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1570s BC

1570s BC

Centuries: 17th century BC - 16th century BC - 15th century BC Decades: 1620s BC 1610s BC 1600s BC 1590s BC 1580s BC - 1570s BC - 1560s BC 1550s BC 1540s BC 1530s BC 1520s BC ----

Events and trends

Significant people

- Kamose, last Pharaoh of the 17th Dynasty of Egypt (1573 - 1570 BC).
- Ahmose I, Pharaoh and founder of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt (1570 - 1546 BC). Category:1570s BC

Centuries

These pages contain the trends of millennia and centuries. The individual century pages contain lists of decades and years. See history for different organizations of historical events. See calendar and list of calendars for other groupings of years. For earlier time periods, see cosmological timeline, geologic timescale, evolutionary timeline, pleistocene, and logarithmic timeline.
- Paleolithic
- 10th millennium BC | 9th millennium BC | 8th millennium BC
- 7th millennium BC | 6th millennium BC | 5th millennium BC
- 5th millennium | 6th millennium | 7th millennium
- 8th millennium | 9th millennium | 10th millennium
- 11th millennium and beyond
- ja:年表 th:คริสต์ศตวรรษ simple:Centuries

17th century BC

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Overview

Events

- 1700 – 1500 BC -- Hurrian conquests.
- 1700 BC - Belu-bani became the King of Assyria.
- c. 1700 BC - Lila-Ir-Tash started to rule the Elamite Empire.
- c. 1698 BC - Lila-Ir-Tash the ruler of the Elamite Empire died. Temti-Agun I started to rule the Elamite Empire.
- 1691 BC - Belu-bani, the King of Assyria died.
- c. 1690 BC - Temti-Agun I, the ruler of the Elamite Empire, died. Tan-Uli started to rule the Elamite Empire.
- 1690 BC - Libaia became the King of Assyria.
- 1680s BC - Egypt: Start of Sixteenth Dynasty.
- 1680s BC - Egypt: Development of leavened bread (date approximate).
- 1670s BC - Egypt: Start of Fifteenth Dynasty.
- 1650s BC - Egypt: Start of Seventeenth Dynasty.
- c. 1655 BC - Tan-Uli, the ruler of the Elamite Empire, died.
- 1645 BC - Santorini, in the Aegean Sea, erupts, contributing to the demise of Minoan civilization (the date is suggested by 1990s Greenland ice coring.
- 1633 BC -- End of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth dynasties of Egypt, start of the Fifteenth dynasty.
- 1628 BC -- Estimated date of the volcanic eruption on Thera which possibly affected the fate of Minoan civilization.
- 1600s BC - Egypt: End of Fourteenth Dynasty.
- 1600s BC - The creation of one of the oldest surviving astronomical documents, a copy of which was found in the Babylonian library of Ashurbanipal: a 21-year record of the appearances of Venus (which the early Babylonians called Nindaranna).
- 1600s BC - The end of the Indus Valley civilization.
- 1600s BC - The overthrow of the ruling Amorite dynasty in Aleppo, Syria.
- 1600s BC - The date of the earliest discovered rubber balls.
- 1600s BC - Egypt conquered by Asian tribes known as the Hyksos - see History of ancient Israel and Judah.
- Unetice culture
- Development of leavened bread in Egypt.

Significant persons

- Hammurabi, died 1686 BC short chronology.
- 1684 BC - Death of Heremon, Irish legend.
- Jie , The last ruler of Xia Dynasty, ruled China for 52 years until 1600 BC according to the Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project.

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

- Category:17th century BC ja:紀元前17世紀

16th century BC

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Overview

Events

- 1700 – 1500 BC -- Hurrian conquests.
- 1600 BC^- — Shang Dynasty of China established.
- 1595 BC - Sack of Babylon by the Hittite king Mursilis I.
- 1567 BC - Egypt: End of Fifteenth Dynasty, end of Sixteenth Dynasty, end of Seventeenth Dynasty, start of Eighteenth Dynasty.
- 1550s BC - The city of Mycenae, located in the northeast Peloponnesus, comes to dominate the rest of Achaea, giving its name to Mycenaean civilization.
- 1556 BC - Cecrops builds or rebuilds Athens following the great flood of Deucalion and the end of the Golden age. He becomes the first of several Kings of Athens whose life account is considered part of Greek mythology.
- 1539 BC - End of Seventeenth dynasty of Egypt, start of the Eighteenth Dynasty.
- 1539 BC - Approximate first use of the Valley of the Kings.
- 1530 BC - End of the First Dynasty of Babylon and the start of the Kassite Dynasty - see History of Iraq.
- 1525 BC - End of Fifteenth dynasty of Egypt.
- 1512 BC (approx.): the flood of Deucalion, according to O'Flaherty, Augustine, Eusebius, and Isidore (bishop of Seville).
- 1506 BC - Cecrops, legendary King of Athens, dies after a reign of 50 years. Having survived his own son, he is succeeded by Cranaus.
- 1504 BC - Egypt started to conquer Nubia and the Levant.
- 1500s BC - Stonehenge built in Wiltshire, England.
- 1500s BC - The element Mercury has been discovered in Egyptian tombs dating from this decade.
- 1500s BC - Settlers from Crete, Greece move to Miletus, Turkey.
- 1500s BC - Early traces of Maya civilization developing in Belize.
- 1500s BC - The Phoenicians develop an alphabet - see Timeline of communication technology.
- 1500s BC - Earliest evidence (from archaeological excavations) of a settlement at Aylesbury, England.
- 1500 BC - Indus valley civilization - The controversial Aryan Invasion Theory is often dated to 1500 BC. Many scholars date the Rig Veda to the period of 1900 to 1200 BC.
- Unetice culture.

