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Admiralty Islands

Admiralty Islands

:For the island in Alaska, see Admiralty Island. The Admiralty Islands are a group of 18 islands in the Bismarck Archipelago. These are also sometimes called the Manus Islands, named after the largest island. The islands form part of Manus Province of Papua New Guinea. The total area is 2100 km². The larger islands in the group include Manus Island, Los Negros Island, Tong Island, Pak Island, Rambutyo Island, Lau Island, St Andrews Islands, Baluan Island, and Ndrova Island. Many of the islands are atolls and uninhabited.

Climate and Ecology

The temperature of the Admiralty Islands varies little throughout the year, reaching daily highs of 30-32°C and 20-24°C at night. Average annual rainfall is 3,382 mm and is somewhat seasonal, with June-August being the wettest months. Manus reaches an elevation of 700m and is volcanic in origin and probably broke through the ocean's surface in the late Miocene, 8-10 million years ago. The substrate of the island is either directly volcanic or from uplifted coral limestone. The vegetation is broadly described as lowland tropical rain forest.

External links

- [http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/aa/aa0101_full.html Admiralty Islands lowland rain forests (World Wildlife Fund)] Category:Islands of Papua New Guinea Category:Ecoregions Category:Volcanoes of Papua New Guinea ja:アドミラルティ諸島

Admiralty Island

:This article is not about the Admiralty Islands in the southern Pacific Ocean. Admiralty Island or Kootznoowoo is an island in the Alexander Archipelago in southeastern Alaska, at . It is 4310 km² (1,664 sq. miles) in area. It is 145 km (90 miles) long and 56 km (25 miles) wide. Angoon is the only settlement on the island. Category:Islands of Alaska

Island

in New York, USA]] An island or isle is any piece of land that is completely surrounded by water. Very small islands are called islets. Although seldom adhered to, it is also proper to call an emergent land feature on an atoll an islet, since an atoll is a type of island. A key or cay is also another name for a relatively small island. Groups of related islands are called archipelagos. There are three main types of islands: continental islands, river islands, and volcanic islands. There are also some artificial islands. The word island derives ultimately from the Old English word igland. It was originally spelled phonetically: iland. The letter "s" was added out of the mistaken belief that it derived from isle (< Old French < Latin insula) + land, where no such etymological relationship existed.

Continental islands

Continental islands are bodies of land that are connected by the continental shelf to a continent. That is, these islands are part of an adjacent continent and are located on the continental shelf of that continent. Examples include Greenland and Sable Island off North America, Barbados and Trinidad off South America, Sicily off Europe, Sumatra and Java off Asia, New Guinea and Tasmania off Australia. A special type of continental island is the microcontinental island, which results when a continent is rifted. The best example is Madagascar off Africa. The Kerguelen Islands and some of the Seychelles are also examples. Another subtype is the barrier island: accumulations of sand on the continental shelf.

River islands

River islands occur in river deltas and in large rivers. They are caused by deposition of sediment at points in the flow where the current loses some of its carrying capacity. In essence, they are river bars, isolated in the stream. While some are ephemeral, and may disappear if the river's water volume or speed changes, others are stable and long-lived.

Volcanic islands

Volcanic islands are built by volcanoes. Mid-ocean examples are not geologically part of any continent. One type of volcanic island is found in a volcanic island arc. These islands arise from volcanoes where the subduction of one plate under another is occurring. Examples include the Mariana Islands, the Aleutian Islands, and most of Tonga in the Pacific Ocean. Some of the Lesser Antilles and the South Sandwich Islands are the only Atlantic Ocean examples. Another type of volcanic island occurs where an oceanic rift reaches the surface. There are two examples: Iceland, which is the world's largest volcanic island, and Jan Mayen—both are in the Atlantic. The last type of volcanic island are those formed over volcanic hotspots. A hot spot is more or less stationary relative to the moving tectonic plate above it, so a chain of islands results as the plate drifts. Over long periods of time, this type of island is eventually eroded down and "drowned" by isostatic adjustment, becoming a seamount. Plate movement across a hot-spot produces a line of islands oriented in the direction of the plate movement. An example is the Hawaiian Islands, from Hawaii to Kure, which then extends beneath the sea surface in a more northerly direction as the Emperor Seamounts. Another chain with similar orientation is the Tuamotu Archipelago; its older, northerly trend is the Line Islands. The southernmost chain is the Austral Islands, with its northerly trending part the atolls in the nation of Tuvalu. Tristan da Cunha is an example of a hotspot volcano in the Atlantic Ocean. An atoll is an island formed from a coral reef that has grown on an eroded and submerged volcanic island. The reef rises above the surface of the water and forms a new island. Atolls are typically ring-shaped with a central, shallow lagoon. Examples include the Maldives in the Indian Ocean and Bora Bora in the Pacific.

