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Indiana Territory

Indiana Territory

Indiana Territory was an organized territory of the United States from 1800 to 1816, created by Act of Congress and signed into law by President John Adams on May 7, 1800, effective on July 4. It was the first new territory created from lands of the Northwest Territory, which had been organized in 1787 by the Northwest Ordinance. The original boundaries of the territory included the area of the Northwest Territory west of the Great Miami River and a line extending north from its headwaters in Indian Lake (in present-day Logan County, Ohio) along approximately 83 deg 45 min W longitude. The territory included all of present-day Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, as well as the portions of Minnesota originally part of the Northwest Territory. It also included almost all of the upper peninsula of present-day Michigan and the western half of the lower peninsula. It also included the portion of present-day Ohio west of the Great Miami. This latter parcel became part of the state of Ohio when it was admitted to the Union in 1803. The eastern half of Michigan was added to the Indiana Territory at that time. The anti-slavery provisions of the Northwest Ordinance remained in force within the Indiana territory, and Governor Harrison organized a convention in 1802 to request their repeal or temporary suspension. Congressional response came in 1808 and was quite explicit: "At the very moment that the progress of reason and general benevolence is consigning slavery to its merited destination . . . must the Territory of Indiana take a retrograde step into barbarism" (From the report of the Congressional committee that addressed the petitions.) The petitions were denied. The area of the territory was reduced again in 1805 by the creation of the Michigan Territory, and in 1809 by the creation of the Illinois Territory. The enabling act of April 19, 1816, which authorized the people of Indiana Territory to form a state, transferred the area of approximately 30 survey townships from Michigan Territory to Indiana, leaving the territory within the current boundaries of the State of Indiana. From 1800 to 1813, the territorial capital was Vincennes. Originally the territory had just three counties: St. Clair, Randolph and Knox. Knox County contained all of present-day Indiana. William Henry Harrison was the Governor of the Indiana Territory from May 13, 1800 to December 28, 1812. John Gibson, the Territorial Secretary, was acting Governor during Harrison's absences July 4, 1800 to January 10, 1801 and from June, 1812 to May, 1813. Thomas Posey was appointed Governor in March 3, 1813 and served until the state's first governor was sworn into office on November 7, 1816. On December 11, 1816, Indiana was admitted into the Union as the 19th U.S. state. See also: Historic regions of the United States

External link

- [http://www.statelib.lib.in.us/www/ihb/publications/interritory.html The Indiana Historian - Indiana Territory] Category:Historical regions and territories of the United States Category:Indiana history Category:Ohio history Category:Michigan history

Organized territory

In the history of the United States, an organized territory is a territory for which the United States Congress has enacted an Organic Act. The provisions of an Organic Act typically include the establishment of a Bill of Rights for the territory, as well as the framework of a tripartite government. Such a territory is said to be organized. Historically, an organized territory differed from a state in that although the organic act allowed for limited self-government, a territory had no constitution and ultimate authority over the territory was held not by the territorial government but by the United States Congress. Some contemporary organized territories have constitutions, but such constitutions are distinct from state constitutions in that they do not qualify the territory for becoming a state of the union. The first organized territory in the United States was the Northwest Territory, organized in 1787 by the passage of the Northwest Ordinance, which is the prototype for subsequent organic acts. Historically, the organization of a territory by the passage of an organic act was typically a prelude to statehood. In the current lexicon of the United States political insular areas, a "commonwealth" is considered a special case of an organized territory. At present, there are two—Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands. Neither of these, however, is an incorporated territory.

Contemporary organized territories

Currently, the following are examples of U.S. territories: Guam and the United States Virgin Islands.

External link

- [http://www.doi.gov/oia/Islandpages/political_types.htm Department of the Interior] Definitions of Insular Area Political Organizations Category:Subdivisions of the United States

1800

1800 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar).

Events

- March 14 - Cardinal Barnaba Chiaramonti is elected pope as Pius VII.
- March 21 - Pius VII is ordained.
- April 24 - U.S. Library of Congress founded.
- May 5 - Great Britain passes the Act of Union to join Great Britain and Ireland into the United Kingdom to take effect on 1 January 1801. The act is signed by King George III in August.
- May 15 - Napoleon Bonaparte crosses the Alps and invades Italy.
- June 14 - Battle of Marengo, Napoleon defeats the Austrian troops near Marengo, Italy.
- June 2 - First smallpox vaccination in North America, at Trinity, Newfoundland.
- June 27 - Pascha Jussuf Karamanli of Tripoli declares war on Sweden by having the flagpole on the consulate chopped down.
- September 5 - The island of Malta, that was occupied by the French, is conquered by British troops.
- November 1 - U.S. President John Adams becomes the first President of the United States to live in the Executive Mansion (later renamed the White House).
- November 17 - The U.S. Congress holds its first Washington, DC session.
- December 3 - Battle of Hohenlinden, the French army defeats the Austrian troops.
- December 24 - An assault on Napoleon Bonaparte fails in Paris.
- December 24 - Pierre Coudrin and Henriette Aymer de la Chevalerie found the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary in Paris.
- Invention of the voltaic pile by Alessandro Volta: the first chemical battery
- The infrared radiation is discovered by Wilhelm Herschel.
- The Althing of Iceland, the world's oldest parliament, is abolished.

