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April 19

April 19

April 19 is the 109th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (110th in leap years). There are 256 days remaining.

Events

- 1012 - Martyrdom of St Alphege in Greenwich, London.
- 1529 - At the Diet of Speyer, a group of rulers (German: Fürst) and independent cities (German: Reichsstadt) protests the reinstatement of the Edict of Worms, beginning the Protestant movement.
- 1587 - Sir Francis Drake sinks the French fleet in Cádiz Harbor.
- 1692 - Bridget Bishop's (in Salem, MA--accused of being a witch) trial.
- 1713 - With no living male heirs, Emperor Charles VI issues the Pragmatic Sanction to ensure that Habsburg lands and the Austrian throne would be inherited by his daughter, Maria Theresa.
- 1775 - American Revolutionary War: The Battle of Lexington and Concord – British General Thomas Gage attempts to confiscate American colonists' firearms. Captain John Parker orders his band of minutemen to not fire unless fired upon. Random shots rang out among the British soldiers. The minutemen promptly fired back. This was the "shot heard round the world." The British are driven back to Boston, Massachusetts, thus beginning the American Revolutionary War.
- 1809 - The army of Austria attacks and is defeated by the forces of the Duchy of Warsaw in the Battle of Raszyn, part of the struggles of the Fifth Coalition.
- 1810 - Venezuela achieves home rule: Emparan, Governor of the Captaincy General is removed by the people of Caracas and a Junta is installed.
- 1839 - The Treaty of London establishes Belgium as a kingdom.
- 1861 - American Civil War: A pro-Secession mob in Baltimore, Maryland, attacks United States Army troops marching through the city.
- 1892 - Charles Duryea claims to have driven the first automobile in the United States, in Springfield, Massachusetts.
- 1904 - Much of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, is destroyed by fire.
- 1909 - Joan of Arc receives beatification.
- 1919 - Leslie Irvin of the United States makes the first successful parachute jump and free fall.
- 1927 - Mae West is sentenced to 10 days in jail for obscenity for her play Sex.
- 1928 - The 125th and final fascicle of the Oxford English Dictionary is published.
- 1933 - President Franklin D. Roosevelt announces that the United States will be abandoning the gold standard.
- 1934 - Shirley Temple debuts in Stand Up and Cheer.
- 1938 - RCA–NBC begins regular television broadcasts.
- 1943 - World War II: In Poland, German troops enter the Warsaw ghetto to round up the remaining Jews, beginning the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.
- 1943 - Bicycle Day – Swiss chemist Dr. Albert Hofmann deliberately takes LSD for the first time.
- 1950 - Argentina becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires copyright treaty.
- 1951 - General Douglas MacArthur retires from the military.
- 1956 - Actress Grace Kelly marries Rainier III of Monaco.
- 1960 - Students in South Korea hold a nationwide pro-democracy protest against their president Syngman Rhee, eventually forcing him to resign.
- 1961 - The Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba ends in failure.
- 1971 - Sierra Leone becomes a republic, and Siaka Stevens the president.
- 1971 - Vietnam War: Vietnam Veterans Against the War begin a five-day demonstration in Washington, DC.
- 1971 - Charles Manson is sentenced to life in prison for the Sharon Tate murders.
- 1971 - Launch of Salyut 1, first human-made space station.
- 1978 - Lagumot Harris is elected President of Nauru.
- 1980 - In The Hague, Netherlands, Johnny Logan wins the twenty-fifth Eurovision Song Contest for Ireland singing "What's Another Year".
- 1989 - A gun turret explodes on the USS Iowa, killing 47 sailors.
- 1989 - Trisha Meili, the "Central Park Jogger" is raped.
- 1993 - The 50-day siege of the Branch Davidian building outside Waco, Texas, USA, ends when a fire breaks out. Eighty-one people die.
- 1995 - Oklahoma City bombing: The Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA, is bombed, killing 168.
- 1999 - The German Bundestag returns to Berlin.
- 2000 - An Air Philippines Boeing 737-200 crashes near Davao International Airport, killing 131.
- 2005 - Joseph Ratzinger elected Pope Benedict XVI on the second day of the Papal conclave.

