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Hermann Hesse
Hermann Hesse (July 2, 1877 – August 9, 1962) was a German author, and the winner of the 1946 Nobel Prize in Literature. He is most famous for his novels Steppenwolf, Das Glasperlenspiel (The Glass Bead Game), and Siddhartha.
Hesse's interests in existential, spiritual, and mystical themes and Buddhist and Hindu philosophy are evident in his works.
Hesse was born in the Black Forest town of Calw in Württemberg, Germany. Hesse is the grandson of famed German missionary Rev. Dr. Hermann Gundert. In 1919, Hesse moved to the town of Montagnola in the south of Switzerland. Hesse became a Swiss citizen in 1923.
A staunch pacifist, Hesse opposed World War I. His feelings about war are reflected in many of this works. During World War II, his writings found strange allies. The German propagandist Joseph Goebbels initially defended Hesse's books. As a result, Hesse was allowed to continue writing. However, after Hesse demanded that certain portions in his book Narcissus and Goldmund dealing with pogroms be left untouched, Hesse found himself on the Nazis' blacklist. Despite this ominous situation, Hesse escaped World War II unharmed.
Like a number of his characters, Hesse had many problems with women. His first marriage to Maria Bernoulli ended sadly, his wife having mental problems. They had three children together. His second marriage was apparently a brief infatuation with singer Ruth Wenger. The marriage lasted less than one year, which the newly married couple spent apart from each other. Hesse's deep emotional crisis, stemming from the preceived inability to relate to people, is reflected in the novel Steppenwolf. His third and final marriage was to Ninon Dolbin Ausländer (1895-1966) in 1931 (she is mentioned briefly in Journey to the East).
Hesse developed a certain conservatism in his later life. In Das Glasperlenspiel, characters denounce all music after Johann Sebastian Bach as superficial and bad, with Ludwig van Beethoven being an extreme example of bad taste. Das Glasperlenspiel, with its William Morris-like idealised medieval style, was extremely popular in the war-torn Germany of 1945.
Hesse died of cerebral hemorrhage in his sleep in Montagnola at the age of 85.
Bibliography
- 1904 - Peter Camenzind
- 1906 - Beneath the Wheel a.k.a. The Prodigy (Unterm Rad)
- 1910 - Gertrude (Gertrud)
- 1914 - Rosshalde
- 1915 - Knulp
- 1919 - Demian
- 1919 - Klein und Wagner
- 1919 - Strange News from Another Star (Märchen) - short stories
- 1920 - Klingsor's Last Summer (Klingsors letzter Sommer) - 3 novellas
- 1920 - Wandering (Wanderung: Aufzeichnungen)
- 1922 - Siddhartha
- 1927 - Steppenwolf (Der Steppenwolf)
- 1928 - Crisis: Pages from a Diary (Krisis: Ein Stück Tagebuch) - poems
- 1930 - Narcissus and Goldmund (Narziss und Goldmund)
- 1932 - Journey to the East (Die Morgenlandfahrt)
- 1937 - Autobiographical Writings (Gedenkblätter) - essays
- 1942 - Poems (Die Gedichte) - poems
- 1943 - The Glass Bead Game a.k.a. Magister Ludi (Das Glasperlenspiel)
- 1946 - If the War Goes On ... (Krieg und Frieden) - essays
- 1976 - My Belief: Essays on Life and Art - essays
- 1995 - The Complete Fairy Tales of Hermann Hesse - fairy tales
Awards
- 1936 - Gottfried-Keller-Preis
- 1946 - Nobel Prize in Literature
- 1946 - Goethepreis der Stadt Frankfurt
- 1950 - Wilhelm-Raabe-Preis
- 1955 - Peace Prize of the German Book Trade
External links and references
-
- [http://courseweb.stthomas.edu/paschons/language_http/essays/hesse.html Germanic American Institute biography] - discusses Hesse's interest in Indian philosophies and his lifelong appeal to young people, which peaked in the 1960s and 1970s
- [http://www.gutenberg.net/catalog/world/authrec?fk_authors=941 Project Gutenberg entry] - full text of Siddhartha, in German and English
- [http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/hhesse.htm Pegasos]. Hermann Hesse
- [http://www.gss.ucsb.edu/projects/hesse/ Hermann Hesse Page] - an authoritative web resource, in English and German
Hesse, Hermann
Hesse, Hermann
Hesse, Hermann
Hesse, Hermann
Category:Humanists
Hesse, Hermann
Hesse, Hermann
Hesse, Hermann
Hesse, Hermann
ja:ヘルマン・ヘッセ
July 2July 2 is the 183rd day of the year (184th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 182 days remaining.
It is the middle day of a non-leap year, because there are 182 days before and 182 days after. It falls on the same day of the week as New Year's Day (of non-leap years) and New Year's Eve.
Events
- 1298 - The Battle of Göllheim is fought between Albert I of Habsburg and Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg.
- 1578 - Martin Frobisher sights Baffin Island.
- 1613 - First English expedition from Massachusetts against Acadia - led by Samuel Argall.
- 1644 - Battle of Marston Moor in the English Civil War.
- 1679 - Europeans first visit Minnesota and see headwaters of Mississippi - led by Daniel Greysolon de Du Luth.