External links

- [http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part8.htm Definition of island] from United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Category:Islands Category:Landforms zh-min-nan:Tó-sū ko:섬 ms:Pulau ja:島 simple:Island th:เกาะ

Manus Province

Manus Province is the smallest province in Papua New Guinea with a land area of 2100km², but with more than 220,000km² of water. The capital of the province is Lorengau and the total population is approximately 38,000. The province is made up of the Admiralty Islands (a group of 18 islands in the Bismarck Archipelago) and Wuvulu Island and nearby atolls in the west. The largest islands in the group include Manus Island where Lorengau is located.

Economy

The primary industries are coconut cultivation and pearl fishing. Among scuba divers, the Islands have a reputation as a good diving destination with colorful marine life, coral reefs, shipwrecks, and clear water.

History

The province became a German protectorate in 1880 and an Australian mandate in 1920. During World War II the occupied by the Japanese who established a small base in April 1942 near the village of Rossun on Manus Island. They also built the first landing strip entirely by manpower at the eastern Point of Los Negros Island in Momote. On February 29, 1944 during World War II, the Admiralty Islands were invaded in Operation Brewer led by American General Douglas MacArthur. The Americans quickly built a big base at Seeadler Harbor, including harbour, wharves and an airbase, which became an important base for the further war operations in New Guinea as well as on the Philippines. Long abandoned, these bases are in a state of rusted decay.

External links

- [http://www.manusisland.com Manus Island] Category:Provinces of Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea

:For other uses of PNG, see PNG (disambiguation) The Independent State of Papua New Guinea (informally, Papua New Guinea or PNG) is a country in Oceania, occupying the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous offshore islands. (The Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Irian Jaya occupy the western half of the island of New Guinea.) It is located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, in a region defined since the early 19th century as Melanesia. Its capital and one of its few major cities is Port Moresby. It is one of the most diverse countries on Earth. There are over 700 indigenous languages and at least as many indigenous societies, out of a population of just over 5 million. It is also one of the most rural, with only 18% living in urban centres. The majority of the population live in indigenous societies and practice subsistence-based agriculture. These societies and clans have some degree of distinct acknowledgement within the nation's constitutional framework. The PNG Constitution (Preamble 5(4)) expresses the wish for traditional villages and communities to remain as viable units of Papua New Guinean society, and for active steps to be taken in their preservation. The PNG legislature has enacted various laws in which a type of tenure called "customary land title" is recognised, meaning that the traditional lands of the indigenous peoples have some legal basis to inalienable tenure. This customary land notionally covers most of the usable land in the country (some 97% of total land area); the remainder is either in private freehold or the property of the PNG Government. Its geography is similarly diverse, and in places extremely rugged. A spine of mountains runs the length of the island of New Guinea, forming a populous highlands region. Dense rainforests can be found in the lowland and coastal areas. This terrain has made it difficult for the country to develop transportation infrastructure. In some areas, planes are the only mode of transport. After being colonized by three external powers since 1888, Papua New Guinea gained its independence in 1975.

History

Human remains have been found on New Guinea which have been dated to ca. 60,000 years ago. These ancient inhabitants probably had their origins in Southeast Asia and established an agriculture-based civilization. Little was known in the West about the island until the 19th Century, although European explorers had discovered the island in the 16th century. The country was named in the 19th century; the word "Papua" is derived from a Malay word describing the frizzy Melanesian hair, and "New Guinea" was the name coined by a Portuguese or Spanish explorer because of the population's resemblance to that of Guinea in Africa. The northern half of the country came into German hands in the late 19th Century as German New Guinea. During World War I, it was occupied by Australia, which also administered the southern part as Papua (formerly British New Guinea). The two territories were combined into the Territory of Papua and New Guinea, and later simply referred to as "Papua New Guinea". Independence from Australia occurred in September of 1975. A secessionist revolt which claimed 20,000 lives raged on the island of Bougainville from 1988 until it was resolved in 1997. Autonomous Bougainville recently elected Joseph Kabui as president.