Births

- 1320 - King Peter I of Portugal (d. 1367)
- 1452 - King Ferdinand II of Aragon (d. 1504)
- 1603 - Michel le Tellier, French statesman (d. 1685)
- 1658 - Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine (d. 1716)
- 1665 - Jacques Lelong, French bibliographer (d. 1721)
- 1686 - Vasily Tatishchev, Russian statesman (d. 1750)
- 1721 - Thomas McKean, signer of the U.S. Declaration of Independence (d. 1817)
- 1721 - Roger Sherman, signer of the U.S. Declaration of Independence (d. 1793)
- 1785 - Alexandre Pierre François Boëly, French composer (d. 1858)
- 1793 - Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria (d. 1875)
- 1832 - José Echegaray y Eizaguirre, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1916)
- 1874 - Ernst Rüdin, Swiss psychiatrist, geneticist, and eugenicist (d. 1952)
- 1882 - Getúlio Vargas, President of Brazil (d. 1954)
- 1883 - Richard von Mises, Austrian-born mathematician (d. 1953)
- 1892 - Germaine Tailleferre, French composer (d. 1983)
- 1897 - Peter de Noronha, Indian businessman and philanthropist (d. 1970)
- 1897 - Constance Talmadge, American actress (d. 1973)
- 1899 - George O'Brien, American actor (d. 1985)
- 1900 - Richard Hughes, English novelist (d. 1976)
- 1903 - Eliot Ness, American lawman (d. 1957)
- 1912 - Glenn Seaborg, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999)
- 1919 - Merce Cunningham, American dancer and choreographher
- 1922 - Erich Hartmann, German pilot (d. 1993)
- 1925 - Hugh O'Brian, American actor
- 1928 - Alexis Korner, English musician (d. 1984)
- 1930 - Dick Sargent, American actor (d. 1994)
- 1933 - Dickie Bird, English cricket umpire
- 1933 - Jayne Mansfield, American actress (d. 1967)
- 1935 - Dudley Moore, English actor, musician, comedian, composer (d. 2002)
- 1936 - Wilfried Martens, Prime Minister of Belgium
- 1937 - Elinor Donahue, American actress
- 1937 - Joseph Estrada, actor and President of the Philippines
- 1944 - James Heckman, American economist, Nobel Prize
- 1944 - Bernie Worrell, American keyboardist (P Funk)
- 1946 - Tim Curry, British actor
- 1947 - Murray Perahia, American pianist
- 1952 - Alexis Arguello, Nicaraguan boxer
- 1953 - Ruby Wax, British television personality
- 1960 - Roger Merrett, Australian footballer
- 1960 - Frank Viola, baseball player
- 1962 - Al Unser, Jr., American race car driver
- 1965 - Suge Knight, American record producer
- 1967 - Steven H Silver, American science fiction editor
- 1967 - Greg Ferrara, Independent Filmmaker, writer
- 1967 - Dar Williams, American musician and songwriter
- 1968 - Mswati III, King of Swaziland
- 1968 - Ashley Judd, American actress
- 1970 - Kelly Holmes, English athlete
- 1970 - Luis Miguel, Puerto Rican singer
- 1972 - Rivaldo, Brazilian footballer
- 1975 - Jason Gillespie, Australian cricketer
- 1975 - Jussi Jaaskelainen, Finnish footballer
- 1978 - James Franco, American actor
- 1978 - Gabriel Heinze, Argentinian footballer
- 1979 - Kate Hudson, American actress
- 1981 - Hayden Christensen, Canadian actor
- 1981 - Catalina Sandino Moreno, Colombian actress
- 1987 - Maria Sharapova, Russian tennis player

Deaths

- 1012 - Alphege, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 954)
- 1054 - Pope Leo IX (b. 1002)
- 1390 - King Robert II of Scotland (b. 1316)
- 1560 - Philipp Melanchthon, German humanist and reformer (b. 1497)
- 1578 - Uesugi Kenshin, Japanese samurai and warlord (b. 1530)
- 1588 - Paolo Veronese, Italian painter
- 1608 - Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset, English statesman and poet (b. 1536)
- 1627 - John Beaumont, English poet (b. 1583)
- 1629 - Sigismondo d'India, Italian composer
- 1632 - King Sigismund I of Sweden (b. 1561)
- 1686 - Antonio de Solís y Ribadeneyra, Spanish writer (b. 1610)
- 1689 - Queen Christina of Sweden (b. 1626)
- 1733 - Elizabeth Villiers, mistress of William III of England
- 1768 - Canaletto, Italian artist (b. 1697)
- 1791 - Richard Price, Welsh philosopher (b. 1723)
- 1813 - Benjamin Rush, physician, activist (b. 1745)
- 1824 - George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron, English poet (b. 1788)
- 1881 - Benjamin Disraeli, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1804)
- 1882 - Charles Darwin, English biologist (b. 1809)
- 1906 - Pierre Curie, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1859)
- 1914 - Charles Sanders Peirce, American philosopher and mathematician (b. 1839)
- 1916 - Ephraim Shay, American inventor (b. 1839)
- 1926 - Alexander Alexandrovich Chuprov, Russian statistician (b. 1874)
- 1930 - Georges-Casimir Dessaulles, Canadian senator (b. 1827)
- 1937 - William Martin Conway, British art critic and mountaineer (b. 1856)
- 1949 - Ulrich Salchow, Swedish figure skater (b. 1877)
- 1950 - Ernst Robert Curtius, Alsatian philologist (b. 1886)
- 1967 - Konrad Adenauer, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1876)
- 1971 - Russ Hodges, American sports broadcaster (b. 1910)
- 1971 - Earl Thomson, Canadian athlete (b. 1895)
- 1973 - Hans Kelsen, Austrian-born legal theorist
- 1974 - Ayub Khan, President of Pakistan (b. 1907)
- 1975 - Percy L. Julian, American chemist (b. 1899)
- 1987 - Hugh Brannum, American actor (b. 1910)
- 1987 - Maxwell D. Taylor, American general and diplomat (b. 1901)
- 1989 - Daphne du Maurier, English author (b. 1907)
- 1992 - Frankie Howerd, English comedian and actor (b. 1917)
- 1993 - David Koresh, American cult leader (b. 1959)
- 1998 - Octavio Paz, Mexican diplomat and writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1914)
- 2002 - Layne Staley, American musician (b. 1967)
- 2004 - Norris McWhirter, Scottish co-founder of the Guinness Book of Records (b. 1925)
- 2004 - John Maynard Smith, English bioligist (b. 1920)
- 2005 - Ruth Hussey, American actress (b. 1911)
- 2005 - Bryan Ottoson, American musician (b. 1978)
- 2005 - Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen, Danish jazz bassist (b. 1946)

