Transportation's Guided Light Transit technology - and a very efficient network of city buses, operated under the name Twisto. Caen-Carpiquet Airport is the biggest airport in lower Normandy passenger wise, and offers commuting possibilities to the whole of Europe via Lyon. Caen is well linked to the rest of France by motorways to Paris (A 13), Brittany (A 84) and soon to Le Mans (A 28). The city is encircled by the N 814 Périphérique which was completed in the late 1990s. The N 13 connects Caen to Cherbourg.

Miscellaneous

Universities include

- Université de Caen. The Université de Caen has around 25 000 students in three different campuses linked by a tramway. The University is divided into 11 UFR (Fundamental Units of Research), 6 institutes, 1 engineering school, 2 IUP and five local campus (Alençon, Cherbourg, Lisieux, St-Lô and Vire). The University is one of the oldest in France, since it was created in 1432 by Henry VI, King of England.

Births

- Pierre Varignon - 1654
- François de Malherbe - 1555

Twinnings

- Nashville, Tennessee - USA
- Alexandria, Virginia - USA
- Portsmouth - United Kingdom
- Würzburg - Germany
- Thiès - Senegal

External links

- [http://www.ville-caen.fr Website of Caen]
- [http://www.agglo-caen.fr Website of the Caen Agglomeration]
- [http://www.memorial-caen.fr/portail/accueil/hp_4.asp Website of the Memorial pour la Paix museum] Category:Communes of Calvados Category:Cities in France ja:カーン nb:Caen

April 15

April 15 is the 105th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (106th in leap years). There are 260 days remaining.

Events

- 1450 - Battle of Formigny; Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English forces, ending English domination in northern France.
- 1632 - Battle of Rain; Swedes under Gustavus Adolphus defeat the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years' War.
- 1738 - Premiere in London of Serse, an Italian opera by George Frideric Handel.
- 1755 - Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language published in London.
- 1783 - Preliminary articles of peace ending Revolutionary War ratified.
- 1802 - William Wordsworth and his sister, Dorothy come across a "long belt" of daffodils, inspiring the former to pen I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud.
- 1865 - Abraham Lincoln dies after being shot the previous evening by John Wilkes Booth.
- 1865 - Andrew Johnson becomes the 17th President of the United States.
- 1892 - The General Electric Company is formed through the merger of the Edison General Electric Company and the Thomson-Houston Company.
- 1912 - The British passenger liner RMS Titanic sinks at about 2:20 a.m. after hitting an iceberg in the North Atlantic almost three hours earlier.
- 1915 - The Armenian Genocide began when the Ottoman Empire undertook the systematic annihilation of Armenian intellectuals and entrepreneurs within the city of Constantinople and later the entire Armenian population of the Empire.
- 1920 - Anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti allegedly murder two security guards while robbing a shoe store.
- 1923 - Insulin first became generally available for use by diabetics.
- 1924 - Rand McNally publishes its first road atlas.
- 1927 - Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford and Norma and Constance Talmadge become the first celebrities to leave their footprints in cement at Grauman's Chinese Theater in Hollywood.
- 1940 - The Allies start their attack on the Norwegian town of Narvik which was occupied by Nazi Germany.
- 1942 - George Cross awarded to "to the island fortress of Malta - its people and defenders" by King George VI.
- 1945 - The Bergen-Belsen concentration camp is liberated.
- 1947 - Jackie Robinson debuts for the Brooklyn Dodgers baseball team, breaking that sport's color line.
- 1955 - The first McDonald's restaurant opens in Des Plaines, Illinois.
- 1983 - Tokyo Disneyland opens.
- 1985 - Marvin Hagler defeats Thomas Hearns by a knockout in round three to retain boxing's world Middleweight championship in a fight nicknamed The War.
- 1989 - Hillsborough disaster: A human stampede occurs at Hillsborough, a football stadium in Sheffield, England, resulting in the loss of 96 lives.
- 1989 - Upon Hu Yaobang's death, the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 begin in the People's Republic of China.
- 1994 - Representatives of 124 countries and the European Communities sign the Marrakesh Agreements revising the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and setting up the World Trade Organization (effective January 1 1995).
- 1997 - Fire sweeps through a campsite of Muslims making the Hajj pilgrimage; the official death toll is 343.
- 2001 - Easter day (not again until 2063).
- 2002 - An Air China Boeing 767-200, flight CA129 crashes into hillside during heavy rain and fog near Pusan, South Korea killing 128.