Politics

Papua New Guinea is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and Queen Elizabeth II is the head of state. She is represented in Papua New Guinea by the Governor General who is currently Sir Paulias Matane. Actual executive power lies with the Prime Minister, who heads the cabinet. The unicameral parliament has 109 seats, of which 20 are occupied by the governors of the 20 provinces. The members of parliament are elected every five years. Elections in PNG attract large numbers of candidates. Since independence in 1975, members have been elected by the first past the post system, with winners frequently gaining less than 15% of the vote. Electoral reforms in 2001 introduced the Limited Preferential Vote system (LPV), a modified version of the Alternative Vote. The first general election to be conducted using LPV will be held in 2007.

Provinces

Alternative Vote Papua New Guinea is divided into nineteen provinces and the National Capital District:

Geography

province Papua New Guinea is mostly mountainous (highest peak: Mount Wilhelm at 4,509 m/14,793 ft) and covered with rain forest; there are small plains along the coast. Situated along a fault line, earthquakes and the resultant tsunamis are relatively common in Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea is one of the regions closest to the equator that experience snowfall, which occurs in the elevated regions. The largest area of the country is on New Guinea where the largest cities are also located, including the capital Port Moresby, Lae and Mount Hagen; major islands belonging to Papua New Guinea include New Ireland, New Britain and Bougainville.

Ecology

PNG is part of the Australasia ecozone, which also includes Australia, New Zealand, eastern Indonesia, and several Pacific island groups, including the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. Geologically, the island of New Guinea is a northern extension of the Indo-Australian tectonic plate, forming part of a single landmass Australia-New Guinea (also called Sahul or Meganesia). It is connected to the Australian segment by a shallow continental shelf across the Torres Strait, which in former ages had lain exposed as a land bridge - particularly during ice ages when sea levels were lower than at present. Consequently, many species of birds and mammals found on New Guinea have close genetic links with corresponding species found in Australia. One notable feature in common for the two landmasses is the existence of several species of Marsupial mammals, including some kangaroos and possums, which are not found elsewhere. Many of the other islands within PNG territory, including New Britain, New Ireland, Bougainville, the Admiralty Islands, the Trobriand Islands, and the Louisiade Archipelago, were never linked to New Guinea by land bridges, and they lack many of the land mammals and flightless birds that are common to New Guinea and Australia. Australia and New Guinea are portions of the ancient supercontinent of Gondwana, which started to break into smaller continents in the Cretaceous era, 130-65 million years ago. Australia finally broke free from Antarctica about 45 million years ago. All the Australasian lands are home to the Antarctic flora, descended from the flora of southern Gondwana, including the coniferous podocarps and Araucaria pines, and the broadleafed southern beech (Nothofagus). These plant families are still present in Papua New Guinea. As the Indo-Australian Plate (includes landmasses of India, Australia, and the Indian Ocean floor in-between) drifts north, it collides with the Eurasian Plate, and the collision of the two plates pushed up the Himalayas, the Indonesian islands, and New Guinea's Central Range. The Central Range is much younger and higher than the mountains of Australia; so high that it is home to rare equatorial glaciers. New Guinea is part of the humid tropics, and many Indomalayan rainforest plants spread across the narrow straits from Asia, mixing together with the old Australian and Antarctic floras. Indomalaya PNG includes a number of terrestrial ecoregions:
- Admiralty Islands lowland rain forests
- Central Range montane rain forests
- Huon Peninsula montane rain forests
- Louisiade Archipelago rain forests
- New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests
- New Britain-New Ireland montane rain forests
- Northern New Guinea lowland rain and freshwater swamp forests
- Northern New Guinea montane rain forests
- Solomon Islands rain forests (includes Bougainville and Buka)
- Southeastern Papuan rain forests
- Southern New Guinea freshwater swamp forests
- Southern New Guinea lowland rain forests
- Trobriand Islands rain forests
- Trans Fly savanna and grasslands
- Central Range sub-alpine grasslands

Economy

Central Range sub-alpine grasslands Papua New Guinea is richly endowed with natural resources, but exploitation has been hampered by rugged terrain and the high cost of developing infrastructure. Agriculture provides a subsistence livelihood for 85% of the population. Mineral deposits, including oil, copper, and gold, account for 72% of export earnings. Former Prime Minister Sir Mekere Morauta had tried to restore integrity to state institutions, stabilize the kina, restore stability to the national budget, privatize public enterprises where appropriate, and ensure ongoing peace on Bougainville. The Morauta government had considerable success in attracting international support, specifically gaining the backing of the IMF and the World Bank in securing development assistance loans. Significant challenges face the current Prime Minister Sir Michael Somare, including gaining further investor confidence, continuing efforts to privatize government assets, and maintaining the support of members of Parliament. The third quarter (September, 2004) Reserve Bank Report by the Governor of Bank of PNG showed positive economic stance by the Government, with inflation at zero.