Ongoing events

- French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802)-Second Coalition/Egyptian Campaign
- Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815)-Second Coalition/Egyptian Campaign

Deaths

- January 1 - Francis Egerton, 1st Earl of Ellesmere (died 1857)
- January 7 - Millard Fillmore, 13th President of the United States (died 1874)
- January 12 - George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon, English diplomat and statesman (died 1870)
- January 14 - Ludwig von Köchel, Austrian musicologist (died 1877)
- January 17 - Caleb Cushing, American statesman and diplomat (died 1879)
- January 24 - Edwin Chadwick, English social reformer (died 1890)
- January 26 - Elizabeth Ann Whitney, Mormon leader (died 1882)
- February 1 - Brian Houghton Hodgson, English civil servant (died 1894)
- February 6 - Achille Devéria, French painter and lithographer (died 1857)
- February 9 - Hyrum Smith, American religious leader (died 1844)
- February 9 - Joseph von Führich, Austrian painter (died 1876)
- February 11 - William Fox Talbot, English photographic pioneer (died 1877)
- February 12 - John Edward Gray, British zoologist (died 1875)
- February 23 - William Jardine, Scottish naturalist (died 1874)
- February 26 - Lucius Lyon, U.S. statesman (died 1851)
- March 3 - Heinrich Georg Bronn, German geologist and paleontologist (died 1862)
- March 10 - Victor Aimé Huber, German social reformer (died 1869)
- March 12 - Louis Prosper Gachard, Belgian man of letters (died 1885)
- March 16 - Emperor Ninko of Japan (died 1846)
- March 17 - Rudolf Ewald Stier, German Protestant churchman and mystic (died 1862)
- March 20 - Gottfried Bernhardy, German philologist and literary historian (died 1875)
- March 25 - Alexis Paulin Paris, French scholar and author (died 1881)
- March 25 - Ernst Heinrich Karl von Dechen, German geologist and mineralogist (died 1889)
- March 28 - Johann Georg Wagler, German herpetologist (died 1832)
- April 4 - Tokugawa Nariaki, Japanese daimyo of Mito (died 1860)
- April 15 - James Clark Ross, British naval officer and explorer (died 1862)
- April 16 - Jakob Heine, German orthopaedist (died 1879)
- April 16 - George Bingham, 3rd Earl of Lucan, British soldier (died 1888)
- April 29 - Hiram Cronk, last surviving veteran of the War of 1812 (died 1905)
- May 5 - Louis Christophe François Hachette, French publisher (died 1864)
- May 8 - Armand Carrel, French writer (died 1836)
- May 9 - John Brown, American abolitionist (died 1859)
- May 9 - Samuel Carter Hall, English journalist (died 1889)
- June 1 - Charles Fremantle, Royal Navy officer (died 1869)
- June 17 - William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse, Irish astronomer (died 1867)
- June 23 - Karol Marcinkowski, Polish physician and social activist (died 1846)
- July 14 - Jean-Baptiste Dumas, French chemist (died 1884)
- July 19 - Juan José Flores, first president of Ecuador (died 1864)
- July 22 - Jakob Lorber, German Christian mystic (died 1864)
- July 22 - Robert McCormick, British Royal Navy surgeon (died 1890)
- July 31 - Friedrich Wöhler, German chemist (died 1882)
- August 4 - Hercules L. Dousman, American trader and financier (died 1868)
- August 10 - Otto August Rosenberger, German astronomer (died 1890)
- August 12 - Jean-Jacques Ampère, French philologist (died 1864)
- August 19 - Buckner Stith Morris, mayor of Chicago (died 1879)
- August 19 - James Lenox, American bibliophile and philanthropist (died 1880)
- August 22 - Edward Barron Chandler, American politician (died 1880)
- August 22 - William S. Harney, U.S. general (died 1889)
- August 22 - Edward Bouverie Pusey, English churchman (died 1882)
- August 25 - Karl Hase, German Protestant theologian and Church historian (died 1890)
- September 6 - Catharine Beecher, American educator (died 1878)
- September 11 - Daniel S. Dickinson, Confederate admiral (died 1866)
- September 13 - Franklin Buchanan, officer in the U.S. Navy who became an admiral in the Confederate Navy during the American Civil War (died 1874)
- September 13 - David Stewart, American politician (died 1858)
- September 15 - Paul Friedrich, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (died 1842)
- September 19 - William McKean, admiral in the United States Navy (died 1865)
- September 20 - Benjamin Franklin White, American singing master (died 1879)
- September 22 - George Bentham, English botanist (died 1884)
