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597

597

Events
- Saint Augustine is created Archbishop of Canterbury.
- The King's School is founded in Canterbury. Births
- Emperor Kōtoku, emperor of Japan Deaths
- June 9 - Saint Columba
- Fredegund, queen of Neustria
- Zhiyi, founder of the Tiantai sect of Buddhism. Category:597 ko:597년

Augustine of Canterbury

Augustine of Canterbury (birth unknown, died May 26, 604 (traditional) or 605 (Thorn)) was the first Archbishop of Canterbury, sent to Ethelbert of Kent, Bretwalda of England by Pope Gregory the Great in 597. He was accompanied by Laurence of Canterbury, the second archbishop. In 596, Augustine was praepositus (prior) of the monastery of Saint Andrew, founded by Pope Gregory I, and was sent by Gregory at the head of forty monks to preach to the Anglo-Saxons. They lost heart on the way and Augustine went back to Rome from Provence and asked that the mission be given up. The pope, however, commanded and encouraged them to proceed, and they landed on the Island of Thanet in the spring of 597. Ethelbert's wife Bertha, daughter of Charibert, one of the Merovingian kings of the Franks, had brought a chaplain with her (Liudhard) and either built a church or restored a church in Canterbury from Roman times and dedicated it to St. Martin of Tours, a major patronal saint for the Merovingian royal family. Ethelbert himself was a pagan, but allowed his wife to worship God her own way. Probably under influence of his wife, Ethelbert asked Pope Gregory I to send missionaries. Ethelbert permitted the missionaries to settle and preach in his town of Canterbury and before the end of the year he was converted and Augustine was consecrated bishop at Arles. At Christmas 10,000 of the king's subjects were baptized. Augustine sent a report of his success to Gregory with certain questions concerning his work. In 601 Mellitus, Justus and others brought the pope's replies, with the pallium for Augustine and a present of sacred vessels, vestments, relics, books, and the like. Gregory directed the new archbishop to ordain as soon as possible twelve suffragan bishops and to send a bishop to York, who should also have twelve suffragans — a plan which was not carried out, nor was the primatial see established at London as Gregory intended. Augustine consecrated Mellitus Bishop of London and Justus Bishop of Rochester. More practicable were the pope's mandates concerning heathen temples and usages: the former were to be consecrated to Christian service and the latter, so far as possible, to be transformed into dedication ceremonies or feasts of martyrs, since "he who would climb to a lofty height must go up by steps, not leaps" (letter of Gregory to Mellitus, in Bede, i, 30). Augustine reconsecrated and rebuilt an old church at Canterbury as his cathedral and founded a monastery in connection with it. He also restored a church and founded the monastery of St. Peter and St. Paul outside the walls. He is claimed to have founded The King's School, Canterbury, which would make it the world's oldest school; however there may be little more to this than that some teaching took place at the monastery. His attempts to effect a union with the old British Church in Wales failed. Category:Saints Category:History of Kent Category:Archbishops of Canterbury Augustine of Canterbury ja:カンタベリーのアウグスティヌス

The King's School, Canterbury

The King's School in Canterbury, Kent, is a co-educational public school with boarding and day pupils. It is said to have been founded in AD 597 by St. Augustine, making it the world's oldest school; however this claim may be based simply on the fact that St Augustine founded an abbey (within the current school's grounds) where some teaching took place. Enrolment is 780 pupils (425 boys and 355 girls), 329 in the Sixth Form. The school is located within the Precincts of Canterbury Cathedral and St Augustine's Abbey. The school has recently been subject to an inspection, and the results can be found [http://www.isinspect.org.uk/reports/2005/0593_05.htm here]. More recently, the Office of Fair Trading has found that the school is guilty of participating in a cartel colluding against parents to fix the level of their fees. This cartel includes approximately 50 other prominent UK public schools, including Eton and Sevenoaks Schools. The OFT stated that "regular and systematic exchange of confidential information as to intended fee increases was anti-competitive and resulted in parents being charged higher fees than would otherwise have been the case." The school, which chages fees of £23,280, now faces massive fines.