Demographics

Sir Michael Somare] All three major ethnic groups in the Pacific Ocean, Melanesians, Micronesians and Polynesians are represented in Papua New Guinea. Chinese, Europeans and Australians also reside in the country. There are three official languages for Papua New Guinea, in addition to over 700 indigenous Papuan and Melanesian languages (an incredible 10% of the world's total languages). English is an official language, although few people speak it. Most people speak the creole language Tok Pisin as a lingua franca. (Much of the debate in Parliament and many newspapers are conducted in Tok Pisin.) In the southern region of Papua, people may use the third official language, Hiri Motu, rather than Tok Pisin. With an average of only 7000 speakers per language, Papua has a greater density of languages than any other nation on earth except Vanuatu. See the [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=PG SIL Ethnologue] for more information on the diverse range of languages. About one third of the population adheres to indigenous beliefs, while the rest are Christians. Of these, about one third are Roman Catholic and the remainder are divided among several Protestant denominations. PNG has the highest incidence of HIV and AIDS in the Pacific region and is the fourth country in the Asia Pacific region to fit the criteria for a generalised HIV/AIDS epidemic. [http://www.ausaid.gov.au/country/png/hivaids.cfm]

Culture

The culture of Papua New Guinea is many-sided and complex. It is estimated that more than 1000 different cultural groups exist in PNG. Because of this diversity, many different styles of cultural expression have emerged; each group has created its own expressive forms in art, dance, weaponry, costumes, singing, music, architecture and much more. architecture Most of these different cultural groups have their own language. People typically live in villages which rely on subsistence farming. To balance their diets, they go hunting and collect wild plants (such as yams roots) for food. Those who become skilled at hunting, farming and fishing earn a great deal of respect in Papua New Guinea. On the Sepik River, a group of indigenous people is known for their wood carvings. They create forms of plants or animals, because they believe these are their ancestors. Even though sea shells are no longer the currency of Papua New Guinea - sea shells were abolished as currency in 1933 - this heritage is still present in local customs; to get a bride, a groom must bring a certain amount of golden-edged clam shells. [http://www.cedarville.edu/academics/education/resource/geo/countries/papuang/culture.htm] People of the highlands engage in colorful local rituals that are called "sing sings". They paint themselves and dress up with feathers, pearls and animal skins to represent birds, trees or mountain spirits. Sometimes an important event, such as a legendary battle, would be enacted at such a musical festival. (See also Music of Papua New Guinea) Sport is an important part of PNG culture. At national and international levels, PNG has particularly strong teams in Australian rules football (including the second most players of any country in the world) and Rugby league which is considered the national sport.

Religion

The courts and government practice uphold the constitutional right to freedom of speech, thought, and belief, and no legislation to curb those rights has been adopted. The 2000 census showed 96 percent of citizens were members of a Christian church, and many citizens combine their Christian faith with some pre-Christian traditional indigenous practices. The churches with the largest number of members are the Roman Catholic Church (with 30% of the population), the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Papua New Guinea, the United Church of Papua New Guinea, and the Seventh-day Adventists. The Pentecostal churches and charismatic movement are also present. Minority religions include the Bahá'í Faith (15,000 Bahá'ís) and Islam (1,000 to 2,000 Muslims). Non-traditional Christian churches and non-Christian religious groups are active throughout the country. The Papua New Guinea Council of Churches has stated that both Muslim and Confucian missionaries are active, and foreign missionary activity in general is high. Traditional religions were animist and also tended to have elements of ancestor worship. For more information, see the article on the Korowa of Papua.