- September 22 - Thomas Holloway, English pharmacist and philanthropist (died 1883)
- September 23 - William Holmes McGuffey, American professor who created the McGuffey Readers (died 1873)
- September 30 - Decimus Burton, prolific English architect and garden designer (died 1881)
- October 1 - Lars Levi Laestadius, Swedish Lutheran pastor of Sami ancestry (died 1861)
- October 2 - Nat Turner, American slave rebel (died 1831)
- October 3 - George Bancroft, American historian and statesman (died 1891)
- October 8 - Jules Desnoyers, French geologist and archaeologist (died 1887)
- October 18 - Henry Taylor, English dramatist (died 1886)
- October 22 - Christian Lassen, German orientalist (died 1876)
- October 23 - Henri Milne-Edwards, French zoologist (died 1885)
- October 25 - Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay, British poet (died 1859)
- October 25 - Jacques Paul Migne, French priest and theologian (died 1875)
- October 26 - Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, German field marshal (died 1891)
- October 27 - Benjamin Wade, U.S. lawyer and politician (died 1878)
- November 4 - Edwin Waller, Americian entrepreneur (died 1881)
- November 4 - George Long, English classical scholar (died 1879)
- November 17 - Achille Fould, French financier and politician (died 1867)
- November 18 - John Nelson Darby, British evangelist (died 1882)
- November 22 - Linn Boyd, U.S. politician (died 1859)
- November 27 - Frances Anne Kemble, British actress and author (died 1893)
- December 1 - Mihály Vörösmarty, Hungarian poet (died 1855)
- December 3 - France Prešeren, Slovenian poet (died 1849)
- December 4 - Emil Aarestrup, Danish erotic poet (died 1856)
- December 4 - William Fenwick Williams, British military (died 1883)
- December 5 - Thomas Ford, governor of Illinois (died 1850)
- December 7 - Giuseppe Gené, Italian naturalist and author (died 1847)
- December 25 - John Phillips, English geologist (died 1874)
- December 27 - John Goss, English organist and composer (died 1880)
- December 29 - Charles Goodyear, American rubber magnate (died 1860)
- Aga Khan I, Shah of Persia (died 1881)
- Jewgenij Abramovich Baratynski, Russian poet (died 1844)
- Ugo Bassi, Italian patriot (died 1849)
- James Black, creator of the original Bowie knife (died 1870)
- Elias Boudinot, Cherokee who started and edited the tribe's first newspaper (died 1839)
- John McLeod Campbell, Scottish churchman (died 1872)
- Robert L. Caruthers, Confederate governor of Tennessee (died 1882)
- Martín Perfecto de Cos, Mexican general (died 1854)
- Catherine Crowe, British writer (died 1876)
- John Evelyn Denison, 1st Viscount Ossington, English statesman (died 1875)
- Karl Wilhelm Feuerbach, German geometer (died 1827)
- Charles Auguste Désiré Filon, French historian (died 1875)
- James Glynn, United States Navy officer (died 1871)
- Edwin Guest, English antiquary (died 1880)
- James Henry Hackett, United States actor (died 1871)
- Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax, English statesman (died 1885)
- Anna Maria Hall, Irish writer (died 1889)
- George Hudson, English railway financier (died 1871)
- John Hudson, English classical scholar (died 1871)
- Frederick Yeates Hurlstone, English painter (died 1869)
- Richard Lawrence, attempted assassin of Andrew Jackson (died 1861)
- Thomas Henry Lister, English novelist (died 1842)
- Ramón María Narváez, Spanish soldier and statesman (died 1868)
- William Nicholson, officer in the United States Navy (died 1872)
- Johann Gerhard Oncken, German Baptist preacher (died 1884)
- Mustafa Resid Pasha, Turkish statesman and diplomat
- William Cavendish-Scott-Bentinck, 5th Duke of Portland (died 1879)
- Gustaw Potworowski, Polish activist (died 1860)
- William Price, British physician and eccentric (died 1893)
- John Baptist Purcell, U.S. (Irish-born) archbishop (died 1883)
- Ippolito Rosellini, Italian Egyptologist (died 1843)
- Roman Sanguszko, Polish noble (died 1881)
- William Simson, Scottish portrait (died 1847)
- Henrietta Constance Smithson, Irish actress (died 1854)
- Pierre St. Amant, leading French chess master (died 1872)
- Nicholas P. Trist, secretary to Andrew Jackson (died 1874)
- A.W. Volkmann, German physiologist (died 1877)
- Richard Bethell, 1st Baron Westbury, Lord Chancellor of Great Britain (died 1873)
- Jacob Westervelt, American shipbuilder and mayor of New York (died 1856)
- Andrzej Artur Zamoyski, Polish nobleman (died 1874)