- 1776 - The Continental Congress adopts a resolution severing ties with Great Britain, though a formal Declaration of Independence is not adopted until July 4.
- 1777 - Vermont becomes the first American state to abolish slavery.
- 1808 - Simon Fraser reaches Pacific near New Westminster.
- 1819 - The Factory Act is passed in Britain, creating restrictions on child labor.
- 1839 - Twenty miles off the coast of Cuba, 53 rebelling African slaves led by Joseph Cinque take over the slave ship Amistad.
- 1850 - The self-contained gas mask is patented by Benjamin J. Lane.
- 1853 - The Russian Army invades Turkey, beginning the Crimean War.
- 1863 - Second day of the Battle of Gettysburg.
- 1878 - What will become the BMT Brighton Line opens in the City of Brooklyn (which merged with Manhattan and other counties to become the City of Greater New York in 1898)
- 1881 - Charles J. Guiteau shoots and fatally wounds U.S. President James Garfield, who eventually dies from infection on September 19.
- 1890 - The U.S. Congress passes the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
- 1900 - First zeppelin flight on Lake Constance near Friedrichshafen, Germany.
- 1917 - 48 die in rioting in East St. Louis, Illinois, as lower-paid black laborers clash with whites.
- 1937 - Amelia Earhart and navigator Fred Noonan disappear over the Pacific Ocean while attempting to make the first round-the-world flight at the equator.
- 1947 - An object speculated to be a UFO crashes near Roswell, New Mexico, though the United States Air Force claims it is a weather balloon.
- 1950 - Henri Queuille becomes Prime Minister of France.
- 1964 - U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act into law.
- 1973 - James R. Schlesinger is sworn in as the 12th United States Secretary of Defense.
- 1976 - North and South Vietnam, divided since 1954, reunite to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
- 1978 - The New York Times publishes its last edition composed using hot metal typesetting.
- 1979 - The first U.S. coin to honor a woman, the Susan B. Anthony dollar, is introduced.
- 1982 - Larry Walters uses 45 helium balloons and a lawnchair to propel himself to 16,000 feet.
- 1985 - Andrei Gromyko is appointed the chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union.
- 1990 - A stampede inside a pedestrian tunnel led to the deaths of 1,426 pilgrims in Mecca during hajj.
- 2000 - Vicente Fox Quesada is elected the first President of México from an opposition party, the Partido Acción Nacional (PAN) after more than 70 years of continuous rule from the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI).
- 2002 - Steve Fossett becomes the first person to fly solo around the world nonstop in a balloon.
- 2003 - International Olympic Committee session in Prague. Vancouver is declared the Host City for the XXI Olympic Winter Games in 2010.
- 2005 - Ten Live 8 concerts are held around the world in an attempt to force G8 countries to address poverty.
- 2005 - Oklahoma Governor Brad Henry and the Oklahoma House of Representatives proclaimed July 2, 2005 as “Chet Baker Day”.
Births
- 419 - Valentinian III, Roman Emperor (d. 455)
- 1029 - Caliph Al-Mustansir of Cairo (d. 1094)
- 1262 - Arthur II, Duke of Brittany (d. 1312)
- 1489 - Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1556)
- 1647 - Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham, English privy councilor (d. 1730)
- 1665 - Samuel Penhallow, English-born American colonist and historian (d. 1726)
- 1714 - Christoph Willibald Gluck, German composer (d. 1787)
- 1724 - Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, German poet (d. 1803)
- 1821 - Sir Charles Tupper, sixth Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1915)
- 1856 - Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Indian nationalist leader (d. 1920)
- 1862 - William Henry Bragg, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1942)
- 1865 - Lily Braun, German writer (d. 1916)
- 1877 - Hermann Hesse, German-born writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1962)
- 1884 - Alfons Maria Jakob, German neurologist (d. 1931)
- 1900 - Tyrone Guthrie, English actor (d. 1971)
- 1903 - Sir Alec Douglas-Home, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1995)
- 1903 - King Olav V of Norway (d. 1991)
- 1906 - Hans Bethe, German-born nuclear physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2005)
- 1908 - Thurgood Marshall, U. S. Supreme Court Justice (d. 1993)
- 1914 - Frederick Fennell, American conductor (d. 2004)
- 1916 - Ken Curtis, American actor and singer (d. 1991)
- 1916 - Hans-Ulrich Rudel, German pilot (d. 1982).