Miscellaneous topics

Papua
- Airlines of Papua New Guinea
- :Category:Education in Papua New Guinea
- Communications in Papua New Guinea
- Foreign relations of Papua New Guinea
- List of cities in Papua New Guinea
- List of Papua New Guineans
- Military of Papua New Guinea
- Tourism of Papua New Guinea
- Transportation in Papua New Guinea
- University of Papua New Guinea

References

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External links

- [http://www.pnggossip.com A newsletter dealing with news and gossip about PNG]
- [http://www.janeresture.com/png_home/index.htm Jane's Papua New Guinea Home Page]
- [http://map.mineral.gov.pg/ Interactive maps of Papua New Guinea]
- [http://www.pngonline.gov.pg/ Papua New Guinea Government Online]
- [http://portmoresby.anglican.org Port Moresby Anglican Diocese Web Site]
- [http://www.michie.net/pngindex.html Trevor's Papua New Guinea Information Pages] Category:Monarchies Category:Oceanic countries
- zh-min-nan:Papua Sin Guinea ko:파푸아 뉴기니 ms:Papua New Guinea ja:パプアニューギニア th:ประเทศปาปัวนิวกินี

Manus Island

Manus Island is part of Manus Province in Papua New Guinea and is the largest island of the Admiralty Islands. It has a population of approximately 33,000. It is covered in rugged jungles, and has a highest point of 700 metres above sea level. The capital of Manus Province, Lorengau is located on Manus Island. It is also known as Rambutyo Island.

History

In 1942 Japan established a military base, only to be driven away by the Americans who arrived in 1944. American anthropologist Margaret Mead lived on Manus before and after the war and detailed the account in the book "Growing up in New Guinea". The main island of Admiralty Islands is known as Manus Island. The smaller outer islands has its own names, e.g Baluan, Lou, Rambutyo, Pak, Tong, Nauna Islands. The airport is located on an island called "Los Negros" named after the American Negro Soldiers from Los Angeles. A bridge connects Momote Airport and the main land and town Lorengau. A detention centre was built on Manus Island in 2001 as part of Australia's Pacific Solution. The last inmate was Aladdin Sisalem, who was kept in solitary confinement from July 2003, until he was finally granted asylum in Australia in June 2004. Category:Islands of Papua New Guinea

Rambutyo Island

History

Baluan Island

Baluan Island is the southern most island of the Admiralty Islands group which make up the majority of Manus Province in Papua New Guinea. It is formed from an extinct volcano. The most famous Baluanian was Sir Paliau Moloat (1893-1991), who was elected as the First National Member of Assembley for Manus Province in 1964. He died in 1991 and is buried on Baluan. Category:Islands of Papua New Guinea

Atolls

. Its lagoon is shallower than is the case for most atolls (thus, the light blue color in this satellite image{

Category:Ecoregions

Ecoregions are defined by the World Wildlife Fund as "relatively large units of land or water containing a distinct assemblage of natural communities and species, with boundaries that approximate the original extent of natural communities prior to major land-use change". Category:Ecology Category:Regions

Category:Volcanoes of Papua New Guinea

Category:Geography of Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea

Lägeren

Die Lägern (seltener: der Lägern, veraltet auch Lägeren) ist ein langgezogener schmaler Höhenrücken zwischen Baden und Dielsdorf in den Schweizer Kantonen Aargau und Zürich. Es handelt sich um einen nordöstlichen Ausläufer der Jurakette. Die Lägern besteht aus Kalkstein, vor allem aus Malmkalk, der bei Baden (Schartenfels, wie das darüber befindliche Restaurant) und auf dem Grat freiliegt. Ansonsten ist der ganze Berg bewaldet. Die höchsten Punkte sind das Wettingerhorn (802 m), das Burghorn (859 m) und die Hochwacht (856 m). Hochwacht Bei der Hochwacht liegt die Ruine Alt-Lägern, nahe Dielsdorf in einer Höhe von 600 Metern auf einem Felssporn das Städtchen Regensberg. Neuere Bauten sind in Wettingen das Schlossrestaurant Schartenfels, sowie die Radarkuppel der Schweizer Flugsicherung Skyguide auf der Hochwacht. Am Nordhang der Lägern, in Oberehrendingen wurde in der so genannten Gipsgrube bis 1901 Gips abgebaut, in Steinmaur bei Dielsdorf werden heute noch Steine gebrochen.

Höhenweg

Zwischen Baden und Dielsdorf verläuft ein Höhenweg der ein Teilstück des Jurahöhenweges ist. Die etwa vierstündige Wanderung ist besonders an Wochenenden sehr beliebt, obwohl der Weg nicht besonders gut ausgebaut ist und die Aussicht meistens durch den Wald verstellt wird.

Literatur

- Rolf Meier und Bruno Meier (Hg.): Die Lägern - eine Gratwanderung. Verlag hier + jetzt. 2003. Kategorie:Berg in der Schweiz Kategorie:Zürich (Kanton) Kategorie:Aargau (Kanton)

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