Notable alumni


- Michael Foale, astronaut
- David Gower, cricketer
- William Harvey, scientist
- Sir Tony Hoare, Computer Science Pioneer
- Patrick Leigh Fermor, travel writer
- Claudia G Kennaugh, singer
- Christopher Marlowe, playwright
- Michael Powell, film director
- Carol Reed, film director
- W. Somerset Maugham, novelist
- Christopher Watson-Shaw
- Jaquetta Wheeler, model
- Antony Worrall Thompson, TV chef

External link


- [http://www.kings-school.co.uk The King's School website] King's School, The Category:Schools established in the 6th century Category:Schools with Combined Cadet Forces

Canterbury

Canterbury is a cathedral city in the county of Kent in southeast England. Canterbury is the seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury, the primate of the Church of England.

History

Early history

There has been a settlement in Canterbury since prehistoric times. Bronze Age finds, and Neolithic round barrows have been discovered in the area; and before the Roman arrival Durovernum was the most important settlement in Kent. Canterbury (known in Latin as Durovernum Cantiacorum) became a Roman administrative centre: it lay at the junction of three roads from their ports of Regulbium (Reculver), Dubris (Dover) and Lemanis (Lympne); and it stood on what has become known as Watling Street. The city walls and one of the city gates remain. The name Canterbury derives from the Old English Cantwarebyrig, meaning "fortress of the men of Kent". The bury element is a form of borough, which has cognates in words and place names in virtually every Indo-European and Semitic language, as well as others. For a fuller explanation, see under borough.

Religious significance

borough In 596 Pope Gregory the Great, sent St Augustine to convert England to Christianity. This was the first ever papal mission, St Augustine built a priory on the site of the present cathedral precincts in 597 AD. He also built an abbey outside the city walls where he was buried: as were other early archbishops. Though St. Gregory had planned the division of England into two archbishoprics, one at London and one at York, St. Augustine's success at Canterbury explains how the southern archiepiscopal see came to be fixed there instead of at London. The first beginnings of the diocese are told by St. Bede (Hist. Eccl., I, xxxiii). "When Augustine, the first Archbishop of Canterbury, assumed the episcopal throne in that royal city, he recovered therein, by the King's assistance, a church which, as he was told, had been constructed by the original labour of Roman believers. This church he consecrated in the name of the Saviour, our God and Lord Jesus Christ, and there he established an habitation for himself and all his successors". The Ancient Diocese of Canterbury was the Mother-Church and Primatial See of All England, from 597 till the death of the last Catholic Archbishop, Cardinal Pole, in 1558. 1558 In the 16th Century the Church of England split from Rome under Henry VIII. St Augustine's Abbey was destroyed during the Dissolution of the Monasteries ordered by Henry VIII, although ruins remain. During this time Canterbury became the centre of the new Church of England, although a Catholic shrine remains. At the same time, the ancient religious school was refounded as the King's School. Canterbury Cathedral is the burial place of King Henry IV and of Edward the Black Prince, but is most famous as the scene of the murder of Thomas a Becket in 1170. As a result of this event, Canterbury became a major pilgrimage site, inspiring Geoffrey Chaucer to write The Canterbury Tales in 1387. The Hospital of St Thomas was a place of lodging for pilgrims in the city. The city is also associated with the family of Thomas More and was the birthplace of Christopher Marlowe. The city is also the start/finish point for many pilgrimage routes, such as the Via Francigena to Rome, and the Pilgrims' Way to Winchester.
- [http://www.canterburytrust.co.uk/schools/keysites/staug.htm A comprehensive article on the Abbey is here].