Births

- January 1 - Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton, French naturalist (born 1716)
- January 6 - William Jones, English divine (born 1726)
- January 9 - Jean Étienne Championnet, French general (born 1762)
- January 13 - Dempsey Burges, Republican U.S. Congressman (born 1751)
- January 20 - Thomas Mifflin, fifth President of the United States in Congress assembled under the Articles of Confederation (born 1744)
- January 22 - George Steevens, English Shakespearean commentator (born 1736)
- January 23 - Edward Rutledge, U.S. statesman (born 1749)
- February 2 - James C. Jarvis, United States Navy officer (born 1787)
- February 23 - Joseph Warton, English academic and literary critic (born 1722)
- March 1 - John Hazelwood, officer in the Continental Navy (born 1726)
- March 14 - Daines Barrington, English naturalist (born 1727)
- March 21 - William Blount, U.S. statesman (born 1749)
- March 29 - Marc René, marquis de Montalembert, French military engineer and writer (born 1714)
- April 25 - Ezekiel Cornell, Continental Congressman from Rhode Island (born 1732)
- April 25 - William Cowper, English poet (born 1731)
- May 4 - Armand, duc d'Aiguillon (born 1750)
- May 7 - Niccola Piccinni, Italian composer (born 1728)
- May 18 - Alexander Suvorov, Count of Rymnik (born 1729)
- June 14 - Louis Charles Antoine Desaix de Veygoux, French military leader (killed in battle) (born 1768)
- June 14 - Jean Baptiste Kléber, French general (assassinated) (born 1753)
- June 20 - Abraham Gotthelf Kästner, German mathematician (born 1719)
- June 30 - Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney, British politician (born 1732)
- July 14 - Lorenzo Mascheroni, Italian mathematician (born 1750)
- July 18 - John Rutledge, governor of South Carolina (born 1739)
- August 31 - John Blair, American politician (born 1732)
- September 26 - William Billings, American choral composer (born 1746)
- September 27 - William Gibbons, American lawyer and revolutionary (born 1726)
- September 29 - Michael Denis, Austrian poet (born 1729)
- October 16 - Benjamin Huntington, American lawyer and politician (born 1736)
- October 28 - Artemas Ward, American Major General in the American Revolutionary War and a Congressman from Massachusetts (born 1727)
- November 5 - Jesse Ramsden, English astronomical instrument maker (born 1735)
- December 17 - William Peery, American farmer and lawyer (born 1743)
- December 27 - Hugh Blair, Scottish Presbyterian preacher and man of letters (born 1718)
- Jean-Baptiste Audebert, French artist and naturalist
- Angelo Maria Bandini, Italian author (born 1726)
- Samuel Barrington, British admiral (born 1729)
- François Claude Amour, marquis de Bouillé, French general (born 1739)
- Thomas Conway, Irish soldier (born 1734)
- Henry Cort, English ironmaster
- George Dixon, English sea captain and explorer (born 1755)
- Joseph de Guignes, French orientalist (born 1721)
- Johann Hermann, German physician and naturalist (born 1738)
- Charles Johnstone, Irish writer (born 1719)
- Rawlins Lowndes, American lawyer and jurist (born 1721)
- Elizabeth Montagu, English literary critic (born 1720)
- Kazimierz Poniatowski, Polish nobleman (born 1721)
- Gabriel, African American slave and revolutionary (born 1775)
- Maciej Radziwill, Polish nobleman (born 1749)
- Baron von Riedesel, German soldier (born 1738)
- Mary Robinson, English poet (born 1756)
- Matthew Robinson, 2nd Baron Rokeby, English eccentric nobleman (born 1712)
- Charles Stewart, American revolutionary (born 1729)
- