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Andover, Massachusetts

Andover, Massachusetts

right Andover is a town located in Essex County, Massachusetts. It was incorporated in 1646 and as of the 2000 census had a total population of 31,247. For additional geographic and demographic information on the central settlement within Andover, which is a census-designated place, see the article Andover (CDP), Massachusetts. It provides details for the village that are included in the aggregate numbers reported here.

History

Establishment and Incorporation

In 1634, the Great and General Court of Massachusetts set aside a portion of land in what is now Essex County for an inland plantation, including parts of what is now Andover, North Andover and South Lawrence. In order to encourage settlement, early colonists were offered three years' immunity from taxes, levies and services (except military service) as inducements to settle in the Andover area. The first permanent settlement in the Andover area was established in 1641 by John Woodbridge and a group of settlers from Newbury and Ipswich. Ipswich Shortly after they arrived, they purchased a peice of land from the local Pennacook tribal chief Cutshamache for the price of "six pounds of currency and a coat" and on the condition that Roger, a local Pennacook man, would still be allowed to plant his corn and take alewives from a local water source. Roger's Brook, a small stream which cuts through the eastern part of town, is named in his honor. In May of 1646 the settlement was incorporated as a town in and was named Andover. This name was likely chosen in honor of the town of Andover in England, which was near the original home of some of the first residents. The first recorded town meeting was held in 1656 in the home of settler John Osgood. The old burying ground in what is now North Andover marks the center of the early town. Homes were grouped together for protection from feared Indian attacks, but the Indians were fairly peaceful until the outbreak of King Philip's War in 1675. King Philip was an Indian who organized a revolt against the white settlers throughout most of New England. Six Indian raids occurred between 1676 and 1698 until ever-increasing numbers of white settlers established control of the land.

Witchcraft

In 1692, a resident of Salem Village asked for help for his wife from several girls in the village who were said to have the power to detect and cure disease. After visiting her, the girls claimed that several people in Andover had bewitched her. During the course of the frenzy that swept Salem Village and surrounding communities, more than 40 Andover citizens, mostly women, were eventually accused of being in league with Satan. About a quarter of them were condemned to death, and as many as three were executed. Many of the rest were imprisoned for months.

The Two Parishes and the Division of the Town

By 1705, Andover's population had begun to move southward and the idea of a new meeting house in the south end of town was proposed. This was strongly opposed by the people living near the original meeting house in the north, but the dispute was finally settled in 1709 when the Great and General Court divided Andover into two parishes, North and South. Despite this split, the town remained politically one unit. For many years Andover was geographically one of the largest towns in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts; in 1826 a third parish was established and West Parish Church was constructed on Reservation Road. In 1854, a measure was passed to divide the town into two seperate political units according to the old parish boundaries. The name Andover was assumed by the more populous and wealthy West and South parishes, while the name North Andover was given to the North Parish.

Andover in the Revolutionary War

Records show that on the morning of April 19 1775, approximately 350 Andover men marched toward Lexington. Although they did not arrive in time for the battle that day, they did go on to participate in the battle of Bunker Hill two months later and fought in subsequent skirmishes with the Redcoats during the war. Among the Andover men who were representatives to the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention were Col. Samuel Osgood, Zebadiah Abbot, John Farnum and Samuel Phillips, Jr. Phillips - who would later go on to found Phillips Academy - was later appointed by John Adams to help draft the Massachusetts state constitution.

Civil War

John Adams The anti-slavery movement had many supporters in Andover long before the American Civil War began. William Jenkins - an ardent abolitionist and friend of William Lloyd Garrison - and several others provided stops on the Underground Railway for runaway slaves. When the Confederate Army shelled Fort Sumter in 1861, a company of 79 volunteers formed. By the time the war ended in 1865, 600 Andover men had served in the Union Army.

Shawsheen Village

In 1919, the American Woolen Company announced plans to build a million dollar mill in the already-existing mill community of Frye Village and rename the region "Shawsheen." The village was completely rebuilt as a "model industrial community" and became the site of the company's headquarters. The mill began operating in 1922 and within two years the village contained more than 200 houses, several community buildings, a few tennis courts, a swimming area, a bowling green, an athletic field and a golf course. The employees rented their homes from the company; the brick structures were reserved for upper management and the wooden buildings for those of lesser position. This industrial utopia, however, was short-lived - by the early 1940s almost all of the houses and administration buildings were in private hands. The mills became a victim of changing technology as synthetic fibers became more popular than wool. The American Woolen Company closed its mills in 1953, and the buildings today house a variety of businesses, homes, and apartments.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 83.2 km² (32.1 mi²). 80.3 km² (31.0 mi²) of it is land and 2.9 km² (1.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 3.49% water. Significant water areas include the Shawsheen River and Haggetts Pond, located in west Andover, which serves as the town's reservoir. Haggetts Pond was originally set apart from other waters, but since the late 90s has had waters added from the nearby Merrimack River to supplement the growing needs of the town.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 31,247 people, 11,305 households, and 8,490 families residing in the town. The population density is 389.1/km² (1,007.8/mi²). There are 11,590 housing units at an average density of 144.3 persons/km² (373.8 persons/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 91.60% White, 0.75% African American, 0.06% Native American, 5.73% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.84% from other races, and 0.99% from two or more races. 1.81% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 11,305 households out of which 40.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.6% are married couples living together, 7.5% have a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 24.9% are non-families. 21.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 9.2% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.74 and the average family size is 3.24. In the town the population is spread out with 28.8% under the age of 18, 4.7% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 26.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 40 years. For every 100 females there are 92.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 87.9 males. The median income for a household in the town is $87,683, and the median income for a family is $104,820. Males have a median income of $78,291 versus $44,292 for females. The per capita income for the town is $41,133. 3.9% of the population and 2.5% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 3.7% are under the age of 18 and 6.8% are 65 or older.

Notable Features

Andover is perhaps most famous for being the location of Phillips Academy, a notable prep school founded in 1778 with many famous alumni [http://www.andover.edu/about_andover/notable_alums.htm]. Andover is also home to a large IRS service center, accepting tax forms from several neighboring states. It is also the site of a large f Raytheon, the builder of the famed Patriot Missile which warranted a visit from then- President George H. W. Bush. Another feature of Andover that leads to it being an important location for businesses is its proximity to several major roads in Massachusetts: I-93, I-95, and I-495, among others. Andover is also home to the second oldest land preservation society in the county, the Andover Village Improvement Society (AVIS), which controls about 1,000 acres.

People from (or associated with) Andover

- Apollo Sunshine, band
- Michael Chiklis, actor, The Shield
- Richard Farrell, director
- Brian Kelley, businessman
- Jay Leno, entertainer, The Tonight Show
- Paul Monette, writer
- Col. Samuel Osgood -Postmaster General of the United States under President George Washington.
- Matt Perrault, sports talk show host
- Piebald, band
- Salem Poore, a freed slave who fought at the Battle of Bunker and Hill has had a postage stamp issued in his honor.
- Blanchard Ryan, Actress, Open Water
- Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, nineteenth-century author.
- Harriet Beecher Stowe, lived in Andover while husband taught at Andover Theological Seminary, is buried in Andover [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=992]

Sources

- [http://andoverma.gov/about/history.php History of the Town from andoverma.gov]
- [http://www.mass.gov/portal/site/massgovportal/menuitem.e1ed4a776e6931c14db4a11030468a0c/?pageID=mg2localgovccpage&L=1&L0=home&L1=Resident&sid=massgov2&selectCity=Andover A collection of resources from mass.gov]

External links

- [http://andoverma.gov/ Town of Andover]
- [http://www.mhl.org Memorial Hall Library]
- [http://www.andover.edu/addison/home.htm Addison Gallery of American Art]
- [http://www.andover.edu Phillips Academy Andover] Category:Towns in Massachusetts Category:Essex County, Massachusetts

1646

Events

- The Westminster Confession of Faith

Ongoing events

- English Civil War (1642-1649)

Births

- February 4 - Hans Erasmus Aßmann, Freiherr von Abschatz, German statesman and poet (d. 1699)
- February 17 - Pierre Le Pesant, sieur de Boisguilbert, French economist (d. 1714)
- February 23 - Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, Japanese shogun (d. 1709)
- April 4 - Antoine Galland, French archaeologist (d. 1715)
- April 15 - King Christian V of Denmark (d. 1699)
- April 16 - Jules Hardouin Mansart, French archistect (d. 1708)
- April 26 - King Peter II of Portugal (d. 1706)
- July 1 - Gottfried Leibniz, German philosopher, scientist, and mathematician (d. 1716)
- August 8 - Godfrey Kneller, German-born painter (b. 1723)
- August 19 - John Flamsteed, English astronomer (d. 1719)
- December 26 - Robert Bolling, English settler in Virginia (d. 1709) See also :Category:1646 births.