Later history

Winchester The city became a county corporate in 1461. French Protestant refugees settled in the city during the sixteenth century: here they introduced silk-making During World War II the city was severely damaged by bombing after it was selected as one of the cities in England to be targeted by the Luftwaffe in the Baedeker Blitz. In 1944 the city was celebrated by film directors Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger in their film A Canterbury Tale. Canterbury today is a major city for tourism with Canterbury Cathedral alone attracting 1.2 million visitors in 2001. It still contains many ancient buildings and modern building development within the medieval town centre is strictly regulated. As of 2004 the Whitefriars area is undergoing major redevelopment and the associated archeological research is called the "Big Dig".

Demographics


- Population (Census figures):
  - 1801: 9,500
  - 1861: 16,700
  - 1921: 18,900
  - 1961: 30,400
  - 2001: 42,258 Other statistics for 2001 include:
    - Ethnicity: 94% white. No other classification exceeds 2%
    - Area: 23.54 km²
    - Density: 1,795 / km²
      - Figures for 1801-1961 taken from Kent History Illustrated Frank W Jessup [KCC, 1966]

Government

km²]] The local government district City of Canterbury covers an area some 13 times larger than the city of Canterbury itself, and includes Herne Bay and Whitstable. The city contains the district wards of Barton, Northgate, St Stephens, Westgate and Wincheap, plus part of the University of Kent (which straddles the city boundary) in the otherwise rural Blean Forest ward. Since October 7, 2004 the 5 wards entirely within the city have been represented by 9 Liberal Democrat, 3 Conservative and 2 Labour councillors, out of the total 50 members of the district council. The south-western end of Canterbury comprises the parish of 'Thanington without', the rest of the city is unparished. The parliamentary constituency of Canterbury is represented in Parliament by the Conservative MP Julian Brazier, a Shadow Trade Minister. Canterbury itself is twinned with Reims in France, while the district participates in the Sister Cities programme with links to Bloomington-Normal, Illinois, USA, and Vladimir, Russia.

Transport

Railway

Canterbury has two railway stations, Canterbury West and Canterbury East, the services from these are operated by South Eastern Trains. Canterbury West is served primarily from London Charing Cross with limited services from Victoria as well as by trains to Ramsgate and Margate. Canterbury East is on the service from London Victoria (journey time around 88 minutes) to Dover. The West station was the earliest to be built. It was opened by the South Eastern Railway from Ashford on 6 February 1846; on 13 April the line to Ramsgate was completed. Canterbury East is the more central of the two stations, although it came later, being opened by the London, Chatham and Dover Railway on 9 July 1860. Canterbury was also the terminus of the Canterbury and Whitstable Railway which was a pioneer line, opened in 1830, and finally closed in 1953. The locomotive which originally worked the line, Invicta, is displayed at the Museum.

Road

Canterbury is by-passed by the main A2 London to Dover Road. It is about 45 miles from the junction with the M25 London orbital motorway, and 61 miles from central London. The other main road through Canterbury is the A28 from Ashford to Ramsgate and Margate. The hourly National Express coach service to and from Victoria Coach Station, which leaves from the main bus station is typically scheduled to take 110 minutes.

Educational establishments

The city has many students as it is home to several Higher Education institutions and other colleges. The University of Kent at Canterbury stands on a hill about two miles outside the city centre. Chaucer College is an independent graduate college for Japanese students within the campus of the University. Near the University of Kent is the Franciscan International Study Centre [http://www.franciscans.ac.uk], a place of study for the worldwide Franciscan Order. Canterbury Christ Church University [http://www.cant.ac.uk/] is located in the city as is one of the campuses of the University College for the Creative Arts. There is also the Further Education institution, Canterbury College. Independent secondary schools include St Edmund's School, Kent College, and the world's oldest school The King's School. State secondary schools include The Archbishop's School, the Simon Langton Grammar School for boys and girls, and the voluntary-aided St Anselm's Catholic School.