- 1918 - Wibo, Dutch cartoonist (d. 2005)
- 1923 - Wisława Szymborska, Polish writer, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1925 - Medgar Evers, American civil rights activist (d. 1963)
- 1925 - Patrice Lumumba, Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (d. 1961)
- 1927 - Brock Peters, American actor
- 1929 - Imelda Marcos, First Lady of the Philippines
- 1930 - Carlos Menem, President of Argentina
- 1932 - Dave Thomas, American fast food entrepreneur (d. 2002)
- 1937 - Polly Holliday, American actress
- 1937 - Richard Petty, American race car driver
- 1939 - John H. Sununu, U.S. Secretary of State
- 1940 - Kenneth Harry Clarke, British politician
- 1942 - Vicente Fox, President of Mexico
- 1946 - Richard Axel, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- 1946 - Ron Silver, American actor
- 1947 - Larry David, American television producer
- 1955 - Andrew Divoff, Venezuelan actor
- 1956 - Jerry Hall, American actress and model
- 1957 - Bret "Hitman" Hart, Canadian professional wrestler
- 1958 - Thomas Bickerton, American Methodist bishop
- 1959 - Mike Hallett, English snooker player
- 1964 - Jose Canseco, baseball player
- 1970 - Yancy Butler, American actress
- 1971 - Evelyn Lau, Canadian author
- 1974 - Matthew Reilly, Australian author
- 1975 - Erik Ohlsson, Swedish guitarist (Millencolin)
- 1976 - Tomas Vokoun, Czech hockey player
- 1983 - Michelle Branch, American musician
- 1986 - Lindsay Lohan, American actress
Deaths
- 862 - St. Swithun, Bishop of Winchester
- 1298 - Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg, King of the Romans
- 1504 - Ştefan cel Mare, Prince of Moldova (b. 1434)
- 1582 - Akechi Mitsuhide, Japanese samurai (b. 1528)
- 1591 - Vincenzo Galilei, Italian composer (b. 1520)
- 1621 - Thomas Harriot, English astronomer and mathematician
- 1656 - François-Marie, comte de Broglie, Italian-born French commander (b. 1611)
- 1674 - Eberhard III, Duke of Württemberg (b. 1614)
- 1684 - John Rogers, American President of Harvard University (b. 1630)
- 1743 - Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington, English statesman
- 1746 - Thomas Baker, English antiquarian (b. 1656)
- 1778 - Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Swiss philosopher (b. 1712)
- 1778 - Bathsheba Ruggles, American murderer
- 1833 - Gervasio Antonio de Posadas, Argentine leader (b. 1757)
- 1843 - Samuel Hahnemann, German physician
- 1912 - Tom Richardson, English cricket player (b. 1870)
- 1926 - Émile Coué, French psychologist (b. 1857)
- 1932 - King Manuel II of Portugal (b. 1889)
- 1937 - Amelia Earhart, American aviator (disappeared) (b. 1897)
- 1961 - Ernest Hemingway, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (suicide) (b. 1899)
- 1964 - Glenn "Fireball" Roberts, American race car driver (b. 1929)
- 1966 - Jan Brzechwa, Polish poet (b. 1900)
- 1972 - Joseph Fielding Smith, president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1876)
- 1973 - Betty Grable, American actress (b. 1916)
- 1977 - Vladimir Nabokov, Russian-born writer (b. 1899)
- 1989 - Andrei Gromyko, Soviet foreign minister (b. 1909)
- 1991 - Lee Remick, American actress (b. 1935)
- 1994 - Andrés Escobar, Colombian footballer (murdered)
- 1997 - James Stewart, American actor (b. 1908)
- 1999 - Mario Puzo, American author (b. 1920)
- 2004 - Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, Portuguese writer and poet (b. 1919)
- 2004 - John Cullen Murphy, American comic strip artist (b. 1919)
- 2005 - Ernest Lehman, American screenwriter (b. 1915)
Holidays and observances
- Originally, in the Roman Catholic Church, the Feast of the Visitation was celebrated on this day, although it has since been transferred to May 31
- Palio di Provenzano in Siena
External links
- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/2 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.tnl.net/when/7/2 Today in History: July 2]
----
July 1 - July 3 - June 2 - August 2 -- listing of all days
ko:7월 2일
ms:2 Julai
ja:7月2日
simple:July 2
th:2 กรกฎาคม
August 9August 9 is the 221st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (222nd in leap years), with 144 days remaining.
Events
- 48 BC - Roman Civil War: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus and Pompey flees to Egypt.
- AD 378 - Battle of Adrianople: A large Roman army led by Emperor Valens is defeated by the Visigoths in present-day Turkey. Valens is killed along with 2/3 of his army.
- 681 - Bulgaria is founded as a Khanate on the south bank of the Danube, after defeating the Byzantine armies of Emperor Constantine IV south of the Danube delta.
- 1173 - Construction of the (Leaning) Tower of Pisa begins, and it takes two centuries to complete.
- 1483 - Opening of the Sistine Chapel
- 1842 - Webster-Ashburton Treaty is signed, establishing the United States-Canada border east of the Rocky Mountains.
- 1862 - American Civil War: Battle of Cedar Mountain - At Cedar Mountain, Virginia, Confederate General Stonewall Jackson narrowly defeats Union forces under General John Pope.
- 1877 - Indian Wars: Battle of Big Hole - Near Big Hole River in Montana, a small band of Nez Percé Indians who refused government orders to move to a reservation, clash with the United States Army. The army lost 29 soldiers and Indians lost 89 warriors in a US Army win.
- 1892 - Thomas Edison receives a patent for a two-way telegraph.
- 1902 - Edward VII is crowned king of the United Kingdom.
- 1936 - 1936 Summer Olympics: Jesse Owens wins his fourth gold medal at the games becoming the first American to win four medals in one Olympics.
- 1942 - Indian leader, Mohandas Gandhi is arrested in Bombay by British forces, launching the Quit India Movement.
- 1944 - The United States Forest Service and the Wartime Advertising Council release posters featuring Smokey the Bear for the first time.
