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Apollo 18

Apollo 18

Due to budget constraints there were many cancelled Apollo missions during Project Apollo. Along with Apollos 18, 19 and 20, which received some level of planning, there were a variety of later planned flights. Some of these were incorporated into the Apollo Applications Program, of which the only result was the Skylab space station.

Mission types

In September 1967, the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston, Texas, proposed a series of missions that would lead up to a manned lunar landing. Seven mission types were outlined, each testing a specific set of components and tasks; each previous step needed to be completed successfully before the next mission type could be undertaken. These were: A - Unmanned Command/Service Module (CSM) test
B - Unmanned Lunar Module (LM) test
C - Manned CSM in low Earth orbit
D - Manned CSM and LM in low Earth orbit
E - Manned CSM and LM in an elliptical Earth orbit with an apogee of 4600 mi (7400 km)
F - Manned CSM and LM in lunar orbit
G - Manned lunar landing Later added to this were H missions, which were short duration stays on the Moon with two LEVAs ("moonwalks"). These were followed by the J missions, which were longer 3 day stays, with 3 LEVAs and the use of the lunar rover. Apollo 18 to 20 would have been J missions. In addition, a further group of flights — the I missions — were planned for. Lunar Orbital Survey Missions were conceived that would have seen a long duration orbital mission of the Moon using a Service Module bay loaded with scientific equipment. When it became obvious that later flights were being cancelled, such mission plans were brought into the J missions that were actually flown.

Early Apollo missions

lunar rover In 1962 it was planned to fly four manned Saturn I flights in 1965. These flights would be designated SA-11 through SA-14 and would be orbital flights. However by late 1963 a change in NASA testing to "all-up" led to the missions being cancelled. Other missions received much more planning. It was originally planned that Apollo 1 would be followed by another Earth orbital flight of the Block I Command/Service Module (the Block I version was only designed for Earth orbit and not lunar flights). However it was decided that the flight was unnecessary and officially cancelled on December 22, 1966. The crew of Walter Cunningham, Donn Eisele and Wally Schirra became the backup crew for Apollo 1 and eventually the crew for Apollo 7. Also planned was the original D mission. Instead of using a Saturn V to launch the CSM and LM in one launch, this mission would have used two Saturn IBs to launch the components separately. It would have used the first block II CSM, CSM-101, and Lunar Module LM-2. CSM-101 was used by Apollo 7 and LM-2 went unused (Apollo 9 used LM-3) and currently is on display at the Kennedy Space Center. The D mission crew would end up flying on Apollo 9. Of all the components of the Apollo system, the LM, which would eventually be used to land on the Moon, had the most issues. It was behind schedule and when the first model was shipped to Cape Canaveral in June 1968, over 101 separate defects were discovered. Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation, which was the lead contractor for the LM predicted that the first mannable LM, to be used for the D mission, would not be ready until at least February 1969, delaying the entire sequence. George Low, the Manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office, proposed a solution in August. Since the CSM would be ready three months before the Lunar Module, they could fly a CSM-only mission in December 1968. But instead of just repeating the flight of Apollo 7, the C mission that would fly the CSM in Earth orbit, they could send the CSM all the way to the Moon and maybe even enter into orbit. This mission was dubbed the "C-Prime" mission. This new mission would allow NASA to test procedures that would be used on the manned lunar landings that would otherwise have to wait until Apollo 10, the F mission. There were also concerns from the CIA that the Soviets were planning their own circumlunar flight for December to upstage the Americans once again (see Zond program). This change of plans for Apollo 8 meant the cancellation of the E mission.

Apollos 18–20

Originally, NASA produced fifteen flight-worthy Saturn Vs; inclusive of two unmanned tests, this was enough to provide thirteen manned missions; these would have been Apollo 8 through Apollo 20.

Cancellation

The first mission to be cancelled was Apollo 20. On January 4, 1970 NASA announced it was cancelling the Apollo 20 as its Saturn V rocket was now needed for the Skylab space station and budget restrictions had limited the Saturn V production to the original 15 flight models. Then on 2 September, 1970, NASA announced it was cancelling what were to be the Apollo 15 and Apollo 19 missions. Apollo 15 was originally meant to be an H mission — like Apollo 12, 13 and 14. These cancellations meant that Apollo 15 became a J mission — three day stay on the moon with the lunar rover and that Apollo 18 would no longer be launched.

Crews

Deke Slayton was the Director of Flight Crew Operations and effectively chose the crews for the flights. During the early Apollo missions he had used a rotation system of assigning a crew as backup and then three missions later they would be the prime crew. However, by the later Apollo flights, this system was used less frequently as astronauts left the program, Slayton wanted to give rookies a chance, and astronauts didn't want to take dead-end backup positions. In the case of Apollo 18 the crew was probably:
- Richard F. Gordon, Jr. (Commander (CDR))
- Vance D. Brand (Command Module Pilot (CMP))
- Harrison Schmitt (Lunar Module Pilot (LMP)) When Apollo 18 was effectively cancelled, Schmitt was moved up to Apollo 17, replacing Joe Engle, under pressure from the scientific community. Schmitt, a geologist, became the only professional scientist and the twelfth man to walk on the Moon. As for the later flights, the crews are mostly based on speculation. The most accepted guesses for Apollo 19 are:
- Fred Haise (CDR)
- William R. Pogue (CMP)
- Gerald P. Carr (LMP) For Apollo 20 there is even more uncertainty. Based on normal crew rotation, the crew would have been:
- Pete Conrad (CDR)
- Paul J. Weitz (CMP)
- Jack R. Lousma (LMP) This crew however had been transferred to the Skylab program and Conrad had already walked on the Moon. So it is thought that the Apollo 20 crew would have been:
- Stuart Roosa (CDR)
- Jack R. Lousma (CMP)
- Don L. Lind (LMP)

Surplus hardware

Don L. Lind Two Saturn Vs went unused after the Apollo program, SA-514 and -515 and the third stage of the SA-513 was also unused.
- At the Johnson Space Center the Saturn V display is made up of the first stage of SA-514, the second stage from SA-515 and the third stage from SA-513.
- At the Kennedy Space Center the Saturn V display is made up of S-IC-T (test stage) and the second and third stages from SA-514.
- The first stage from SA-515 resides at the Michoud Assembly Facility, New Orleans, Louisiana and the third stage was converted for use as backup Skylab and is now on display at the National Air and Space Museum. Likewise the flights Apollo Command/Service Modules (CSM) and Apollo Lunar Modules (LM) went either unused or were used for other missions:
- After Apollo 15s original H mission was cancelled, there was a surplus H mission Lunar Module. LM-9 is on display at the Kennedy Space Center (Apollo/Saturn V Center)
- Apollo 18s CSM and LM were used by Apollo 17.
- Apollo 19s CSM is displayed on the Saturn V located at the Johnson Space Center. Its LM was only partially completed by Grumman and is now on display at Cradle of Aviation, Long Island.
- Apollo 20s CSM was never completed and scrapped. The LM was also scrapped before completion, though there are some unconfirmed reports that some parts (in addition to parts from LTA-3) are included in LM on display at the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Landing sites

Being effectively cancelled at least two years before they would have launched, little detailed planning had happened for the missions. A variety of landing sites were given for each flight. According to "NASA OMSF, Manned Space Flight Weekly Report" from July 28, 1969, Apollo 18 would have landed at Schroter's Valley in February 1972. Other NASA sources list the landing site as Copernicus or Gassendi craters, with a launch date in July 1973. The same report gives Apollo 19 as landing in the Hyginus rille region in July 1972. Other NASA sources list the landing site as Hadley rille in September 1972 (the eventual landing site of Apollo 15). Following the failure of Apollo 13 the landing sites for the remaining moon landings were changed accounting for these discrepancies. Apollo 20 had the most uncertainty. Among sites suggested are Copernicus in December 1972. Other NASA sources list the landing site as Tycho.

