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Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar

Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar

He was Prime Minister of Pakistan for approximately 2 months from October 17 1957 to December 16 1957. After merely a year, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy resigned from his Premiership in October 1957. His resignation came as a result of the President's refusal to convene a meeting of the Parliament to seek a vote of confidence. President Iskander Mirza appointed I. I. Chundrigar as the interim Prime Minister. Being a nominated Prime Minister, Chundrigar held a weak position from the very beginning. He headed a coalition government including the Krishak Sramik Party, Nizam-i-Islam Party, the Muslim League and the Republican Party. The Muslim League had agreed to form a coalition government with the Republican Party on the condition that by amending the Electoral Act, the principle of separate electorate would be implemented in the country. After the formation of the Cabinet, Ministers from East Pakistan and the Republican Party started opposing the proposed amendments. The Republican Party opposed the amendment as it wanted to gain advantage over its political opponent, the Muslim League. East Pakistan Iskander Mirza exploited the differences between the parties and thus made Chundrigar an easy victim as he remained Prime Minister for only two months and therefore could not give any practical shape to his program.

Trivia

One of the main highways of Karachi is named after him.

External links


- [http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A063Profile: I. I. Chundrigar]
- [http://pakistanspace.tripod.com/47.htm Chronicles Of Pakistan] Category:Pakistani politicians Category:Prime Ministers of Pakistan Category:Pakistani people

October 17

October 17 is the 290th (in leap years the 291st) day of the year according to the Gregorian calendar. There are 75 days remaining.

Events


- 538 BC - King Cyrus of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost 70 years of exile and making the first Human Rights Declaration
- 1244 - Battle of La Forbie: Crusaders are defeated by Khwarezmians & Egyptians
- 1346 - Battle of Neville's Cross: King David II of Scotland is captured by Edward III of England at Calais, and imprisoned in the Tower of London for eleven years
- 1604 - Kepler's Star: German astronomer Johannes Kepler observes that an exceptionally bright star had suddenly appeared in the constellation Ophiuchus, which turned out to be the last supernova to have been observed in our own galaxy, the Milky Way.
- 1662 - Charles II of England sells Dunkerque to France for 40 000 pounds
- 1777 - American troops defeat the British in the Battle of Saratoga
- 1781 - General Charles Cornwallis offers his surrender to the American revolutionaries at Yorktown, Virginia
- 1800 - England takes control of the Dutch colony of Curaçao
- 1806 - Former leader of the Great Slave Rebellion of 1791, Emperor Jacques I of Haiti was assassinated after an oppressive rule
- 1860 - First The Open Championship (referred to in North America as the British Open)
- 1888 - Thomas Edison files a patent for the Optical Phonograph (the first movie).
- 1912 - Bulgaria, Greece and Serbia declare war on the Ottoman Empire, joining Montenegro in the First Balkan War
- 1917 - First British bombing of Germany in World War I
- 1931 - Al Capone convicted of income tax evasion
- 1933 - Albert Einstein, fleeing Nazi Germany, moves to the US
- 1937 - Huey, Dewey and Louie, Donald Duck's three almost identical nephews, first appear in a newspaper comic strip.
- 1941 - For the first time in World War II, a German submarine attacks an American ship
- 1945 - A massive number of people gather in the Plaza de Mayo in Argentina to demand Juan Peron's release. This is known to the Peronists as the Día de la lealtad (day of loyalty) or San Perón (Saint Perón). It's considered the birthday of Peronism.
- 1965 - The 1964-1965 New York World's Fair closes after a two year run. More than 51 million people had attended the two-year event.
- 1961 - Approximately 200 Algerian protesters (some claim up to 400) are massacred by the Paris police
- 1966 - A fire at a building in New York, New York kills 12 firefighters.
- 1967 - The musical Hair opens at the Anspacher Theater on Broadway.
- 1970 - Anwar Sadat becomes president of Egypt
- 1970 - Montreal, Quebec: Quebec Vice-Premier and Minister of Labour Pierre Laporte murdered by members of the FLQ terrorist group.
- 1973 - OPEC starts an oil embargo against a number of western countries, considered to have helped Israel in its war against Syria
- 1979 - Mother Teresa awarded the Nobel Peace Prize
- 1979 - The Department of Education Organization Act is signed into law creating the United States Department of Education and United States Department of Health and Human Services. Both replace the Department of Health, Education and Welfare.
- 1984 - The New York Times runs an article titled "CIA primer tells nicaraguan rebels how to kill", which describes a secret "Psychological Operations in Guerilla Warfare" manual that the CIA supplied to the Contras and that gives instructions on how to kidnap and assassinate civil officials such as judges and policemen.
- 1989 - Loma Prieta earthquake (7.1 on the Richter scale) hits the San Francisco Bay Area.
- 1992 - The United Nations General Assembly declares October 17 as the International Day for the Eradication of Poverty, to be observed beginning in 1993. Resolution [http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/47/a47r196.htm 47/196] of 22 December 1992.
- 1994 - Draft peace treaty between Israel and Jordan
- 1994 - Peace treaty between the government of Angola and UNITA rebels.
- 2003 - Carlos Mesa becomes President of Bolivia.
- 2003 - The pinnacle was fitted on the roof of Taipei 101, a 106-floor skyscraper in Taipei, allowing it to surpass the Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur by 50 meters (165 feet) and become the World's tallest highrise.
- 2003 - Eunuchs in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh float the political party Jiti Jitayi Politics.
- 2005 The World begins shipping Shattered Union.
- 2005 - Peter Mayhew, better known in his film role as Chewbacca becomes an official U.S. citizen.
- 2005 - The Chicago White Sox clinch their first American League pennant since 1959, and their first World Series appearance, also since 1959, a span of 46 years.
- 2005 - Helicopters and warplanes bombed two villages near Ramadi in western Iraq on Sunday, killing about 70 people, the US military says.