Births

- 1452 - Leonardo da Vinci, Italian artist (d. 1519)
- 1489 - Sinan, Ottoman architect (d. 1588)
- 1552 - Pietro Cataldi, Italian mathematician (d. 1626)
- 1580 - George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore, English politician and colonizer
- 1588 - Claudius Salmasius, French classical scholar (d. 1653)
- 1641 - Robert Sibbald, Scottish physician and antiquarian (d. 1722)
- 1642 - Suleiman II, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1691)
- 1646 - King Christian V of Denmark (d. 1699)
- 1684 - Catherine I of Russia (d. 1727)
- 1688 - Johann Friedrich Fasch, German composer (d. 1758)
- 1707 - Leonhard Euler, Swiss mathematician (d. 1783)
- 1710 - William Cullen, Scottish physician and chemist (d. 1790)
- 1721 - Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, English military leader (d. 1765)
- 1772 - Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, French naturalist (d. 1844)
- 1793 - Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve, German astronomer (d. 1864)
- 1794 - Jean Pierre Flourens, French physiologist (d. 1867)
- 1800 - James Clark Ross, English explorer (d. 1862)
- 1809 - Hermann Grassmann, German mathematician and physicist (d. 1877)
- 1832 - Wilhelm Busch, German poet and artist (d. 1908)
- 1843 - Henry James, American author (d. 1916)
- 1858 - Émile Durkheim, French sociologist (d. 1917)
- 1861 - Bliss Carman, Canadian poet (d. 1929)
- 1874 - Johannes Stark, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1957)
- 1878 - Robert Walser, Swiss writer (d. 1956)
- 1879 - Melville Henry Cane, American lawyer and poet (d. 1980)
- 1883 - Stanley Bruce, eighth Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1967)
- 1886 - Nikolay Gumilyov, Russian poet (d. 1921)
- 1889 - Thomas Hart Benton, American muralist (d. 1975)
- 1889 - A. Philip Randolph, American activist (d. 1979)
- 1894 - Bessie Smith, American blues singer (d. 1937)
- 1895 - Clark McConachy, New Zealand billiards and snooker player (d. 1980)
- 1896 - Nikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov, Russian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1986)
- 1901 - Joe Davis, English snooker player (d. 1978)
- 1902 - Fernando Pessa, Portuguese journalist (d. 2002)
- 1907 - Nikolaas Tinbergen, Dutch ornithologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1988)
- 1912 - Kim Il Sung, President of North Korea (d. 1994)
- 1916 - Alfred S. Bloomingdale, American businessman (d. 1982)
- 1917 - Hans Conried, American actor (d. 1982)
- 1920 - Richard von Weizäcker, President of Germany
- 1921 - Georgi Beregovoi, cosmonaut (d. 1995)
- 1922 - Michael Ansara, Syrian-American actor
- 1922 - Harold Washington, Mayor of Chicago (d. 1987)
- 1924 - Sir Neville Marriner, English conductor and violinist
- 1927 - Robert Mills, American physicist (d. 1999)
- 1930 - Vigdís Finnbogadóttir, President of Iceland
- 1933 - Roy Clark, American musician
- 1933 - Elizabeth Montgomery, American actress (d. 1995)
- 1933 - Boris Strugatsky, Russian author
- 1938 - Claudia Cardinale, Tunisian-born actress
- 1940 - Jeffrey Archer, British author and Member of Parliament
- 1940 - Robert Walker Jr., American actor
- 1942 - Francis X. DiLorenzo, American Catholic prelate
- 1942 - Walt Hazzard, American basketball player
- 1944 - Dzhokhar Dudaev, Chechen leader (d. 1996)
- 1944 - Dave Edmunds, Welsh musician
- 1947 - Lois Chiles, American actress
- 1948 - Michael Kamen, American composer (d. 2003)
- 1950 - Amy Wright, American actress
- 1951 - Heloise, American newspaper columnist
- 1954 - Seka, American actress
- 1955 - Dodi Al-Fayed, Egyptian businessman (d. 1997)
- 1957 - Evelyn Ashford, American athlete
- 1958 - Benjamin Zephaniah, British writer and musician
- 1959 - Emma Thompson, English actress
- 1959 - Thomas F. Wilson, American actor
- 1960 - Tony Jones, English snooker player
- 1962 - Nawal El Moutawakel, Morrocan hurdler
- 1963 - Bobby Pepper, American journalist
- 1965 - Linda Perry, American musician
- 1966 - Samantha Fox, English singer and model
- 1967 - Frankie Poullain, British bassist (The Darkness)
- 1967 - Dara Torres, American swimmer
- 1968 - Ed O'Brien, British musician (Radiohead)
- 1968 - Stacey Williams, American model
- 1970 - Flex Alexander, American actor
- 1972 - Arturo Gatti, Canadian boxer
- 1974 - Danny Pino, American actor
- 1974 - Josh Todd, musician and singer (Buckcherry)
- 1976 - Richard H. Reuling III, American businessman
- 1977 - Chandra Levy, American Congressional intern (d. 2001)
- 1980 - Raúl López, Spanish basketball player
- 1983 - Ilya Kovalchuk, Russian hockey player
- 1986 - Quincy Owusu-Abeyie, Dutch footballer
- 1987 - Samuel Jay Berner, Coolest person ever to live
- 1988 - Leonard Miller, From The Irish Band Breeze [http://www.breezeworld.tk BREEZE THE IRISH BAND]
- 1988 - Uriel Salgado, future filmaker
- 1990 - Emma Watson, English actress
- 1991 - Jacob Muller, Canadian Gamer
- Unknown - Sister Marie Leahy, SSJ and St. Genevieve teacher
- 1992 - Amy Diamond, Swedish pop singer