Sundry information

The Postcode for the Canterbury area is CT. The telephone area code is 01227. The city gave its name to a musical genre known as the Canterbury sound or Canterbury scene (a subgenre of Progressive Rock). The homeless charity the Scrine Foundation is based in Canterbury. Projects included work on the Street Life Theatre. Some of Canterbury's famous offspring include: Christopher Marlowe, Michael Powell, Orlando Bloom and Rupert Bear. Canterbury has three World Heritage sites. These are: Canterbury Cathedral, St. Augustine's Abbey and St. Martin's Church.

External links


- [http://www.canterbury.gov.uk/ Canterbury City Council]
- [http://www.canterbury.co.uk/ Canterbury Tourism]
- [http://www.canterbury-cathedral.org/ Canterbury Cathedral]
- [http://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/ Archbishop of Canterbury] - official website
- [http://www.marlowetheatre.com/ Marlowe Theatre]
- [http://www.canterburytales.org.uk/ The Canterbury Tales]
- [http://www.canterburytrust.co.uk/ Canterbury Archaeological Trust]
- [http://www.thanington-pc.gov.uk/ Parish Council of Thanington Without]
- [http://www.channel4.com/history/timeteam/canterbury.html TimeTeam: Canterbury Big Dig]
- [http://www.scrine.org/ The Scrine Foundation]
- [http://www.hillside.co.uk/tour/tour.html Peter Collinson, "The Canterbury Tour"]: virtual tour, with historical and archeological references
- [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/496 UNESCO World Heritage Centre] - World Heritage profile for Canterbury
- [http://www.kent.ac.uk]- University of Kent Category:Towns in Kent simple:Canterbury

Emperor Kotoku

Emperor Kōtoku (孝徳天皇 Kōtoku Tennō) (596? - November 24, 654) was the 36th imperial ruler of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He ruled from July 12, 645 until his death in 654. His name in birth was Prince Karu. He enacted the Taika Reform Edicts. He was a descendant of Emperor Bidatsu. He was a son of Chinu no ōkimi (Prince Chinu) by Kibihime no ōkimi (Princess Kibihime). Empress Kōgyoku was his elder sister from same parents. Chinu was a son of Prince Oshisaka hikohito no ōe whose father was the Emperor Bidatsu. He had at least three consorts including his Empress, Hashihito no Himemiko (Princess Hashihito), the daughter of Emperor Jomei and his sister Empress Kōgyoku. In 645 he ascended to the throne two days after Prince Naka no Ōe assassinated Soga no Emishi in the court of Kogyooku. Kogyoku abdicated in favor of his son and crown prince, Naka no Ōe, but Naka no Ōe insisted Kōtoku should ascend to the throne instead. According to Nihonshoki he was of gentle personality and was favor in Buddhism. In 645 he created a new city in Naniwa province and moved the capital from Yamato province to this new city. The new capital had a sea port and was good for foreign trade and diplomatic activities. In 653 Kotoku sent an embassy to Sui dynasty, but not all ships could reach China because of wrecking. Naka no Ōe held the rank of crown prince and was the de facto leader of the government. In 653 Naka no Ōe proposed to move the capital again to Yamato province. Kotoku denied. Naka no Ōe ignored the emperor's policy and moved to the former province. Many courtiers and loyals in the court including Empress Hashihito followed him. Kotoku was left in the palace. In the next year he died because of illness. After his death, Naka no Ōe wouldn't ascend to the throne soon but his mother and the sister of Kotoku, the former Empress Kogyoku ascended to the throne under another name, Saimei.