Apollo 21

A number of sources refer to an Apollo 21 lunar-landing mission, cancelled around 1969. Whilst this seems unlikely, as there would not have been a Saturn V to launch the flight, the discrepancy is likely due to Apollo 8. Apollo 8 was originally slated to be a D mission, flying the LM and CSM in Earth orbit. However, the LM was delayed by engineering problems, and the mission would not be able to fly as planned. As such, NASA changed the mission plan to be a "C-prime" mission — it would only consist of the manned CSM, but it would go all the way to the Moon. This would, of course, require the use of a Saturn V, leaving twelve more for later missions. Initially, however, the plan had been for the D mission to consist of two separate flights, with one Saturn IB carrying the CSM and, a few days later, another launching with the LM. Had this been carried out, there would have been thirteen Saturn Vs left after Apollo 8 - in other words, enough to go to a hypothetical Apollo 21. It is likely that references to Apollo 21 originate in this short period between the flight of Apollo 7, and the announcement of the change of mission of Apollo 8. The knowledge that the C mission was numbered 7 allowed the calculation that there would be a D mission, and then thirteen missions requiring Saturn Vs, to a final Apollo 21. After Apollo 8, however, it became clear that all future Apollo missions would be on Saturn Vs — and the boosters would end at number 20. At the time, no specific plans for the late Apollo missions, besides rough dates, existed. Using the internal NASA numbering conventions of the time, the "Apollo 21" discussed in 1968 would have been AS-515. This was the numbering used for the cancelled Apollo 20 mission; in other words, Apollo 21 was simply an early name for the mission that later became planned as Apollo 20.

Skylab

Apollo 7, the crew for the unflown Skylab Rescue mission.]] During Skylab 3, a malfunction on the Apollo CSM docked to the station caused fears that the crew would not be able to return safely. A modified Apollo CSM was prepared, with two crew spaces and three additional bunks crammed in beneath them; however, the problem was fixed without requiring a rescue flight, and the mission was stood down. The CSM was later used as a backup for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. As of 2005 it is on display at the Kennedy Space Center. The two astronauts planned for this crew were Don Lind and Vance Brand. Along with the Skylab Rescue mission, there were also plans for a short 20-day Skylab 5 flight that would use this backup CSM. The crew would have performed some scientific research and boosted the station into a higher orbit for use by the Space Shuttle. Another plan would have been to use the backup Skylab that had been constructed and launch it using one of the surplus Saturn V rockets left over from the cancellation of later lunar landing missions. It would have been served by Apollo spacecraft and perhaps been used for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project.

In Fiction

James A. Michener's novel Space features a fictional Apollo 18 which makes a fateful trip to the farside of the Moon. Shane Johnson's novel Ice likewise features a fictional Apollo 19 which makes a trip to a deep basin on the south lunar pole that is now known to contain a vast formation of water ice. It also features a much heavier rover launched by a Saturn 1B and delivered to the moon atop a LM descent stage called "LM Truck" in the novel. In this novel, the LM ascent engine fails to fire--which would have been the only failure of that engine in the history of Project Apollo--stranding the mission commander and LM Pilot on the moon. An equally fictional Apollo 20, using a Skylab rescue CSM, eventually travels to the same site to retrieve their remains. (This novel also features a rather striking OOPART and a suspicion of past extraterrestrial visitation of Earth in very ancient times.)

References


- [http://www.astronautix.com/flights/apollo18.htm Apollo 18], [http://www.astronautix.com/flights/apollo19.htm 19], [http://www.astronautix.com/flights/apollo20.htm 20], [http://www.astronautix.com/flights/skylabb.htm Skylab B] and [http://www.astronautix.com/flights/skylab5.htm Skylab 5] at the Encyclopedia Astronautica
- [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo_18_20.html Apollo 18 through 20] from the Goddard Space Flight Center. Retrieved 10 September 2005.
- [http://aesp.nasa.okstate.edu/fieldguide/pages/apollo/CM-115.html CM-115 on display at Johnson Space Center]. Retrieved 10 September 2005. Category:Apollo program

Project Apollo

:For other meanings, see Apollo (disambiguation). Apollo (disambiguation) Project Apollo was a series of human spaceflight missions undertaken by the United States of America using the Apollo spacecraft and Saturn launch vehicle, conducted during the years 1961–1972. It was devoted to the goal of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to Earth within the decade of the 1960s. This goal was achieved with the Apollo 11 mission in July 1969. The program continued into the early 1970s to carry out the initial hands-on scientific exploration of the Moon, with a total of six successful landings. As of 2005, there has not been any further human spaceflight beyond low earth orbit. The later Skylab program and the joint American-Soviet Apollo-Soyuz Test Project used equipment originally produced for Apollo, and are often considered to be part of the overall program. The name Apollo, like earlier manned space-flight programs, was named after a god from classical civilizations, and comes from one of the Greek gods.

Background

The Apollo Program was originally conceived late in the Eisenhower administration as a follow-on to the Mercury program, doing advanced manned earth-orbital missions. In fact, it became the third program, following Gemini. The Apollo Program was dramatically reoriented to an aggressive lunar landing goal by President Kennedy with his announcement at a special joint session of Congress on May 25, 1961: :"...I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth. No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important in the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish..." (Excerpt from "Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs" [http://www.jfklibrary.org/j052561.htm])

Choosing a mission mode

Having settled upon the Moon as a target, the Apollo mission planners were faced with the challenge of designing a set of flights that would meet Kennedy's stated goal while minimizing risk to human life, cost and demands on technology and astronaut skill. Three possible plans were considered. 1961
- Direct ascent: This plan was to boost a spaceship directly to the moon. The entire spacecraft would land on and return from the moon. This would have required a Nova rocket far more powerful than any in existence at the time.
- Earth orbit rendezvous: This plan, known as Earth orbit rendezvous (EOR), would have required the launch of two Saturn V rockets, one containing the space ship and one containing fuel. The spaceship would have docked in earth orbit and be fueled with enough fuel to make it to the moon and back. Again, the entire spacecraft would have landed on the moon.
- Lunar orbit rendezvous: This plan, which was adopted, is credited to John Houbolt and used the technique of 'Lunar Orbit Rendezvous' (LOR). The spacecraft was modular, composed of a 'Command/Service Module' (CSM) and a 'Lunar Module' (LM; originally Lunar Excursion Module ). The CSM contained the life support systems for the three man crew's five day round trip to the moon and the heat shield for their reentry to Earth's atmosphere. The LM would separate from the CSM in lunar orbit and carry two astronauts for the descent to the lunar surface, then back up to the CSM. In contrast with the other plans, the LOR plan required only a small part of the spacecraft to land on the moon, thereby minimizing the mass to be launched from the moon's surface for the return trip. The mass to be launched was further minimized by leaving part of the LM (that with the descent engine) behind, on the moon. The Lunar Module itself was composed of a descent stage and an ascent stage, the former serving as a launch platform for the latter when the lunar exploration party blasted off for lunar orbit where they would dock with the CSM prior to returning to Earth. The plan had the advantage that since the LM was to be eventually discarded, it could be made very light, so the moon mission could be launched with a single Saturn V rocket. However, at the time that LOR was decided, some mission planners were uneasy at the large numbers of dockings and undockings called for by the plan. To learn lunar landing techniques, astronauts practiced in the Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (LLRV), a flying vehicle that simulated (by means of a special, additional jet engine) the reduced gravity that the Lunar Module would actually fly in.