Deaths

- 1053 - Godwin, Earl of Wessex
- 1220 - Adolf of Altena, Archbishop of Cologne
- 1415 - Manuel Chrysoloras, Greek humanist
- 1446 - Filippo Brunelleschi, Italian architect (b. 1377)
- 1610 - Robert Parsons, English Jesuit priest (b. 1546)
- 1621 - John Carver, first governor of Plymouth Colony
- 1641 - Domenico Zampieri, Italian painter (b. 1581)
- 1659 - Simon Dach, German poet (b. 1605)
- 1704 - Johann van Waveren Hudde, Dutch mathematician b. [[1628]])
- [[1719 - Françoise d'Aubigné, marquise de Maintenon, second wife of Louis XIV of France (b. 1635)
- 1754 - Jacopo Riccati, Italian mathematician (b. 1676)
- 1761 - Archibald Campbell, 3rd Duke of Argyll, Scottish politician (b. 1682)
- 1761 - William Oldys, English antiquarian and bibliographer (b. 1696)
- 1764 - Madame de Pompadour, mistress of King Louis XIV of France (b. 1721)
- 1765 - Mikhail Lomonosov, Russian scientist and writer (b. 1711)
- 1788 - Giuseppe Bonno, Austrian composer (b. 1711)
- 1793 - Ignacije Szentmartony, Croatian Jesuit missionary and geographer (b. 1718)
- 1804 - Charles Pichegru, French general (strangled in prison) (b. 1761)
- 1843 - Noah Webster, American lexicographer (b. 1758)
- 1854 - Arthur Aikin, English chemist, mineralogist, and scientific writer (b. 1773)
- 1865 - Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States (b. 1809)
- 1888 - Matthew Arnold, English poet (b. 1822)
- 1888 - Father Damien, Belgian missionary (b. 1840)
- 1898 - Kepa Te Rangihiwinui, Maori military leader
- 1912 - Victims of the RMS Titanic
- Edward Smith, Captain of the Titanic (b. 1850)
- John Jacob Astor IV, American businessman (b. 1864)
- Benjamin Guggenheim, American businessman (b. 1865)
- 1942 - Robert Musil, German novelist (b. 1880)
- 1949 - Wallace Beery, American actor (b. 1885)
- 1962 - Clara Blandick, American actress (b. 1881)
- 1964 - Rachel Carson, American biologist and author (b. 1907)
- 1969 - Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, Queen of Spain (b. 1887)
- 1974 - Giovanni D'Anzi, Italian songwriter (b.1906)
- 1975 - Richard Conte, American actor (b. 1910)
- 1980 - Raymond Bailey, American actor (b. 1904)
- 1980 - Jean-Paul Sartre, French philosopher and writer, Nobel Prize laureate (declined) (b. 1905)
- 1982 - Arthur Lowe, British actor (b. 1915)
- 1984 - Tommy Cooper, Welsh comedy magician (b. 1921)
- 1986 - Jean Genet, French author (b. 1910)
- 1988 - Kenneth Williams, English actor and comedian (b. 1926)
- 1988 - Tony Mann, Australian footballer
- 1989 - Hu Yaobang, leader of China (b. 1915)
- 1990 - Greta Garbo, Swedish actress (b. 1905)
- 1993 - John Tuzo Wilson, Canadian geologist (b. 1908)
- 1993 - Leslie Charteris, Singapore-born author (b. 1907)
- 1994 - John Curry, English figure skater (b. 1949)
- 1998 - Pol Pot, Cambodian dictator (b. 1925)
- 2000 - Edward Gorey, American illustrator (b. 1925)
- 2001 - Joey Ramone, American musician and singer (The Ramones) (b. 1951)
- 2002 - Damon Knight, author (b. 1922)
- 2002 - Byron "Whizzer" White, American football player and U.S. Supreme Court Justice (b. 1917)
- 2003 - Erin Fleming, Canadian actress (b. 1941)

Holidays and observances

- Ancient Latvia — Tipsa Diena was observed
- April 15 or, if it falls on the weekend, the following Monday, is the deadline for Americans to file their tax returns—post offices across the United States stay open until midnight to accommodate procrastinators
- Father Damien Day — celebrated annually in Hawai'i
- Feast day of Saint Paternus
- Roman Empire — the Fordicia was celebrated in honor of Terra
- Major League Baseball celebrates "Jackie Robinson Day" each April 15 in all MLB ballparks

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/15 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.tnl.net/when/4/15 Today in History: April 15] ---- April 14 - April 16 - March 15 - May 15 -- listing of all days ko:4월 15일 ja:4月15日 simple:April 15 th:15 เมษายน

Battle of Formigny

The Battle of Formigny (April 15, 1450) was a clash of the Hundred Years' War. It meant a decisive victory for the French. The French, under Charles VII, had taken the time offered by the Truce of Tours to reorganize and reinvigorate their armies. The English, without clear leadership from the weak Henry VI, were scattered and dangerously weak. When the French broke the truce in June 1449 they were in a much improved position. Pont-Audemer, Pont-L'Evêque and Lisieux fell in August and much of Normandy was retaken by October. Cutting north and east the Bureau brothers oversaw the capture of Rouen (October 1449), Harfleur (December 1449), Honfleur and Fresnoy (January 1450), before moving on to invest Caen. The English had gathered a small army during the winter of 1449. Numbering around 3,000 men, it was dispatched from Portsmouth to Cherbourg under the command of Sir Thomas Kyriell. Landing on March 15, 1450, the army was reinforced with a further 2,000 men under Sir Matthew Gough in late March. Kyreill advanced south and captured Valognes in a bloody clash, as further south two French armies joined (around 5,000 men under Comte de Clermont) and marched north for Caretan. The English army circled Caretan on April 12, the French declined to sally although there were a number of smaller skirmishes. Kyriell turned east towards Bayeux, reaching the village of Formigny on April 14. At the same time a third French force, under the Condéstable de Richmont, had reached St. Lô from the south. On April 15 Clermont's forces were sighted by the English. The armies faced each other on the Carenten-Bayeux road, near a small tributary of the Aure, the English with their back to the stream. The English formation numbered around 4,000 — with a three-to-one preponderance in archers — and gathered in a long line behind a thicket of stakes and low earthworks. Clermont opened the engagement with attacks against the flanks and small charges; these had little chance of success and were easily turned away. He then advanced two cannon. After a period of fire that caused noticeable casualties the English charged and captured the guns. These initial skirmishes took some three hours. At this time the Breton army under Arthur de Richemont arrived from the south, having crossed the Aure and now approaching the English force from behind. They numbered almost 1,200 Bretons - almost all mounted judging from the pace of their march. Kyriell drew back from Clermont and shifted his force into an "L", straddling the steam. With the prepared position abandoned and split by the enemy's firepower the English force was soon overwhelmed in a series of charges. Kyriell was captured and his army shattered. The English had been dealt a major blow, 2,500 killed or seriously wounded and 900 taken prisoner while French and Breton casualties were no more than 300. With no other significant English forces in Normandy the whole region quickly fell to the victorious French . The advance continued elsewhere, quickly sweeping up all English possessions except Calais. Some chroniclers spoke about 500 Welsh, driven archers, asking to go, and massacred despite everything until the last by Normands peasants. The battle is often cited for the first decisive use of cannon. This is rather difficult to judge, contemporary accounts are dubious and it can be seen that the arrival of the Breton army of Arthur de Richemont, future duke of Brittany, Arthur III, with his powerful load of cavalry to the rear of the English was more significant.

References

- http://www.xenophongroup.com/montjoie/formigny.htm Category:1450 Formigny 1450 Category:Calvados

Comte de Clermont

For other counts of Clermont, see Count of Clermont The Counts of Clermont-en-Beauvasis first appear in the early 11th century. The county was sold by their descendant, Theobald VI of Blois, to the French crown in 1218. It was first granted as an appanage in 1218 to Philip Hurepel; with the extinction of his line, it was granted in 1268 to the House of Bourbon, and was confiscated with the Duchy of Bourbon in 1527.

First counts

- Baldwin I of Clermont (?–1023)
- Baldwin II of Clermont (1023–1042), son of Baldwin I

House of Creil

- Renaud I of Clermont (1042–1088), son-in-law of Baldwin II
- Hugh of Clermont (1088–1101), son of Renaud I
- Renaud II of Clermont (1101–1161), son of Hugh I
- Raoul of Clermont (1162–1191), son of Renaud II

House of Blois

- Louis I of Blois (1191–1205), son-in-law of Raoul
- Theobald VI of Blois (1205–1218), son of Louis He sold Clermont to Philip II of France in 1218.

Capetians (1218)

- Philip Hurepel (1218–1234), son of Philip II of France
- Alberic (1234–?), son of Philip, resigned the title to his sister
- Jeanne (?–1252), daughter of Philip On her death without heirs, the title reverted to the crown.

House of Bourbon (1268)

Later Capetians

- Louis de Bourbon, Count of Clermont
- Henri, Comte de Paris, Duc de France (1957–1984, c. 1987–1999)
- François Henri Louis Marie, Comte de Clermont, Dauphin de France (1999–present) Clermont-en-Beauvaisis, comte de Category:French nobility

Caen

History

Geography

Monuments

Castle

Abbeys

Others

Administration

Transports

Miscellaneous

Universities include

Births

- Pierre Varignon - 1654
- François de Malherbe - 1555

Twinnings

- Nashville, Tennessee - USA
- Alexandria, Virginia - USA
- Portsmouth - United Kingdom
- Würzburg - Germany
- Thiès - Senegal