Births


- 1253 - Ivo of Kermartin, French saint (d. 1303)
- 1563 - Jodocus Hondius, Flemish cartographer (d. 1611)
- 1577 - Cristofano Allori, Italian painter (d. 1621)
- 1582 - Johann Gerhard, German Lutheran leader (d. 1637)
- 1623 - Francis Turretin, Swiss theologian (d. 1687)
- 1688 - Domenico Zipoli, Italian composer (d. 1726)
- 1711 - Jupiter Hammon, American writer
- 1719 - Jacques Cazotte, French writer (d. 1792)
- 1813 - Georg Büchner, German playwright (d. 1837)
- 1864 - Elinor Glyn, British writer (d. 1943)
- 1865 - James Rudolph Garfield, American politician (d. 1950)
- 1886 - Spring Byington, American actress (died 1971)
- 1889 - Nikolai Chernyshevsky, Russian philosopher (b. 1828)
- 1890 - Roy Kilner, English cricketer (d. 1928)
- 1898 - Shinichi Suzuki, Japanese violin teacher (d. 1998)
- 1898 - Simon Vestdijk, Dutch writer (d. 1971)
- 1900 - Alfred Mirsky, Scientist (d. 1974)
- 1900 - Jean Arthur, American actress (d. 1991)
- 1902 - Irene Ryan, American actress (d. 1973)
- 1903 - Nathanael West, American writer (d. 1940)
- 1912 - Pope John Paul I (d. 1978)
- 1914 - Jerry Siegel, American cartoonist (d. 1998)
- 1915 - Arthur Miller, American playwright (d. 2005)
- 1918 - Rita Hayworth, American actress (d. 1987)
- 1920 - Montgomery Clift, American actor (d. 1966)
- 1921 - Tom Poston, American actor and comedian
- 1930 - Robert Atkins, American nutritionist (d. 2003)
- 1930 - Jimmy Breslin, American writer
- 1936 - Hiroo Kanamori, Japanese seismologist
- 1938 - Evel Knievel, American daredevil
- 1940 - Peter Stringfellow, British nightclub owner
- 1942 - Gary Puckett, American musician
- 1946 - Sir Cameron Mackintosh, British stage producer and director
- 1946 - Adam Michnik, Polish activist
- 1946 - Bob Seagren, American athlete and actor
- 1947 - Gene Green, American politician
- 1947 - Michael McKean, American actor and comedian
- 1948 - Margot Kidder, Canadian actress
- 1948 - George Wendt, American actor
- 1950 - Howard Rollins, American actor (d. 1996)
- 1956 - Mae Jemison, astronaut
- 1957 - Steve McMichael, American football player and professional wrestler
- 1958 - Alan Jackson, American singer and songwriter
- 1962 - Mike Judge, Ecuadoran-born cartoonist and writer
- 1963 - Norm MacDonald, Canadian comedian and actor
- 1968 - Ziggy Marley, Jamaican musician
- 1969 - Ernie Els, South African golfer
- 1970 - Anil Kumble, Indian cricketer
- 1971 - Chris Kirkpatrick, American singer
- 1972 - Eminem, American rapper
- 1972 - Wyclef Jean, Haitian-born singer
- 1974 - John Rocker, baseball player
- 1979 - Kimi Räikkönen, Finnish race car driver

Deaths


- 532 - Pope Boniface II
- 1174 - Queen Petronila of Aragon (b. 1135)
- 1586 - Philip Sidney, English courtier, soldier, and writer (killed in battle) (b. 1554)
- 1660 - Adrian Scrope, English regicide (b. 1601)
- 1673 - Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford of Chudleigh, English statesman (b. 1630)
- 1757 - René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur, French scientist (b. 1683)
- 1776 - Pierre François le Courayer, French theologian (b. 1681)
- 1780 - William Cookworthy, English chemist (b. 1705)
- 1786 - Johann Ludwig Aberli, Swiss artist (b. 1723)
- 1806 - Jean-Jacques Dessalines, Haitian independence leader (b. 1758)
- 1849 - Frederic Chopin, Polish-French musician and composer (b. 1810)
- 1887 - Gustav Kirchhoff, German physicist (b. 1824)
- 1910 - Julia Ward Howe, American composer and abolitionist (b. 1819)
- 1931 - Alfons Maria Jakob, German neurologist (b. 1884)
- 1934 - Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Spanish histologist and neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine ( b. 1852)
- 1958 - Charlie Townsend, English cricketer (b. 1876)
- 1967 - Henry Pu Yi, last Emperor of China (b. 1906)
- 1970 - Pierre Laporte, Vice-Premier of Quebec (assassinated) (b. 1921)
- 1973 - Ingeborg Bachmann, Austrian writer (b. 1926)
- 1979 - S. J. Perelman, American writer (b. 1904)
- 1984 - Henri Michaux, French painter and poet (b. 1899)
- 1991 - Tennessee Ernie Ford, American singer and television performer (b. 1919)
- 2001 - Rehavam Zeevi, Israeli politician (b. 1926)
- 2002 - Derek Bell, Irish harpist (The Chieftans)
- 2005 - Ba Jin, Chinese writer (b. 1904)

Holidays and observances


- R.C. Saints - Saint Ignatius of Antioch; translation of Saint Audrey (Æthelthryth)
- Haiti - Death of Jean-Jacques Dessalines (1806), State holiday
- United States - Black Poetry Day
- UN International Day for the Eradication of Poverty

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/17 BBC: On This Day] ----- October 16 - October 18 - September 17 - November 17 -- listing of all days ko:10월 17일 ms:17 Oktober ja:10月17日 simple:October 17 th:17 ตุลาคม

December 16

December 16 is the 350th day of the year (351st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 15 days remaining.