Holidays and observances

- Patriots Day (Massachusetts, Maine, and Wisconsin, USA)
- Declaration of Independence Day (Venezuela)
- Republic Day (Sierra Leone)
- Landing of the 33 (Uruguay)
- Feast day of the following saints in the Roman Catholic Church:
- Saint Emma
- George of Antioch
- Ursmar
- Expeditus
- Primrose Day (England) – primroses are placed on the statue of Benjamin Disraeli in Parliament Square, London on the anniversary of his death (1881). There was a mistaken idea that the primrose was Lord Beaconsfield's favourite flower, since Queen Victoria sent them to his funeral.
- The Roman holiday of Cerealia ends. (Roman Empire)
- Bicycle Day
- Easter Sunday 1908, 1981, 1987, 1992. In the Gregorian Calendar Easter Sunday falls on 19 April more often than on any other date.

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/19 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.tnl.net/when/4/19 Today in History: April 19] ---- April 18 - April 20 - March 19 - May 19 – listing of all days ko:4월 19일 ms:19 April ja:4月19日 simple:April 19 th:19 เมษายน

April 19

April 19 is the 109th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (110th in leap years). There are 256 days remaining.

Events

Births

Deaths

Holidays and observances

External links

Leap year

A leap year (or intercalary year) is a year containing an extra day or month in order to keep the calendar year in sync with an astronomical or seasonal year. Seasons and astronomical events do not repeat at an exact number of days, so a calendar which had the same number of days in each year would over time drift with respect to the event it was supposed to track. By occasionally inserting (or intercalating) an additional day or month into the year, the drift can be corrected. Leap years (which keep the calendar in sync with the year) should not be confused with leap seconds (which keep clock time in sync with the day).

Gregorian calendar

The Gregorian calendar, the current standard calendar in most of the world, adds a 29th day to February in all years evenly divisible by 4, except for century years (those ending in -00), which receive the extra day only if they are evenly divisible by 400. Thus 1996 was a leap year whereas 1999 was not, and 1600, 2000 and 2400 are leap years but 1700, 1800, 1900 and 2100 are not. The reasoning behind this rule is as follows:
- The Gregorian calendar is designed to keep the vernal equinox on or close to March 21, so that the date of Easter (celebrated on the Sunday after the 14th day of the Moon that falls on or after 21 March) remains correct with respect to the vernal equinox.
- The vernal equinox year is currently about 365.242375 days long.
- The Gregorian leap year rule gives an average year length of 365.2425 days. This difference of a little over 0.0001 days means that in around 8,000 years, the calendar will be about one day behind where it should be. But in 8,000 years' time the length of the vernal equinox year will have changed by an amount we can't accurately predict (see below). So the Gregorian leap year rule does a good enough job. Image:Gregoriancalendarleap.png

Which day is the leap day?

The Gregorian calendar is a modification of the Julian calendar first used by the Romans. The Roman calendar originated as a lunar calendar (though from the 5th century BC it no longer followed the real moon) and named its days after three of the phases of the moon: the new moon (calends, hence "calendar"), the first quarter (nones) and the full moon (ides). Days were counted down (inclusively) to the next named day, so 24 February was ante diem sextum calendas martii ("the sixth day before the calends of March"). Since 45 BC, February in a leap year had two days called "the sixth day before the calends of March". The extra day was originally the second of these, but since the third century it was the first. Hence the term bissextile day for 24 February in a bissextile year. Where this custom is followed, anniversaries after the inserted day are moved in leap years. For example, the former feast day of Saint Matthias, 24 February in ordinary years, would be 25 February in leap years. This historical nicety is, however, in the process of being discarded: The European Union declared that, starting in 2000, 29 February rather than 24 February would be leap day, and the Roman Catholic Church also now uses 29 February as leap day. The only tangible difference is felt in countries that celebrate feast days.