External links

Jack Cade's Rebellion

Jack Cade (possibly named John Mortimer) was the leader of a popular revolt in late medieval Europe in the 1450 Kent rebellion which took place in the time of King Henry VI in England. Some sources suggest Cade was of Irish origin but raised in Sussex where he is alleged to have murdered a woman in 1449. He escaped to France but returned to live in Kent under an assumed name. In the spring of 1450, Kent peasants protested against what they saw as the weak leadership of King Henry, unfair taxes, corruption and the damaging effect of the loss of France, and in a clever move issued The Complaint of the Poor Commons of Kent, a manifesto listing grievances against the government. Grievances not only of the people, but of several PMs, lords and magnates. In early June, around 20,000 rebels - mostly peasants but their numbers were swelled by shopkeepers, craftsmen and unfortunately for Henry a fair amount of soldiers and sailors returning from the French wars via Kent, and a few landowners(the list of pardoned shows the presence of one knight, two MPs and eighteen squires as well) - gathered at Blackheath, south-east of London. While the King sought refuge in Warwickshire, the rebels advanced to Southwark. They set up headquarters in The White Hart before crossing London Bridge on 3 July. The Lord Treasurer was captured and beheaded, along with a few other favourites of the King. Many of the rebels, including Cade himself, then proceeded to loot London, although Cade had made frequent promises not to do so during the march to the capital. When the army returned to Southwark for the night the London officials made preparations to stop Cade reentering the city. The next day, at about ten in the evening a battle broke out on London bridge, lasting until eight next morning, when the rebels retreated having suffered heavy casualties. After the battle, Archbishop John Kemp, the Lord Chancellor persuaded Cade to call off his followers by issuing official pardons and promises to fufil the demands written in Cade's manifesto. However, after the peasant forces disbanded, a week later, Cade learned that the government regarded him as a traitor and had issued a reward for him dead or alive. He was subsequently killed in a skirmish on the Kent/Sussex border, after which his body was taken to London and quartered for display in different cities, his head ending up on a pike on London Bridge (along with other leaders of the rebellion). Despite all the rebels being pardoned, thirty four were executed after Cade's death. Cade appears as a character William Shakespeare's play Henry VI, Part 2. It is one of Cade's followers, in discussion with Cade himself, who has the well-known line, "The first thing we do, let's kill all the lawyers."

References

- I.M.W. Harvey, Jack Cade's Rebellion of 1450, Oxford UP, 1991. ISBN 0198201605
- Reviewed by Joel T. Rosenthal, Speculum, Vol. 69, No. 1. (Jan., 1994), pp. 161-163. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0038-7134%28199401%2969%3A1%3C161%3AJCRO1%3E2.0.CO%3B2-A Available online] at JSTOR. Category:Medieval popular revolt Category:Middle Ages Category:1450

Kent

:This article is about the English county of Kent. See also Kent (disambiguation). Kent is a county in England, south-east of London. The county town is Maidstone. Kent has land borders with East Sussex, Surrey and Greater London, and a defined boundary with Essex in the middle of the Thames estuary. Kent also has a nominal border with France halfway along the Channel Tunnel. The two cities in Kent are Canterbury, the seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury, and Rochester, the seat of the Bishop of Rochester. However, since 1998 when local government was reorganised, Rochester lost its official city status through an administrative oversight; attempts are now being made to regain it. For other towns, see the list below. Kent, because of its soubriquet "the Garden of England", might be regarded as a picturesque rural county, but farming is still an industry. Over the centuries many other industries have been of importance; some still are. Woollen cloth-making, iron-making; paper; cement; engineering: all have been part of the industrial scene. Fishing and tourism occupy many people, especially the coastal resorts. The East Kent coalfield was mined in the 20th century: and there is a nuclear power station located at Dungeness. Nevertheless, the district of Thanet has been regarded as one of the most disadvantaged areas in the south-east of England. Ferry ports, the Channel Tunnel and two motorways provide links with the European continent. There are airports at Manston and Rochester and smaller airfields at Headcorn and Lydd. Famous residents of Kent have included Charles Dickens and Charles Darwin. Sir Winston Churchill's home Chartwell is also in Kent. Although the Victoria County History for Kent is limited, an extensive survey of the county was undertaken over a 50-year period by Edward Hasted between 1755-1805. William Lambarde was an even earlier writer, in the 16th century.

History

:Main article: History of Kent The area has been occupied since the Lower Palaeolithic as finds from the quarries at Swanscombe attest. During the Neolithic the Medway megaliths were built and there is a rich sequence of Bronze Age, Iron Age and Roman occupation indicated by finds and features such as the Ringlemere gold cup and the Roman villas of the Darent valley. The modern name Kent is derived from the Brythonic word Cantus meaning a rim or border, being applied as a name to the eastern part of the modern county, and meaning border land or coastal district. Julius Caesar described it as Cantium, home of the Cantiaci in 51BC. The extreme west of the modern county was occupied by other Iron Age tribes; the Regnenses and possibly another ethnic group occupying The Weald. East Kent became one of the kingdoms of the Jutes during the fifth century AD (see Kingdom of Kent) and the area was later known as Cantia in about AD730 and Cent in AD835. The early Mediaeval inhabitants of the county were known as the Cantwara or Kent people, whose capital was Canterbury. Canterbury is the religious centre of the Anglican faith, and see of St Augustine of Canterbury. Augustine is traditionally credited with bring Christianity to the county and thus to England in 597. Following the invasion of Britain by William of Normandy the people of Kent adopted the motto Invicta meaning undefeated and claiming (quite wrongly) that they had frightened the Normans away, presumably in an attempt to defame the people of Hastings in neighbouring Sussex. During the medieval period, Kent produced several rebellions including the Peasants' Revolt led by Wat Tyler and later, Jack Cade's rebellion of 1450. Thomas Wyatt led an army into London from Kent in 1553, against Mary I. Canterbury became a great pilgrimage site following the martyrdom of Thomas Becket. Canterbury's religious role also gave rise to Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, a key development in the rise of the written English language and ostensibly set in the countryside of Kent. By the 17th century, tensions between Britain and the continental powers of the Netherlands and France led to increasing military build-up in the county. Forts were built all along the coast following a daring raid by the Dutch navy on the shipyards of the Medway towns in 1667. During the Second World War, airfields in Kent became played a vital part in the Battle of Britain while civilian settlements were often bombed.