Events


- 1392 - Emperor Go-Kameyama abdicates in favor of rival claimant Go-Komatsu, ending the nanboku-cho period of competing imperial courts in Muromachi Japan.
- 1598 - An outnumbered Korean and Ming navy ambush and defeat a Japanese army at the Battle of Noryang Point.
- 1653 - Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland.
- 1689 - The English Parliament adopts the Bill of Rights.
- 1773 - The Boston Tea Party: a crowd of colonists disguised as Mohawk Indians dumps 342 crates of tea into Boston harbor as a protest against the British Tea tax.
- 1811 - The first of a series of severe earthquakes occurs, in the vicinity of New Madrid, Missouri in the United States.
- 1838 - Boers defeat Zulu troops at Battle of Blood River, led by Dambuza and Nhlela, celebrated in South Africa as the day of the vow.
- 1850 - The first four ships arrive to settle Christchurch, New Zealand.
- 1864 - American Civil War: Union troops led by General George Thomas defeat Confederate troops in the Battle of Nashville.
- 1893 - World premiere of Antonin Dvorak's "New World Symphony".
- 1910 - Henri Coanda makes first short flight in aircraft with jet engine
- 1922 - Poland's President Gabriel Narutowicz assassinated.
- 1942 - SS Chief Heinrich Himmler orders that the Roma (gypsy) people be sent to Auschwitz for extermination.
- 1944 - World War II: The Battle of the Bulge begins.
- 1944 - World War II: A V-2 rocket hits the Rex Cinema in Antwerp killing 567 people.
- 1946 - Léon Blum becomes Prime Minister of France.
- 1957 - I.I. Chundrigar left the office of Prime Minister of Pakistan.
- 1958 - A fire at a store in Bogotá, Colombia kills 83 people.
- 1960 - A United Airlines Douglas DC-8 and a TWA Lockheed Super Constellation collide over New York City, killing 134.
- 1963 - Park Chung-Hee is sworn in as South Korea's fifth president.
- 1966 - Mao's Little Red Book is published in Beijing.
- 1970 - Shipworkers in Gdańsk, Poland clash with government police and the seeds of the Solidarity movement are sown.
- 1971 - The Pakistan Army surrenders, ending the Liberation War of Bangladesh and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 simultaneously.
- 1973 - O.J. Simpson becomes the first player in NFL history to rush for 2000 yards in one season.
- 1985 - In New York City, Mafia bosses Paul Castellano and Thomas Bilotti are shot dead , making hit organizer John Gotti the leader of the Gambino family.
- 1989 - The Romanian Revolution begins in the city of Timişoara as a protest against an attempt to evict a dissident priest.
- 1990 - Jean-Bertrand Aristide is elected president of Haiti.
- 1991 - United Nations reverses its 1975 resolution that Zionism is racism by a vote of 111-25, with 13 abstentions.
- 1997 - Super Typhoon Paka makes landfall on the island of Guam with 150 mph winds.
- 1997 - 685 kids went to hospital in Japan after an episode of pokemon see also: Pokémon: Banned Episodes.
- 1998 - Operation Desert Fox: American and British troops begin to bomb Iraqi targets after Iraq obstructs UN weapons inspectors.
- 1999 - Mud streams kill thousands in Venezuela.
- 2000 - NASA announces that there is an ocean beneath Jupiter moon Ganymede's icy surface.
- 2003 - Deborah Jin induces the formation of a fermionic condensate among fermionic atoms.

Births


- 1485 - Catherine of Aragon, Queen of England (d. 1536)
- 1584 - John Selden, English jurist and oriental scholar (d. 1654)
- 1614 - Eberhard III, Duke of Württemberg (d. 1674)
- 1714 - George Whitefield, English-born Methodist leader (d. 1770)
- 1716 - Louis-Jules Mancini-Mazarini, Duc de Nivernais, French diplomat and writer (d. 1798)
- 1717 - Elizabeth Carter, English writer (d. 1806)
- 1742 - Gebhard Fürst Blücher von Wahlstatt, German field marshal (d. 1819)
- 1770 - Ludwig van Beethoven, German composer (d. 1827)
- 1775 - Jane Austen, English writer (d. 1817)
- 1775 - François-Adrien Boieldieu, French composer (d. 1834)
- 1776 - Johann Wilhelm Ritter, German physicist (d. 1810)
- 1790 - King Léopold I of Belgium (d. 1865)
- 1861 - Antonio de La Gandara, French painter (d. 1917)
- 1863 - George Santayana, philosopher, poet (d. 1952)
- 1865 - Olavo Bilac, Brazilian poet (d. 1918)
- 1882 - Zoltán Kodály, Hungarian composer (d. 1967)
- 1882 - Walther Meissner, German physicist (d. 1974)
- 1888 - King Alexander of Yugoslavia (d. 1934)
- 1899 - Noel Coward, English playwright (d. 1973)
- 1901 - Margaret Mead, American anthropologist (d. 1978)
- 1905 - Piet Hein, Danish mathematician and inventor (d. 1996)
- 1917 - Sir Arthur C. Clarke, British writer
- 1926 - James McCracken, American tenor (d. 1988)
- 1927 - Randall Garrett, American writer
- 1928 - Philip K. Dick, American writer (d. 1982)
- 1929 - Nicholas Courtney, British actor
- 1932 - Rodion Shchedrin, Russian composer
- 1934 - Elgin Baylor, American basketball player
- 1938 - Liv Ullmann, Norwegian actress
- 1941 - Lesley Stahl, American journalist
- 1943 - Steven Bochco, American television producer and writer
- 1946 - Benny Andersson, Swedish singer and songwriter (ABBA)
- 1946 - Trevor Pinnock, English conductor and harpsichordist
- 1947 - Vincent Matthews, American athlete
- 1951 - Robben Ford, American guitarist
- 1952 - Joel Garner, West Indian cricketer
- 1961 - Bill Hicks, American comedian (d. 1994)
- 1963 - Benjamin Bratt, American actor
- 1964 - Heike Drechsler, German track and field athlete
- 1967 - Donovan Bailey, Canadian athlete
- 1975 - Benjamin Kowalewicz, Canadian singer (Billy Talent)
- 1977 - Sylvain Distin, French footballer
- 1987 - Nicholas Robinson, American Hockey Player; attended Calvin College in 2005.

Deaths


- 714 - Pippin of Herstal, Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia
- 999 - Saint Adelaide of Italy (b. 931)
- 1325 - Charles of Valois, son of Philip III of France (b. 1270)
- 1379 - John Fitzalan, Marshal of England (drowned)
- 1470 - John II, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1425)
- 1515 - Afonso de Albuquerque Portuguese naval general (b. 1453)
- 1669 - Nathaniel Fiennes, English politician
- 1687 - William Petty, English scientist and philosopher (b. 1623)
- 1751 - Leopold II of Anhalt-Dessau, Prussian general (b. 1700)
- 1774 - François Quesnay, French economist (b. 1694)
- 1783 - Johann A. Hasse, German composer (b. 1699)
- 1783 - William James British naval commander (b. 1720)
- 1809 - Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy, French chemist (b. 1755)
- 1859 - Wilhelm Grimm, German writer and folklorist (b. 1786)
- 1898 - Pavel Tretyakov, Russian businessman and art collector (b. 1832)
- 1914 - Ivan Zajc, Croatian composer (b. 1832)
- 1916 - Grigori Rasputin, Russian monk (b. 1869)
- 1921 - Camille Saint-Saëns, French composer (b. 1835)
- 1922 - Gabriel Narutowicz, first President of Poland (b. 1865)
- 1928 - Elinor Wylie, American poet and writer (b. 1885)
- 1945 - Giovanni Agnelli, Italian automobile manufacturer (b. 1866)
- 1945 - Fumimaro Konoye, Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1891)
- 1949 - Sidney Olcott, Canadian film director (b. 1873)
- 1956 - Nina Hamnett, Welsh artist (b. 1890)
- 1965 - W. Somerset Maugham, English writer (b. 1874)
- 1977 - Risto Jarva, Finnish filmmaker (b. 1934)
- 1980 - Colonel Harland Sanders, American fast food entrepreneur (b. 1890)
- 1980 - Hellmuth Walter, German engineer and inventor (b. 1900)
- 1982 - Colin Chapman, English engineer and automobile manufacturer (b. 1928)
- 1985 - Paul Castellano, American gangster (b. 1915)
- 1989 - Lee Van Cleef, American actor (b. 1925)
- 1989 - Aileen Pringle, American actress (b. 1895)
- 1990 - Douglas Campbell, American World War I flying ace (b. 1896)
- 1993 - Moses Gunn, American actor (b. 1929)
- 1993 - Tanaka Kakuei, Japanese political leader (b. 1918)
- 1995 - Mariele Ventre, Italian choir director (b. 1939)
- 1996 - Quentin Bell, English biographer and art historian (b. 1910)
- 2003 - Robert Stanfield, Premier of Nova Scotia (b. 1914)
- 2003 - Gary Stewart, American singer (suicide) (b. 1945)
- 2004 - Ted Abernathy, baseball player (b. 1933)

Holidays and observances


- Bahrain - National Day
- Bangladesh - Victory Day
- Kazakhstan - Independence Day
- Nepal - Constitution Day (To be confirmed)
- South Africa - Day of Reconciliation

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/16 BBC: On This Day] ---- December 15 - December 17 - November 16 - January 16 -- listing of all days ko:12월 16일 ms:16 Disember ja:12月16日 simple:December 16 th:16 ธันวาคม

1957

1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events

January-February


- January 1 - Saarland joins West Germany
- January 2 - San Francisco and Los Angeles stock exchanges merge to form Pacific Coast Stock Exchange.
- January 3 - Hamilton Watch Company introduces the first electric watch
- January 4 - After 69 years the last issue of Collier's Weekly magazine is published
- January 5 - Russell Endean becomes the first batsman to be dismissed handled the ball in test match cricket
- January 10 - Anthony Eden resigns - Harold Macmillan becomes the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- January 11 - The African Convention is founded in Dakar.
- January 13 - Wham-O Company produces the first Frisbee
- January 16 - The Cavern Club opens in Liverpool
- January 22 - Israel withdraws from the Sinai Peninsula (they captured it from Egypt in a battle on October 29, 1956)
- January 22 - The New York City "Mad Bomber," George P. Metesky, is arrested in Waterbury, Connecticut and is charged with planting more than 30 bombs.
- January 23 - Ku Klux Klan members force truck driver Willie Edwards to jump off a bridge into the Alabama River - he drowns as a result.
- February 4 - France prohibits UN involvement in Algeria
- February 15 - Andrei Gromyko becomes foreign minister of Soviet Union

March

Soviet Union
- March 1 - U Nu becomes Prime Minister of Burma
- March 1 - Arturo Lezama becomes President of the National Council of Government of Uruguay
- March 1 - Sud Aviation forms from a merger between SNCASE (Société Nationale de Constructions Aéronautiques du Sud Est) and SNCASO (Société Nationale de Constructions Aéronautiques du Sud Ouest)
- March 6 - United Kingdom colonies Gold Coast and British Togoland become the independent Republic of Ghana
- March 8 - Egypt re-opens the Suez Canal
- March 10 - Floodgates of The Dalles Dam are closed inundating Celilo Falls and ancient indian fisheries along the Columbia River in Oregon.
- March 13 - The FBI arrests Jimmy Hoffa and charges him with bribery
- March 14 - President Sukarno declares martial law in Indonesia
- March 20 - French newspaper L'Express reveals that the French army tortures Algerian prisoners
- March 25 - Treaty of Rome (patto di Roma) establishes the European Economic Community (EEC); see EU