Julian calendar

The Julian calendar adds an extra day to February in years divisible by 4. This rule gives an average year length of 365.25 days. The excess of about 0.0076 days with respect to the vernal equinox year means that the vernal equinox moves a day earlier in the calendar every 130 years or so.

Revised Julian Calendar

The Revised Julian calendar adds an extra day to February in years divisible by 4, except for years divisible by 100 that do not leave a remainder of 200 or 600 when divided by 900. This rule agrees with the rule for the Gregorian calendar until 2799. The first year that dates in the Revised Julian calendar will not agree with the those in the Gregorian calendar will be 2800, because it will be a leap year in the Gregorian calendar but not in the Revised Julian calendar. This rule gives an average year length of 365.242222… days. This is a very good approximation to the mean tropical year, but because the vernal equinox tropical year is slightly longer, the Revised Julian calendar does not do as good a job as the Gregorian calendar of keeping the vernal equinox on or close to 21 March.

Chinese calendar

The Chinese calendar is lunisolar, so a leap year has an extra month, often called an embolismic month after the Greek word for it. In the Chinese calendar the leap month is added according to a complicated rule, which ensures that month 11 is always the month that contains the northern winter solstice. The intercalary month takes the same number as the preceding month; for example, if it follows the second month then it is simply called "leap second month".

Hebrew calendar

The Hebrew calendar is also lunisolar with an embolistic month. In the Hebrew calendar the extra month is called Adar Alef (first Adar) and is added before Adar, which then becomes Adar Sheni (second Adar). According to the Metonic cycle, this is done seven times every nineteen years, specifically, in years, 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 19. In addition, the Hebrew calendar has postponement rules that postpone the start of the year by one or two days. The year before the postponement gets one or two extra days, and the year whose start is postponed loses one or two days. These postponement rules reduce the number of different combinations of year length and starting day of the week from 28 to 14, and regulate the location of certain religious holidays in relation to the Sabbath.

Hindu Calendar

In the Hindu calendar, which is a lunisolar calendar, the embolismic month is called adhika maas (extra month). It is the month in which the sun is in the same sign of the stellar zodiac on two consecutive dark moons.

Iranian calendar

The Iranian calendar also has a single intercalated day once in every four years, but every 33 years or so the leap years will be five years apart instead of four years apart. The system used is more accurate and more complicated, and is based on the time of the March equinox as observed from Teheran. The 33-year period is not completely regular; every so often the 33-year cycle will be broken by a cycle of 29 or 37 years.

Long term leap year rules

The accumulated difference between the Gregorian calendar and the vernal equinoctial year amounts to 1 day in about 8,000 years. This suggests that the calendar needs to be improved by another refinement to the leap year rule: perhaps by avoiding leap years in years divisible by 8,000. (The most common such proposal is to avoid leap years in years divisible by 4,000 [http://www.google.com/search?q=%22gregorian+calendar%22+error+%22leap+year%22+4000]. This is based on the difference between the Gregorian calendar and the mean tropical year. Others claim, erroneously, that the Gregorian calendar itself already contains a refinement of this kind [http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mleapyr.html].) However, there is little point in planning a calendar so far ahead because over a timescale of tens of thousands of years the number of days in a year will change for a number of reasons, most notably: #Precession of the equinoxes moves the position of the vernal equinox with respect to perihelion and so changes the length of the vernal equinoctial year. #Tidal acceleration from the sun and moon slows the rotation of the earth, making the day longer. In particular, the second component of change depends on such things as post-glacial rebound and sea level rise due to climate change. We can't predict these changes accurately enough to be able to make a calendar that will be accurate to a day in tens of thousands of years.

Marriage proposal

There is a tradition, said to go back to Saint Patrick and Saint Bridget in 5th century Ireland, whereby women may only make marriage proposals in leap years.

Saint Patrick and the leap year

:Saint Patrick, having driven the frogs out of the bogs was walking along the shores of Lough Neagh, when he was accosted by Saint Bridget in tears, and was told that a mutiny had broken out in the nunnery over which she presided, the ladies claiming the right of popping the question. :Saint Patrick said he would concede them the right every seventh year, when Saint Bridget threw her arms round his neck, and exclaimed, "Arrah, Pathrick, jewel, I daurn't go back to the girls wid such a proposal. Make it one year in four." Saint Patrick replied, "Bridget, acushla, squeeze me that way again, an' I'll give ye leap-year, the longest of the lot." Saint Bridget, upon this, popped the question to St Patrick himself, who, of course, could not marry: so he patched up the difficulty as best he could with a kiss and a silk gown. (Source: Evans, Ivor H, Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, Cassell, London, 1988) According to a 1288 law in Scotland, fines were levied if the proposal was refused by the man; compensation ranged from a kiss to a silk gown to soften the blow. Because men felt that put them at too great a risk, the tradition was in some places tightened to restricting female proposals to 29 February.