Significant persons

- 汤 (pinyin: tāng) — first ruler of Shang Dynasty, ruled China for 29 years since 1600 BC according to the Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project. 1597 BC - Aaron born to Amram and his wife Jochebed (traditional date).
- Kamose, last Pharaoh of the 17th Dynasty of Egypt (1573 - 1570 BC).
- Ahmose I, Pharaoh and founder of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt (1570 - 1546 BC).
- Thutmose II of Egypt, Pharaoh of the eighteenth dynasty of Egypt (1518 BC - 1504 BC). Category:16th century BC ko:기원전 16세기 ja:紀元前16世紀

15th century BC

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Overview

Events

- 1504 BC – 1492 BC -- Egypt conquers Nubia and the Levant
- 1420 BC -- Hebrew Exodus from Egypt (one proposed date)
- Myceneans conquers Greece and border of Anatolia
- the Tumulus culture flourishes
- creation of the Nebra skydisk

Significant persons

- 1470s BC -- female pharaoh Hatshepsut of Egypt

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

- Category:15th century BC ko:기원전 15세기 ja:紀元前15世紀

1620s BC

Centuries: 18th century BC - 17th century BC - 15th century BC Decades: 1670s BC 1660s BC 1650s BC 1640s BC 1630s BC - 1620s BC - 1610s BC 1600s BC 1590s BC 1580s BC 1570s BC ----

Events and trends

- 1628 BC -- Estimated date of the volcanic eruption on Thera which possibly affected the fate of Minoan civilization.

Significant people

- Category:1620s BC

1610s BC

Centuries: 18th century BC - 17th century BC - 15th century BC Decades: 1660s BC 1650s BC 1640s BC 1630s BC 1620s BC - 1610s BC - 1600s BC 1590s BC 1580s BC 1570s BC 1560s BC ----

Events and trends

Significant people

- Category:1610s BC

1590s BC

Centuries: 17th century BC - 16th century BC - 15th century BC Decades: 1640s BC 1630s BC 1620s BC 1610s BC 1600s BC - 1590s BC - 1580s BC 1570s BC 1560s BC 1550s BC 1540s BC ----

Events and trends

- 1595 BC - Mursilis I, king of the Hittites, sacks Babylon. This brings and end to the rule of the descendants of Hammurabi in that kingdom.

Significant people

- 1597 BC - Aaron born to Amram and his wife Jochebed (traditional date). Category:1590s BC

1580s BC

Centuries: 17th century BC - 16th century BC - 15th century BC Decades: 1630s BC 1620s BC 1610s BC 1600s BC 1590s BC - 1580s BC - 1570s BC 1560s BC 1550s BC 1540s BC 1530s BC ----

Events and trends

Significant people

- Category:1580s BC

1550s BC

Centuries: 17th century BC - 16th century BC - 15th century BC Decades: 1600s BC 1590s BC 1580s BC 1570s BC 1560s BC - 1550s BC - 1540s BC 1530s BC 1520s BC 1510s BC 1500s BC ----

Events and trends

- The city of Mycenae, located in the northeast Peloponnesus, comes to dominate the rest of Achaea, giving its name to Mycenaean civilization.
- 1556 BC - Cecrops builds or rebuilds Athens following the great flood of Deucalion and the end of the Golden age. He becomes the first of several Kings of Athens whose life account is considered part of Greek mythology.

Significant people

- Category:1550s BC

1530s BC

Centuries: 17th century BC - 16th century BC - 15th century BC Decades: 1580s BC 1570s BC 1560s BC 1550s BC 1540s BC - 1530s BC - 1520s BC 1510s BC 1500s BC 1490s BC 1480s BC ----

Events and trends

- 1539 BC - End of Seventeenth dynasty of Egypt, start of the Eighteenth Dynasty.
- 1539 BC - Approximate first use of the Valley of the Kings.
- 1530 BC - End of the First Dynasty of Babylon and the start of the Kassite Dynasty - see History of Iraq.

Significant people

- Category:1530s BC

1520s BC

Centuries: 17th century BC - 16th century BC - 15th century BC Decades: 1570s BC 1560s BC 1550s BC 1540s BC 1530s BC - 1520s BC - 1510s BC 1500s BC 1490s BC 1480s BC 1470s BC ----

Events and trends

- 1525 BC - End of Fifteenth dynasty of Egypt.