Flights

The Apollo program included eleven manned flights, designated Apollo 7 through Apollo 17, all launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida. Apollo 4 through Apollo 6 were unmanned test flights (officially there was no Apollo 2 or Apollo 3). The Apollo 1 designation was retroactively applied to the originally planned first manned flight which ended in a disastrous fire during a launch pad test that killed three astronauts, Virgil "Gus" Grissom, Edward White, and Roger B. Chaffee, in January 1967. The first of the manned flights employed the Saturn IB launch vehicle; the remaining flights all used the more powerful Saturn V. Two of the flights (Apollo 7 and Apollo 9) were Earth orbital missions, two of the flights (Apollo 8 and Apollo 10) were lunar orbital missions, and the remaining 7 flights were lunar landing missions (although one, Apollo 13, failed to land). Apollo 7 tested the Apollo command and service modules (CSM) in Earth orbit. Apollo 8 tested the CSM in lunar orbit. Apollo 9 tested the lunar module (LM) in earth orbit. Apollo 10 tested the LM in lunar orbit. Apollo 11 achieved the first human lunar landing. Apollo 12 achieved the first lunar landing at a precise location. Apollo 13 failed to achieve a lunar landing, but succeeded in returning the crew safely to earth following a potentially disastrous in-flight explosion. Apollo 14 resumed the lunar exploration program. Apollo 15 introduced a new level of lunar exploration capability, with a long-stay-time LM and a lunar roving vehicle. Apollo 16 was the first manned landing in the lunar highlands. Apollo 17, the final mission, was the first to include a scientist-astronaut, and the program's first manned night launch.

Apollo Applications Program

In the speech which initiated Apollo, Kennedy declared that no other program would have as great a long-range effect on America's ambitions in outer space. Following the success of Project Apollo, both NASA and its major contractors investigated several post-lunar applications for the Apollo hardware. The "Apollo Extension Series", later called the "Apollo Applications Program", proposed at least ten flights. Many of these would use the space that the lunar module took up in the Saturn rocket to carry scientific equipment. One plan involved using the Saturn IB to take the Command/Service Module (CSM) to a variety of low-earth orbits for missions lasting up to 45 days. Some missions would involve the docking of two CSMs, and transfer of supplies. The Saturn V would be necessary to take it to polar orbit, or sun-synchronous orbit (neither of which has yet been achieved by any manned spacecraft), and even to the geosynchronous orbit of Syncom 3, a communications satellite not quite in geostationary orbit. This was the first functioning communications satellite at that now-common great distance from the Earth, and it was small enough to be carried through the hatch and taken back to Earth for study as to the effects of radiation on its electronic components in that environment over a period of years. A return to the moon was also planned, this time to orbit for a longer time to map the surface with high-precision equipment. This mission would not include a landing. Of all the plans only two were implemented; the Skylab space station (May 1973 – February 1974), and the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (July 1975). Skylab's fuselage was constructed from the second stage of a Saturn IB, and the station was equipped with the Apollo Telescope Mount, itself based on a lunar module. The station's three crews were ferried into orbit atop Saturn IBs, riding in CSMs; the station itself had been launched with a modified Saturn V. Skylab's last crew departed the station on February 8, 1974, whilst the station itself returned prematurely to Earth in 1979, by which time it had become the oldest operational Apollo component. The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project involved a docking in Earth orbit between an un-named CSM and a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft. The mission lasted from July 15 to July 24, 1975. Although the Soviet Union continued to operate the Soyuz and Salyut space vehicles, NASA's next manned mission would not be until STS-1 on April 12, 1981.

End of the program

1981 Originally three additional lunar landing missions had been planned, as Apollo 18 through Apollo 20. In light of the drastically shrinking NASA budget and the decision not to produce a second batch of Saturn Vs, these missions were cancelled to make funds available for the development of the Space Shuttle, and to make their Apollo spacecraft and Saturn V launch vehicles available to the Skylab program. Only one of the Saturn Vs was actually used; the others became museum exhibits. Another excerpt from Kennedy's Special Message to Congress: :"I believe we should go to the moon. But I think every citizen of this country as well as the Members of the Congress should consider the matter carefully in making their judgment, to which we have given attention over many weeks and months, because it is a heavy burden, and there is no sense in agreeing or desiring that the United States take an affirmative position in outer space, unless we are prepared to do the work and bear the burdens to make it successful. If we are not, we should decide today and this year. Skylab :"This decision demands a major national commitment of scientific and technical manpower, material and facilities, and the possibility of their diversion from other important activities where they are already thinly spread. It means a degree of dedication, organization and discipline which have not always characterized our research and development efforts. It means we cannot afford undue work stoppages, inflated costs of material or talent, wasteful interagency rivalries, or a high turnover of key personnel. :"New objectives and new money cannot solve these problems. They could in fact, aggravate them further--unless every scientist, every engineer, every serviceman, every technician, contractor, and civil servant gives his personal pledge that this nation will move forward, with the full speed of freedom, in the exciting adventure of space." (Excerpt from "Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs")

Reasons for Apollo

The Apollo program was at least partly motivated by psycho-political considerations, in response to persistent perceptions of American inferiority in space technology vis-a-vis the Soviets, in the context of the Cold War and the Space Race. In this respect it succeeded brilliantly. In fact, American superiority in manned spaceflight was achieved in the precursory Gemini program, even before the first Apollo flight. The Apollo program stimulated many areas of technology. The flight computer design used in both the lunar and command modules was, along with the Minuteman Missile System, the driving force behind early research into integrated circuits. The fuel cell developed for this program was the first practical fuel cell. Computer controlled machining (CNC) was pioneered in fabricating Apollo structural components. Many astronauts and cosmonauts have commented on the profound effects that seeing earth from space has had on them. One of the most important legacies of the Apollo program was the now-common, but not universal view of Earth as a fragile, small planet, captured in the photographs taken by the astronauts during the lunar missions. The most famous of these photographs, taken by the Apollo 17 astronauts, is "The Blue Marble." These photographs have also motivated many people toward environmentalism and space colonization.