Deaths

- March 11 - Stanislaw Koniecpolski, Polish soldier and statesman
- April 10 - Santino Solari, Swiss architect and sculptor (b. 1576)
- August 19 - Alexander Henderson, Scottish theologian
- September 1 - Francis Windebank, English statesman (b. 1582)
- September 14 - Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex, English Civil War general (b. 1591)
- September 24 - Duarte Lobo, Portuguese composer
- October 4 - Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel, English statesman (b. 1586)
- October 12 - François de Bassompierre, Marshal of France (b. 1579)
- October 18 - Isaac Jogues, French Jesuit missionary (b. 1607)
- October 28 - William Dobson, English painter (b. 1610)
- November 29 - Laurentius Paulinus Gothus, Swedish theologian and astronomer (b. 1565)
- December 22 - Peter Mogila, Orthodox Metropolitan of Kiev and Galicia (b. 1596)
- December 23 - François Maynard, French poet (b. 1582) See also :Category:1646 deaths. Category:1646 ko:1646년

Census-designated place

A census-designated place (CDP) is an area identified by the United States Census Bureau for statistical reporting. CDPs are communities that lack separate municipal government, but which otherwise resemble incorporated places, such as cities or villages. CDPs are delineated to provide data for settled concentrations of population that are identifiable by name but are not legally incorporated under the laws of the state in which they are located. The boundaries of such places may be defined in cooperation with local or tribal officials, but are not fixed, and do not affect the status of local government or incorporation. CDP boundaries may change from one census to the next to reflect changes in settlement patterns. Further, as statistical entities, the boundaries of the CDP may not precisely correspond with local understanding of the area with the same name. By defining an area as a CDP, that locality then appears in the same category of census data as incorporated places. This distinguishes CDPs from other census classifications, such as minor civil divisions (MCDs), which are in a separate category. However, the CDP has no separate town rights or city councils. The population and demographics of the district are included in the data of county subdivisions containing the CDP. In no case is a CDP defined within the boundaries of an incorporated city, village or borough. However, note that the Census Bureau considers Towns in New England states and New York as well as Townships in some other states as MCDs, even though they are incorporated municipalities in those states. The Census Bureau also claims New Jersey townships are unincorporated [http://www.census.gov/geo/www/GARM/Ch8GARM.pdf], which is a misunderstanding of state law. There are a number of reasons for such a designation:
- The area may be more urban than its surroundings, having a concentration of population with a definite residential nucleus, such as Whitmore Lake, Michigan, or Hershey, Pennsylvania.
- A formerly incorporated place may disincorporate or be partly annexed by a neighboring town, the former town or a part of it may still be reported by the census as a CDP by meeting criteria for a CDP, for example the former village of Covedale, Ohio and compare this with Covedale (CDP), Ohio.
- The CDP designation may apply to large military bases (or parts of) that are not within the boundaries of any existing community, such as Fort Campbell and Fort Knox in Kentucky.
- In some cases, a CDP may be defined for the urbanized area surrounding an incorporated municipality, but which is outside the municipal boundaries, for example Greater Galesburg, Michigan or Greater Upper Marlboro, Maryland.
- The Census treats all townships as unincorporated places. In New Jersey, this has never been the case; but the Census divides them up into CDPs anyway.
- Some CDPs represent an aggregation of several nearby communities, for example Shorewood-Tower Hills-Harbert, Michigan.
- Hawaii is the only state that has no incorporated places recognized by the U.S. Census Bureau below the county level. All data for places in Hawaii reported by the Census are CDPs.
- In some states, CDPs may be defined within entities that may function as incorporated municipalities, but for the purposes of the census are regarded as minor civil divisions. For example, towns in Massachusetts and Connecticut provide all the services of an incorporated municipality, but may also include both rural and urban areas. CDPs may be defined to describe urbanized areas within such municipalities, as in the case of North Amherst, Massachusetts.
- In some states, the Census Bureau may designate an entire minor civil division (MCD) as a CDP (for example West Bloomfield Township, Michigan or Reading, Massachusetts). Such designations are used in states where the MCDs function with strong governmental authority and provide services equivalent to an incorporated municipality (New England, the Middle Atlantic States, Michigan, and Wisconsin). MCDs appear in a separate category in census data from places (i.e., incorporated places and CDPs); however, such MCDs strongly resemble incorporated places, and so CDPs coterminous with the MCDs are defined so that such places appear in both categories of census data.

History

The Census Bureau reported data for some unincorporated places as early as the 1850 census, though usage continued to evolve through the 1890 census, in which, for the first time, the Census mixed-in unincorporated places with incorporated places in its products with "town" as its label. This made it very confusing to determine which of the "towns" were or were not incorporated. The 1900 through 1930 censuses did not report data for unincorporated places. For the 1940 census, the Census Bureau compiled a separate report of unofficial, unincorporated communities of 500 or more people. The Census Bureau officially recognized "unincorporated places" in the 1950 census, when these types of places were only recognized outside urbanized areas. In 1960, the Census Bureau for the first time recongized unincorporated territory inside urbanized areas, but with a population of at least 10,000. For the 1980 census, the designation was changed to "census-designated places". From 1950 through 1990, the Census Bureau had population requirements for unincorporated places or CDPs. This minimum population requirement was dropped with the 2000 census.

References

- U.S. Census Bureau, Geography Division, "[http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cob/pl_metadata.html#cdp Cartographic Boundary Files]", Census-designated place. Cartographic Operations Branch, July 18, 2001.
- U.S. Census Bureau, "[http://www.census.gov/geo/www/psapage.html#CDP Census 2000 Statistical Areas Boundary Criteria]", Census Designated Places (CDPs) - Census 2000 Criteria.
- U.S. Census Bureau, [http://www.census.gov/geo/www/GARM/Ch9GARM.pdf Chapter 9: Places], Geographic Areas Reference Manual

Andover (CDP), Massachusetts

Andover CDP is a census-designated place within the town of Andover in Essex County, Massachusetts. The CDP data provides additional or separate statistics and demographics for the central village area within the town. The numbers and area reported for the CDP are included in the aggregate reported for the town as a whole. As of the 2000 census, the CDP had a total population of 7,900.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 9.7 km² (3.7 mi²). 9.6 km² (3.7 mi²) of it is land and 0.1 km² (0.0 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.80% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 7,900 people, 3,488 households, and 1,981 families residing in the CDP. The population density is 824.4/km² (2,133.5/mi²). There are 3,611 housing units at an average density of 376.8 persons/km² (975.2 persons/mi²). The racial makeup of the CDP is 93.84% White, 1.08% African American, 0.08% Native American, 3.14% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.95% from other races, and 0.87% from two or more races. 1.82% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 3,488 households out of which 26.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.4% are married couples living together, 8.5% have a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 43.2% are non-families. 39.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 19.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.22 and the average family size is 3.03. In the CDP the population is spread out with 22.8% under the age of 18, 4.3% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 24.7% from 45 to 64, and 20.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 42 years. For every 100 females there are 82.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 75.7 males. The median income for a household in the CDP is $60,040, and the median income for a family is $87,516. Males have a median income of $70,074 versus $41,601 for females. The per capita income for the CDP is $34,760. 8.3% of the population and 5.8% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 11.1% are under the age of 18 and 8.4% are 65 or older. Category:Census-designated places in Massachusetts Category:Essex County, Massachusetts

North Andover, Massachusetts

North Andover is a town located in Essex County, Massachusetts. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 27,202.