- 1945 - World War II: An atomic bomb nicknamed "Fat Man", with an energy of 92 terajoules (22,000 tons of TNT), is dropped by the B-29 Bockscar on the city of Nagasaki, Japan at 11:02 AM (local time). An estimated 70,000-90,000 are killed and 80,000 more are injured.
- 1965 - Singapore becomes an independent country.
- 1965 - Space disasters: A fire at a Titan missile base near Little Rock, Arkansas kills 53 construction workers.
- 1967 - Vietnam War: Operation Cochise initiated - United States Marines begin a new operation in the Que Son Valley.
- 1969 - Members of a cult led by Charles Manson murder five people,Sharon Tate, Jay Sebring, Wojciech Frykowski, Steven Parent, and Abigail Folger.
- 1974 - Richard Nixon becomes the first President of the United States to resign from office, an action reportedly taken to prevent time from being wasted in impeachment proceedings in response to his role in the Watergate scandal. His Vice President, Gerald Ford, takes the oath of office and becomes the 38th president.
- 1983 - Peter Jennings hosts his first broadcast of ABC's World News Tonight as sole anchor.
- 1986 - The Headington Shark is erected in Oxford.
- 1987 - 9 people are shot dead and 17 more injured as 19-year old Julian Knight opens fire at random in the Hoddle Street Massacre in Clifton Hill
- 1988 - Wayne Gretzky is traded from the Edmonton Oilers to the Los Angeles Kings in one of the most controversial transactions in hockey history.
- 1989 - Kaifu Toshiki becomes Prime Minister of Japan.
- 1993 - The Liberal Democratic Party of Japan loses a 38-year hold on national leadership as Hosokawa Morihiro becomes the first non-LDP Prime Minister of Japan since 1955.
- 1993 - King Albert II of Belgium is sworn into office nine days after the death of his brother, King Baudouin.
- 1995 - Netscape launches IPO.
- 1999 - Russian President Boris Yeltsin fires his Prime Minister, Sergei Stepashin, and for the fourth time fires his entire cabinet.
- 1999 - The Diet of Japan enacts a law establishing the Hinomaru and Kimi Ga Yo as the official national flag and national anthem.
- 2000 - A Piper Navajo and a Piper Seminole collide in mid-air over a housing development in Burlington, New Jersey, killing 11
- 2001 - US President George W. Bush announces his support for federal funding of limited research on embryonic stem cells.
- 2001 - In Jerusalem, 15 people die and 130 wounded in the Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing.
- 2005 - Space Shuttle Discovery makes successful touchdown at Edwards Air Force Base, California
Births
- 1201 - Arnold Fitz Thedmar, English chronicler (d. 1274)
- 1593 - Izaak Walton, English angler (d. 1683)
- 1648 - Johann Michael Bach, German composer (d. 1694)
- 1653 - John Oldham, English poet (d. 1683)
- 1674 - František Maxmilián Kaňka, Czech architect (d. 1766)
- 1722 - Augustus William, Prince of Prussia (d. 1758)
- 1726 - Francesco Cetti, Italian Jesuit scientist (d. 1778)
- 1757 - Thomas Telford, Scottish civil engineer (d. 1834)
- 1776 - Amedeo Avogadro, Italian chemist (d. 1856)
- 1797 - Charles Robert Malden, British naval officer (d. 1855)
- 1805 - Joseph Locke, English railway and civil engineer (d. 1860)
- 1845 - Brother Andre, Canadian religious figure (d. 1937)
- 1871 - Leonid Andreyev, Russian writer (d. 1919)
- 1872 - Joseph August, Archduke of Austria, Austrian field marshal (d. 1962)
- 1874 - Reynaldo Hahn, Venezuelan composer and conductor (d. 1947)
- 1896 - Jean Piaget, Swiss psychologist (d. 1980)
- 1896 - Lev Vygotsky, Russian psychologist (d. 1934)
- 1896 - Erich Hückel, German physicist (d. 1980)
- 1899 - P. L. Travers, Australian author (d. 1996)
- 1902 - Zino Francescatti, French violinist (d. 1991)
- 1909 - Adam von Trott zu Solz, German diplomat opposing the Nazi regime (executed) (d. 1944)
- 1911 - William Alfred Fowler, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1996)
- 1914 - Tove Jansson, Finnish author (d. 2001)
- 1919 - Joop den Uyl, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1987)
- 1919 - Ralph Houk, baseball player and manager
- 1921 - J. James Exon, Nebraska Senator and Governor
- 1922 - Philip Larkin, English poet (d. 1985)
- 1927 - Daniel Keyes, American author
- 1927 - Robert Shaw, English actor (d. 1978)
- 1928 - Bob Cousy, American basketball player
- 1931 - Mário Zagallo, Brazilian football coach and player
- 1933 - Tetsuko Kuroyanagi, Japanese television personality and children's author
- 1938 - Leonid Kuchma, Ukrainian politician
- 1938 - Rod Laver, Australian tennis player
- 1939 - Romano Prodi, Italian politician, President of the European Commission
- 1939 - Brito, Brazilian football player
- 1944 - Sam Elliott, American actor
- 1945 - Ken Norton, American boxer
- 1945 - Posy Simmonds, English cartoonist
- 1949 - Jonathan Kellerman, American writer
- 1953 - Robert Cray, Blues musician
- 1957 - Melanie Griffith, American actress
- 1959 - Stuart Hughes, Canadian actor
- 1962 - Kevin Mack, American football player