Miscellaneous information


- The cost of the entire Apollo program: USD $25.4 billion -1969 Dollars ($135-billion in 2005 Dollars). See NASA Budget. (Includes Mercury, Gemini, Ranger, Surveyor, Lunar Orbitar, Apollo programs.) Apollo spacecraft and Saturn rocket cost alone, was about $ 83-billion 2005 Dollars (Apollo spacecraft cost $ 28-billion (CS/M $ 17-billion; LM $ 11-billion), Saturn I, IB, V costs about $ 46-billion 2005 dollars).
- Amount of moon material brought back by the Apollo program: 381.7 kg (841.5 lb). Most of the material is stored at the Lunar Receiving Laboratory in Houston.

Missions

Lunar Receiving Laboratory The Apollo program used four types of launch vehicles:
- Little Joe II - unmanned suborbital launch escape system development.
- Saturn I - unmanned suborbital and orbital hardware development.
- Saturn IB - unmanned and manned earth orbit development and operational missions.
- Saturn V - unmanned and manned earth orbit and lunar missions. Something to note with Apollo flights is that Marshall Space Flight Center, which designed the Saturn rockets, referred to the flights as Saturn-Apollo (SA), while Kennedy Space Center referred to the flights as Apollo-Saturn (AS). This is why the unmanned Saturn 1 flights are referred to as SA and the unmanned Saturn 1B are referred to as AS. Dates given below are dates of launch.

Unmanned Saturn I


- SA-1 - October 27, 1961. Test of the S-1 Rocket
- SA-2 - April 25, 1962. Test of the S-1 Rocket and carried 109 m³ of water into the upper atmosphere to investigate effects on radio transmission and changes in local weather conditions.
- SA-3 - November 16, 1962. Same as SA-2
- SA-4 - March 28, 1963. Test effects of premature engine shutdown
- SA-5 - January 29, 1964. First flight of live second stage
- A-101 - May 28, 1964. Tested the structural integrity of a boilerplate Apollo Command and Service Module
- A-102 - September 18, 1964. Carried the first programmable computer on the Saturn I vehicle; last test flight
- A-103 - February 16, 1965. Carried Pegasus A micrometeorite satellite
- A-104 - May 25, 1965. Carried Pegasus B micrometeorite satellite
- A-105 - July 30, 1965. Carried Pegasus C micrometeorite satellite

Unmanned pad abort tests

1965
- Pad Abort Test-1 - November 7, 1963. Launch Escape System (LES) abort test from launch pad.
- Pad Abort Test-2 - June 29, 1965. LES pad abort test of near Block-I CM.

Unmanned Little Joe II


- QTV - August 28, 1963. Little Joe II qualification test.
- A-001 - May 13, 1964. LES transonic abort test.
- A-002 - December 8, 1964. LES maximum altitude, Max-Q abort test.
- A-003 - May 19, 1965. LES canard maximum altitude abort test.
- A-004 - January 20, 1966. LES test of maximum weight, tumbling Block-I CM.

Unmanned Apollo-Saturn IB and Saturn V


- AS-201 - February 26, 1966. First test flight of Saturn IB rocket
- AS-203 - July 5, 1966. Investigated effects of weightlessness on fuel tanks of S-IVB
- AS-202 - August 25, 1966. Sub-orbital test flight of Command and Service Module
- Apollo 4 - November 9, 1967. First test of the Saturn V booster
- Apollo 5 - January 22, 1968. Test of the Saturn IB booster and Lunar Module
- Apollo 6 - April 4, 1968. Test of the Saturn V booster

Manned


- Apollo 1 - Crew died in spacecraft fire atop launch vehicle during pre-launch tests on January 27, 1967.
- Apollo 7 - October 11, 1968. First manned Apollo flight, first manned flight of the Saturn IB.
- Apollo 8 - December 21, 1968. First manned flight around the Moon, first manned flight of the Saturn V.
- Apollo 9 - March 3, 1969. First manned flight of the Lunar Module.
- Apollo 10 - May 18, 1969. First manned flight of the Lunar Module around the Moon.
- Apollo 11 - July 16, 1969. First manned landing on the Moon, July 20.
- Apollo 12 - November 14, 1969. First precise manned landing on the Moon.
- Apollo 13 - April 11, 1970. Oxygen tank explodes en route, landing is cancelled, first (and, as of 2005, only) manned non-orbital lunar flight.
- Apollo 14 - January 31, 1971. Alan Shepard, the sole astronaut of the Mercury MR-3 mission, walks on the Moon.
- Apollo 15 - July 26, 1971. First mission with the Lunar Rover vehicle.
- Apollo 16 - April 16, 1972. First landing in the lunar highlands.
- Apollo 17 - December 7, 1972. Final Apollo lunar mission, first night launch, only mission with a professional geologist. The original pre-lunar landing program was more conservative but as the 'all-up' test flights for the Saturn V proved successful missions were deleted. The revised schedule published in October 1967 had the first manned Apollo CSM earth orbit mission (Apollo 7) followed by an Earth Orbit Rendezvous of the CSM and LM launched on two Saturn 1Bs (Apollo 8) followed by a Saturn V launched CSM on a Large Earth Orbit Mission (Apollo 9) followed by the Saturn V launched dress rehearsal in Lunar Orbit with Apollo 10. By the summer of 1968 it became clear to program managers that a fully functional LM would not be available for the Apollo 8 mission. Rather than perform a simple earth orbiting mission, they chose to send Apollo 8 around the moon during Christmas. The original idea for this switch was the brainchild of George Low. Although it has often been claimed that this change was made as a direct response to Soviet attempts to fly a piloted Zond spacecraft around the moon, there is no evidence that this was actually the case. NASA officials were aware of the Soviet Zond flights, but the timing of the Zond missions does not correspond well with the extensive written record from NASA about the Apollo 8 decision. It is relatively certain that the Apollo 8 decision was primarily based upon the LM schedule, rather than fear of the Soviets beating the Americans to the moon.

Cancelled missions


- Apollo 18
- Apollo 19
- Apollo 20

Later missions using left over Apollo hardware


- Skylab - May 14, 1973.
  - Skylab 2 - May 25, 1973.
  - Skylab 3 - July 28, 1973.
  - Skylab 4 - November 16, 1973.
- Apollo-Soyuz - July 15, 1975.

Apollo Launch Complex utilization


- Launch Complex 34 - SA-1, SA-2, SA-3, SA-4, AS-201, AS-202, AS-204 (Apollo 1), AS-205 (Apollo 7)
- Launch Complex 37A - no launches
- Launch Complex 37B - SA-5, A-101, A-102, A-103, A-104, A-105, AS-203, AS-204 (Apollo 5)
- Launch Complex 39A - AS-501 (Apollo 4), AS-502 (Apollo 6), AS-503 (Apollo 8), AS-504 (Apollo 9), AS-506 (Apollo 11), AS-507 (Apollo 12), AS-508 (Apollo 13), AS-509 (Apollo 14), AS-510 (Apollo 15), AS-511 (Apollo 16), AS-512 (Apollo 17), AS-513 (Skylab 1)
- Launch Complex 39B - AS-505 (Apollo 10), AS-206 (Skylab 2), AS-207 (Skylab 3), AS-208 (Skylab 4), AS-210 (ASTP).