Geography

Physical geography

Kent is the southeasternmost county in England. It is bounded on the north by the River Thames and the North Sea, and on the south by the Straits of Dover and the English Channel. The continent of Europe is a mere 21 miles across the Strait. The major geographical features of the county are determined by a series of ridges running from west to east across the county. These ridges are the remains of the Wealden dome, which was the result of uplifting caused by the Alpine movements between 10-20 million years ago. Erosion has resulted in these ridges and the valleys between. From the north they are: the marshlands along the Thames/Medway estuaries and along the North Kent coast; the chalk North Downs reaching heights of around 600ft; the sandstone and clay valley containing the River Medway and its tributaries; the Greensand ridge; the Wealden clay valley and finally the sandstone High Weald. The highest point of the county is Betsom's Hill, GR TQ435563, at 251m/823ft. Probably the most significant geographical feature of Kent is the White Cliffs. It is here that the North Downs reaches the sea. From there to Westerham is now the Kent Downs Area of Oustanding Natural Beauty AONB. The Weald derives its ancient name from the Germanic word wald meaning simply woodland. Much of the area remains today densely wooded; where there are also heavy clays the tracks through are nearly impassable for much of the year. Kent's principal river, the River Medway, rises near Edenbridge and flows some 25 miles (40km) eastwards to a point near Maidstone when it turns north. Here it breaks through the North Downs at Rochester before joining the River Thames as its final tributary near Sheerness. The river is tidal as far as Allington lock, but in earlier times cargo-carrying vessels reached as far upstream as Tonbridge. There are other rivers in Kent.

Industries

In medieval times the Weald was of national importance for two industries: the iron industry and cloth-making. Kent is sometimes known as the Garden of England because of its agricultural influence, extensive orchards and hop-gardens. Distinctive hop-drying buildings called oast houses are common in the countryside, although many have been converted into dwellings. Nearer London, market gardens also flourish. In more recent times, three industries have been of some importance: paper-making, cement-making and coal-mining:
- Paper needs a supply of the right kind of water: in Kent the original mills stood on streams like the River Darent, tributaries of the River Medway, and on the Great Stour. Two 18th century mills were on the River Len and at Tovil on the River Loose. In the late 19th century huge modern mills were built at Dartford and Northfleet on the River Thames; and at Kemsley on The Swale.
- Cement came to the fore in the 19th century when massive building projects were being undertaken. The ready supply of chalk available, and huge pits between Stone and Gravesend bear testament to that industry. There were also other workings around Burham on the tidal Medway.
- Coal was mined in East Kent: from about 1900 several pits were operating, and Snowdown Colliery was opened in 1908. The coalfield is now closed.

Political divisions

Man of Kent or Kentish Man?

Kent is traditionally divided into West Kent and East Kent by the River Medway. This division into east and west is also reflected in the term Men of Kent for residents east of the Medway; those from west are known as Kentish Men. However, further investigation shows that the division is not the Medway, but further east in Gillingham. Edward Hasted, in his 1798 description of Rainham, writes: "The whole of this parish is in the division of East Kent which begins here, the adjoining parish of Gillingham, westward, being wholly in that of West Kent." The division, according to one historian, Freddie Cooper, a former Mayor of Gillingham, remained until April 1, 1929 when Rainham was transferred, despite protest, from the administration of Milton Rural District Council to that of Gillingham. In religious matters, Kent was divided between the two episcopal areas of Canterbury and Rochester.

Lathes

A lathe was an ancient administration division of Kent, and may well have originated during a Jutish colonisation of the county. These ancient divisions still exist, but have no administrative significance. There are seven Lathes in Kent; Aylesford, Milton, Sutton, Borough, Eastry, Lympne and Wye. these units are recorded as intermediate between the county and hundred. The Domesday Book reveals that in 1086 Kent was divided into the seven lathes or "lest(um)" for administrative, judicial and taxation purposes and these units remained important for another 600 years. Each of the seven lathes were divided into smaller areas called hundreds, although the difference between the functions of lathes and hundreds remains unclear.
- Taken from Frank W Jessup's History of Kent 1958

Feudalism

A Manorial court was an early form of dispensing justice which came into being after the Domesday Book. Among other things it dealt with land tenure. After the 17th century most of the court's functions were taken over by a Justice of the Peace, who had first been appointed from the 14th century. From 1361 until 1971 the justices met four times a year in Quarter Sessions. In Kent there were separate courts of Quarter Sessions (at Maidstone and Canterbury) until 1814.

The Poor Law

Under the Poor Law every parish had had the responsibility of looking after its own poor, and seeing that they had the bare minimum of shelter, food, clothing and medical attention. In most parishes the burden of poor relief mounted rapidly in the early part of the 19th century. Huge population increase, and the lack of work on the land, made it imperative that the Poor Law was amended. It was, in 1834, when the institutions known as workhouses came into being. These were often run by a group of parishes — hence the title Union Workhouse. Boards of Guardians were set up to oversee them.