Birthdays

A person who was born on 29 February may be called a "leapling". In non-leap years they usually celebrate their birthday on 28 February or 1 March. There are many instances in children's literature where a person's claim to be only a quarter of their actual age turns out be based on counting their leap-year birthdays. A similar device is used in the plot of the Gilbert and Sullivan operetta The Pirates of Penzance. Category:Calendars Category:Units of time als:Schaltjahr ko:윤년 ja:閏年 simple:Leap year th:ปีอธิกสุรทิน

1012

Events
- Mael Morda starts a rebellion against Brian Boru in Ireland, which would eventually end in 1014 at the Battle of Clontarf.
- Sulayman is restored as Umayyad caliph of Cordoba, succeeding Hisham II.
- Benedict VIII becomes pope. Gregory is antipope.
- Archbishop Alphege of Canterbury is murdered by his Danish captors.
- King Aethelred of England pays Danegeld.
- Oldrich succeeds Jaromir as duke of Bohemia.
- Fatimid Caliph al-Hakim orders the destruction of all Jewish and Christian places of worship. Births
- Pope Benedict IX (approximate date)
- Marpa, Tibetan translator of holy texts (d. 1097)
- Cai Xiang Chinese Calligrapher (d. 1067) Deaths
- April 19 - Alphege, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 954)
- May 12 - Pope Sergius IV Category:1012 ko:1012년

Alphege

Life and martyrdom

Saint Alphege (Ælfheah) (954 - April 19 1012), Archbishop of Canterbury, came of a noble family, but in early life gave up everything to devote himself to his faith. Having assumed the monastic habit in the monastery of Deerhurst, he passed thence to Bath, where he became an anchorite and ultimately abbot, distinguishing himself by his piety and the austerity of his life. In 984 he was appointed through Dunstan's influence to the bishopric of Winchester, and in 1006 he succeeded Aelfric as Archbishop of Canterbury. At the sack of Canterbury by the Danes in 1011 Ælfheah was captured and kept in prison for seven months. Refusing to pay a ransom, he was murdered at Greenwich, London on April 19, 1012 (St Alfege's Church reputedly marks the place he died). An account of his death appears in The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle:

. . . for there was wine brought them from the south. Then took they the bishop . . . on the eve of the Sunday after Easter . . . They overwhelmed him with bones and horns of oxen; and one of them smote him with an axe-iron on the head; so that he sunk downwards with the blow; and his holy blood fell on the earth, whilst his sacred soul was sent to the realm of God.

Some sources record the final blow, with the back of an axe, being dealt by one 'Thrum' as an act of kindness by a Christian convert. He was buried in St Paul's, whence his body was removed by Canute to Canterbury with all the ceremony of a great act of state in 1023. Alphege was canonised in 1078. An incised paving slab to the north of the present High Altar of Canterbury Cathedral marks the place where the mediaeval shrine is believed to have stood.

Dedications

Dedications include: St. Alphege the Martyr, Canterbury (now used as an urban studies centre), St Alfege's Church, Greenwich, the twin churches of St. Alphege Whitstable and St. Alphege Seasalter (chancel only surviving) and St Alphege in Solihull the main town of the Metropolitan Borough of Solihull.

Feast day

Feast Day: April 19th.

Accounts

Lives of St. Alphege in prose - which survives - and in verse were written by command of Lanfranc by the Canterbury monk Osborn (d. c. 1090), who says that his account of the solemn translation to Canterbury in 1023 was received from the dean, Godric, one of Alphege's own scholars.

External Links

- [http://www.engl.virginia.edu/OE/OEA/pdf/aelfheah.pdf The Martyrdom of Ælfheah, from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle] Category:Saints Category:Archbishops of Canterbury Alphege Alphege

1529

Events

- April 22 - Treaty of Saragossa divides the eastern hemisphere between Spain and Portugal, stipulating that the dividing line should lie 297.5 leagues or 17° east of the Moluccas.
- March 7 or 9 - At the Battle of Shimbra Kure, Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi, with 200 men armed with matchlocks, defeats the army of Lebna Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia.
- May 10 - The Turkish army under Suleiman I leaves Constantinople to once again invade Hungary.
- August 5 - Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor sign the Treaty of Cambrai
- September 8 - Recapture of Buda by the invading Turkish forces.
- September 8 - The city of Maracaibo in Venezuela is founded by Ambrosius Ehinger.
- September 23 - Vienna is besieged by Turkish forces.
- October 15 - With the season growing late, Suleiman abandons the siege.
- Emperor Charles V and Francis I of France sign the Treaty of Cambrai, or the "Ladies' Peace". Francis abandons his claims in Italy, but is allowed to retain Burgundy.
- Thomas Wolsey, Archbishop of York, fails to bring about the divorce and annulment Henry VIII had sought and is forced to resign.
- Aylesbury is granted the county town of Buckinghamshire in England by King Henry VIII.
- Stephen Báthory becomes governor of Transylvania.
- Boromrajathira IV succeeds Rama Thibodi II as king of Ayutthaya.
- Fluorine is first described by Georg Agricola.
- Giorgio Vasari visits Rome.
- Pietro Bembo becomes historiographer of Venice.
- Heinrich Bullinger becomes pastor of Bremgarten.
- Diet of Speyer takes place.

Births

- April 3 - Michael Neander, German mathematician and historian (d. 1581)
- June 7 - Étienne Pasquier, French lawyer and writer (died 1615)
- June 14 - Archduke Ferdinand II of Austria, regent of Tyrol and Further Austria (died 1595)
- Titu Cusi, Inca ruler of Vilcabamba (died 1571)
- Giambologna, Italian sculptor (died 1608)
- Francesco Patrizzi, Italian philosopher and scientist (died 1597)
- Henry Sidney, lord deputy of Ireland (died 1586)
- Michal Wisniowiecki, prince at Wiśniowiec (died 1584)
- Taddeo Zuccaro, Italian painter (died 1566)

Deaths

- February 2 - Baldassare Castiglione, Italian writer and diplomat (born 1478)
- June 21 - John Skelton, English poet
- November 20 - Karl von Miltitz, papal nuncio (born ca. 1490)
- George Blaurock, Swiss founder of Anabaptist church (born 1491)
- Ludwig Haetzer, German protestant reformer (executed)
- Krishnadevaraya, Vijaynagar emperor
- Silvio Passerini, cardinal and lord of Florence (born 1469)
- Andrea Sansovino, Italian sculptor (born 1467)
- Lo Spagna, Italian painter
- Petrus Särkilahti, Finnish Lutheran and scientist
- Peter Vischer the Elder, German sculptor (born 1455)
- Wang Yangming, Chinese official (born 1472) Category:1529 ko:1529년

Fürst

Fürst (plural Fürsten) is a German title of nobility, usually translated into English as "Prince". The female form is Fürstin (plural Fürstinnen).

Use of the title in German

The title Fürst is used for the heads of princely houses of German origin. Unless he also holds a higher title, such as duke or king, he will be known either by the formula "Fürst von + [geographic origin of the dynasty]", or by the formula "Fürst zu + [name of the ruled territory]". Exceptions, however, exist to these general rules. The actual rank of the holder of a title is, however, dependent on not only the title as such, but on for instance the degree of sovereignty and on the rank of the lord of the title-holder. But also such matters as the age of the princely dynasty play a role (note the terms Uradel, Briefadel, altfürstliche, neufürstliche; and see German nobility). The present-day rulers of the principality of Liechtenstein bear the title of Fürst, and the title is also used in German when referring to the ruling princes of Monaco. The hereditary rulers of the one-time principalities of Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, and Albania were also all referred to in German as Fürsten before they eventually assumed the title of "King" (translated in German as König).

Derived titles

A Reichsfürst, rendered as "Prince of the Empire", is any Prince (in the generic sense of monarchic Head of a feudal 'state' in the widest sense), whose territory is a member of the Holy Roman Empire (not only German-speaking countries, but also border - and extensive neighbouring regions as -all or part of- the Low Countries, Swiss areas outside the Helvetic Republic, Italy and Malta, Hungary, various Slavonic and Baltic countries and even arch-rival France; the precise borders changed significantly over time, but in principle it claimed to be the revived western Roman Empire, equal to its surviving counterpart Byzantium), and hence is entitled to a voting seat (be it in some cases only as members of a collective voting unit, such as the Grafenbank) in its representative but not permanent highest assembly, the Reichstag ('Imperial Diet'; also includes a number of cities, with a vote, but not qualifying as princes since they are fundamentally republican), regardless of his style, mainly the feudal aristocratic ranks -in descending order- King (German König), Grand duke (see below), Duke (Herzog), Margrave (Markgraf), the lower comital titles (not in a stringent order- mainly nominal Count Graf, Landgrave Landgraf, Reichsgraf; however not a few lower offices ending in -graf), then the nominal 'mere' Prince speciiclly styled Fürst, next Viscount (Burggraf), Freiherr (circa Baron, though sometimes that title is used in German too, and may be considered just half a step higher; the lowest rank equivalent to the British peerage as there is no equivalent for Baronet) and in a few cases even below, mere nominal (circa Manorial) 'Lord' (Herr) or Reichsritter ('Imperial Knight', also in a voting bench), also including a good number of Princes of the church (German Kirchenfürst; i.e; ecclesiastics with a secular territory carrying princely rank, such as Prince-(arch)bishops, Prince-abbots, Grand masters of military orders)
- A Kurfürst was an Elector of the Holy Roman Empire, i.e. a prince with a casting vote in the excluvive election of the successor to the imperial throne. Regardless of the titles attached to their own principalities, this quality made them officially the first order of nobility, directly under the Emperor. Kur, earlier spelled Chur, is derived from kur/küren, "to choose".
- Großfürst is the German equivalent of the Latin Magnus Princeps, which in English is translated as Grand Duke, and is used, for example, for the sons of a Tsar. "Grand Duke" is otherwise translated as Großherzog in German (Magnus Dux in Latin).
- Fürstprimas - see Prince-Primate