April-June


- April 1 - The first new conscripts join the Bundeswehr
- April 5 - First elected government of Kerala. CPI won the elections and E. M. S. Namboodiripad became the first chief minister of united Kerala
- April 9 - Egypt reopens Suez Canal for all shipping
- April 12 - United Kingdom announces that Singapore will gain self rule January 1 1958
- April 12 - Allen Ginsberg's poem Howl, printed in England, is seized by U.S. customs officials on the grounds of obscenity
- May 2 - Vincent Gigante fails to assassinate mafioso Frank Costello
- May 2 - Senator Joseph McCarthy of the Red Scare dies.
- May 3 - Walter O'Malley, the owner of the Brooklyn Dodgers, agrees to move the team from Brooklyn, New York, to Los Angeles, California.
- May 15 - Stanley Matthews plays his final international game, ending an English record international career of almost 23 years
- May 16 - Paul-Henri Spaak becomes the new Secretary General of NATO.
- June 9 - First ascent of Broad Peak
- June 15 - Eindhoven University of Technology is founded.
- June 21 - John Diefenbaker becomes Canada's thirteenth prime minister.
- June 25 - United Church of Christ formed in Cleveland, Ohio by merger of Congregational Christian Churches and the Evangelical and Reformed Church.
- June 27 - Hurricane Audrey demolishes Cameron, Louisiana, killing 400 people.

July-September


- July - International Geophysical Year begins.
- July 16 - United States Marine Major John Glenn flies an F8U supersonic jet from California to New York in 3 hours, 23 minutes and 8 seconds setting a new transcontinental speed record.
- July 25 - Tunisia becomes a republic.
- July 29 - The International Atomic Energy Agency is established.
- August 4 - Juan Manuel Fangio, driving for Maserati, wins the Formula One German Grand Prix, clinching (with 4 wins that season) his record fifth world drivers championship, including his fourth consecutive championship (also a record); these two records would endure for nearly half a century.
- August 31 - The Federation of Malaya, which does not include Singapore, gains independence from the United Kingdom. Tuanku Abdul Rahman ibni Almarhum Tuanku Muhammad, Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan becomes the first Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.
- September 4 - American Civil Rights Movement: Little Rock Crisis - Orville Faubus, governor of Arkansas, calls out the US National Guard to prevent black students from enrolling in Central High School in Little Rock.
- September 4 - The Ford Motor Company introduces the Edsel on what the company proclaims as "E Day."
- September 21 - Olav V becomes King of Norway on the death of Haakon VII.

October


- October 4 - Sputnik program: The Soviet Union launches Sputnik I, the first artificial satellite to orbit the earth.
- October 9 - Neil H. McElroy was sworn in as the 6th Secretary of Defense of United States.
- October 10 - US President Dwight D. Eisenhower apologizes to the finance minister of Ghana, Komla Agbeli Gbdemah, after he was refused service in a Dover, Delaware restaurant.
- October 11 - Radio telescope of Jodrell Bank, Cheshire, UK, opened.
- October 23 - Morocco begins its invasion of Ifni.
- October 25 - Assassination of a Mafia boss Albert Anastasia in a barber shop in Park Sheraton Hotel.
- October 27 - Celal Bayar re-elected president of Turkey

November-December


- November 1 - Michigan's Mackinac Bridge opened.
- November 3 - Sputnik program: The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 2. On board is the first animal to enter space - a dog named Laika (she was kept alive for several days in space with a sophisticated life-support system).
- November 7 - Cold War: In the United States, the Gaither Report calls for more American missiles and fallout shelters.
- November 13 - Flooding in the Po River valley of Italy leads to the flooding also in Venice
- November 14 - Apalachin Meeting - The leaders of the American Mafia meet at a convention in Apalachin, New York at the house of Joseph Barbara. It is broken up by a curious patrolman.
- November 15 - Plane crash in the Isle of Wight leaves 43 dead.
- November 16 - Serial killer Edward Gein murders his last victim, Bernice Worden of Plainfield, Wisconsin.
- November 30 - Grenade attack against Indonesian president Sukarno in Cikini School in Jakarta. Six children killed, Sukarno survives unscathed.
- December 1 - In Indonesia, Sukarno announces nationalization of 246 Dutch businesses
- December 4 - Lewisham train disaster in UK leaves 92 dead
- December 5 - All 326,000 Dutch nationals are expelled from Indonesia.
- December 6 - First US attempt to launch a satellite fails, the satellite blowing up on the launch pad.

Undated


- Consumers' Association founded (UK)
- Project Orion begins, a U.S. program to build a spacecraft powered by nuclear explosions.
- Civil Rights Commission established under the Civil Rights Act of 1957
- IBM makes FORTRAN scientific programming language available to customers. It becomes the most widely used computer language for technical work.
- Citroën stops production of its Traction Avant motor car (production started in 1934).
- The Piña Colada was invented by Ramon Marrero, a bartender at Puerto Rico's Caribe Hilton. [http://melindalee.com/recipearchive.html?action=124&item_id=698]

Environmental change


- The Africanized bee is accidentally released in Brazil
- The Asian Flu pandemic begins in China

Births

January-February


- January 6 - Nancy Lopez, American golfer
- January 7 - Nicholson Baker, American novelist
- January 7 - Katie Couric, American television host
- January 7 - Julian Solis, Puerto Rican boxer
- January 11 - Robert Earl Keen, American musician and singer
- January 15 - Mario Van Peebles, Mexican actor and director
- January 19 - Katey Sagal, American actress, singer, and writer
- January 22 - Mike Bossy, Canadian hockey player
- January 23 - Princess Caroline of Monaco
- January 30 - Payne Stewart, American golfer (d. 1999)
- February 4 - Don Davis, American composer
- February 6 - Kathy Najimy, American actress and comedian
- February 6 - Robert Townsend, American comedian, actor, director, and producer
- February 8 - Cindy Wilson, American singer (The B-52's)
- February 9 - John Axon GC, British railwayman
- February 16 - LeVar Burton, American actor
- February 16 - James Ingram, American singer
- February 18 - Vanna White, American game show presenter
- February 19 - Falco, Austrian musician (d. 1998)
- February 27 - Viktor Markin, Russian athlete
- February 28 - Ian Smith, New Zealand cricket captains