See also


- List of lunar astronauts
- List of artificial objects on the Moon
- Extra-vehicular activity - List and duration of moonwalks
- Apollo moon landing hoax accusations
- Splashdown
- Ranger program
- Soviet moonshot
- Surveyor program
- Lunar Orbiter program
- Crew Exploration Vehicle
- Space race
- Launch complex 39

References


- Kranz, Gene, Failure is Not an Option. Factual, from the standpoint of a chief flight controller during the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo space programs. ISBN 0743200799
- Chaikin, Andrew. A Man on the Moon. ISBN 0140272011. Chaikin has interviewed all the surviving astronauts, plus many others who worked with the program.
- Murray, Charles; Cox, Catherine B. Apollo: The Race to the Moon. ISBN 0671611011. This is an excellent account of what it took to build and fly Apollo.
- Cooper, Henry S. F. Jr. Thirteen: The Flight That Failed. ISBN 0801850975. Although this book focuses on Apollo 13, it is extremely well-researched and provides a wealth of background information on Apollo technology and procedures.
- Wilhelms, Don E. To a Rocky Moon. ISBN 0816510652. Tells the history of Lunar exploration from a geologist's point of view.
- Pellegrino, Charles R.; Stoff, Joshua. Chariots for Apollo: The Untold Story Behind the Race to the Moon. ISBN 0380802619. Tells Grumman's story of building the Lunar Modules.
- Lovell, Jim; Kluger, Jeffrey. Lost Moon: The perilous voyage of Apollo 13 aka Apollo 13: Lost Moon. ISBN 0618056653. Details the flight of Apollo 13.
- Collins, Michael . Carrying the Fire; an Astronaut's journeys. Astronaut Mike Collins autobiography of his experiences as an astronaut, including his flight aboard Apollo 11, the first landing on the Moon
- Slayton, Donald K.; Cassutt, Michael. Deke! An Autobiograpy. ISBN 031285918X. This is an excellent account of Deke Slayton's life as an astronaut and of his work as chief of the astronaut office, including selection of the crews which flew Apollo to the Moon.
- [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19790020032_1979020032.pdf Chariots for Apollo: A history of Manned Lunar Spacecraft - NASA report (PDF format)]
- [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690022643_1969022643.pdf The Apollo spacecraft. Volume 1 - A chronology: From origin to 7 Nov. 1962 - (PDF format)]
- [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19740004394_1974004394.pdf The Apollo spacecraft: Volume 2 - A chronology: 8 November 1962 - 30 September 1964 - (PDF format)]
- [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19760014180_1976014180.pdf The Apollo spacecraft: Volume 3 - A chronology: 1 October 1964 - 20 January 1966 - (PDF format)]
- [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19800011953_1980011953.pdf The Apollo spacecraft: Volume 4 - A chronology: 21 January 1966 - 13 July 1974 - (PDF format)]
- [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19750013242_1975013242.pdf Apollo program summary report: Synopsis of the Apollo program - NASA report (PDF format)]

External links


- [http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/history/apollo/index.html Official Apollo program website]
- [http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4205/contents.html Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft By Courtney G Brooks, James M. Grimwood, Loyd S. Swenson]
- [http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4009/cover.htm NASA SP-4009 The Apollo Spacecraft: A Chronology]
- [http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/SP-4029.htm SP-4029 Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference by Richard W. Orloff]
- [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo.html The Apollo Program (1963 - 1972)]
- [http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/frame.html The Apollo Lunar Surface Journal]
- [http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/apollo/apollo.html Project Apollo (Kennedy Space Center)]
- [http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/diagrams/apollo.html Project Apollo Drawings and Technical Diagrams]
- [http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/diagrams/diagrams.htm Technical Diagrams and Drawings]
- [http://www.lunarrock.com/Inventory.asp Lunar Rock Inventory]
- [http://www.apolloarchive.com/ The Project Apollo Archive]
- [http://www.globalcuts.com/NASA/stock_footage_trailer_movie.htm Spirit of Apollo] Apollo 11 Memorial Video
- [http://www.nasm.si.edu/collections/imagery/apollo/apollo.htm The Apollo Program (National Air and Space Museum)]
- [http://www.io.com/~o_m/ssh_forgotten_astp.html OMWorld's ASTP Docking Trainer Page]
- [http://sourceforge.net/projects/nassp/ Project Apollo for Orbiter spaceflight simulator]
- [http://moon.google.com/ Google Moon: interactive map of the Moon and Apollo landing sites] Category:Human spaceflight programmes ko:아폴로 계획 ja:アポロ計画

Apollo Applications Program

The Apollo Applications Program (AAP) was established by NASA headquarters in 1968 to develop science based manned space missions using surplus material from the Apollo Lunar Landing Program. Initially the AAP office in Washington was an off shoot of the Apollo "X" bureau also known as the "Apollo Extension Series" that was developing technology concepts for mission proposals based on the Saturn IB and Saturn V boosters such as a Space station, the Grand Tour and "Voyager program (Mars)" of Mars Lander probes and a manned lunar base. The Apollo lunar base proposal saw an unmanned Saturn V used to land a shelter based on the Apollo Command/Service Module (CSM) on the moon. A second Saturn V would carry a three man crew and a modified CSM and Apollo Lunar Module (LM) to the moon. The two man excursion team would have a surface stay time of nearly 200 days and use of an advanced lunar rover and a lunar flyer as well as logistics to construct a larger shelter. The isolation of the CSM pilot was a concern for mission planners so proposals that it would be a three man landing team or that the CSM would rendezvous with an orbiting module were considered. When procurement of Saturn Vs other than those required for the Lunar landing was stopped in 1968 focus shifted to AAP. Aside from attempting to show that Apollo presented value for money NASA and the main contractors of Boeing, Grumann, North American and Rockwell also hoped to put-off the inevitable scaling down of staff and facilities following the completion of the first moon landing. Three AAP proposals were selected for development: The Apollo Telescope Mission would be an earth orbiting mission for Solar Observation. The Telescope would be based on a modified Lunar Module ascent stage and launched using a S-IVB. The Telescope would be docked to a CSM with a three man crew. Solar panels on the Telescope would provide additional power allowing an extended mission of 21-28 days. The Telescope module would include a pressurized compartment providing additional living and workspace for the crew. The Apollo Manned Survey Mission proposed an Earth observation science module also based on the Lunar Module ascent stage and would also have been launched using a S-IVB vehicle into a high inclination orbit. It was also proposed that a surplus Saturn V would launch a manned lunar survey mission to establish suitable sites for later manned landings. The Wet Workshop concept provided for a low-budget earth orbiting space station. A modified S-IVB would be launched into orbit the second stage carrying a docking module and large solar panels. An Apollo CSM would then be able to dock with the Second stage and enter the now empty fuel tanks which would provide a workshop in space. The interior space could be pressurized and it was also suggested that the Apollo Telescope and Survey Mission modules might be docked to the Wet Workshop to create a modular space station. Originally AAP missions would alternate with Apollo Lunar missions starting in 1969. However when NASA's 1969 budget was cut focus was shifted to the Skylab dry workshop space station proposal which managed to accommodate the equipment already specified for the AAP missions. Category:Apollo program

Skylab

:Skylab is also the name of a research station at Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica. Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station Skylab was the United States's first space station. The 75 metric ton station was in Earth orbit from 1973 to 1979, and visited by crews three times in 1973 and 1974.