- 1963 - Whitney Houston, American singer and actress
- 1964 - Brett Hull, Canadian-born hockey player
- 1967 - Deion Sanders, American football player
- 1968 - Gillian Anderson, American actress
- 1968 - Eric Bana, Australian actor
- 1969 - Troy Percival, baseball player
- 1972 - Juanes, Colombian singer
- 1973 - Kevin McKidd, Scottish actor
- 1974 - Matt Morris, baseball player
- 1976 - Jessica Capshaw, American actress
- 1976 - Rhona Mitra, English actress
- 1977 - Chamique Holdsclaw, American basketball player
- 1977 - Mikael Silvestre, French footballer
- 1978 - Audrey Tautou, French actress
- 1982 - Karol Bancerz, Polish journalist
Deaths
- 117 - Trajan, Roman Emperor (b. 53)
- 378 - Valens, Roman Emperor (killed in battle) (b. 328)
- 803 - Byzantine Empress Irene
- 1107 - Emperor Horikawa of Japan (b. 1079)
- 1250 - King Eric IV of Denmark (b. 1216)
- 1534 - Cardinal Cajetan, Italian theologian (b. 1470)
- 1634 - William Noy, English jurist (b. 1577)
- 1720 - Simon Ockley, English orientalist (b. 1678)
- 1744 - James Brydges, 1st Duke of Chandos, English patron of the arts (b. 1673)
- 1919 - Ruggiero Leoncavallo, Italian composer (b. 1857)
- 1942 - Edith Stein, (St. Teresa Benedicta of the Cross) (executed) (b. 1891)
- 1945 - Harry Hillman, American athlete (b. 1881)
- 1962 - Hermann Hesse, German-born writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1877)
- 1967 - Joe Orton, English writer (b. 1933)
- 1969 - Abigail Folger, American heiress (b. 1943)
- 1969 - Wojciech Frykowski, Polish writer (b. 1936)
- 1969 - Cecil Frank Powell, British physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1903)
- 1969 - Jay Sebring, American hair stylist (b. 1933)
- 1969 - Sharon Tate, American actress (murdered) (b. 1943)
- 1975 - Dmitri Shostakovich, Russian composer (b. 1906)
- 1995 - Jerry Garcia, American guitarist (Grateful Dead) (b. 1942)
- 2000 - John Harsanyi, Hungarian-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1920)
- 2002 - Peter Neville, anarchist, sociologist, and peace activist
- 2003 - Ray Harford, English footballer and manager (b. 1945)
- 2003 - Gregory Hines, American actor and dancer (b. 1946)
- 2005 - Matthew McGrory, American actor (b. 1973)
- 2005 - Judith Rossner, American novelist (b. 1935)
Holidays and observances
- Feast day of Jean Vianney, Edith Stein and Saint Romanus Ostiarius in the Roman Catholic Church
- Feast day of the great martyr Saint Panteleimon in Russian Orthodox Church
- South Africa: National Women's Day
- Singapore: National Day
- India :Quit India Day
External links
- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/9 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20050809.html The New York Times: On This Day]
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August 8 - August 10 - July 9 - September 9 -- listing of all days
ko:8월 9일
ms:9 Ogos
ja:8月9日
simple:August 9
th:9 สิงหาคม
German literatureGerman literature comprises those literary texts originating within Germany proper and written in the German language. The term may also denote any literature composed primarily in the German language, though in other countries; for example Austria, Switzerland, the former Czechoslovakia, etc.
Some of the major movements or time periods of German literature include:
- Medieval German literature
- Baroque
- Enlightenment
- Sturm und Drang
- Classicism
- Romanticism
- Young Germany
- Naturalism
- Fin de siècle
- Expressionism
- Dada
For well-known authors who wrote or write literature in the German language see list of German-language authors and list of German language poets.
-
ko:독일어 문학
ja:ドイツ文学
1946
1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. (see link for calendar)
Events
- January 4 - Theodore Schurch becomes the last person to be executed for offences committed under the Treachery Act of 1940
- January 7 - Allied recognize Austrian republic with 1937 borders - the country is divided into four occupation zones
- January 10 - First meeting of the United Nations
- January 11 - Enver Hoxha declares the people's republic of Albania with himself as prime minister.
- January 11 - Porfirio Barba-Jacob's ashes go back to Colombia.
- January 16 - Charles de Gaulle resigns as a head of a French provisional government
- January 17
- The UN Security Council holds its first session
- Senator Dennis Chavez (D-NM) calls for a vote on an FEPC bill which called for the end to discrimination in the work place. A filibuster prevents it from passing.
- January 20 - Charles De Gaulle resigns as president of France
- January 25 - The United Mine Workers rejoins the American Federation of Labor
- January 28 - Bluenose founders on a Haitian reef
- January 29 - CIA established
- January 31 - Yugoslavia's new constitution, modeling the Soviet Union, establishes six constituent republics (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia).
February
- February 1 - Trygve Lie of Norway is picked to be the first United Nations Secretary General.
- February 2 - Kingdom of Hungary becomes a republic.
- February 14 - The Bank of England nationalized
- February 14 - ENIAC (for "Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer"), the first general-purpose electronic computer, is unveiled at the University of Pennsylvania
- February 15 - Canada indicts 22 communist agents.
- February 24 - Juan Peron elected president of Argentina
- February 28 - In Philadelphia, strikers of General Electric and police clash
- March 2 - British troops withdraw from Iran according to treaty - Soviets do not.
- March 2 - Ho Chi Minh elected the President of North Vietnam
- March 4 - C.G.E. Mannerheim resigns from the post of president of Finland
- March 5 - In his speech in Fulton, Missouri, Winston Churchill talks about Iron Curtain.
- March 6 - Vietnam War: Ho Chi Minh signs an agreement with France which recognizes Vietnam as an autonomous state in the Indochinese Federation and the French Union. David Gilmour, the guitarist of Pink Floyd is born.
- March 9 - Juho Kusti Paasikivi becomes president of Finland
- March 10 - British troops begin withdrawal from Lebanon
- March 15 - Clement Attlee promises independence to India as soon as they can agree on constitution
- March 19 - Soviet Union and Switzerland reform diplomatic relations.
- March 19 - French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Réunion become overseas départements of France
- March 22 - Transjordan gains independence
- March 29 - Gold Coast has an African majority in the parliament
- April 1 - 14-meter high tsunami strikes Hilo, Hawaii - 173 dead, thousands injured.
- April 1 - Formation of the Malayan Union.
- April 1 - Singapore becomes a Crown colony
- April 3 - Japanese Lt. General Masaharu Homma is executed outside Manila in the Philippines for leading the Bataan Death March.
- April 7 - Syria's independence from France is officially recognised
- April 10 - In Japan, women vote for the first time in parliamentarian elections
- April 18 - USA recognizes Josip Broz Tito's government in Yugoslavia
- April 18 - Last meeting of League of Nations – it transfers its mission to United Nations and disbands itself.
- April 29 - Trial against war criminals begin in Tokyo – accused include Hideki Tojo, Shigenori Togo and Hiroshi Oshima.
- May 4 - Paris Wine Tasting of 1976 revolutionizes wine world.
- May 2 - Six prisoners unsuccessfully try to escape from the Alcatraz prison island
- May 7 - Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering (later renamed Sony) is founded with about 20 employees.
- May 9 - King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy abdicates, and is succeeded by his son Humbert II.
- May 10 - Nehru elected leader of the Congress Party in India
- May 20 - In Britain, the House of Commons decides to nationalize mines.
- May 21 - Radiation accident in Los Alamos laboratory; Dr Louis Slotin saves his coworkers but receives a fatal dose of radiation. Incident is initially classified
- May 22 - Kingdom of Transjordan founded.
- May 25 - The parliament of Transjordan makes emir Abdullah their king.
- May 31 - Greece referendum supports return of monarchy
- June 2 - In a referendum Italians decide to turn Italy from a monarchy into a Republic. After this referendum the king of Italy Umberto II di Savoia was exiled. Women vote for the first time.
- June 6 - The Basketball Association of America is formed in New York City.
- June 8 - In Indonesia, Sukarno incites his supporters to fight Dutch colonial occupation
- June 9 - In Thailand, king Rama IX accedes the throne.
- June 10 - Italy declared republic
- June 13 - Humbert II of Italy leaves the country and goes into exile in Portugal; Alcide de Gasperi becomes head of state.
- June 17 - Tornado on the Detroit river - 17 dead
- July 4 - After over 425 years of Western Dominance , the Philippines achieves full independence.
- July 5 - Bikinis go on sale in Paris
- July 7 - Mother Frances Xavier Cabrini becomes the first American saint to be canonized.
- July 21 - Irgun bomb explodes in Jerusalem.
- July 22 - King David Hotel bombing: Irgun bombs King David Hotel in Jerusalem, headquarters of the British civil and military administration killing 90.
- July 25 - Nuclear testing: In the first underwater test of the atomic bomb, the surplus USS Saratoga is sunk near Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean when the United States detonates the "Baker Day" device.
- July 25 - At Club 500 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis stage their first show as a comedy team.
November
- August 19 - Violence between Muslims and Hindus in Calcutta – 3000 dead.
- August 25 - Ben Hogan wins PGA Championship
- September 4 - Street violence between Muslims and Hindus in Bombay.
- September 8 - Bulgaria declared a People's Republic after a referendum – King Simeon II leaves.
- September 28 - George II of Greece returns to Athens
- October 2 - Communists take over in Bulgaria
- October 13 - France adopts the constitution of the Fourth Republic.
- October 15 - Nuremberg Trials: Founder of the Gestapo and recently convicted Nazi war criminal, Hermann Göring, poisons himself hours before his scheduled execution.
- October 23 - United Nations' first meeting in Long Island.
- November 8 - Vietnamese riot in Haiphong and clash with French troops. French cruiser Suffren opens fire. 6000 Vietnamese killed.
- November 12 - Truce between Indonesian nationalist troops and Dutch army in Indonesia.
- November 12 - A branch of the Exchange National Bank in Chicago, Illinois opens the first ten drive-up teller windows.
- November 15 - Netherlands recognized Republic of Indonesia.