Notes

Notes

#November 24, 654 corresponds to the Tenth Day of the Tenth Month of 654 (kōin) of the traditional lunisolar calendar used in Japan until 1873. #July 12, 645 corresponds to the Fourteenth Day of the Sixth Month of 645 (isshi). Kotoku Kotoku Kotoku ja:孝徳天皇

Saint Columba

:A separate article is titled Saint Columba (the Virgin). :A separate article is titled Saint Columba of Sens . :A separate article is titled Saint Columba of Spain . :A separate article is titled Columba (constellation). :See Columba (genus) for the genus of doves and pigeons. Saint Columba sometimes known as St. Columba of Iona (7 December 521 - 9 June 597), the Latinized version of the Irish name Colmcille (Old Irish Columb Cille) meaning "Dove of the church", was the outstanding figure among the Irish missionary monks who reintroduced Christianity to Scotland and the north of England during the Dark Ages. He was born to Fedhlimidh and Eithne of the Uí Néill clan in Gartan, near Lough Gartan, Donegal. On his father's side he was great-great-grandson of Niall of the Nine Hostages, an Irish king of the 5th century. He became a monk and was ordained priest. Tradition asserts that, sometime around 560, he became involved in a dispute with Saint Finnian over a psalter. Columba copied the manuscript at the scriptorium under Saint Finnian, intending to keep the copy. Saint Finnian disputed his right to keep the copy. The dispute eventually led to the pitched Battle of Cúl Dreimhne in 561, during which many men were killed. (Columba's copy of the psalter has been traditionally associated with the Cathach of St. Columba.) As penance for these deaths, Columba suggested that he work as a missionary in Scotland to help convert as many people as had been killed in the battle. He exiled himself from Ireland and never again saw his native island. In 563 he travelled to Scotland, where according to his legend he first landed at the southern tip of the Kintyre peninsula, near Southend. However, being still in sight of his native land he moved further north up the west coast of Scotland. In 563 he was granted land to found a monastery on the island of Iona off the west coast of Scotland, which became the centre of his evangelising mission to Scotland. Aside from the services he provided guiding the only outpost of literacy in the region, his reputation as a holy man led to his role as a diplomat among the tribes; there are also many stories of miracles which he performed during his work to convert the Picts. The main source of information about Columba's life is the Vita Colum Cille by Adomnán, the ninth Abbot of Iona, who died in 704. Another early source is a poem in praise of Columba, most probably also composed in the course of the 7th century. It consists of 25 stanzas of four verses of seven syllables each. Without these commemorations, Columba would be merely a shadowy name, like St Mael Rhuba, established at Applecross, or St. Donnan, who was martyred on the Isle of Eigg. The earliest recorded example of the name Arthur in a British document occurs, as Arturius, in Adomnan's vita. There it occurs as the name of a prince among the Scots, the son of Aidan, king from AD 574, far from the legendary King Arthur's familiar haunts in the southwest. The vita of Columba is also the source of the first known reference to the Loch Ness Monster. According to Adomnan Columba came across a group of Picts who were burying a man killed by the monster, and saved a swimmer with the sign of the Cross and the imprecation "You will go no further", at which the beast fled terrified, to the amazement of the assembled Picts who glorified Columba's God. Through the reputation of its venerable founder and its position as a major European center of learning, Columba's Iona became a place of pilgrimage. A network of Celtic high crosses marking processional routes developed around his shrine at Iona. Columba’s relics were finally removed in 849 and divided between Alba and Ireland. Relics of Columba were carried before Scottish armies in the reliquary made at Iona in the mid-8th century, called the Brechbennoch. O Columba spes Scotorum... "O Columba, hope of the Scots" begins a 13th century prayer in the Antiphoner of Inchcolm, the "Iona of the East". St Columba's feast day is June 9 and with Saint Patrick, March 17, and St. Brigid, February 1, is one of the three patron saints of Ireland.