History

Skylab was launched May 14, 1973 by a two-stage version of the Saturn V booster (the SL-1 mission). Severe damage was sustained during launch, including the loss of the station's micrometeoroid shield/sun shade and one of its main solar panels. Debris from the lost micrometeoroid shield further complicated matters by pinning the remaining solar panel to the side of the station, preventing its deployment and thus leaving the station with a huge power deficit. The station underwent extensive repair during a spacewalk by the first crew, which launched on May 25, 1973 (the SL-2 mission) atop a Saturn IB. Two additional missions followed on July 28, 1973 (SL-3) and November 16, 1973 (SL-4) with stay times of 28, 59, and 84 days, respectively. The last Skylab crew returned to Earth on February 8, 1974. 1974]

Mission of Skylab

Skylab was actually the refitted S-IVB second stage of a Saturn IB booster (from the AS-212 vehicle), a leftover from the Apollo program originally intended for one of the canceled Apollo earth orbital missions. A product of the Apollo Applications Program (a program tasked with finding long-term uses for Apollo program hardware), Skylab was originally planned as a minimally-altered S-IVB to be launched on a Saturn IB. The small size of the IB would have required Skylab to double as a rocket stage during launch, only being retrofitted as a space station once on-orbit. With the cancellation of Apollo missions 18-20 a Saturn V was made available and thus the "Wet Workshop" concept, as it was called, was put aside and Skylab was launched dry and fully outfitted. Skylab's grid flooring system was a highly visible legacy of the wet workshop concept. The mission computer used aboard Skylab was the IBM System/4Pi TC-1, a relative of the AP-101 Space Shuttle computers.

Operations on Skylab

Space Shuttle All told, Skylab orbited Earth 2,476 times during the 171 days and 13 hours of its occupation during the three manned Skylab missions. Astronauts performed ten spacewalks totalling 42 hours 16 minutes. Skylab logged about 2,000 hours of scientific and medical experiments, including eight solar experiments. The coronal holes in the Sun were discovered. Many of the experiments conducted investigated the astronauts' adaptation to extended periods of microgravity. Each Skylab mission set a record for the duration of time astronauts spent in space.

End of Skylab

Following the last mission, Skylab was left in a parking orbit expected to last at least 8 years. The Space Shuttle was planned to dock with and elevate Skylab to a higher safe altitude in 1979, however the shuttles were not able to launch until 1981. A planned unmanned satellite called the Teleoperator was to be launched to save Skylab, but funding never materialised. Skylab was considered junk by many. It was falling apart, according to the visiting astronauts. It had suffered great damage during launch when the solar panel tore off with the solar shield. It needed new gyroscopes, fuels, equipment, life support systems, plumbing, and much more. Increased solar activity, heating the outer layers of the earth's atmosphere and thereby increasing drag on Skylab, led to an early reentry at approximately 16:37 UTC July 11, 1979. Earth reentry footprint was a narrow band (approx. 4° wide) beginning at about and ending at about , an area covering portions of the Indian Ocean and Western Australia. Debris was found between Esperance, Western Australia, and Rawlinna, Western Australia, 31–34°S, 122–126°E. As this area was sparsely populated, the only casualty was an Australian cow. Skylab's demise was an international media event, with merchandising, wagering on time and place of re-entry and nightly news reports. The San Francisco Examiner offered a $10,000 prize for the first piece of Skylab to be delivered to their offices. An Australian farmer claimed the bounty. Three flight-quality Skylabs were built. The first one was that which crashed in Western Australia; the second, a backup, is on display at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC and the third is kept at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas.

Skylab Expeditions

See also


- Salyut
- Mir
- International Space Station
- Space station for statistics of occupied space stations

External links


- [http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4011/cover.htm SKYLAB: A CHRONOLOGY by Roland W. Newkirk and Ivan D. Ertel with Courtney G. Brooks (NASA SP-4011 1977)]
- [http://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/contents.htm SP-402 A New Sun: The Solar Results from Skylab]
- [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19740024203_1974024203.pdf Skylab Mission Evaluation - NASA report (PDF format)]
- [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19800012907_1980012907.pdf Skylab Reactivation Mission Report 1980 - NASA report (PDF format)]
- [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19770020211_1977020211.pdf Skylab Our First Space Station - NASA report (PDF format)] Category:Space stations Category:Manned spacecraft Skylab 1 ja:スカイラブ計画

September

September is the ninth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of four Gregorian months with 30 days. September begins (astrologically) with the sun in the sign of Virgo and ends in the sign of Libra. Astronomically speaking, the sun begins in the constellation of Leo and ends in the constellation of Virgo. The name comes from the Latin septem, for "seven". September was the seventh month of the Roman calendar until 153 BC.

Events in September

Roman calendar
- It is the start of the academic year in some countries, mostly in the west.
- In Venice on the first Sunday of September the regata storica is held, a parade as prelude to the rowing contests known as regattas.
- Labor Day is observed on the first Monday in September in the United States and Canada(spelled Labour Day).
- In Japan, Respect for the Aged Day is a national holiday celebrated on the third Monday of September. Autumnal Equinox Day is also a national holiday.
- In the Netherlands on the second Tuesday in September is known as prinsjesdag. The government presents its annual budget. The queen rides to the parliament in a gilded coach and reads the plans for the coming year to the States-general.
- The equinox named the autumnal equinox in the northern hemisphere and the vernal or spring equinox in the southern hemisphere occurs on dates varying from 21 September to 24 September (in UTC). In the pagan wheel of the year the spring equinox is the time of Ostara and the autumn equinox is that of Mabon.
- In KwaZulu-Natal, king Shaka is commemorated on the last Sunday of September.
- Somewhat ironically, the German Oktoberfest and the Chinese August Moon festival (more correctly called the Mid-Autumn Festival) both occur in September.

Trivia


- September begins on the same day of the week as December every year.
- September's flower is the morning glory.
- September's birthstone is the sapphire.
- In the year 1752, in the British Empire, the Gregorian calendar was adopted and as a result September did not have days numbered 3–13.
- On Usenet, it is said that September 1993 never ended.

External links


- [http://www.astro.uu.nl/~strous/AA/en/antwoorden/seizoenen.html Astronomy Answers article on the seasons] Category:Months ko:9월 ms:September ja:9月 simple:September th:กันยายน

1967

1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events

January


- January 4 - Algerian revolutionary Mohammed Khider is shot in Madrid.
- January 6 - Vietnam War: USMC and ARVN troops launch "Operation Deckhouse Five" in the Mekong River delta.
- January 10 - Segregationist Lester Maddox inaugurated as governor of Georgia.
- January 13 - Military coup in Togo under the leadership of Etienne Eyadema.
- January 14 - The New York Times reports that the US Army is conducting secret germ warfare experiments.
- January 15 - Louis Leakey announces that he has found prehuman fossils from Kenya - he names the species Kenyapitchecus Africanus.
- January 15 - United Kingdom enters the first round of negotiations for EEC membership in Rome.
- January 16 - Italy announces support for United Kingdom's EEC membership.
- January 18 - Albert DeSalvo, the "Boston Strangler," is convicted of numerous crimes and is sentenced to life in prison.
- January 18 - Jeremy Thorpe becomes leader of the Liberal Party
- January 23 - In Munich, trial begins against Wilhelm Harster, accused of murder of 82,856 Jews (including Anne Frank) when he led German security police during the German occupation of Netherlands. He is eventually sentenced to 15 years in prison.
- January 26 - Parliament of the United Kingdom decides to nationalize 90% of British steel industry.
- January 27 - Apollo 1: US astronauts Gus Grissom, Edward White, and Roger Chaffee are killed when fire erupts in their Apollo spacecraft during a test on the launch pad.
- January 27 - USA, Soviet Union and UK sign the Outer Space Treaty.
- January 31 - West Germany and Romania form diplomatic relations.