- November 19 - Afghanistan, Iceland and Sweden joins the United Nations
- November 27 - Cold War: Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru appeals to the United States and the Soviet Union to end nuclear testing and to start nuclear disarmament, stating that such an action would "save humanity from the ultimate disaster."
- December 11 - UNICEF founded.
- December 12 - United Nations severs relations with Franco's Spain and recommends the member countries to sever diplomatic relations
- December 12 - Leon Blum founds a government of socialist parties in France
- December 19 - Martial law in Vietnam
- December 22 - Havana Conference begins between US organized crime bosses in Havana, Cuba
- December 24 - France's Fourth Republic founded
- December 26 - Flamingo Hotel opens in Las Vegas.
- December 31 - President Harry Truman officially proclaims an end of hostilities in World War II.
Unknown dates
- The 20mm M61 Vulcan gatling gun is invented.
- Devil's Island penal colony closes permanently.
- Female suffrage in Belgium, Romania, Yugoslavia, Argentina and Canadian province of Quebec. First female police officers in Korea and Japan.
- Chinese Civil War intensifies between Kuomintang and Communist Party of China.
- First Tupperware sold in department and hardware stores.
- Grantley Adams becomes the premier of Barbados.
- Alcatraz Island prison riot.
- The British government takes emergency powers to deal with the balance-of-payments crisis.
- Eva Perón tours Spain, Italy and France on behalf of Argentina, a circuit called the Rainbow Tour.
- Breathalyzer machine for estimating blood alcohol concentration was invented.
- Howard Hyde Russell established the Anti-Saloon League.
- George Orwell writes Politics and the English Language
Births
January
- January 3 - John Paul Jones, English bassist (Led Zeppelin)
- January 5 - Diane Keaton, American actress
- January 6 - Syd Barrett, English guitarist and singer
- January 8 - Stanton Peele, American psychologist
- January 8 - Robby Krieger, American musician (The Doors)
- January 11 - Naomi Judd, American singer
- January 11 - John Piper, American theologian
- January 12 - George Duke, American musician
- January 14 - Harold Shipman, British serial killer
- January 16 - Kabir Bedi, Indian actor
- January 16 - Katia Ricciarelli, Italian singer
- January 18 - Joseph Deiss, Swiss Federal Councilor
- January 19 - Dolly Parton, American singer and actress
- January 20 - David Lynch, American film director
- January 21 - Johnny Oates, baseball player and manager (d. 2004)
- January 22 - Serge Savard, Canadian hockey player and executive
- January 24 - Michael Ontkean, Canadian actor
- January 26 - Gene Siskel, American film critic (d. 1999)
- January 31 - Terry Kath, American musician (d. 1978)
February-March
- February 6 - Jim Turner, American politician
- February 13 - Colin Matthews, British composer
- February 14 - Bernard Dowiyogo, President of Nauru (d. 2003)
- February 14 - Gregory Hines, American dancer and actor (d. 2003)
- February 19 - Karen Silkwood, American activist (d. 1974)
- February 20 - Brenda Blethyn, English actress
- February 21 - Tyne Daly, American actress
- February 21 - Alan Rickman, English actor
- February 24 - Barry Bostwick, American actor
- February 25 - Franz Xaver Kroetz, German dramatist
- February 26 - Ahmed H. Zewail, Egyptian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- February 28 - Robin Cook, British politician (d. 2005)
- March 3 - Leszek Miller, Prime Minister of Poland
- March 6 - David Gilmour, English musician (Pink Floyd)
- March 7 - Peter Wolf, American musician (J Geils Band)
- March 8 - Linda Kelliher Samets, American entrepreneur
- March 12 - Liza Minnelli, American singer and actress
- March 15 - Bobby Bonds, baseball player and manager (d. 2003)
- March 17 - Georges J.F. Kohler, German biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1995)
- March 21 - Timothy Dalton, Welsh actor
- March 31 - Gonzalo Márquez, Venezuelan Major League Baseball player (d. 1984)
April-May
- April 4 - Dave Hill, English guitarist (Slade)
- April 7 - Colette Besson, French runner
- April 12 - Ed O'Neill, American actor
- April 16 - Margot Adler, American journalist
- April 19 - Tim Curry, British actor, vocalist, and composer
- April 25 - John Fox, British statistician
- April 25 - Talia Shire, American actress
- April 30 - King Carl XVI Gustav of Sweden
- May 7 - Thelma Houston, American singer
- May 9 - Candice Bergen, American actress
- May 10 - Donovan Leitch, Scottish musician
- May 10 - Dave Mason, English musician (Traffic)
- May 11 - Robert Jarvik, American physicist and inventor
- May 17 - Udo Lindenberg, German musician
- May 18 - Reggie Jackson, baseball player
- May 19 - André the Giant, French professional wrestling (d. 1993)
- May 19 - Claude Lelièvre, Belgian Commissioner for Children Rights
- May 20 - Cher, American actress and singer
- May 22 - George Best, Irish footballer (d. 2005)