Significant people

- Category:1520s BC

Kamose

Kamose was the last king of the Theban Seventeenth Dynasty. He was the son of Sekenenra Tao II and the brother of Ahmose, founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty. His reign fell at the end of the Second Intermediate Period; it is uncertain when Kamose died, but reliable sources place his death around 1558 BC. His reign is important for the decisive military moves he made against the Hyksos, who had come to rule much of ancient Egypt. Over the years, the independent native princes in Thebes seem to have reached a practical modus vivendi with the later Hyksos rulers, which included transit rights through Hyksos-controlled Middle and Lower Egypt and pasturage rights in the fertile Delta. One text, Carnarvon Tablet I, found in Thebes, relates the misgivings of Kamose's council of advisors when the king proposed moving against the Hyksos, whom he claimed were a humiliating stain upon the holy fabric of Egypt. The councillors clearly did not wish to risk disturbing the status quo: :"...we are at ease in our (part of) Egypt. Elephantine [at the First Cataract] is strong, and the middle (of the land) is with us as far as Cusae [near modern Asyut]. The sleekest of their fields are plowed for us, and our cattle are pastured in the Delta. Emmer is sent for our pigs. Our cattle have not been taken away....He holds the land of the Asiatics; we hold Egypt..." There is no evidence to support Pierre Montet's assertion that Kamose's move against the Hyksos was sponsored by the priesthood of Amun as an attack against the Seth-worshippers in the North (i.e., a religious motive for the war of liberation). The Carnarvon Tablet does state that Kamose went north to attack the Hyksos by the command of Amun, but this is simple hyperbole common to virtually all royal inscriptions of Egyptian history, and should not be understood as the specific command from this god. Kamose states his reasons for an attack on the Hyksos was nationalistic pride: in this same text he complains that he is hemmed in at Thebes between the Hyksos in the north and the Nubians of Kush in the south, each holding "his slice of Egypt, dividing up the land with me...My wish is to save Egypt and to smite the Asiatics!" So it was that in his third year on the throne Kamose embarked and sailed north from Thebes at the head of his army. He surprised and overran the southernmost garrison of the Hyksos at Nefrusy, just north of Cusae, then led his army as far north as the neighborhood of Avaris itself. Though the city was not taken, the fields around it were devastated by the Thebans. A stela discovered at Thebes continues the account of the war from where the Carnarvon Tablet ends. His followers capture a courier bearing a message from the Hyksos king Aa-woser-ra Apopi at Avaris to his ally the ruler of Kush, requesting his urgent support. Kamose promptly ordered a detachment of his troops to occupy the Bahriya Oasis in the Western Desert, which controlled the north-south desert route. Kamose, called "the Strong" in this text, then sailed back up the Nile to Thebes for a joyous victory celebration after what was probably not much more than a surprise spoiling raid in force which caught the Hyksos off guard. This Year 3 is the only one attested for Kamose, which may be the length of his reign. Donald Redford notes that Kamose's burial was very modest, in an ungilded coffin lacking even the royal uraeus.

Bibliography

- Gardiner, Sir Alan. Egypt of the Pharaohs. Oxford: University Press, 1964, 1961.
- James, T.G.H. "Egypt: From the Expulsion of the Hyksos to Amenophis I." Chapter VIII, Volume II of The Cambridge Ancient History Revised Edition. Cambridge: University Press, 1965.
- Montet, Pierre. Eternal Egypt, translated from the French by Doreen Weightman. London, 1964
- Pritchard, James B. (Editor). Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (3rd edition). Princeton, 1969.
- Redford, Donald B. History and Chronology of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt: Seven Studies. Toronto, 1967. Category:1558 BC deaths Category:Pharaohs of the Seventeenth dynasty of Egypt