See also


- Columbanus, contemporary of Columba's.
- Columba Initiative

External links


- [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04136a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia:] St. Columba
- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/earlychurch/features_earlychurch_iona.shtml BBC: St Columba]
- [http://jahtruth.net/lecture.htm Columba of Kells and Iona]
- [http://www.loch-ness-scotland.com/projectfolder/centreprojectcopy/archiveroom/papershtml/columba.htm Vita:] the River Nes water monster
- [http://www.cyberscotia.com/inchcolm/index.html "Inchcolm, Iona of the East"] Category:521 births Category:597 deaths Category:Saints Category:Post-Roman Scotland Category:Irish monks Category:History of Ireland Category:Medieval Gaels Category:History of Scotland Category:Medieval Scotland ja:コルンバ

Fredegund

Fredegund, or Frédégonde, (d. 597) was the Queen consort of Chilperic I, the Merovingian Frankish king of Soissons. Originally a servant, Fredegund became Chilperic's mistress after he had murdered his wife and queen, Galswintha (c. 568). But Galswintha's sister, Brunhilda, in revenge against Chilperic, began a feud which lasted more than 40 years. Fredegund is said to be responsible for the assassination of Sigebert I in 575 and made attempts on the lives of Guntram (her brother-in-law and the king of Burgundy), Childebert II (Sigebert's son), and Brunhilda. After the mysterious assassination of Chilperic (584), Fredegund seized his riches and took refuge in the cathedral at Paris. Both she and her surviving son, Clotaire II, were protected by Guntram until he died in 592. Said to be ruthlessly murderous and sadistically cruel, Fredegund perhaps has few rivals in monstrousness. And although she did not live to see it, her son's execution of Brunhilda bore the mark of Fredegund's hatred: Clotaire had the old queen, now in her sixties, stretched in agony upon the rack for three entire days, then watched her meet her death chained between four horses that were goaded to the four points of the compass, tearing her body asunder. Category:6th century births Category:597 deaths Category:Frankish people Category:Queen consorts

Zhiyi

Zhiyi (智顗 Wade-Giles: Chih-i; Jp: Chigi) (538–597) is traditionally listed as the fourth patriarch, but actually is the founder of the Tiantai sect of Buddhism in China. Zhiyi is famous for being the first in the history of Chinese Buddhism to elaborate a complete, critical and systematic classification of the Buddhist teachings, in order to explain the seemingly contradictory doctrines of Buddhism. He is also regarded as the first major figure to make a significant break from the Indian tradition, to form an indigenous Chinese system. Born with the surname Chen (陳) in Huarong, Jing Prefecture (荊州華容), Zhiyi left home to become a monk at eighteen. At 23, he received his most important influences from his first teacher, Nanyue Huisi (慧思) (515-677), a meditation master who would later be listed as Zhiyi's predecessor in the Tiantai lineage. After a period of study with Huisi, he spend some time working in the southern capital of Jinling (金陵), after which he retired to Tiantai mountain for intensive study and practice with a group of disciples, adapting the Indian meditation practice of zhiguan into his system. Among his many important works are the Mohe Zhiguan and the Liu Miaofamen. Of the works attributed to him (although many may have been written by his disciples), about thirty are extant.

External links


- [http://www.acmuller.net/cgi-bin/search-ddb4.pl?Terms=智顗 Digital Dictionary of Buddhism] (log in with userID "guest")
- [http://www.shjas.com/file/fjzs/gsdd/zy.htm biography in Chinese] Category:538 births Category:597 deaths Category:Buddhist philosophers Category:Tiantai ja:智ギ