History

North Andover was first settled in 1646 and was officially incorporated in 1855.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 72.1 km² (27.8 mi²). 69.0 km² (26.6 mi²) of it is land and 3.1 km² (1.2 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 4.27% water.

Demographics

As of the census ² of 2000, there are 27,202 people, 9,724 households, and 6,904 families residing in the town. The population density is 394.1/km² (1,020.7/mi²). There are 9,943 housing units at an average density of 144.1/km² (373.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 93.67% White, 0.72% African American, 0.05% Native American, 3.96% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.74% from other races, and 0.85% from two or more races. 1.99% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 9,724 households out of which 36.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.2% are married couples living together, 8.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 29.0% are non-families. 25.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.61 and the average family size is 3.16. In the town the population is spread out with 25.5% under the age of 18, 9.5% from 18 to 24, 29.1% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 37 years. For every 100 females there are 92.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 87.1 males. The median income for a household in the town is $72,728, and the median income for a family is $91,105. Males have a median income of $66,793 versus $38,495 for females. The per capita income for the town is $34,335. 2.9% of the population and 2.1% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 2.7% of those under the age of 18 and 4.1% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Marching Band

The North Andover "Scarlet Knights" Marching Band currently consists of 122 members. It recently won the Silver Medal at the MICCA State Finals, a feat never before achieved by the band until this year (2005). Despite their success, there has been a desperate plea be some locals in volved in band for an increase in funding. Over the past several years, Arts and Music departments across North Andover have been slowly dwindling due to constricted budgets.

Points of interest

- Harold Parker State Forest
- The Stevens-Coolidge Place
- Ward Reservation
- Weir Hill

External links

- [http://www.townofnorthandover.com/ Town of North Andover]
- [http://www.thetrustees.org/pages/373_weir_hill.cfm Weir Hill] Category:Towns in Massachusetts Category:Essex County, Massachusetts

Lawrence, Massachusetts

, named a Water Landmark in 1979 by the American Water Works Association.]] Lawrence is a city located in Essex County, Massachusetts on the Merrimack River. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 72,043. It and Salem are the county seats of Essex County. Manufacturing products of the city include electronic equipment, textiles, footwear, paper products, computers, and foodstuffs. Lawrence was, for a while, the residence of American poet Robert Frost, and was where he published his first poem.

History

poem Europeans first settled in the area in 1640. The site of the city was purchased in 1845 by a group of Boston industrialists headed by the wealthy merchant and congressman Abbott Lawrence, the community's namesake. The city was incorporated in 1853. The industrialists, most prominently Lawrence, established textile mills near sources of abundant waterpower. Working conditions in these textile mills were unsafe and in 1860 a factory collapsed, killing 88 workers. In 1912 the so-called Bread and Roses strike, one of greatest labor actions in American history, began when textile-mill owners increased the speed of factory looms, and subsequently lowered wages for thousands of women and child workers. The Massachusetts National Guard, private and city police countered 23,000 strikers for two months, resulting in numerous deaths and mass arrests. When police and militia assaulted a group of women and children, public outcry forced mill owners to capitulate. The striking workers won wage increases for themselves and thousands of workers in New England mills. Lawrence was a great wool-processing center until that industry declined in the 1950s.

Geography

Lawrence is located at 42°42'13" North, 71°9'47" West (42.703741, -71.162979). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 19.2 km² (7.4 mi²). 18.0 km² (7.0 mi²) of it is land and 1.2 km² (0.4 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 6.07% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 72,043 people, 24,463 households, and 16,903 families residing in the city. The population density is 3,996.5/km² (10,351.4/mi²). There are 25,601 housing units at an average density of 1,420.2/km² (3,678.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 48.64% White, 4.88% African American, 0.81% Native American, 2.65% Asian, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 36.67% from other races, and 6.25% from two or more races. 59.71% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. Most Hispanics are from the Dominican Republic and, to a much lesser extent, from Puerto Rico. There are 24,463 households out of which 41.4% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.6% are married couples living together, 25.7% have a female householder with no husband present, and 30.9% are non-families. 25.5% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.90 and the average family size is 3.46. In the city the population is spread out with 32.0% under the age of 18, 11.1% from 18 to 24, 30.3% from 25 to 44, 16.7% from 45 to 64, and 9.8% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 30 years. For every 100 females there are 91.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 86.8 males. The median income for a household in the city is $27,983, and the median income for a family is $31,809. Males have a median income of $27,772 versus $23,137 for females. The per capita income for the city is $13,360. 24.3% of the population and 21.2% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 31.7% of those under the age of 18 and 20.1% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Education

Community College

- Northern Essex Community College http://www.necc.mass.edu/
- Cambridge College http://www.cambridgecollege.edu/lawrence/

High Schools

- Lawrence High School http://www.lawrencehighschool.org/
- Central Catholic High School http://www.centralcatholic.net/
- Notre Dame High School http://www.ndhslaw.org/
- Greater Lawrence Technical School http://www.glts.tec.ma.us/

Grammar Schools

- Lawrence Public Schools http://www.lawrence.k12.ma.us/
- St Patrick's School
- Holy Trinity School http://www.holytrinity.mec.edu/index.htm

Famous People from Lawrence

- Robert Frost Poet
- Robert Goulet Actor
- Leonard Bernstein Composer and Conductor
- Thelma Todd Actress
- Susie Castillo Miss. USA 2003
- Sully Erna Musician (Godsmack lead singer)

External links

- [http://www.ci.lawrence.ma.us/ City of Lawrence] Category:Cities in Massachusetts Category:Essex County, Massachusetts

Newbury, Massachusetts

Newbury is a town located in Essex County, Massachusetts. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 6,717.

History

Newbury was first settled in 1635 and was officially incorporated that same year.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 68.5 km² (26.5 mi²). 62.8 km² (24.2 mi²) of it is land and 5.7 km² (2.2 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 8.32% water.

Demographics

As of the census ² of 2000, there are 6,717 people, 2,514 households, and 1,815 families residing in the town. The population density is 106.9/km² (277.0/mi²). There are 2,816 housing units at an average density of 44.8/km² (116.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 98.32% White, 0.37% African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.45% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.28% from other races, and 0.43% from two or more races. 0.91% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 2,514 households out of which 35.7% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.5% are married couples living together, 7.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 27.8% are non-families. 22.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 9.1% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.66 and the average family size is 3.16. In the town the population is spread out with 27.1% under the age of 18, 4.3% from 18 to 24, 30.0% from 25 to 44, 27.9% from 45 to 64, and 10.7% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 40 years. For every 100 females there are 94.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 91.7 males. The median income for a household in the town is $74,836, and the median income for a family is $83,428. Males have a median income of $52,366 versus $35,656 for females. The per capita income for the town is $34,640. 3.1% of the population and 1.2% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 2.3% of those under the age of 18 and 9.2% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Points of interest

- Coffin House
- Dole-Little House
- Old Town Hill, Newbury, Massachusetts
- Spencer-Peirce-Little Farm
- Swett-Ilsley House

External links

- [http://www.townofnewbury.org/ Town of Newbury] Category:Towns in Massachusetts Category:Essex County, Massachusetts --84.65.168.99 17:44, 15 October 2005 (UTC)Image--~~~~ ---- :

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Ipswich, Massachusetts

Ipswich is a town located in Essex County, Massachusetts. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 12,987. The name is derived from Ipswich, England, the source of prominent early settlers. For geographic and demographic information on the census-designated place Ipswich, please see the article Ipswich (CDP), Massachusetts.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 109.1 km² (42.1 mi²). 84.4 km² (32.6 mi²) of it is land and 24.8 km² (9.6 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 22.69% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 12,987 people, 5,290 households, and 3,459 families residing in the town. The population density is 153.9/km² (398.6/mi²). There are 5,601 housing units at an average density of 66.4 persons/km² (171.9 persons/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 97.60% White, 0.39% African American, 0.08% Native American, 0.80% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.33% from other races, and 0.79% from two or more races. 1.04% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 5,290 households out of which 30.1% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.0% are married couples living together, 8.4% have a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 34.6% are non-families. 28.3% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.7% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.42 and the average family size is 3.00. In the town the population is spread out with 23.0% under the age of 18, 5.1% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 28.1% from 45 to 64, and 15.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 42 years. For every 100 females there are 89.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 86.2 males. The median income for a household in the town is $57,284, and the median income for a family is $74,931. Males have a median income of $51,408 versus $38,476 for females. The per capita income for the town is $32,516. 7.1% of the population and 4.1% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 7.8% are under the age of 18 and 13.0% are 65 or older.

Points of interest

- Appleton Farms
- Crane Beach
- Greenwood Farm
- Hamlin Reservation

External links

- [http://www.town.ipswich.ma.us/ Town of Ipswich]
- [http://www.thetrustees.org/pages/249_appleton_farms.cfm Appleton Farms]
- [http://www.thetrustees.org/pages/294_crane_beach.cfm Crane Beach] Category:Towns in Massachusetts Category:Essex County, Massachusetts

Pennacook

The Pennacook are an American Indian group who once had villages in the Merrimack River valley in southern and central New Hampshire, northeastern Massachusetts, and southern Maine. The name comes from "penakuk" which means "at the bottom of the hill" in Abenaki. They spoke Algonquian (albeit closer to western Abenaki) and relied on on hunting, fishing, and corn (maize) agriculture. They were forced to leave their lands after 1676 because of interaction with settlers, smallpox, and effect of the various wars, many fled first to upper parts of their territory, then to Canada, settling at Saint-François-du-Lacwhere many merged with the Sokoki tribe. A large number of the Abenaki Indians living in Vermont and New Hampshire undoubtedly have Pennacook ancestry. Another group went to Schaghticoke, New York.

Andover, Hampshire

Andover is a town in Hampshire, England, west of Basingstoke. It has a population of about 40,000 people. It is part of Test Valley administrative district.

History

Andover UK’s first mention in history is in 950 when King Edred is recording as having built a royal hunting lodge there. In 962 King Edgar called a meeting of the Saxon 'parliament' his hunting lodge near Andover. Of more importance was the baptism, in 994 of the Viking leader Olaf Trygvason. This was part of a deal with King Ethelred II of England (“The Unready”) whereby he stopped ravaging England and returned home. Olaf became king of Norway in 995 and tried to convert his country to Christianity before his death in battle in 1000. At the time of the Domesday Book (1086) Andover had 107 male inhabitants and probably had a total population of about 500. It was quite a large settlement by the standards of the time. (Most villages had only 100 to 150 people). Andover also had 6 watermills which ground grain to flour. In 1175 King Richard I sold Andover a charter granting the townspeople certain rights, forming an merchant guild which took over the government of the town. The members elected two officials called bailiffs who ran the town. In 1201 King John gave the merchants the right to collect royal taxes in Andover themselves. In 1256 Henry III gave the townspeople the right to hold a court and try criminals for offences committed in Andover. Andover also sent MPs to the parliaments of 1295 and 1302-1307. The town was ravaged by two serious fires, one in 1141 and another in 1435. Andover remained a small market town. Processing wool appears to have been the main industry and street names in the area of the town known as “Sheep Fair” commemorate this. A weekly market, and an annual fair were held. As well as the Church of St Mary the town had a priory and a hospital run by monks, dedicated to St John the Baptist, and also a lepers hostel to St Mary Magdalene. In 1538 during the Reformation Henry VIII closed the priory and the hospital. In 1571 a free school for the boys of Andover was established. This in time became Andover Grammar School, and is now John Hanson Community School. In 1599 the town received a new charter from Elizabeth I. The merchants guild was made a corporation and the number of annual fairs was increased from one to three. Like other towns Andover suffered from outbreaks of plague. There were outbreaks in 1603-5, 1625-6 and 1636. During the 18th century, being situated on the main Exeter – Salisbury – London road Andover became a major stopping point on the stagecoach routes, more than 30 stagecoaches passing through the town each day. In 1789 a canal to Southampton was opened, though this was never a commercial success and closed in 1859. It was replaced by a railway in the 19th century, which was closed down in 1964. The land, together with the adjacent gasworks and P. M. Coombes woodyards, were then sold to the TSB Bank who later built their headquarters there. During the 19th century the town acquired all the usual additions, a theatre in 1803, gas street lighting in 1838, a fire station and cottage hospital in 1877, a swimming pool opened in 1885 and a recreation ground opened by Common Acre in 1887. A water company was formed in 1875 to provide piped water to the town and a system of sewers and drains was built in 1899-1902. The public library opened in 1897. Despite this burgeoning of the amenities of the town in 1845 a notorious scandal involving the hardships endured by the inmates of the workhouse led indirectly to reform of the Poor Law Act. The town was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Reform Act 1835. The woollen industry had declined but new industries took it place. Taskers Iron Works opened at Anna Valley in 1809 and flourished. Andover Airfield was opened during the First World War and became the site of an RAF Staff College. During the Second World War it was the headquarters of RAF Maintenance Command. In 1932 Andover gained a new industry when the printers for Kelly’s street directories moved to the town. Slowly the town grew and by 1960 had a population of about 17,000. In 1955 the Town Council decided it would be a good idea to add fluoride to the drinking water to improve dental health. This provoked a furious public response, and a strong anti-fluoridation campaign started. In the 1958 local elections anti-fluoridation candidates swept the board, turning out many established members, and the idea was dropped. In 1960 the Borough Council was approached by the Greater London Council to become an overspill town, to build houses and take people and industry relocated from the overcrowded capital. Some contend that had the old Borough Council still been in charge this would never have been agreed. But it was, and in 1961 the plan was drawn up to expand to a population of some 47,000 by 1982, with 9,000 new homes to be built. The first new council houses were ready by 1964 and by 1981 the population had risen to 51,000. A bypass, industrial estates and a new shopping centre were all built. and the town’s character changed completely. Major industries who moved there included Twinings the tea and coffee firm, Ducal Pine Furniture (until they closed in 2003) and Thompson International Publishers, who produce the Pitkin Guides to be found in many churches and other notable buildings. The Town Museum, based in the old grammar school, had a Museum of the Iron Age added in 1986 which houses the finds from excavations at nearby Danebury Hill Fort. The new council houses proved to be very badly built. It seemed that the local council would have to foot the enormous bill for reconstruction, but after starting legal action against the Greater London Council a settlement was achieved, in which the GLC paid a large sum of money to the local council, who started a programme of refurbishment which finished in 1995. Today the population of Andover is 38,000. The Borough Council and Andover Rural District] Council were abolished in the local government reorganisation of [[1974]], and replaced by [[Test Valley Borough Council, which included the land down to the edge of Southampton in the south, quite a rural area apart from Andover. Light industry is still the main employer. Situated about 1 hour 20 minutes from London by train there are also quite a few who commute to the capital to work. The tensions between town and country and the “old” and “new” Andover still exist in some measure, and in the future more expansion is planned. Andover is now an unparished area in Test Valley.

Geography

Andover is located at (51.2167, -1.4667)¹.

External links

- [http://www.thisishampshire.net/hampshire/andover/ The Andover Advertiser]
- [http://www.hants.gov.uk/museum/ironagem/ The Museum of the Iron Age]
- [http://www.testvalley.gov.uk Test Valley Borough Council] Category:Towns in Hampshire

King Philip's War

King Philip's War was a general Indian uprising in 1675–1676 to resist continued expansion of the English colonies throughout the New England region. It was the bloodiest of the Indian Wars in terms of relative casualties, and several tribes were virtually or totally eliminated. The war proved a critical turning point by destroying the interdependent world constructed jointly by white colonists and Native Americans and replacing it with a new culture in which native peoples were marginalized and the white settlers were dominant. Six hundred colonists were killed, which included about one-fifth of all the men fit for military service. Philip was the Christian name assigned to Metacomet, the sachem of the Wampanoag Indians. Massachusetts colonial settlers frequently referred to the Native chiefs as Kings.

Background

Tensions between the European settlers and American natives ebbed and rose, but were constantly present. All the Indians in the area were trapped in a decreasing area between the expanding colonies along the coasts and the even more hostile Iroquois and Mohican tribes to the west. The smallpox epidemics and Pequot War of the 1630s had reduced native population and brought 40 years of relative peace. Philip had become chief in 1662 and he increased the contact between the Wampanoag and the colonists. By 1670 the entire area from the Atlantic west to the Connecticut River Valley was still partially wilderness, but had 40 or 50 colonial towns and villages scattered through it. These were matched by a similar number of interspersed Indian settlements, sometimes side by side. After several incidents, the court in Plymouth forced Philip's band to turn over many of their firearms to the colony in 1671. But this only increased tensions. Also, as this involved the Puritan colony of Massachusetts, attempted conversion of the natives was a source of tension. Many settlers were attempting, and sometimes succeeding, to convert the Indians to Puritanism. Those who were converted were called "praying Indians". Some natives were killed when they attempted to resist the conversion. The spark that started the war was a report from a "praying Indian" named John Sassamon of an Indian conspiracy to attack the European settlements. Before the charges could be investigated, John Sassamon was found murdered in a pond, allegedly by Wampanoag angry at his betrayal. The settlers arrested three Indians from the area, convicted them of his murder, and hanged them on June 8, 1675 at Plymouth. The Wampanoag believed the trial and sentencing was an insult, and the incident inflamed tempers further. In response to the previous incident, a band of Pokanoket, probably without Philip's approval, looted several homes at Swansea on June 20. After a siege of 5 days, the town was destroyed. The colonists from Plymouth and Boston were quick to respond, and on June 28 they sent an expedition that destroyed the Wampanoag town at Mount Hope (modern Bristol, Rhode Island).

The war

Early engagements

Bristol, Rhode Island The war quickly spread, and soon involved the Podunk and Nipmuck tribes. During the summer of 1675 the Indians attacked at Mendon (July 14), Brookfield (August 2), and Lancaster (August 9). In early September they attacked Deerfield, Hadley, and Northfield. The New England Confederation declared war on the Indians on September 9, 1675. The next colonial expedition was soundly defeated in the battle of Bloody Brook (near Hadley) on September 18. The attacks on frontier settlements continued at Springfield (October 5) and Hatfield (October 16). The next expansion to the war came from the colonists. On November 2, Josiah Winslow led a force from Plymouth to attack the Narragansett tribe. The Narragansetts had not yet been involved in the war, but they occupied desirable land throughout the colonies, and the colonial view was that any Indian was an enemy. Several Indian towns were burned, and in December the Narrargansett stronghold near modern South Kingstown, Rhode Island was taken. About 300 Indians were killed and winter stores destroyed, but most of the warriors escaped into the swamp. Facing a winter without food and shelter, the Narragansett joined the uprising.

The Indian victories

Throughout the winter of 1675–1676 more frontier settlements were destroyed by the Indians. Attacks came at Andover, Bridgewater, Chelmsford, Groton, Lancaster, Marlborough, Medfield, Medford, Portland, Providence, Rehoboth, Scituate, Seekonk, Sudbury, Warwick, Weymouth, and Wrentham. The high-water mark for the combined tribes came in the spring of 1676. They reached and attacked Plymouth Plantation itself on March 12. Even though the town withstood the assault, they had shown that they could attack anywhere. All but five of the outlying settlements were deserted, and the colonists were thrown back on the seacoast. In May a militia force of 200, led by William Turner, set out from Springfield to destroy a camp of the Indians who had raided Hatfield. At dawn on May 14 they attacked the sleeping camp, and killed about 200 Indians. But they hadn't considered their withdrawal. Surrounding camps closed in, and half the force, including Captain Turner, never made it home. To compound this, some braves got into Springfield and burned substantial parts of the town while the militia was away.

The Colonial Tide

---- May 14 But now the tide of war began to turn. This had become a war of attrition, and both sides were determined to eliminate the other. The Indians had nearly succeeded in driving their enemy into the sea, but their supplies were running out. The colonists continued to be supplied by sea, and although the war ultimately cost them over £100,000, they would emerge victorious. The Indian hopes for supplies from the French were not met, except for some ammunition in Maine. The colonists now allied themselves with the Mohican tribe to the west, and King Philip found his forces surrounded. With the help of the Mohicans, the colonists won at Hadley on June 12, and scattered the survivors into the wilds of New Hampshire. Later that month, a force of 250 Indians was routed near Marlboro. The colonial militia had asked for aid from Britain. Britain went to protect its colony and investment. Philip's allies began to desert him. By early July, over 400 had surrendered to the colonists, and Philip himself had taken refuge in the Assowamset Swamp, below Providence, Rhode Island. He was ultimately defeated when he was tracked down by Rangers lead by Captain Benjamin Church at Mt. Hope where he was shot and killed by an Indian member of the group named John Alderman August 12.

Aftermath

With Metacomet's death, the war in the south was largely ended. Over 600 colonists and 3,000 Indians had been killed. Several hundred more natives who had surrendered or been captured were sold as slaves in the Caribbean. Members of the sachem's extended family were placed for safekeeping among colonists in Rhode Island and eastern Connecticut. In Stonington, Connecticut, selectman John Starkweather married his Christianized captive. Other survivors were forced to join more western tribes, mainly as captives. The Narragansett, Wampanoag, Podunk, Nipmuck, and several smaller bands were virtually eliminated, while the Mohicans were greatly weakened. Sporadic raids continued on the far northern frontier in Maine and New Hampshire. These were finally ended when Sir Edmund Andros negotiated a treaty with the northern bands on April 12, 1678. After the war, the British soldiers were retained throughout New England, due to the cost of shipping the soldiers back home. Thus, the salutary neglect of enforcement of the Navigation Acts decreased. Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island were now fully open to European colonization, although western settlements would face raids until the American Revolution.

Salem Village

Danvers, a town located in Essex County, Massachusetts was formerly named Salem Village. Most of the early victims and accusers of the 1692 Salem witch trials lived in the then Salem Village. While early depositions and interviews took place in Salem Village starting in February 1692, the actual trials and a majority of depositions and interviews were moved to the nearby Salem Town (now Salem, Massachusetts) in May 1692.

History

Danvers was first settled in 1636 and was officially incorporated in 1757.

Geography

Danvers is located at 42°34'11" North, 70°56'35" West (42.569756, -70.943222). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 36.5 km² (14.1 mi²). 34.4 km² (13.3 mi²) of it is land and 2.1 km² (0.8 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 5.75% water. The town is at the intersections of Interstate 95, US 1, and Route 128. It is roughly midway between Boston and New Hampshire, along the Atlantic Coast. Access to the Atlantic is via the Danvers River, a tidal river that flows into Beverly Harbor.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 25,212 people, 9,555 households, and 6,564 families residing in the town. The population density is 733.0/km² (1,898.5/mi²). There are 9,762 housing units at an average density of 283.8/km² (735.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 97.72% White, 0.35% Black or African American, 0.10% Native American, 1.11% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.22% from other races, and 0.48% from two or more races. 0.83% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 9,555 households out of which 30.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.2% are married couples living together, 9.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 31.3% are non-families. 26.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.53 and the average family size is 3.11. In the town the population is spread out with 23.2% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 24.5% from 45 to 64, and 17.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 40 years. For every 100 females there are 86.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 84.2 males. The median income for a household in the town is $58,779, and the median income for a family is $70,565. Males have a median income of $48,058 versus $33,825 for females. The per capita income for the town is $26,852. 2.9% of the population and 1.7% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 3.0% of those under the age of 18 and 4.4% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Government

Danvers has a representative town meeting, with a town manager and five selectmen.

Points of interest

- Endicott Park
- Glen Magna Farms and Estate
- Rebecca Nurse Homestead

External links

- [http://www.danvers-ma.org/ Town of Danvers] Category:Towns in Massachusetts Category:Essex County, Massachusetts ja:ダンバース (マサチューセッツ州)

Satan

Paradise Lost]] Satan (שָׂטָן Standard Hebrew Satan, Greek and Latin Sátanas, Tiberian Hebrew Śāṭān; Aramaic שִׂטְנָא Śaṭanâ: both words mean "Adversary; accuser") is an angel, demon, or minor god in many religions. Satan plays various roles in the Hebrew Bible, the Apocrypha and the New Testament. In the Hebrew Bible, Satan is an angel that God uses to test man for various reasons usually dealing with his level of piety (i.e. the test in the Book of Job). In the Apocrypha and New Testament, Satan is portrayed as an evil, rebellious demon who is the enemy of God and mankind. These two ideals are not necessarily mutually exclusive. In modern Abrahamic religions and other various mythology, Satan is generally viewed as a preternatural entity who is the central embodiment of evil. Satan is also commonly known as the Devil (Latin Diábolus, Diaboli, from Greek Diabolos), the "Prince of Darkness," Beelzebub (direct translation is Lord of the Flies), Belial, Mephistopheles, or Lucifer. In the Talmud and some works of Kabbalah Satan is sometimes called Samael; however most Jewish literature is of the opinion that Samael is a separate angel. In the fields of angelology and demonology these different names sometimes refer to a number of different angels and demons, and there is significant disagreement as to whether any of these entities is actually evil. In Islam, Iblīs (Arabic إبليس), is the primary devil. He appears more often in the Qur'an as being the Shaitan: Iblis is mentioned 11 times, and Shaitan "al-Shaitaan" ‏‏(الشيطان) 87 times. He is chief of the spirits of evil, and his personality is similar to that of the devil in Christianity. He suffered from pride and refused to bow down to Adam at Allah's command. He subsequently rebelled against Allah, and was therefore thrown out of Heaven, and was from then on known as Shaitan.

In the Hebrew Bible

In the Hebrew Bible, Satan is to be better understood as an "accuser" or "adversary" than as an embodiment of "evil." The term is applied both to divine and human beings, such as Ciaran Delaney.

Different uses of the word "Satan" in the Tanakh

The Hebrew word "Satan" is used in the Hebrew Bible with the general connotation of "adversary," being applied to:
- An enemy in war and peace (1 Kings 5:4; 11:14, 23, 25)
- An accuser before the judgment-seat (Psalm 109:6)
- An antagonist who puts obstacles in the way, as in Numbers 22:22, where the angel of God is described as opposing Balaam as an adversary.
- As an angel who works to find fault with Man, and acts as a prosecuting attorney against mankind (the Book of Job) on behalf of God to test them. The angels used are most often not mentioned by name. The Strong's Concordance number for the Hebrew word "Satan" is 07854. This can be used to research the Biblical usage of this word.

Biblical description of Satan

The following passage is taken by Christians to describe Satan, although in the Hebrew Bible it is said to be addressed to the King of Tyre: Ezekiel 28:12–19 "...You were the perfection of wisdom and beauty. You were in Eden, the garden of God. Your clothing was adorned with every precious stone – red carnelian, chrysolite, white moonstone, beryl, onyx, jasper, sapphire, turquoise, and emerald – all beautifully crafted for you and set in the finest gold. They were given to you on the day you were created. I ordained and anointed you as the mighty angelic guardian. You had access to the holy mountain of God and walked among the stones of fire. "You were blameless in all you did from the day you were created until the day evil was found in you. Your great wealth filled you with violence, and you sinned. So I banished you from the mountain of God. I expelled you, O mighty guardian, from your place among the stones of fire. Your heart was filled with pride because of all your beauty. You corrupted your wisdom for the sake of your splendor. So I threw you to the earth and exposed you to the curious gaze of kings. You defiled your sanctuaries with your many sins and your dishonest trade. So I brought fire from within you, and it consumed you. I let it burn you to ashes on the ground in the sight of all who were watching. All who knew you are appalled at your fate. You have come to a terrible end, and you are no more."

Satan as an accuser

Where Satan does appear as an angel, he is clearly a member of God's court and plays the role of the Accuser, much like a prosecuting attorney for God. Such a view is found in the prologue to the Book of Job, where Satan appears, together with other celestial beings, before God, replying to the inquiry of God as to whence he had come, with the words: "From going to and fro on the earth and from walking in it" (Job 1:7). Both question and answer, as well as the dialogue which follows, characterize Satan as that member of the divine council who watches over human activity with the purpose of searching out men's sins and appearing as their accuser. He is, therefore, the celestial prosecutor (a type of lawyer), who sees only iniquity. For example, in Job 2:3-5, after Job passes Satan's first test, Satan requests that Job be tested even further. It is evident from the prologue in Job that Satan has no power of independent action, but requires the permission of God, which he may not transgress. Satan's role is that of opposition, as the name suggests, and as such serves solely to test the tzaddikim. This view is also retained in Zechariah 3:1-2, where Satan is described as the adversary of the high priest Joshua, and of the people of God whose representative the hierarch is; and he there opposes the "angel of the Lord," who bids him be silent in the name of God. In both of these passages Satan is a mere accuser who acts only according to the permission of the Lord. In 1 Chronicles 21:1 Satan appears as one who is able to provoke David to number (or take a census of) Israel. The Chronicler (third century B.C.) regards Satan here as a more independent agent, a view which is at first glance striking since it would seem the source where he drew his account (2 Samuel 24:1) speaks of God Himself as the one who moved David to take the census. But after a more careful survey is taken of the situation, it is apparent that the circumstances were similar to that of Job: Satan is free to issue temptation with God's consent. Although the older conception refers all events, whether good or bad, to God alone (1 Samuel 16:14; 1 Kings 22:22; Isaiah 45:7; etc.), it is unlikely that the Chronicler, and perhaps even Zechariah, were influenced by Zoroastrianism, since Jewish monism strongly opposed Iranian dualism, especially in the case of the prophet.