February


- February 2 - The American Basketball Association is formed.
- February 3 - Ronald Ryan becomes the last man hanged in Australia, executed for the murder of a prison guard, which he committed while escaping from prison in December 1965
- February 4 - Soviet Union protests the demonstrations before its embassy in Peking
- February 5 - Lunar Orbiter 3 is launched.
- February 5 - Italy's first guided missile cruiser, the Vittorio Veneto (C550), is launched.
- February 5 - General Anastasio Somoza Debayle becomes president of Nicaragua.
- February 6 - Aleksei Kosygin arrives in the UK for an eight-day visit. He meets the Queen on the 9th.
- February 7 - Chinese government announces that it can no longer guarantee safety of Soviet diplomats outside the Soviet embassy building
- February 7 - Serious brush fires in southern Tasmania claim 62 lives
- February 10 - The 25th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified
- February 14 - King Constantine II of Greece flees the country when his coup attempt fails
- February 15 - Soviet Union announces that it has sent troops to near Chinese border
- February 18 - China sends three PLA divisions to Tibet
- February 18 - New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison claims he is going to solve the John F. Kennedy assassination and that it was planned in New Orleans
- February 22 - Suharto takes power from Sukarno in Indonesia.
- February 22 - Donald Sangster becomes the new Prime Minister of Jamaica, succeeding Alexander Bustamante.
- February 23 - Trinidad and Tobago are the first Commonwealth nation to join the OAS.
- February 24 - Moscow forbids its satellite states to form diplomatic relations to West Germany
- February 25 - Chinese government announces that it has ordered the army to help in the spring seeding.
- February 25 - Britain's second Polaris missile submarine, HMS Renown, is launched.
- February 26 - Soviet nuclear test at Eastern Kazakhstan, Semipalitinsk.
- February 27 - Dutch government supports British EEC membership
- February 27 - Dominica gains independence from the United Kingdom.
- February 27 - The Outer Space Treaty was signed in Washington, London, and Moscow (entered into force October 10, 1967).

March


- March 1 - The city Hatogaya, located in Saitama, Japan is founded
- March 1 - Brazilian police arrest Franc Paul Stangli, ex-commander of Treblinka and Sobibór concentration camps
- March 1 - Red Guards return to schools in China.
- March 1 - The Queen Elizabeth Hall is opened in London.
- March 4 - The first North Sea gas is pumped ashore at Easington Co Durham.
- March 4 - Dr. Mohammed Mossadegh, the disposed democratically elected prime minister of Iran, dies while under house arrest.
- March 7 - Jimmy Hoffa begins his 8-year sentence for attempted bribery of jury
- March 9 - Stalin's daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva defects to USA via the US Delhi Embassy.
- March 12 - Indonesian State Assembly takes all presidential powers from Sukarno and names Suharto as acting president.
- March 13 - Moise Tshombe, ex-prime minister of Congo is sentenced to death in absentia
- March 14 - The body of President John F. Kennedy is moved to a permanent burial place at Arlington National Cemetery
- March 14 - Nine executives of the German pharmaceutical company Grunenthal are charged for breaking German drug laws because of thalidomide
- March 16 - In the Aspida case in Greece, 15 officers are sentenced to 2-18 years in prison accused of treason and intentions of coup
- March 18 - Supertanker Torrey Canyon runs aground in between Land's End and the Scilly Isles
- March 19 - Referendum in French Somaliland favors the connection to France
- March 21 - Military coup takes place in Sierra Leone.
- March 28 - Pope Paul VI issues the encyclical Populorum Progressio.
- March 29 - 13-day TV strike begins in USA.
- March 29-March 30 - RAF planes bomb the Torrey Canyon and sink it
- March 29 - The First French nuclear submrine, Le Redoutable, is launched.
- March 29 - The SEACOM cable system is inaugurated.
- March 31 - President Lyndon Johnson signs the Consular Treaty.

April


- April 2 - UN delegation arrives in Aden due to approaching independence. They leave April 7 and accuse British authorities for lack of cooperation. British say the delegation did not contact them.
- April 4 - Martin Luther King, Jr denounces Vietnam War during a religous service in New York City
- April 6 - Georges Pompidou begins to form the next French government.
- April 7 - Six-Day War: Israeli fighters shoot down seven Syrian MIG-21s.
- April 9 - The first Boeing 737 (a 100 series) takes its maiden flight.
- April 13 - Conservatives win the Greater London Council elections.
- April 14 - 10,000 march against the Vietnam War in San Francisco.
- April 15 - Large demonstrations against the Vietnam War in New York City and San Francisco.
- April 20 - Surveyor 3 probe lands on the Moon.
- April 20 - A Swiss Britannia turboprop crashes at Toronto, Canada, killing 126.
- April 21 - Greece is taken over by military dictatorship led by George Papadopoulos, forcing King Constantine II to flee.
- April 23 - A group of young radicals are expelled from the Nicaraguan Socialist Party (PSN). This group goes on to found the Socialist Workers Party (POS).
- April 24 - Soviet cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov dies during reentry of Soyuz 1 after the spacecraft's parachutes fail to deploy properly.
- April 28 - Boxer Muhammad Ali refuses military service.
- April 28 - Montreal hosts Expo '67; it is to coincide with the centennial of Canadian Confederation.
- April 29 - Fidel Castro announces that all intellectual property belongs to all people and that Cuba intends to translate and publish technical literature without compensation.
- April 30 - Moscow's 537m-tall TV tower is finished.

May


- May 2 - The Toronto Maple Leafs win the Stanley Cup.
- May 2 - Harold Wilson announces that United Kingdom has decided to apply for EEC membership
- May 3 - Big gold robbery in London.
- May 4 - Lunar Orbiter 4 launched.
- May 6 - Dr Zakir Hussain is the first Muslim to become president of India.
- May 6 - 400 students seize the administration building at Cheyney State College, Pennsylvania
- May 8 - The Philippine province of Davao is split into three: Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, and Davao Oriental.
- May 10 - Greek military government accused Andreas Papandreou of treason
- May 11 - United Kingdom and Ireland apply officially for EEC membership
- May 12 - Linda Ronstadt launches her first single 'Different Drum' with band The Stone Ponies.
- May 17 - Syria mobilizes against Israel
- May 17 - President Gamal Abdal Nasser of Egypt demands withdrawal of the peacekeeping UN Emergency Force in Sinai. UN secretary-general U Thant complies (May 18). On May 23 Egypt closes the Straits of Tiran, blockading Israel's southern port of Eilat.
- May 18 - Tennessee Governor Ellington repeals the "Monkey Law" (see the Scopes Trial)
- May 18 - In Mexico, schoolteacher Lucio Cabañas begins a guerilla campaign in Atoyac de Alvarez, west of Acapulco in the state of Guerrero
- May 19 - The Soviet Union ratifies a treaty with the United States and United Kingdom banning nuclear weapons from outer space
- May 19 - Yuri Andropov becomes the chief of KGB
- May 22 - The Innovation department store in the centre of Brussels (Belgium) burns down. It is the most devastating fire in Belgian history, which results in 323 dead and missing and 150 wounded.
- May 22 - Nasser announces the closure of the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping.
- May 25 - Celtic F.C. become the first British team to reach a European Cup final and also to win it, beating Inter Milan 2-1 in normal time.
- May 27 - Naxalite Guerrilla War Beginning with a peasant uprising in the town of Naxalbari, this Marxist/Maoist rebellion sputters on in the Indian countryside. The guerrillas operate among the impoverished peasants and fight both the government security forces and the private paramilitary groups funded by wealthy landowners. Most fighting takes place in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh.
- May 27 - The Australian referendum, 1967 passes with an overwhelming 90% support, allowing the Government of Australia to make special laws for Indigenous Australians.
- May 30 - Biafra, in eastern Nigeria, announces its independence.
- May 30 - At the Ascot Speedway in Gardena, California, daredevil Evel Knievel jumps his motorcycle over 16 cars lined up in a row.

June

motorcycle
- June 1 - The Beatles release Sgt Pepper, one of rock's most acclaimed albums. The mythologised "Summer of Love" kicks into high gear.Moshe Dayan becomes Israel's Secretary of Defense.
- June 2 - Protests in West Berlin against the arrival of the Shah of Iran turn into fights, during which young Benno Ohnesorg is killed by a police officer. His death results in the founding of the terrorist group Movement 2 June
- June 5-June 10 - Israel defeats Arab neighbours in Six-Day War, occupying West Bank, Gaza Strip, Sinai peninsula and Golan Heights
- June 5 - Murderer Richard Speck sentenced to death in electric chair for murder of nurses
- June 7 - Two Moby Grape members arrested for contributing to delinquency of minors
- June 8 - Six-Day War: The USS Liberty incident - Four Israeli fighter jets and four Israeli warships fire at USS Liberty off Gaza, killing 34 and wounding 171
- June 10 - Israel and Syria agree to observe a United Nations-mediated cease-fire.
- June 10 - Soviet Union severs diplomatic relations with Israel.
- June 10 - Margrethe, heir apparent to the throne of Denmark, marries French count Henri de Laborde de Monpezat.
- June 11 - A race riot in Tampa, Florida
- June 12 - The United States Supreme Court in Loving v. Virginia declares all U.S. state law which prohibit interracial marriage to be unconstitutional. [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/loving.html]
- June 12 - Venera program: Venera 4 is launched (it will become the first space probe to enter another planet's atmosphere and successfully return data)
- June 13 - Solicitor General Thurgood Marshall is nominated as the first African American justice of the United States Supreme Court - [http://www.supremecourthistory.org/02_history/subs_timeline/images_associates/082.html]
- June 14 - Mariner program: Mariner 5 is launched toward Venus
- June 14 - The People's Republic of China tests its first hydrogen bomb.[http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/china/nuke.htm]
- June 17 - The People's Republic of China announces a successful hydrogen bomb test.
- June 23 - Cold War: U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson meets with Soviet Premier Aleksei Kosygin in Glassboro, New Jersey for the three-day Glassboro Summit Conference. [http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/diary/1967/670623.asp]
- June 26 - Pope ordinates 276 new cardinals (one of them Karol Wojtyła).
- June 27 - First automatic cash machine (voucher-based) is installed in the office of the Barclays Bank in Enfield, England.
- June 27 - A race riot in Buffalo, New York - 200 arrested
- June 28 - Israel declares annexation of East Jerusalem.
- June 30 - Moise Tshombe, former prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is kidnapped to Algeria.

July


- July 1 - Canada celebrates its first one hundred years of Confederation.
- July 1 - The first colour television broadcasts begin on BBC2 in UK on certain programmes. A full colour service began on BBC2 on December 2.
- July 1 - American Samoa's first constitution becomes effective.
- July 3 - A military rebellion led by a Belgian mercenary Jean Schramme begins in Katanga, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
- July 4 - British parliament decriminalizes homosexuality
- July 5 - Troops of Belgian mercenary commander Jean Schramme revolt against Mobutu and try to take control of Stanleyville, Congo
- July 5 - Israel annexes Gaza
- July 6 - Nigerian forces invade Biafra following latter's secession May 30: beginning of the Biafran War.
- July 12 - Greek military regime strips 480 Greeks of their citizenship
- July 13 - Newark, New Jersey race riots.
- July 15 - Detroit race riots.
- July 16 - Prison riot in Jay, Florida - 37 dead
- July 18 - United Kingdom announces closing of its military bases in Malaysia and Singapore. Australia and USA do not approve
- July 18 - Humberto Castelo Branco, ex-president of Brazil, dies in a plane accident near Fortaleza
- July 20 - Pablo Neruda receives the first Viareggio-Versile prize
- July 22 - The town of Winneconne, Wisconsin, announces secession from the United States because it is not included in the official maps and declares war. Secession is repealed the next day
- July 23 - 12th Street Riot: In Detroit, Michigan, one of the worst riots in United States history begins on 12th Street in the predominantly African American inner city (43 killed, 342 injured and ~1,400 buildings burned)
- July 24 - During an official state visit to Canada, French President Charles de Gaulle declares to a crowd of over 100,000 in Montreal: Vive le Québec libre! (Long live free Quebec!). The statement, interpreted as support for Quebec independence, delighted many Quebecers but angered the Canadian government and many English Canadians.
- July 29 - Explosion and fire aboard the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier USS Forrestal in the Gulf of Tonkin leaves 134 dead.
- July 29 - Georges Bidault moves to Belgium where he gets an political asylum

August


- August 1 - Race riots in the United States spread to Washington, D.C.
- August 1 - Israel annexes East Jerusalem.
- August 3 - Sweden switches to right-hand traffic.
- August 7 - Vietnam War: The People's Republic of China agrees to give North Vietnam an undisclosed amount of aid in the form of a grant.
- August 7 - General strike in the old quarter of Jerusalem protests Israel's unification of the city.
- August 8 - The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is founded.
- August 9 - Vietnam War: Operation Cochise initiated - United States Marines begin a new operation in the Que Son Valley.
- August 10 - Schramme's troops take border town of Bukavu.
- August 14 - UK Marine Broadcasting Offences Act declares participation in offshore pirate radio illegal.
- August 15 - British Labour Government bans pirate radio stations.
- August 19 - West Germany receives 36 East Germany prisoners it has "purchased" through the border posts of Herleshausen and Wartha.
- August 21 - Truce in the