Tiantai

Tiantai (天台宗, Wade-Giles: T'ien T'ai) is one of the thirteen schools of Buddhism in China and Japan, also called the Lotus Sutra School because of its emphasis on the supremacy of that scripture. It was founded by Zhiyi (智顗, Wade-Giles: Chih-I) (538-597) during the Sui dynasty in China. Tiantai is a Mahāyāna school established at Tiantai mountain. The official line of transmission lists the Indian scholar Nagarjuna and Chinese monks Huiwen and Huisi as Zhiyi's predecessors, although modern scholars believe that Zhiyi was in fact the sect's founder. The sixth patriarch, Jingqi helped popularized the sect through his commentaries on the writings of these three figures. The development of the Tiantai school reflected a response to a growing challenge among Chinese Buddhists. Chinese pilgrims and translators had gathered and translated a huge body of Buddhist scruptures from India. Due to the vagaries of ancient travel and communications, these texts were often collected in a very eclectic- or even haphazard- manner. Collections of texts were often gathered from multiple schools of Buddhist philosophy. Incomplete collections were imported, without awareness that significant texts were missing. Texts separated by generations of philosophical development were lumped together as contemporaries. As more and more scriptures were made available, it became increasingly clear that many of these texts could not possibly be reconciled with one another. Chinese scholars wondered how the Buddha could have possibly taught all of these seemingly contradictory ideas- and more importantly, which practice or belief the Buddha had intended them to follow. Zhiyi's response was to organize all existing Nikaya and Mahayana sutras into five periods and eight types of teachings, comprising his view of the various levels of teaching revealed by the Buddha. Certain texts had been taught early in the Buddha's career, when his followers were not ready to hear the 'ultimate' truth. These teachings (the Agamas) were an upaya, or skillful means, an example of the Buddha using his supernatural skill as a teacher to lead human beings towards the truth. Later teachings- which had been given to more advanced followers, or delivered to various divine beings (typically devas or Nagas)- represented a more complete and accuracte picture of the Buddha's true teachings, and did away with some of the philosophical 'crutches' introduced for the benefit of the ignorant in earlier periods. Zhiyi's schema culminated with the Lotus Sutra, which he held to be the supreme synthesis of Buddhist doctrine. The Lotus Sutra also suggested the classification system ultimately employed by Zhiyi- the Sutra held that followers of the Hinayana schools were actually just as much on the bodhisattva path as the followers of the Mahayana- they were just unable to rightly perceive their ultimate goal. Tiantai thus became doctrinally broad, able to absorb and give rise to other movements within Buddhism. Zhiyi emphasized both scriptural study and practice, and taught the rapid attainment of Buddhahood through observing the mind. He also took up a principle of triple truth derived from Nagarjuna:
- All things are void and without essential reality.
- All things have a provisional reality.
- All things are both absolutely unreal and provisionally real at once. The transient world of phenomena is thus seen as one with the unchanging, undifferentiated ground of existence. This doctrine was elaborated in a complex cosmology of 3000 interpenetrating realms of existence. Most scholars regard the Tiantai as the first truly Chinese school of Buddhist thought. The schools of Buddhism that had existed in China prior to the emergence of the Tiantai are generally believed to represent direct transplantations from India, with little modification to their basic doctrines and methods. The creation of the Tiantai school signified the maturation and integration of Buddhism in the Chinese context. No longer content to simply translate texts received from Indian sources, Chinese Buddhists began to apply new analyses to old texts, and even to produce new scriptures and commentaries that would attain significant status within the East Asian sphere. The Tiantai emphasis on the Lotus Sutra would be developed and expanded by the Japanese monk Nichiren, giving rise to Nichiren Buddhism- a school of Buddhism seen by some scholars as playing a similar role in Japan to that of the Tiantai school in China.

See also


- Cheontae for Tiantai in Korea
- Tendai for Tiantai in Japan
- Chinese Buddhism

References


- Brook Ziporyn, Tiantai School in Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Robert E. Buswell, Ed., McMillan USA, New York, NY, 2004. ISBN 0028659104.

External link


- [http://www.acmuller.net/cgi-bin/search-ddb4.pl?Terms=天台 Digital Dictionary of Buddhism] (log in with userID "guest") Category:Branches of Buddhism ja:天台宗

Gerstmann Sträussler Scheinker syndrome

Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is a very rare, usually familial, neurodegenerative disease that affects patients in the third to seventh decades of life. It is one of the few diseases which are caused by prions. The exact incidence of GSS is unknown but is estimated to be between 1 to 10 per 100 million. Familial cases are associated with autosomal dominance inheritance in families. A change in codon 102 from proline to leucine was found in the PrP gene of affected individuals. Therefore, it appears this genetic change is essential for the acquisition of the disease.

External links


- [http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=25941 Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome], MedicineNet.com Category:Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

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