Boards of Health

Boards of Health, in much the same way as the Boards of Guardians for the poor, were set up in 1875, because of the huge rise in epidemics, notably of cholera. The area of the sanitary districts, as they were known, coincided with the union boundaries. Larger parishes (<5000 people) became urban sanitary districts — or, as they became known, urban districts — while the smaller ones evolved into rural districts.

Highway boards

Highway boards also came into being, and the old turnpike trusts gradually expired.

Municipal boroughs

The final sub-division of Kent was into towns which had been granted a charter by the Crown giving them special privileges, including that of having a mayor. The boroughs at the beginning of the 19th century are those marked (MB) on the list of Cities & Towns below. In addition the village of Fordwich also counted as a borough: it was deprived of that status in 1882.

Kent County Council

In 1888 an Act of Parliament set up, inter alia, Kent County Council which, with its members coming from all parts of the county (except Canterbury, which became a County Borough with similar powers), first met in 1889. Its duties at first were few, but gradually it absorbed School Boards, the rural Highway Boards and the Boards of Guardians.

Parish councils

In 1894, parish councils were set up. These were civil parishes, and unconnected with an ecclesiastical parish. Although since 1979 there have been many changes in local government, parish councils now are in a strong position, particularly in unitary authorities, where they act as a second tier. In other districts, some functions are held by the county council, relegating parish councils to a less influential third-tier status. Parish rates are today collected by the district or unitary tier and then disbursed to parish clerks. Those parish councils serving areas of denser settlement are normally known as town councils although their rank and influence is much the same. These traditionally elect a mayor from the town councillors with the greatest experience.
- All the preceding notes in this section taken from Kent History Illustrated Frank W Jessup (Kent County Council 1966)

Local Government Act 1972

In 1974 the old division between county and borough came to an end, with England being divided below county level into districts. Canterbury, hitherto separately administered as a county borough, became one of the boroughs into which Kent was divided.

Medway unitary authority

In 1998 the districts of Gillingham and Rochester were removed from county council government to become the unitary authority entitled the Borough of Medway.

Kent and London

When the County of London and London County Council were created in 1888, the new county incorporated a considerable part of north west Kent including Deptford, Greenwich, Woolwich and Lewisham. Further change came in 1965, when the London County Council was abolished and the Greater London Council took its place. The places that had been removed in 1888 were amalgamated to form the London Borough of Lewisham and the London Borough of Greenwich and two further boroughs were created. These were the London Borough of Bromley — an amalgamation of Bromley, Beckenham, Chislehurst, Orpington and Penge and the London Borough of Bexley comprising Bexley, Sidcup, Erith and Crayford. Much of the north-west of the county is part of the London commuter belt. The Thames Gateway regeneration area includes riverside areas of north Kent as far east as Sittingbourne and largely to the north of the A2 road.

Ceremonial county

The ceremonial county of Kent corresponds to the administrative county plus the district of Medway (or Medway Towns).

Cities, towns and villages

See the list of places in Kent, list of civil parishes in Kent

Places of interest

- Bayham Abbey Lamberhurst [2]
- Bedgebury Pinetum
- Bewl Water
- Bough Beech Reservoir, Ide Hill
- Bluewater Shopping Centre
- Canterbury Cathedral
- Chartwell, Winston Churchill's home [1]
- Chatham_Dockyard It has been suggested Chatham originated the word chav.
- Chiddingstone Castle
- Cinque Ports
- Deal Castle [2]
- Dolphin Yard Sailing Barge Museum, Sittingbourne
- Dover Castle [2]
- Dungeness Power Station
- East Kent Railway, a heritage railway
- Emmett's Garden, Ide Hill [1]
- Faversham
- Hever Castle
- Hoo Peninsula
- Ightham Mote 14th century house [1]
- Isle of Grain
- Isle of Sheppey
- Isle of Thanet
- Kent & East Sussex Railway, a heritage railway
- Kent Battle of Britain Museum
- Kent International Airport (formerly known as London Manston Airport) with two aviation museums
- Knole, Sevenoaks [1]
- Leeds Castle
- North Downs Way, a long distance footpath
- Penshurst Place
- Reculver Roman Fort & Reculver Tower
- Richborough Castle & Roman Fort, near Sandwich [2]
- Romney, Hythe & Dymchurch Railway, a heritage railway
- Romney Marsh
- Royal Engineers Museum of Military Engineering, Gillingham
- St Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury [2]
- Scotney Castle [1]
- Sissinghurst Castle Garden, Sissinghurst [1]
- Sittingbourne & Kemsley Light Railway, a heritage railway
- Smallhythe Place, Tenterden [1]
- Squerryes Court & Garden, Westerham
- Turner Gallery to open in Margate
- Upnor Castle [2]
- Walmer Castle & Gardens [2]
- The Wantsum Channel
- [1] Properties under the care of the National Trust
- [2] Properties under the care of English Heritage