Pharaoh

:For other uses, see Pharaoh (disambiguation) Pharaoh (Hebrew פַּרְעֹה (without niqqud: פרעה), Standard Hebrew Parʿo, Tiberian Hebrew Parʿōh, Arabic فرعون) is a title used to refer to the kings (of godly status) in ancient Egypt.
Etymology
The term derives ultimately from the Egyptian words Pr-Aa meaning "Great House." Originally a term for the royal palace, this word came into vogue to refer to the king. The earliest certain instance of the term "pharaoh" is in a letter addressed to Thutmose III in the mid-Eighteenth Dynasty (1539-1292 BC). By the Twenty-Second Dynasty (c. 945-c. 720 BC) this usage had been extended and was now used occasionally just as hm.f "His Majesty" was used in earlier periods. It was not the official title, but was used in letters to the monarch. It is frequently used by modern historians due to its use in the Bible, especially the Book of Exodus, and in the ancient Greek and Roman writers; although the Bible, at least in the Hebrew original, treats pharaoh like a proper name rather than like a title.
Open problems
There are several open problems concerning ancient Egyptian kings/pharaohs. Below are just a few:
- It is unknown who was the first king of Egypt. It may have been Menes or Narmer. Narmer is attested archaeologically, but Menes is not; it is possible that Menes is mythological, or that Menes and Narmer are the same person. If Menes existed as a separate person from Narmer, it is unknown which of them came first.
- Scholars have wondered whether Ramesses II defended Egypt against the Sea People because they were invading, or whether they were people fleeing to Egypt in the middle of a war. It is unclear whether Ramesses III or Amenemhat I were assassinated.
- The exact circumstances surrounding the disappearance of Akhenaten's wife, Nefertiti, are unknown. The body of Akhenaten himself has not been found, and it is unknown whether Akhenaten was killed or exiled. The exact nature of what Akhenaten believed is also still debated by scholars. The parentage of the next pharaoh, Tutankhamun, is uncertain, and the date and nature of his death is unknown.
- What happened to Hatshepsut is unknown and Hatshepsut's relationship with Senenmut is debated.
- While it is clear Cleopatra was Greek and not Egyptian, her father having been Ptolemy XII Auletes, it is unclear who her mother was, although probably Ptolemy's half sister Cleopatra Selene.
- Little is known about the reign of Pharaoh Smendes I, and it is possible that Egypt split during his governance.
- It is unclear whether Khababash of the Thirtieth Dynasty was a true pharaoh, and his origins are also a mystery.
- It is unknown whether Necho II really sent out an expedition, which sailed from the Red Sea around Africa back to the mouth of the Nile.
Regalia and titles
The king of Egypt wore a double crown, created from the Red Crown of Lower Egypt and the White Crown of Upper Egypt. It was adorned by a uraeus, which was doubled under the Twenty-fifth Dynasty. Egyptologist Bob Brier has noted that despite its widespread depiction in royal portraits, no actual ancient Egyptian crown has ever been discovered. Tutankhamun's tomb, discovered largely intact, did contain such regal items as his crook and flail, but did not contain a crown. Crowns were assumed to have magical properties, and Brier's speculation is there were items a dead pharaoh could not take with him and, therefore, had to be passed along to his living successor. The official titulary of the king by the New Kingdom consisted of five names; for some rulers, we know only one or two of them.
See also

- List of Pharaohs
- Egyptian chronology - Conventional Egyptian chronology
- History of Egypt
- Monarch
- Fivefold Titulary
Bibliography

- Sir Alan Gardiner Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs, Third Edition, Revised. London: Oxford University Press, 1964. Excursus A, pp. 71-76.
- Brier, Bob. PhD. History of Ancient Egypt (Audio). The First Nation in History. The Learning Company. 2001.
External links

- [http://www.kingscalendar.com/cgi-bin/index.cgi?action=viewnews&id=71 Pharaoh of the Exodus article] The Kings Calendar
- [http://www.insecula.com/contact/A001726.html/ Tutankhamun: Pictures]
- [http://www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk/Egypt/index.htm Egyptian Royal Genealogy]
- [http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/Welcome.html Digital Egypt for Universities]
- Category:Ancient Egypt Category:Torah people Category:Positions of authority Category:Titles ja:ファラオ simple:Pharaoh

Seventeenth dynasty of Egypt

Known rulers, in the History of Egypt, for the Seventeenth Dynasty. The Fifteenth, Sixteenth and Seventeenth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title, Second Intermediate Period. The Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt covers a period of time when Egypt was split into a set of small Hyksos-ruled kingdoms. It is mainly Theban rulers contemporary with the Fifteenth Dynasties and Sixteenth Dynasties. The last two kings of the dynasty opposed the Hyksos rule over Egypt and initiated a war that would rid Egypt of the Hyksos kings and began a period of unified rule, the New Kingdom. Kamose was the elder brother of Ahmose, the first king of the Eighteenth Dynasty.

External links

- [http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/2interkings/kings2intermediateryholt.html Kings of the Second Intermediate Period]

1570 BC

Centuries: 17th century BC - 16th century BC - 15th century BC Decades: 1620s BC 1610s BC 1600s BC 1590s BC 1580s BC - 1570s BC - 1560s BC 1550s BC 1540s BC 1530s BC 1520s BC ----

Events and trends

Significant people

- Kamose, last Pharaoh of the 17th Dynasty of Egypt (1573 - 1570 BC).
- Ahmose I, Pharaoh and founder of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt (1570 - 1546 BC). Category:1570s BC

Ahmose I

Ahmose I (also known as Amasis I) was a pharaoh of ancient Egypt and the founder of the Eighteenth dynasty. He reigned between approximately 1550 BC-1525 BC. Ahmose was the son of king Tao II Seqenenre and brother of king Kamose, the last king of the Seventeenth dynasty. At the age of 10, Ahmose I (The Moon is Born) assumed the throne after the death of his father. Upon assuming the crown, he became known as Neb-pehty-re (The Lord of Strength is Re). His reign was dominated by the struggle against the Hyksos rulers of the Nile Delta, in which he was ultimately victorious but suffered the loss of his father and brother. He was also successful in reasserting Egyptian power in its formerly subject territories of Nubia and Canaan. This laid the foundations for the New Kingdom, under which Egyptian power reached its peak. According to the Kim Ryholt's analysis of the verso of the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, Ahmose had captured Heliopolis and Sile in his 11th Regnal Year. This suggests that the Hyksos capital, Avaris was now under siege and would have fallen to Ahmose shortly after these events. Ahmose I married Ahmose-Nefertari, who was also his sister, and they had several children including:
- Merytamun – eldest daughter of Ahmose-Nefertari (died young)
- Tair – daughter of Kasmut
- Satamun – 2nd daughter of Ahmose-Nefertari (died young)
- Saamen – eldest son of Ahmose-Nefertari (died as an infant)
- Aahotep – 3rd daughter of Ahmose-Nefertari (became Queen)
- Amenhotep I - 3rd son of Ahmose-Nefertari (King)
- Satkames – 4th daughter of Ahmose-Nefertari (died at age 30)
- Henttameh – daughter of Thenthapi
- Ahmose - daughter According to Josephus, Manetho gives Ahmose a reign of 25 Years and 4 Months. This figure is supported by a Year 22 inscription from his reign at the stone quarries of Tura. He was succeeded by his son, who ruled as Amenhotep I. The remains of his pyramid in Abydos were discovered in 1899, and identified as his in 1902. This pyramid and the related structures were resurveyed in 1993 by an expedition sponsored by the Pennsylvania-Yale-Institute of Fine Arts under the direction of Stephen Harvey. See Amasis II for the 26th Dynasty pharaoh whose name sometimes appears as Ahmose II. Category:1525 BC deaths Category:Pharaohs of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt

Pharaoh

Egypt

The Arab Republic of Egypt, commonly known as Egypt, (in Arabic: مصر, romanized Misr), is a republic in North Africa. While it is geographically located in Africa, it is sometimes associated with the Middle East for political reasons. Covering an area of about 1,020,000 km², Egypt shares land borders with Libya to the west, Sudan to the south, and Israel and the Gaza Strip to the northeast and has coasts on the north and east by the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, respectively. Egypt is the second most populous country in Africa, second only to Nigeria, and the vast majority of its 77 million population (2005) live near the banks of the Nile River (about 40,000 km²), where the only arable agricultural land is found. Large areas of land are part of the Sahara Desert and are sparsely inhabited. The majority of Egyptians today are urban, living in the great Arab population centers of greater Cairo, the largest city in Africa, and Alexandria. Egypt is famous for its ancient civilization and some of the world's most stunning ancient monuments, including the Giza Pyramids, the Karnak Temple and the Valley of the Kings; the southern city of Luxor contains a particularly large number of ancient artifacts. Today, Egypt is widely regarded as the main political and cultural centre of the Arab and Middle Eastern regions.

Origin and history of the name

Misr, the Arabic and official name for modern Egypt, is of Semitic origin directly cognate with the Hebrew מִצְרַיִם Misráyim meaning "the two straits", and possibly means "a country" or "a state." The ancient name for the country, kemet, or "black land," is derived from the fertile black soils deposited by the Nile floods, distinct from the 'red land' (deshret) of the desert. This name became keme in a later stage of Coptic. The English name "Egypt" came via the Latin word Aegyptus derived from the ancient Greek word Αίγυπτος Aiguptos (see also List of traditional Greek place names), which in turn is derived from the ancient Egyptian phrase ḥwt-k3-ptḥ ("Hwt ka Ptah") meaning "home of the Ka (part of the soul) of Ptah," the name of a temple of the god Ptah at Memphis. For details see the article Copt.

History

Main article: History of Egypt The regularity and richness of the annual Nile River flood, coupled with semi-isolation provided by deserts to the east and west, allowed for the development of one of the world's great civilizations. A unified kingdom was founded circa 3200 BC by King Menes, and a series of dynasties ruled in Egypt for the next three millennia. The last native dynasty, known as the Thirtieth Dynasty, fell to the Persians in 341 BC who dug the predecessor of the Suez canal and connected the Red Sea to the Mediterranean. Later, Egypt fell to the Greeks, Romans, Byzantines and Persians again. It was the Muslim Arabs who introduced Islam and the Arabic language in the seventh century changing Egypt into a linguistically and mostly ethnically "Arab" nation. Muslim rulers nominated by the Islamic Caliphate remained in control of Egypt for the next six centuries. A local military caste, the Mamluks took control about 1250 and continued to govern even after the conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman Turks in 1517. Following the completion of the Suez Canal in 1869, Egypt became an important world transportation hub; however, the country also fell heavily into debt. Ostensibly to protect its investments, Britain seized control of Egypt's government in 1882, but nominal allegiance to the Ottoman Empire continued until 1914. Partially independent from the UK in 1922, Egypt acquired full sovereignty following World War II. Between 1924-1936 there existed a short-lived attempt to model Egypt's constitutional government after the European style of government; known as Egypt's Liberal Experiment. In 1952 a popularly-supported military coup d'état forced King Farouk I, a constitutional monarch, to abdicate in support of his son King Ahmed Fouad II. Finally the Egyptian Republic was declared on 18 June 1953 with General Muhammad Naguib as the first President of the Republic. After Naguib resigned in 1954, Gamal Abdel Nasser, the real architect of the 1952 Revolution, assumed power as President and nationalized the Suez Canal leading to the 1956 Suez Crisis. Nasser came out of the war an Arab hero, and Nasserism won widespread influence in the region. Between 1958 and 1961 Egypt and Syria formed a union known as the United Arab Republic. Three years after the 1967 Six Day War, in which Egypt lost the Sinai to Israel, Nasser died and was succeeded by Anwar Sadat, who presented his takeover in terms of a Corrective Revolution. Sadat switched Egypt's Cold War allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States, expelling Soviet advisors in 1972, and launched the Infitah economic reform, while violently clamping down on religious and secular opposition alike. In 1973, Egypt, along with Syria, launched a surprise attack on Israel in the October War,which despite not being a complete military success was by most accounts a political victory. Both the United States and the USSR intervened and a cease-fire was reached between Egypt and Israel. In 1979, Sadat made peace with Israel in exchange for the Sinai, a move which sparked enormous controversy in the Arab world and led to Egypt's expulsion from the Arab League (it was readmitted in 1989). Sadat was murdered by a religious fundamentalist in 1981, and succeeded by Hosni Mubarak. Hosni Mubarak

Politics

Main article: Politics of Egypt Egypt has been a republic since 18 June 1953. President Mohamed Hosni Mubarak has been the President of the Republic since October 14 1981, following the assassination of former President Anwar Sadat on October 6 1981. Mubarak is currently serving his fifth term in office. He is the leader of the ruling National Democratic Party. Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif was sworn in as Prime Minister on 9 July 2004, following the resignation of Dr. Atef Ebeid from his office. The permanent headquarters for the League of Arab States is located in Cairo. Egypt was the first Arab state to establish peace with the State of Israel after the signing of the Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty after the Camp David Accords. Egypt also has a major influence on the other Arab states. Historically, Egypt has played the role of a mediator in resolving disputes of various Arab nations. Most Arab nations still use Egypt in that role. Egypt supposedly operates under a multi-party semi-presidential system where the executive power is divided between the President and the Prime Minister. Egypt holds regular single-candidate presidential and multi-party parliamentary elections. The last presidential election was held in September 2005, in which Mubarak won again. However, after the September elections there has been expressed concern from international human rights observers concerning freedom of speech, government interference in local elections and vote-rigging. I had been, as previous elections, just a pantomime. There had been many cases of misrespect for the oposition candidates and their followers' human right. In late February 2005, Mubarak announced on a surprise television broadcast that he has ordered the reform of the country's presidential election law, paving the way for multi-candidate polls in the coming election. For the first time in Egypt's history, the people will have a chance to elect their leader in a closely watched election. The President said his initiative came "out of my full conviction of the need to consolidate efforts for more freedom and democracy." However, the new law places draconian restrictions on the filing of presidential candidacies designed to pave the road for Mubarak's easy re-election. As a result most Egyptians are sceptical about the process of democratisation and the role of elections. As expected, Mubarak was re-elected. Newspapers however have exhibited an increasing freedom in criticizing the president, and the results of the parlimentary elections genuinely indicate that a democratic transition is underway, as evidenced by the strong showing of rival political parties.

Military

Main article: Military of Egypt The Egyptian Armed Forces (Arabic: القوات المسلحة المصرية) consists of the Army, Air Force, Navy and Air Defense. The Coast Guard and Border Guard operate as subordinates to the Navy and Army Command respectively. The Egyptian military is the strongest military power on the African continent, and the second largest in the Middle East, after Israel - (Source: Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies' annual Middle East Strategic Balance). The Egyptian Armed Forces also ranks among the most battle-trained armed forces in the region. Its inventory includes F-16s, Mirage 2000 aircraft, Apache helicopters, M1 Abrams Tanks and medium-long range missiles. The Egyptian Armed forces, has a combined troop strength of 450,000 active personel. The Commander-in-Chief is Field Marshal Mohamed Hussein Tantawi. The Chief of Staff is Lt. Gen. Sami Hafez Enan. Conscription is compulsory for egyptian men of 18 years of age. Full-time students may defer their service until the age of 28. The length of the service depend on the level of education achieved by the conscripted. Military relations between Egypt and the US are strong. Military cooperation between the two countries covers a number of strategic areas, including cooperation in the ongoing process of modernising Egyptian armaments and training the Egyptian armed forces. While military cooperation between the US and Egypt is close and diversified this does not constitute a form of military alliance. Nothing could furnish clearer proof of this than the high degree of transparency surrounding all aspects of Egyptian-US military cooperation. Bilateral exercises, mutual training are carried out regularly and according to one US source, reflect the great esteem in which the US holds the high levels of professionalism and commitment and the growing excellence of the fighting men and women in the various branches of the Egyptian armed forces. Egypt take part regularely in military exercises with the US and other European and Arab allies, including the manoeuvres that take place in Egypt every two years. Egypt continues to contribute regularly to United Nations peacekeeping missions, most recently in East Timor, Sierra Leone, and Liberia.

Governorates

Liberia Main article: Governorates of Egypt Egypt is divided into 26 governorates (Muhafazat; singular – Muhafazah):

- Aswan
- Asyut
- al-Bahr al-Ahmar (Red Sea)
- Bani Suwayf
- al-Buhayrah
- Bur Sa'id (Port Said)
- ad-Daqahliyah
- Dumyat (Damietta)
- al-Fayyum

- al-Gharbiyah
- al-Iskandariyah (Alexandria)
- al-Isma'iliyah
- Janub Sina' (South Sinai)
- al-Jizah (Giza)
- Kafr ash Shaykh
- Matruh
- al-Minufiyah
- al-Minya

- al-Qahirah (Cairo)
- al-Qalyubiyah
- Qina
- Shamal Sina' (North Sinai)
- ash-Sharqiyah
- Suhaj
- as-Suways (Suez)
- al-Wadi al-Jadid (New Valley)

Foreign relations

al-Wadi al-Jadid al-Wadi al-Jadid al-Wadi al-Jadid al-Wadi al-Jadid and the Middle East]]Middle Easts]]Middle East]]Middle East Geography, population, history, military strength, and diplomatic expertise give Egypt extensive political influence in the Middle East. Cairo has been a crossroads of Arab commerce and culture for millennia, and its intellectual and Islamic institutions are at the center of the region's social and cultural development. The League of Arab States headquarters is in Cairo. The Secretary General of the League has traditionally been an Egyptian. Former Egyptian Foreign Minister Amr Moussa is the present Secretary General of the Arab League. Egyptian Deputy Prime Minister Boutros Boutros-Ghali served as Secretary General of the United Nations from 1991 to 1996. Egypt is on good terms with all of its neighbours, and was the first Arab nation to make peace with Israel. It has a territorial dispute with Sudan over the Hala'ib Triangle.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Egypt Egypt's economy depends mainly on agriculture, media, petroleum exports, and tourism; there are also more than 5 million Egyptians working abroad, mainly in Saudi Arabia, the Gulf area like UAE, and Europe. The United States as well has a large population of Egyptian immigrants. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake Nasser have altered the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population (the largest in the Arab world), limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress society. The government has struggled to ready the economy for the new millennium through economic reform and massive investment in communications and physical infrastructure, much financed from U.S. foreign aid (since 1979, an average of 2.2 billion dollars per year). Egypt is the third largest recipient of such funds from the United States following the Iraq war. Economic conditions are starting to improve considerably after a period of stagnation due to the adoption of more liberal economic policies by the government, as well as increased revenues from tourism and a booming stock market. In its annual report, the IMF has rated Egypt as one of the top countries in the world undertaking economic reforms.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Egypt Egypt is the most populous country in the Arab world, at about 77,500,000 people. Nearly all the population is concentrated along the River Nile, notably Alexandria and Cairo, and along the Nile Delta and near the Suez Canal. Approximately 90% of the population adheres to Islam and most of the remainder to Christianity (primarily the Coptic denomination). The Egyptians are a fairly homogeneous people. In the northern part of the country, North African and Mediterranean elements are more predominant, and the south is home to populations more closely related to Ethiopians and Somalis from the Horn of Africa. The bulk of the modern Egyptian people still maintain a homogenous genetic tie to ancient Egyptian society, which has always been regarded as rural and most populous compared to the neighboring demographics. The Egyptian people have spoken only languages from the Afro-Asiatic family (previously known as Hamito-Semitic) throughout their history starting with Old Egyptian, to modern Egyptian-Arabic. Ethnic minorities include a small number of Bedouin Arab nomads in the Sinai and eastern and western deserts, as well as a Nubian minority clustered along the Nile in Upper (southern) Egypt who are estimated for about 0.8% of the population. The once-vibrant Jewish community in Egypt has disappeared, but several important archeological and historical sites remain.