March-May


- March 5 - Ray Suarez, American journalist
- March 10 - Osama bin Laden, Saudi-born Islamic extremist
- March 12 - Steve Harris, British bassist (Iron Maiden)
- March 20 - Spike Lee, American film director and actor
- March 29 - Christophe Lambert, American-born actor
- March 30 - Paul Reiser, American actor
- March 31 - Marc McClure, American actor
- April 4 - Aki Kaurismäki, Finnish film director
- April 4 - Nobuyoshi Kuwano, Japanese television performer and musician (Rats & Star)
- April 5 - Ivan Corea, Sri Lankan autism campaigner
- April 8 - Henry Cluney, Irish musician
- April 9 - Seve Ballesteros, Spanish golfer
- April 29 - Daniel Day-Lewis, Anglo-Irish actor
- May 3 - William Clay Ford, Jr., American automobile executive
- May 10 - Sid Vicious, English bassist (Sex Pistols) (d. 1979)
- May 22 - Gary Sweet, Australian actor
- May 26 - Margaret Colin, American actress
- May 27 - Siouxsie Sioux, British singer (Siouxsie and the Banshees)
- May 28 - Kirk Gibson, baseball player
- May 29 - Jeb Hensarling, American politician

June-October


- June 2 - King Lizzard, American entertainer
- June 3 - Horst-Ulrich Hänel, German field hockey player
- June 8 - Scott Adams, American cartoonist
- June 10 - Hidetsugu Aneha, Japanese one class authorized architect and builder
- June 11 - Jamaaladeen Tacuma, American musician
- June 12 - Javed Miandad, Pakistani cricketer
- June 19 - Anna Lindh, Swedish politician (d. 2003)
- July 13 - Cameron Crowe, American writer and film director
- June 13 - Frances McDormand, American actress
- July 23 - Theo van Gogh, Dutch film director (d. 2004)
- July 26 - Nana Visitor, American actress
- July 29 - Nelli Kim, Russian gymnast
- August 6 - Jim McGreevey, Governor of New Jersey
- August 7 - Mark Bagley, American comic book artist
- August 9 - Melanie Griffith, American actress
- August 11 - Richie Ramone, American drummer (The Ramones)
- August 18 - Carole Bouquet, French actress
- August 18 - Denis Leary, American comedian and actor
- August 24 - Stephen Fry, British comedian, author, and actor
- August 27 - Bernhard Langer, German golfer
- August 28 - Daniel Stern, American actor
- September 1 - Gloria Estefan, Cuban-born singer
- September 12 - Rachel Ward, British actress
- October 14 - Kenny Neal, American guitarist
- October 21 - Wolfgang Ketterle, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- October 26 - Bob Golic, American football player
- October 27 - Jeff East, American actor

November-December


- November 6 - Klaus Kleinfeld, German business executive
- November 7 - Christopher Knight, American actor November 9 - Spiro Agnew, American politician
- November 15 - Kevin Eubanks, American jazz guitarist
- November 24 - Denise Crosby, American actress
- November 30 - Colin Mochrie, Scottish-born comedian
- December 6 - Thomas Brinkman, American politician
- December 8 - Phil Collen, British singer and guitarist (Def Leppard)
- December 9 - Donny Osmond, American singer
- December 10 - Michael Clarke Duncan, American actor
- December 13 - Steve Buscemi, American actor
- December 13 - Morris Day, American musician (The Time (Band))
- December 13 - Jean-Marie Messier, French businessman
- December 20 - Billy Bragg, British singer
- December 20 - Joyce Hyser, American actress
- December 21 - Tom Henke, baseball player
- December 21 - Ray Romano, American actor and comedian
- December 30 - Matt Lauer, American newscaster

Unknown date


- Walter Moers, German comic artist and writer
- Eugene Spafford, American computer scientist

Deaths

January-March


- January 10 - Gabriela Mistral, Chilean writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1889)
- January 14 - Humphrey Bogart, American actor (b. 1899)
- January 16 - Arturo Toscanini, Italian conductor (b. 1867)
- February 8 - Walther Bothe, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1891)
- February 8 - John von Neumann, Hungarian-born mathematician (b. 1903)
- February 9 - Miklós Horthy, Hungarian admiral and regent (b. 1868)
- February 10 - Laura Ingalls Wilder, American author (b. 1867)
- February 18 - Henry Norris Russell, American astronomer (b. 1877)
- February 25 - George "Bugs" Moran, American gangster (b. 1893)
- March 11 - Admiral Richard E. Byrd, American explorer (b. 1888)
- March 16 - Constantin Brancusi, Romanian sculptor (b. 1876)
- March 17 - Ramon Magsaysay, President of the Philippines (b. 1907)
- March 25 - Max Ophüls, German film director and writer (b. 1902)
- March 29 - Joyce Cary, Irish author (b. 1888)

April-June


- May 2 - Joseph McCarthy, U.S. Senator (b. 1908)
- May 9 - Ezio Pinza, Italian bass (b. 1892)
- May 14 - Marie Vassilieff, Russian artist (b. 1884)
- May 16 - Eliot Ness, American Federal Bureau of Investigation agent (b. 1903)
- May 31 - Leopold Staff, Polish poet (b. 1878)
- June 17 - Dorothy Richardson, English feminist writer (b. 1873)
- June 21 - Johannes Stark, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1874)
- June 26 - Alfred Döblin, German writer (b. 1878)
- June 27 - Malcolm Lowry, English novelist (b. 1909)

July-September


- July 4 - Judy Tyler, American actress (b. 1933)
- July 24 - Sacha Guitry, Russian-born French playright, actor, and director (b. 1885)
- July 28 - Edith Abbott, American social worker, educator, and author (b. 1876)
- August 5 - Heinrich Otto Wieland, German chemist, Nobel Prize larueate (b. 1877)
- August 7 - Oliver Hardy, American actor (b. 1892)
- August 16 - Irving Langmuir, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1881)
- August 19 - David Bomberg, English painter (b. 1890)
- September 1 - Dennis Brain, English French horn player (b. 1921)
- September 20 - Jean Sibelius, Finnish composer (b. 1865)
- September 21 - Haakon VII of Norway (b. 1872)
- September 22 - Toyoda Soemu, Japanese admiral (b. 1885)

October-December


- October 25 - Edward Plunkett, Baron Dunsany, Irish author (b. 1878)
- October 26 - Gerty Cori, Austrian-born biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1896)
- October 29 - Louis B. Mayer, American film producer (b. 1885)
- November 4 - Shoghi Effendi, Guardian of the Bahá'í Faith (b. 1897)
- November 4 - Laika, first Russian dog to orbit the earth
- November 24 - Diego Rivera, Mexican painter (b. 1886)
- November 29 - Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Austrian composer (b. 1897)
- November 30 - Beniamino Gigli, Italian tenor (b. 1890)
- December 21 - Eric Coates, English composer (b. 1886)

Nobel Prizes


- Physics - Chen Ning Yang, Tsung-Dao Lee
- Chemistry- Lord Alexander R. Todd
- Physiology or Medicine - Daniel Bovet
- Literature - Albert Camus
- Peace - Lester Bowles Pearson Category:1957 als:1957 ko:1957년 ms:1957 ja:1957年 simple:1957 th:พ.ศ. 2500

Iskander Mirza

Iskander Mirza (November 13, 1899 - November 13, 1969) was the first President of Pakistan and held that position from 1956 until 1958. He was also the fourth Governor-General of Pakistan before it was replaced by the Presidency. Iskander Mirza was born in Murshidabad, Bengal in 1899 and grew up in Bombay. After completing his early education, he was educated at the Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst, becoming the first Indian graduate at the academy, and commissioned into the British Indian Army in 1920. Mirza only served in the army for six years, after which he was the first Indian to be accepted in the elite Indian Politcal Service, eventually becoming a joint secretary in the Ministry of Defense of British India. In this position he was responsible for dividing the British Indian Army into the future armies of Pakistan and India. Upon the formation of Pakistan, Mirza was made the Defense Secretary of the new nation, this appointment owed to Mirza's ranking as the highest Muslim civil servant in India at the time. In 1954 he was made governor of East Pakistan to bring order to a politically distressed region. This position was followed by his being appointed Minister of Interior and Frontier Regions in Prime Minister Bogra's cabinet. In 1955 he became acting Governor-General, before becoming the last Governor-General of Pakistan. Iskander Mirza was also a great advocate of the One Unit scheme and believed in the seperatiion of state and religion. In 1956, Pakistan established its first constitution, and the position of Governor-General was replaced by that of President of Pakistan|President. The two were essentially the same, but Mirza was officially elected as President by the Assembly. During his presidency, Pakistan was politically unstable, this was marked by four different prime ministers in two years. By 1958, realising that the 1956 Constitution was contributing to political instability, Mirza declared martial law] on October 7th with the view to introducing a new constitution "more suited to the genious of the Pakistani people" in November. He appointed the commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army], Ayub Khan as the martial law administrator. This move quickly backfired as Ayub Khan forced Mirza to step down within three weeks after the establishment of martial law and exiled him to England. Ayub Khan declared himself President on October 27th after a bloodless coup d'état. Mirza lived in exile in London till his death in 1969. After Yahya Khan's military government refused to allow him to be buried in his own country, his body was flown to Tehran where the Shah of Iran gave him a State Funeral befitting a Head of State.

Mirza, Iskander Mirza, Iskander Mirza, Iskander Mirza, Iskander

Muslim League

The All India Muslim League was a political party in British India and was the driving force behind the creation of Pakistan as a Muslim state from British India on the Indian subcontinent. After the independence of India and Pakistan, the League continued as a minor party in India, especially in Kerala, where it is often in government within a coalition with others. In Pakistan, the League formed the country's first government, but disintegrated during the 1950s following an army coup. One or more of factions of the Muslim League have been in power in most of the civilian governments of Pakistan since 1947.

Background

Muslim rule was established across northern India between the 7th and the 14th centuries. The Muslim Mughal Empire ruled most of India from Delhi from the early 16th century until its power was broken by the British in the 19th century. This left a disempowered and discontented Muslim minority, afraid of being swamped by the Hindu majority over whom they had previously ruled. Muslims were about 23% of the population of British India, and were the majority of the population in Baluchistan, Bengal, Kashmir, North-West Frontier Province, Punjab and the Sindh region of the Bombay Presidency. In the late 19th century an Indian nationalist movement developed, with the Indian National Congress being founded in 1885. Although the Congress made genuine efforts to enlist the Muslim community in its struggle for Indian independence, it was inevitably a Hindu-dominated organisation, and Muslims knew that an independent united India would inevitably be ruled by Hindus. Although some Muslims were active in the Congress, the majority of Muslim leaders did not trust the Hindu majority. A turning point came in 1900 when the British administration in the largest Indian state, the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh), acceded to Hindu demands and made Hindi, written in the Devanagari script, the official language, in place of Persian, which had been the court language under the Mughal Emperors. This seemed to confirm Muslim fears that the Hindu majority would seek to suppress Muslim culture and religion in an independent India. A British official, Sir Percival Griffiths, wrote of "the Muslim belief that their interest must be regarded as completely separate from those of the Hindus, and that no fusion of the two communities was possible." During this period the unofficial leader of the Indian Muslim community was Sir Sayed Ahmed, head of the Aligarh movement (a cultural organisation based in the Muslim University at Aligarh), but following his death in 1898 a more militant leadership emerged, under the slogan "Islam is in danger." In October 1906 35 leading members of the Indian Muslim community gathered at Simla under the leadership of Sultan Mohammed Shah (the third Aga Khan), to present an address to the Viceroy, Lord Minto. They demanded proportionate representation of Muslims in all government jobs and the appointment of Muslim judges to the High Courts and members in Viceroy's Council.