- May 23 - Frederik de Groot, Dutch actor
- May 26 - Mick Ronson, American guitarist (d. 1993)
- May 28 - K. Satchidanandan Malayalam poet
- May 29 - Fernando Buesa, Basque politician (d. 2000)
- May 30 - Candy Lightner, American founder of Mothers Against Drunk Driving
June-July
- June 6 - Peter Sutcliffe, English serial killer
- June 8 - Pearlette Louisy, Governor-General of St. Lucia
- June 12 - Harry Glasper, Football historian
- June 14 - Donald Trump, American real estate magnate
- June 15 - Noddy Holder, English singer (Slade)
- June 20 - Xanana Gusmao, first President of East Timor
- June 23 - Kathy Wilkes, English philosopher
- June 24 - Ellison Onizuka, astronaut (d. 1986)
- June 29 - Egon von Furstenberg, Swiss fashion designer (d. 2004)
- July 2 - Richard Axel, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- July 4 - Ed O'Ross, American actor
- July 6 - George Walker Bush, 43rd President of the United States
- July 6 - Sylvester Stallone, American actor
- July 9 - Bon Scott, Australian singer (AC/DC) (d. 1980)
- July 13 - Cheech Marin, American actor and comedian
- July 14 - John Wood, Australian actor
- July 15 - Linda Ronstadt, American singer and songwriter
- July 16 - Ron Yary, American football player
- July 22 - Danny Glover, American actor
- July 22 - Mireille Mathieu, French singer
- July 25 - Rita Marley, Jamaican singer
- July 30 - Neil Bonnett, American race car driver (d. 1994)
August
- August 3 - Jack Straw, British politician
- August 19 - Bill Clinton, 42nd President of the United States
- August 19 - Beat Raaflaub, Swiss conductor
- August 20 - Ralf Hütter, German singer and musician (Kraftwerk)
- August 20 - N.R. Narayana Murthy, Indian businessman
- August 23 - Keith Moon, English drummer (The Who) (d. 1978)
- August 25 - Rollie Fingers, baseball player
- August 29 - Bob Beamon, American athlete
September
- September 4 - Gary Duncan, American guitarist (Quicksilver Messenger Service)
- September 4 - Greg Elmore, American drummer (Quicksilver Messenger Service)
- September 5 - Freddie Mercury, Zanzibar-born singer (Queen) (d. 1991)
- September 7 - Willie Crawford, baseball player (d. 2004)
- September 7 - Francisco Varela, Chilean biologist (d. 2001)
- September 9 - Bruce Palmer, Canadian musician (Buffalo Springfield) (d. 2004)
- September 10 - Jim Hines, American athlete
- September 10 - Don Powell, English drummer
- September 15 - Tommy Lee Jones, American actor
- September 15 - Oliver Stone, American film director
- September 21 - Moritz Leuenberger, Swiss Federal Councilor
- September 23 - Franz Fischler, Austrian politician
- September 24 - Lars Emil Johansen, Prime Minister of Greenland
- September 26 - Christine Todd Whitman, American politician
- September 30 - Héctor Lavoe, Puerto Rican singer (d. 1993)
October
- October 1 - Tim O'Brien, American author
- October 6 - Lloyd Doggett, American politician
- October 6 - Renate Holub, German philosopher
- October 7 - Xue Jinghua, Chinese ballerina
- October 7 - Catharine MacKinnon, American feminist
- October 8 - Hanan Ashrawi, Palestinian scholar
- October 8 - John T. Walton, son of Wal-Mart founder Sam Walton (d. 2005)
- October 9 - Tansu Ciller, Turkish politician
- October 10 - Anne Boyd, Australian musician
- October 10 - Naoto Kan, Japanese politician
- October 11 - Leona Gom, Canadian writer
- October 13 - Edwina Currie, English politician
- October 13 - Dorothy Moore, American singer
- October 14 - Justin Hayward, English singer and songwriter (Moody Blues)
- October 14 - Kay Redfield Jamison, American psychologist
- October 15 - Marsha Hunt, American singer and novelist
- October 16 - Suzanne Somers, American actress
- October 16 - Elizabeth Witmer, Dutch-born politician
- October 17 - Vicki Hodge, English actress
- October 17 - Bob Seagren, American athlete and actor
- October 18 - Howard Shore, Canadian film composer
- October 18 - Andrea Zsadon, Hungarian soprano
- October 20 - Elfriede Jelinek, Austrian writer, Nobel Prize laureate
- October 20 - Andrea Mitchell, American journalist
- October 21 - Lyn Allison, Australian politician
- October 22 - Eileen Gordon, British politician
- October 24 - Gwyneth Powell, British actress
- October 25 - Edith Leyrer, Austrian actress
- October 26 - Pat Sajak, American game show host
- October 27 - Leslie L. Byrne, American politician
- October 27 - Ivan Reitman, Slovakian-born film director and producer
- October 27 - Carrie Snodgress, American actress (d. 2004)
- October 28 - Sharon Thesen, Canadian poet
- October 29 - Kathryn J. Whitmire, Mayor of Houston, Texas
- October 30 - Lynne Marta, American actress
- October 31 - Caroline Jackson, British politician
November
- November 1 - Marina Abramovic, Yugoslavian performance artist
- November 1 - Lynne Russell, American newsreader
- November 2 - Giuseppe Sinopoli, Italian conductor and composer (d. 2001)
- November 4 - Laura Bush, First Lady of the United States
- November 5 - Herman Brood, Dutch artist (d. 2001)
- November 5 - | | |