Geography

Main articles: Geography of Egypt Geography of Egypt Towns and cities include Alexandria, Aswan, Asyut, Cairo, El-Mahalla El-Kubra, Giza, Hurghada, Luxor, Kom Ombo, Port Safaga, Port Said, Sharm el Sheikh, Shubra-El-Khema, Suez, Zagazig,Al-Minya. Deserts: Egypt includes parts of the Sahara Desert and of the Libyan Desert Oases include: Bahariya Oasis, Dakhleh Oasis, Farafra Oasis, Kharga Oasis, Siwa Oasis. Egypt borders on Libya on the west, on Sudan on the south and on Israel on the northeast. It controls the Suez Canal between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Egypt's important role in geopolitics stems from its strategic position: as a land bridge between Africa and Asia, and as a passage between the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean through the Suez Canal.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Egypt Egypt's capital city, Cairo, is Africa's largest city and has been renowned for centuries as a center of learning, culture and commerce. The Egyptian Academy of the Arabic Language is responsible for regulating the Arabic Language throughout the world. Egypt also hosts two major religious institutions. Al-Azhar University, the oldest Islamic institution for higher studies (founded around 970 CE) with its corresponding mosque Al-Azhar. The head of Al-Azhar is traditionally regarded as the supreme leader of Sunni Muslims all over the world. Egypt also has a strong Christian heritage as evidenced by the existence of the Coptic Orthodox Church headed by the Patriarch of Alexandria, which has a following of approximately 50 million Christians worldwide (one of the famous Coptic Orthodox Churches is Saint Takla Haimanot Church in Alexandria http://www.St-Takla.org). Though considered a low-income country, Egypt has a thriving media and arts industry, with more than 30 satellite channels and more than 100 motion pictures produced each year. To bolster its media industry, especially with the keen competition from the Persian Gulf states and Lebanon, it has built a large media city that it has promoted as the "Hollywood of the East". Egypt is the only Arab country with an opera house. Some famous Egyptians include:
- Gamal Abdel Nasser (former president)
- Boutros Boutros-Ghali (former Secretary General of the United Nations)
- Naguib Mahfouz (Nobel Prize-winning novelist)
- Umm Kulthum (singer)
- Omar Sharif (actor)
- Ahmed Zewail (Nobel Prize-winning chemist)
- Mohamed ElBaradei (Head of the International Atomic Energy Agency and Winner of the 2005 Nobel Peace Prize)
- Anwar Sadat (former president and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize)

References

-
-

External links

Government

- [http://www.egypt.gov.eg/ Official Egyptian Government Portal]
- [http://www.investment.gov.eg/ Egyptian Investment Portal] official government site
- [http://www.sis.gov.eg/ Egypt State Information Service] official government site
- [http://www.presidency.gov.eg/ The Egyptian Presidency]
- [http://www.parliament.gov.eg/EPA/en/Index.jsp The People Assembly of Egypt]
- [http://www.shoura.gov.eg/ Egyptian Shoura Council]

News

- [http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/ Al-Ahram Weekly]
- [http://allafrica.com/egypt/ AllAfrica – Egypt] news
- [http://www.egypttoday.com/ Egypt Today] magazine
- [http://www.businesstodayegypt.com/ Business Today Egypt] magazine
- [http://story.news.yahoo.com/fc?cid=34&tmpl=fc&in=World&cat=Egypt Yahoo! News Full Coverage – Egypt] headline links

Overviews

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/737642.stm BBC News Country Profile - Egypt]
- [http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/eg.html CIA World Factbook - Egypt]
- [http://www.state.gov/p/nea/ci/c3729.htm US State Department - Egypt] includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports
- [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Egypt Open Directory Project - Egypt] directory category
- [http://www.joinafrica.com/countries1/Egypt/people.htm Joinafrica.com - Egypt]

Education

See: List of Egyptian universities
- [http://www.worldwide.edu/ci/egypt/index.html Study Destinations in Egypt]
- [http://www.scu.eun.eg/eng/scu-eng.htm/ Supreme Council of Universities] U suck

Tourism

See: List of museums in Egypt
-
- [http://www.touregypt.net/ Tour Egypt] (Association of Egyptian Travel Businesses)
- [http://www.egypt-travelguide.com/ Egypt Hotel & Travel Guide]
- [http://www.eternalegypt.org/ Journey through Eternal Egypt]
- [http://ancient-egypt.blogspot.com/ History of Ancient Egypt]

Other

- [http://www.fonsvitae.com/archit.html CAIRO - 1001 Years of Islamic Art and Architecture (Video series in four parts)]
- [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/egypt.html Egypt Maps - Perry-Castañeda Map Collection]
- [http://ianandwendy.com/OtherTrips/Egypt Egypt Photo Galleries] Pictures from a visit in December 2004
- [http://st-takla.org/Egypt-1.html Egypt through the ages..]
- [http://www.egyptianculture.net Egyptian Mythology]
- Khnumhotep & Niankhkhnum
- [http://en.jurispedia.org/index.php/Egypt Egyptian law] from Jurispedia
Category:Arab League Category:Near Eastern countries Category:Middle Eastern countries Category:African Union member states Category:Bicontinental countries zh-min-nan:Ai-ki̍p als:Ägypten ko:이집트 ms:Mesir ja:エジプト simple:Egypt th:ประเทศอียิปต์

Category:1570s BC

-842 Category:16th century BC

1974 in art

Events

Sir Roy Strong becomes Director of the Victoria and Albert Museum.

Awards

Exhibitions

Works

- Enzo Plazzotta - Crucifixion

Births

Deaths

- March 4 - Adolph Gottlieb, Expressionist painter
- May 31 - Juan Bautista Garcia, painter
- June 7 - Milton Menasco, painter and art director (in the silent film industry)
- August 11 - Jan Tschichold, book designer
- David Jones, poet and modernist artist Category:1974 Category:Years in art

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