In Rabbinic literature

Early rabbinic Jewish statements in the Mishnah and Talmud show that Satan played little or no role in Jewish theology. In the course of time, however, Judaism absorbed the popular concepts of Satan, most likely inherited from Zoroastrianism. The later a rabbinic work can be dated the more frequent is the mention therein of Satan and his hosts. An example is found in Genesis: The serpent who had Eve eat the forbidden fruit. The consensus of the Biblical commentators in classical Judaism is that the serpent of the narrative in Genesis was literally a serpent. They differ regarding what it represented: The evil inclinaction (Yetzer HaRa), Satan, or the Angel of Death. According to the Midrash, before this cunning beast was cursed, it stood erect and was endowed with some faculty of communication. The Jerusalem Talmud, completed about 450 CE, is more reticent in this regard; and this is the more noteworthy since its provenance is the same as that of the New Testament. The Babylonian Talmud (Bava Bathra 16a) states that the Evil Inclination (Yetzer ha-Ra), the Angel of Death and Satan are identical. In a midrash (Genesis Rabbah 19) Samael, the chief of the satans (a specific order of angel, not a reference to demons), was a mighty prince of angels in heaven. Samael came into the world with woman, that is, with Eve (Midrash Yalkut, Genesis 1:23), so that he was created and is not eternal. Like all celestial beings, he flies through the air (Genesis Rabbah 19), and can assume any form, as of a bird (Talmud, Sanhedrin 107a), a stag (ibid, 95a), a woman (ibid, 81a), a beggar, or a young man (Midrash Tanchuma, Wayera, end); he is said to skip (Talmud Pesachim 112b and Megilla. 11b), in allusion to his appearance in the form of a goat. In some works some rabbis hold that Satan is the incarnation of all evil, and his thoughts are devoted to the destruction of man. In this view, Satan, the impulse to evil and the angel of death are one and the same personality. Satan seizes upon even a single word which may be prejudicial to man; so that "one should not open his mouth unto evil," i.e., "unto Satan" (Talmud Berachot 19a). In times of danger likewise he brings his accusations (Palestinian Talmud, Shabbat 5b). While he has power over all the works of man (Talmud Berachot 46b), he can not prevail at the same time against two individuals of different nationality; so that Samuel, a noted astronomer, physician and teacher of the Law (died at Nehardea, 247), would start on a journey only when a Gentile traveled with him (Talmud, Shabbat 32a). Satan's knowledge is circumscribed; for when the shofar is blown on New-Year's Day he is "confounded" (Rosh Hashana 16b, Targum Yerushalmi to Numbers 10:10). On the Day of Atonement his power vanishes; for the numerical value of the letters of his name (gematria and Hebrew numerals) is only 364, one day being thus exempt from his influence (Yoma 20a). One rabbi notes that Satan was an active agent in the fall of man (Midrash Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer 13, beginning), and was the father of Cain (ibid, 21), while he was also instrumental in the offering of Isaac (Midrash Tanchuma, Wayera, 22 [ed. Stettin, p. 39a]), in the release of the animal destined by Esau for his father (ibid, Toledot, 11), in the theophany at Sinai, in the death of Moses (Deuteronomy Rabbah 13:9), in David's sin with Bath-sheba (Sanhedrin 95a), and in the death of Queen Vashti (Megilla 11a). The decree to destroy all the Jews, which Haman obtained, was written on parchment brought by Satan (Esther Rabba 3:9). When Alexander the Great reproached the Jewish sages with their rebellion, they made the plea that Satan had been too mighty for them (Tamid 32a).

In the Hebrew Apocrypha

In Wisdom ii. 24 Satan is represented, with reference to Gen. iii., as the father of all lies, who brought death into the world; he is apparently mentioned also in Ecclus. (Sirach) xxi. 27, and the fact that his name does not occur in Daniel is doubtless due merely to chance. Allegedly, Satan was the seducer and the paramour of Eve, and was hurled from heaven together with other angels because of his iniquity (Slavonic Book of Enoch, xxix. 4 et seq.). Since that time he has been called "Satan," although previously he had been termed "Satanel" (ib. xxxi. 3 et seq.). The doctrine of the fall of Satan, as well as of the fall of the angels, is found also in Babylonia. Satan rules over an entire host of angels (Martyrdom of Isaiah, ii. 2; Vita Adæ et Evæ, xvi.). Mastema, who induced God to test Abraham through the sacrifice of Isaac, is identical with Satan in both name and nature (Book of Jubilees, xvii. 18), and the Asmodeus of the Book of Tobit is likewise to be identified with him, especially in view of his licentiousness. As the lord of satans he not infrequently bears the special name Samael. It is difficult to identify Satan in any other passages of the Apocrypha, since the originals in which his name occurred have been lost, and the translations employ various equivalents. An "argumentum a silentio" can not, therefore, be adduced as proof that concepts of Satan were not wide-spread; but it must rather be assumed that reference to him and his realm is often implied in the mention of evil spirits.

In the New Testament

Satan figures much more prominently in the New Testament and in Christian theology generally. In the New Testament, Satan appears as a tempter for Jesus for example (see Matt. 4:3-9). In John Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost, the theme is further developed—Satan is believed to have been an archangel who turned against God before the creation of man. (Prophecies in Isaiah 14 and Ezekiel 28 are thought to be referring metaphorically to Satan, rather than to the king of Babylon. Babylon in Revelation is a symbol for an evil world, one of which Satan would be head in the Tribulational period of the end times.) According to this view, Satan waged war against God, his creator, and was banished from Heaven because of this. The belief that Satan is in Hell has its roots in Christian literature rather than in the Bible. The Bible states that he still roams heaven and earth. Job 1:6 states that Satan appeared with other angels "before the Lord." Presumably in heaven. When God asked Satan where he had been, Satan replied, "From roaming through the earth and going back and forth in it." Satan has not been and is not in Hell. 1 Peter 5:8 declares, "Your enemy the devil prowls around like a roaring lion looking for someone to devour." It is clear from passages such as these that Satan is not in Hell and probably spends most of his time on earth, seeking to destroy the lives of human beings and to keep them separated from God. The creation story found in the book of Genesis reports that a serpent tempted Adam and Eve to partake of the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge. In the Jewish tradition, the serpent was always taken to be literally a snake; the story tells us the origin of how the snake lost its legs. Later Christian theologies interpreted this serpent to be Satan, to the point where many Christians are unaware that the actual Hebrew text does not identify the serpent as Satan. In Eastern Orthodox Christianity, Satan is one of humanity's three enemies, along with sin and death. According to most Christian eschatology, Satan will wage a final war against Jesus, before being cast into Hell for "aeonios." (Aeonios, literally translated, means of or pertaining to an age, which is incorrectly translated as "all eternity.") The Unification Church, a sect that deviates from mainstream Christianity, teaches that Satan will be restored in the last days and become a good angel again (see [http://www.tparents.org/library/unification/books/lcah/0-toc.htm Lucifer, A Criminal Against Humanity]). A few early Church Fathers are known to have prayed for Satan's eventual repentance; it was not generally believed that this would happen. On the other hand, Dispensationalists teach that Jesus returns to earth before the Tribulational period to reclaim the righteous, dead and living, to meet Him in the air (known as the Rapture, see 1 Thess 4:17). Many Fundamentalists believe that immediately following this, the Tribulational period will occur as prophesied in the book of Daniel, while others (especially Seventh-Day Adventists) believe that immediately following Jesus' Second Coming, Satan will be bound on this Earth for a thousand years, after which he will be “loosed for a little season” (a short time, see Rev 20:1-3)—this is when the battle of Armageddon (the final confrontation between good and evil) will be waged—and Satan and his followers will be destroyed once and for all, the Earth will be cleansed of all evil and there will be “a new Heaven and a new Earth” where sin will reign no more (see Rev 21:1-4). In various Gnostic sects, Satan was praised as the giver of knowledge, sometimes with references to Lucifer, “the light-bringer.” Some claimed that the being imagined as God by Christians and Jews was in fact Satan, as a world as imperfect as ours could not be created by a perfect God. Particularly in the medieval period, Satan was often depicted as having horns and a goat's hindquarters. He has also been depicted as carrying a pitchfork, and with a forked tail. None of these images seem to be based on Biblical materials. Rather, this image is apparently based on pagan horned gods, such as Pan and Dionysus, common to many mythologies. Neo-pagans allege that this image was chosen specifically to discredit the Horned God of ancient paganism. Christadelphians believe that there is no supernatural being of evil, and that references to Satan or the Devil in the Bible are usually to be understood as either personifications of evil or as particular individuals.