Early years

When these demands were accepted, an All-India Mohammedan Educational Conference was held in Dhaka in December. Nawab Salimullah, chairman of the reception committee and convener of the political meeting proposed the creation of the All-India Muslim League (AIML). A 56-member provisional committee was chosen from among prominent Muslim leaders, including some who were members of the Congress. Mohsin-ul-Mulk and Viqar-ul-Mulk were jointly made the secretaries, but after the death of Mohsin-ul-Mulk in 1907, Viqar-ul-Mulk was in full control of the League. The name All-India Muslim League was proposed by Sir Mian Mohammad Shafi. Three thousand delegates attended the meeting of the Conference, chaired by Viqar al-Mulq. At that meeting, Nawab Salim Ullah Khan proposed that the League become a political party devoted to promoting the interests of Muslims in India. The idea of a Muslim political party was not new, but Sayed Ahmed's advice to stand aloof from separatist ideas had previously persuaded Indian Muslims to avoid political mobilisation. Among those Muslims in the Congress who did not initially join the AIML was Muhammed Ali Jinnah, a prominent Bombay lawyer. This was because the first article of the League's platform was "To promote among the Mussalmans of India, feelings of loyalty to the British Government," and Jinnah was an Indian nationalist. He did not join the League until 1913, when it changed its platform to one of Indian independence as a reaction against the British decision to create a united state of Bengal, which the League regarded as a betrayal of the Bengal Muslims. At this stage Jinnah believed in Muslim-Hindu co-operation to achieve an independent, united India, although he argued that Muslims should be guaranteed one-third of the seats in any Indian Parliament. The headquarters of the new organisation was established at Lucknow, and the Aga Khan was elected as the League's first president. The principles of the League were espoused in the "Green Book," which included the organisation's constitution, written by Maulana Mohammad Ali. Its goals at this stage did not include establishing an independent Muslim state, but rather concentrated on protecting Muslim liberties and rights, promoting understanding between the Muslim community and other Indians, educating the Muslim and Indian community at large on the actions of the government, and discouraging violence. The League's moderate stance toward Britain and its disdain for violence alienated some Muslim radicals, who were infuriated by what they saw as the duplicity of British rule in India. The Partition of Bengal, which had been resisted by Congress, had been supported by the Muslim League, which saw the move as allowing for separate representation of Muslims and Hindus in Bengal. In the face of Congress agitation, the British rescinded the move in 1911, which angered the League. With a few years the League had become the sole representative body of Indian Muslims. Jinnah became its president in 1916, and negotiated the Lucknow Pact with Congress, in which Congress conceded the principle of separate electorates and weighted representation for the Muslim community. But Jinnah broke with Congress in 1919 when the Congress leader, Mohandas Gandhi, launched a "non-co-operation" campaign against the British, which Jinnah disapproved of. Jinnah also became convinced that Congress would renounce its support for separate electorates for Muslims, which indeed it did in 1928. Jinnah had little liking for either the Hindu asceticism of Gandhi or the secular socialism of the other Congress leader, Jawaharlal Nehru.

The search for a solution

Jawaharlal Nehru Jinnah became disillusioned with politics after the failure of his attempt to form a Hindu-Muslim alliance, and he spent most of the 1920s in Britain. The leadership of the League was taken over by Sir Muhammad Iqbal, who in 1930 first put forward the demand for a separate Muslim state in India, to be known as Pakistan (the "land of the pure"). The "two-nation theory," the belief that Hindus and Muslims were two different nations who could not live in one country, gained popularity among Muslims, particularly as Hindu nationalism became more strident. The two-state solution was rejected by the Congress leaders, who favoured a united, secular democratic India. Iqbal's policy of uniting the North-West Frontier Province, Baluchistan, and Sindh into a new state of Pakistan united the many factions of the League. In 1927 the British proposed a constitution for India as recommended by the Simon Commission, but they failed to reconcile all parties. The British then turned the matter over to the League and the Congress, and in 1928, an All-Parties Congress was convened in Delhi. The attempt failed, but two more conferences were held. At the Bombay conference in May, it was agreed that a small committee should work on the constitution. The respected Congress leader Motilal Nehru (father of Jawaharlal) headed the committee, which included two Muslims, Syed Ali Imam and Shoaib Quereshi. The League, however, rejected the proposal that the committee returned, called the "Nehru Report," arguing that it gave too little representation (one quarter) to Muslims - the League had demanded at least one-third representation in the legislature. Jinnah reported a "parting of the ways" after reading the report, and relations between the Congress and the League began to sour. The election in Britain of Ramsay MacDonald's Labour government in 1929 fuelled new hopes for progress towards self-government in India. Gandhi traveled to London, claiming to represent all Indians, and criticising the League as sectarian and divisive. Round-table talks were held, but these achieved little, since Gandhi and the League were unable reach a compromise. The fall of the Labour government in 1931 ended this period of optimism. In the 1935 Government of India Act, the British for the first time proposed to hand over substantial power to elected Indian provincial legislatures, with elections to be held in 1937. Jinnah returned to India and resumed leadership of the League, which now saw th