External links

- [http://www.kent.gov.uk/ Kent County Council] - Local Government website
- [http://www.kentonline.co.uk/ Kent Online] - A Kent Messenger Group website
- [http://www.camelotintl.com/heritage/counties/england/kent.html Kent heritage]
- [http://www.digiserve.com/peter/village.htm Kent resources website]
- [http://www.kentdowns.org.uk Kent Downs AONB website]
- [http://www.villagenet.co.uk/ Village Net web site has photographs and historic details of over 240 Villages in Kent and East Sussex]
- [http://www.historic-kent.co.uk/ provides further information on villages throughout Kent. It makes the point that there thought to be over 300, although the term 'village' covers settlements of a great variation in size. There is a 'Select a destination' box for the alphabetical list]
- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/kent/places/names/index.shtml#a Spelling of placenames in the county from BBC website]

References

- Glover, J., Place names of Kent.
- Freddie Cooper, personal research
- Men of Kent: Sorry ... but we’re joining a new tribe, by Stephen Rayner, Memories page, Medway News, October 2004
ko:켄트 주 simple:Kent

June 18

June 18 is the 169th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (170th in leap years), with 196 days remaining.

Events

- 1178 - Five Canterbury monks see what was possibly the Giordano Bruno crater being formed. It is believed that the current oscillations of the moon's distance (on the order of metres) are a result of this collision.
- 1264 - The Parliament of Ireland meets at Castledermot in County Kildare, the first definitively known meeting of this Irish legislature.
- 1429 - The French, under the leadership of Joan of Arc, crush the English under Sir John Fastolf at the Battle of Patay. It came to be recognized as the war's turning point.
- 1685 - The Monmouth Rebellion: James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, declares himself King of England at Taunton, Somerset.
- 1767 - Samuel Wallis, an English sea captain, sighted Tahiti and is considered the first European to reach the island.
- 1778 - American Revolutionary War: British troops abandon Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- 1812 - War of 1812: The U.S. Congress declares war on the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
- 1815 - Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Waterloo leads to Napoleon Bonaparte abdicating the throne of France for a second, final time
- 1858 - Charles Darwin receives from Alfred Russel Wallace a paper that included nearly identical conclusions about evolution as Darwin's own. This prompts Darwin to publish his theory.
- 1873 - Susan B. Anthony is fined $100 for attempting to vote in the 1872 presidential election
- 1887 - The Reinsurance Treaty is closed between Germany and Russia
- 1900 - Empress Dowager of China orders all foreigners killed, including foreign diplomats and their families.
- 1923 - Checker Cab puts its first taxi on the streets
- 1928 - Aviator Amelia Earhart becomes the first woman to fly in an aircraft across the Atlantic Ocean (she was a passenger; Wilmer Stutz was pilot and Lou Gordon, mechanic).
- 1930 - Groundbreaking ceremonies for the Franklin Institute are held
- 1940 - Appeal of June 18 by Charles de Gaulle
- 1940 - Finest Hour speech by Winston Churchill
- 1945 - William Joyce (Lord Haw-Haw) is charged with treason
- 1946 - Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya, a Socialist called for a Direct Action Day against the Portuguese in Goa. A road is named after this date in Panjim.
- 1953 - The Republic of Egypt is declared and the monarchy is abolished
- 1953 - A United States Air Force C-124 crashed and burned near Tokyo, Japan killing 129
- 1954 - Pierre Mendès-France becomes Prime Minister of France
- 1959 Governor of Louisiana Earl K. Long is committed to a state mental hospital; he responds by having the hospital's director fired and replaced with a crony who proceeds to proclaim him perfectly sane.
- 1965 - Vietnam War: The United States uses B-52 bombers to attack National Liberation Front guerrilla fighters in South Vietnam
- 1967 - Jimi Hendrix burns his guitar on stage at the Monterey Pop Festival.
- 1979 - SALT II is signed by the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
- 1983 - Sally Ride becomes the first American woman in space
- 1984 - Major clash between about 5,000 Police and a similar number of Miners at Orgreave,South Yorkshire during the 1984-1985 Miners Strike. Incident later known as the Battle of Orgreave
- 1996 - Ted Kaczynski, suspected of being the Unabomber, is indicted on ten criminals counts.
- 2001 - Protests occur in Manipur over the extension of the ceasefire between Naga insurgents and the government of India.

Births

- 1466 - Ottaviano Petrucci, Italian printer (d. 1539)
- 1511 - Bartolomeo Ammanati, Italian architect and sculptor (d. 1592)
- 1517 - Emperor Ogimachi of Japan (d. 1593)
- 1552 - Gabriello Chiabrera, Italian poet (d. 1637)
- 1667 - Ivan Trubetskoy, Russian field marshal (d. 1750)
- 1716 - Joseph-Marie Vien, French painter (d. 1809)
- 1757 - Gervasio Antonio de Posadas, Argentine leader (d. 1833)
- 1812 - Ivan Goncharov, Russian author (d. 1891)
- 1824 - Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b. 1769)
- 1845 - Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, French physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1922)
- 1854 - E.W. Scripps, American journalist and publisher (d. 1926)
- 1868 - Miklós Horthy, Hungarian admiral and regent (d. 1957)
- 1877 - James Montgomery Flagg, American illustrator (d. 1960)
- 1884 - Édouard Daladier, French politician (d.