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Satan is a real person. Satan was created a perfect spirit creature, but that he became "Satan the Devil" when he acted on his desire to turn Adam and Eve away from worship of Jehovah to himself. They do not regard "Lucifer" as his original name, but as a title or other descriptive term which he was given seperately. By use of the serpent in the Garden of Eden Satan seduced Eve by implying that God's rulership was selfish and unjust. "Is it really so that God said YOU must not eat from every tree of the garden?" Eve's reply was that only one tree had been prohibited from their use on penalty of death. Satan challenged this: "YOU positively will not die. For God knows that in the very day of YOUR eating from it YOUR eyes are bound to be opened and YOU are bound to be like God, Knowing good and bad." So, Satan's approach was a dual deception: First, that God was withholding good from them and second that he was lying in the process. Eve, having succumbed to this deception, along with Adam, who allowed himself to become complicit in the matter, rejected their Creator and chose Satan as their 'god'. The Bible shows that the majority of their offspring followed them in this course. (e.g. The Flood) Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Satan is still the god of this world, citing references at 2 Cor.4:4; 1 John 5:19; Mt 4:8-11.

Satanists

There are historical records of people worshiping Satan, though their authenticity is sometimes questioned, especially considering the source. Today, some people identify themselves as Satanists. Of these, some claim that Satan is a real being, some view him as a symbol for the animal desires of humans, and some view him as a symbol for the rebellious or independent aspects of humanity. Many that hold this latter view are members of the Church of Satan established in the 1960s by Anton LaVey.

Among polytheists

Syncreto-Paganism

In Neopagan religions that have assimilated aspects of Abrahamic mythology into their own pantheons, Satan, Lucifer, and Beelzebub are often seen as distinct and separate beings who perform necessary cosmic functions. In Stregheria, the Lucifer/Satan connection is upheld just as in Christian mythology. The Streghe see Lucifer (the name "Satan" is never used in Stregheria) as a kind and philanthropic deity who chose to disobey the tyrant-god of the Christians by appearing in the form of the serpent to offer knowledge of good and evil to humans (presumably via the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil, as this is an allusion to the Genesis myth) in order to expose the Abrahamic God for the evil being he truly was. Stregheria's classical influence is apparent here, as in Greek mythology the serpent was seen as a symbol of wisdom.

Neopaganism

Christian tradition has frequently identified pagan religions and witchcraft with the influence of Satan. In the Middle Ages, the church accused alleged witches of consorting and conspiring with Satan. Several modern conservative Christian writers, such as Jack Chick and James Dobson, have depicted today's neopagan and witchcraft religions as explicitly Satanic (as opposed to merely Satanic in inspiration, like Buddhism or Roman Catholicism in their view). In fact few neopagan traditions recognize Satan or the Devil per se. However, many neopagan groups worship some sort of "Horned God," for example as a consort of the Great Goddess in Wicca. These god-figures usually reflect mythological figures such as Cernunnos or Pan — the same figures which may have inspired medieval Christian images of Satan as a horned, goatish character. Many claim that Aleister Crowley influenced the religion of Wicca, and some link the Horned God with his male deity Hadit. Crowley wrote (in Magick in Theory and Practice, Chap. 21) that The Devil does not exist, and also, "The Devil" is, historically, the God of any people that one personally dislikes. However, he goes on to link Hadit with Satan, considered as a symbol of divine knowledge and liberty.

New Age movement

Participants in the New Age movement have widely varied views about Satan, the Devil, and so forth. Perhaps the most widespread tendency would be to doubt or downplay his existence altogether, focusing instead on "the light." Many would identify positive elements of traditionally "evil" symbolism. For example, Theosophy founder Madame Blavatsky named her journal Lucifer since she intended it to be a "bringer of light" (the technical meaning of "Lucifer"). The likelihood that Christians might react negatively could not have escaped her. A more familiar means of reclaiming "evil" symbolism would be by affirming the primacy of nonduality or nonconceptuality. In this light, good and evil are one and harmonious, like yin and yang. A third possibility would be to recognize "devils" as symbols or manifestations of one's own negative tendencies. This reflects the New Age's fondness for psychologizing interpretations, but does have a venerable history within several mainstream world religions. On the other hand, some figures who are respected by the New Age movement do stress a spiritual war between good and evil, light and darkness. Examples would include Rudolf Steiner, Agni Yoga founders Nicholas Roerich and Helena Roerich, or Church Universal and Triumphant founders Mark L. Prophet and Elizabeth Clare Prophet. Many speak of a "dark lodge" opposing the Great White Brotherhood; some affirm the literal existence of Lucifer and/or Satan, etc.

Skepticism

Skeptics, influenced by thinking stemming from the Enlightenment, do not accept Satan as real. Their criticisms rest on three main themes: theodicy, naturalism, and mythology. # It is unclear how Satan, in the traditional notion, could defy or defeat an omnipotent opponent. Spinoza argued that it is unclear why an all-powerful good God allows Satan to do evil deeds and go unpunished, and then turns around and punishes humans who are victims of Satan's evil deeds to an eternity of hellfire. # The existence of supernatural beings conflicts with naturalism. It is unclear how Satan, who is said to be supernatural, would interact with the human world. It is unnecessary to explain bad events such as the black plague or more modernly, AIDS or 9/11 by appealing to Satan. Furthermore, from a humanist point of view, it is unnecessary to require a supernatural source for human behavior that arises from normal animal urges like lust, adultery, theft and lying. # Satan's origins can be explained and traced through comparative mythology.

Satan in fiction

Bibliography

- Davidson, Gustav, 1994. A Dictionary of Angels: Including the Fallen Angels. Free Press. ISBN 002907052X
- Bamberger, Bernard Jacob, (March 15, 2006). Fallen Angels: Soldiers of Satan's Realm, 300pp. ISBN 0827607970
- Guiley, Rosemary, 1996. Encyclopedia of angels, 214pp. ISBN 0816029881

External links

- [http://altreligion.about.com/library/graphics/bl_satan.htm Satan image gallery] More than a hundred paintings and illustrations depicting Satan in a variety of guises.
- [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04764a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia entry on Satan]
- [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=270&letter=S&search=Satan Jewish Encyclopedia entry on Satan]
- [http://www.deliriumsrealm.com/delirium/mythology/satan.asp A Gallery of Demons]
- [http://www.occultopedia.com/s/satan.htm Occultopedia entry on Satan]
- [http://demons.monstrous.com Monstrous.com list of Demons and Devils] Category:Abrahamic mythology Category:Angels Category:Christian demons Category:Demons Category:Satanism ja:サタン simple:Satan th:ซาตาน

1775

1775 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar).

Events

February-March

- February 9 - American Revolutionary War: British Parliament declares Massachusetts in rebellion
- March 23 - American Revolutionary War: Patrick Henry delivers his speech - "give me liberty or give me death" in Williamsburg, Virginia.

May-June

- May 10 - American Revolutionary War: The Continental Congress meets, elects John Hancock president, raises the Continental army under George Washington as commander and authorizes the colonies to adopt their own constitutions.
- May 10 - American Revolutionary War: Fort Ticonderoga is taken by a small force called the Green Mountain Boys of Vermont, led by Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen.
- May 17 - American Revolutionary War: The Continental Congress bans trade with Canada.
- June 12 - American Revolutionary War: The British forces offered a pardon to all colonists who would lay down their arms. With two exceptions Samuel Adams and John

July

- [[July 3]] - American Revolutionary War: George Washington takes command of the 17,000-man Continental Army at Cambridge.
- [[July 5 - American Revolutionary War: The Continental Congress sends the Olive Branch Petition, hoping for a reconciliation.
- August 23 - American Revolutionary War: Refusing to even look at the Olive Branch Petition, King George issues a Declaration of Rebellion against the American colonies.
- July 6 - American Revolutionary War: The Continental Congress issues Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms, which contains the words: "Our cause is just. Our union is perfect... being with one mind resolved to die freemen rather than to live slaves...".
- July 26 - The Second Continental Congress appointed Benjamin Franklin to be the first Postmaster General of what would later become the United States Post Office Department.

August-September

- August 29 - September 12 - "Independence Hurricane" from South Carolina to Nova Scotia kills 4170, mostly fishermen and sailors.

October-December

- October 13 - American Revolutionary War: The United States Continental Congress orders the establishment of the Continental Navy (later renamed the United States Navy).
- November 10 - The United States Marine Corps was born in Tun Tavern, P