Other uses in German

Fürst is also used more generally in German to refer to a ruleranywhere, such as in Machiavelli's The Prince. Thus a King, Duke, and a Fürst in the narrower sense are all covered by the term. Before the 12th century, counts were also included in this group, according to how the word was used in Germany. The child of a Fürst (in this general sense) is as a rule referred to as Prinz (Prince) or Prinzessin (Princess), although exceptionally there exist families where all or some members are Fürst/Fürstin (Wrede) or Herzog/Herzogin (Anhalt, Bavaria, Mecklenburg, Oldenburg, Saxony and Württemberg)[http://pages.prodigy.net/ptheroff/gotha/gotha.htm]. Fürst is also a German and/or Jewish surname.

Origins and cognates of the title

The word Fürst designates the head (the "first") of a ruling house, or the head of a branch of such a house. The "first" originates from ancient Germanic times, when the "first" was the leader in battle. Various cognates of the word Fürst exist (see extensive list under Prince), sometimes only used for a princely ruler, while a derivatio of the Latin Princeps (ironically a republican title in Roman law, which never formally (re)introduced monarchic head of state, its imperial styles Imperator, Augustus and Caesar were not officially sbstituted for the collegial chief magistrature of the Consuls) is used for a genealogical prince (e.g. in Dutch 'vorst; but a prince of the blood styled Prins), while in other languages only a Princeps-derivated word is used for both irrespectively, though especially there the German Fürst as such can often be used precisely to make the distiction, mainly in the case of Princes of the Empire.
Sources and References

- Westermann, Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte (in German)
- [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Germany.html#Holy%20Roman%20Empire WorldStatesmen - here Germany (with specifics on the HREmpire); see also other present countries]
- [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=F%FBrst&searchmode=none Etymology on line] Category:Feudalism Category:Monarchy Category:Noble titles Category:Heads of state Category:German nobility Category:Austrian nobility Category:Belgian nobility Category:Bohemian nobility Category:Dutch nobility Category:Hungarian nobility Category:Italian nobility Category:Maltese nobility
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Reichsstadt

Imperial Free City

Edict of Worms

framed The Diet of Worms was a general assembly (a Diet) of the estates of the Holy Roman Empire that took place in Worms, a small town on the Rhine river located in what is now Germany. It was conducted from January 28 to May 25, 1521, with Emperor Charles V presiding. Although other issues were dealt with at the Diet of Worms, it is most memorable for addressing Martin Luther and the effects on the Protestant Reformation. The previous year, Pope Leo X had issued the Papal bull Exsurge Domine, demanding that Luther retract forty-one of his 95 theses criticising the Church. Luther was summoned by the Emperor to appear before the Imperial Diet. Prince Frederick III, Elector of Saxony obtained an agreement that if Luther appeared he would be promised safe passage to and from the meeting. Such a guarantee was essential after the treatment of Jan Hus, who was tried and executed at the Council of Constance in 1415, despite a safe conduct pass.

Luther's Defense

Emperor Charles V opened the imperial Diet of Worms on January 22, 1521. Luther was summoned to renounce or reaffirm his views. When he appeared before the assembly on April 16, Johann Eck, an assistant of Archbishop of Trier, acted as spokesman for the Emperor. He presented Luther with a table filled with copies of his writings. Eck asked Luther if the books were his and if he still believed what these works taught. Luther requested time to think about his answer. It was granted. Luther prayed, consulted with friends and mediators and presented himself before the Diet the next day. When the counselor put the same questions to Luther, he said: "They are all mine, but as for the second question, they are not all of one sort." Luther went on to say that some of the works were well received by even his enemies. These he would not reject. The second category of his books attacked the abuses, lies and desolation of the Christian world. These, Luther believed, could not safely be rejected without encouraging abuses to continue. The third group contained attacks on individuals. He apologized for the harsh tone of these writings, but did not reject the substance of what he taught in them. If he could be shown from the Scriptures that he was in error, Luther continued, he would reject them. Otherwise, he could not do so safely without encouraging abuse. Counsellor Eck, after countering that Luther had no right to teach contrary to the Church through the ages, asked Luther to plainly answer the question: "Would Luther reject his books and the errors they contain?" Luther replied: "Unless I am convicted by Scripture and plain reason—I do not accept the authority of popes and councils, for they have contradicted each other—my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and will not recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe." According to tradition, Luther is then said to have spoken these words: "Here I stand. I can do no other. God help me. Amen." Many scholars question whether these famous words were actually spoken, since they do not appear in any account written at the time of the Diet. Private conferences were held to determine Luther's fate. Before a decision was reached, Luther left Worms. During his return to Wittenberg, he disappeared.

Edict of Worms

The Emperor issued the Edict of Worms on May 25, 1521, declaring Martin Luther an outlaw and a heretic and banning his literature. The Papal nuncio at the Diet, Girolamo Aleandro, drew up and proposed the fierce denunciations of Luther that were embodied in the Edict of Worms, promulgated on May 25. These declared Luther to be an outlaw and banned the reading or possession of his writings. It permitted anyone to kill Luther without legal consequence. The Edict was a divisive move that distressed more moderate men, and in particular Erasmus. Despite the agreement that he could return home safely, it was privately understood that Luther would soon be arrested and punished. To protect him from this fate, Prince Frederick seized him on his way home and hid him away in Wartburg Castle. It was during his time in Wartburg that Luther began his German translation of the Bible. When Luther eventually came out of hiding, the Emperor was preoccupied with military concerns, and because of rising public support for Luther among the German people, the Edict of Worms was never enforced. Luther continued to call for reform until his death in 1546.

External References

- [http://www.bhsu.edu/artssciences/asfaculty/kparrow/Edict%20of%20Worms.htm Translation of the Edict of Worms] by De Lamar Jensen and Jacquelin Delbrouwire Category:Christian history Category:Lutheranism Category:Protestantism Category: Category:Roman Catholic Church history

1587

1587 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

Events

- February 8 - Mary, Queen of Scots is beheaded at Fotheringhay Castle in England after she is implicated in a plot to murder her cousin, Queen Elizabeth I.
- July 22 - Colony of Roanoke: A group of English settlers arrive on Roanoke Island off of North Carolina to re-establish the deserted colony.
- August 19 - Polish and Lithuanian nobles elect Sigismund Vasa as their king
- October 20 - Battle of Coutras - Huguenot forces under Henry of Navarre defeat Royalist forces under Anne, Duc de Joyeuse, favorite of King Henry. Joyeuse is killed.
- October 31 - Leiden University Library opens its doors after its founding in 1575.
- First Filipinos in North America landed in Morro Bay near San Luis Obispo, California
- The Rose (theatre) is founded in London by Philip Henslowe.

Births

- January 5 - Xu Xiake, Chinese adventurer (died 1641)
- January 6 - Gaspar de Guzmán y Pimentel, Count-Duke of Olivares, Spanish statesman (died 1645)
- February 26 - Stefano Landi, Italian composer (died 1639)
- May 8 - Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy (died 1637)
- August 18 - Virginia Dare, Virginia colony settler (died 1588)
- September 18 - Francesca Caccini, Italian composer
- November 3 - Samuel Scheidt, German composer (died 1653)
- Kaspar von Barth, German philologist (died 1658)
- Willem Ysbrandtsz Bontekoe, Dutch sea captain (died 1657)
- Nathaniel Field, English dramatist and actor (died 1620)
- Arthur Johnston, Scottish physician and poet (died 1641)
- Francis Kynaston, English courtier and poet (died 1642)
- Krzysztof Ossolinski, Polish nobleman (died 1645)
- Gabriel Oxenstierna, Swedish statesman (died 1640)
- Yun Seondo, Korean politician and poet (died 1671)
- Joost van den Vondel, Dutch dramatist and poet (died 1679)
- Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick, English colonial administrator and admiral (died 1658)
- George Yeardley, English colonial administrator in America (died 1627) See also :Category:1587 births.

Deaths

- February 8 - Mary, Queen of Scots (executed) (born 1542)
- March 30 - Ralph Sadler, English statesman (born 1507)
- April 8 - John Foxe, English author (born 1516)
- April 14 - Edward Manners, 3rd Earl of Rutland (born 1548)
- April 16 - Anne Stanhope, Duchess of Somerset (born 1497)
- October 19 - Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (born 1541)
- Abe Motozane, Japanese warlord (born 1513)
- Vincenzo Bellavere, Italian composer
- Dudley Fenner, English puritan divine
- Nguyen Binh Khiem, Vietnamese poet and saint (born 1492)
- Luís de Camões, Portuguese poet (born 1524)
- Kaspar Olevianus, German theologian (born 1536)
- Vincenzo Ruffo, Italian composer (born 1510)
- Thomas Seckford, English official (born 1515)
- Jan Tarlo, Polish nobleman
- George Whetstone, English writer (born 1544) See also :Category:1587 deaths. Category:1587 ko:1587년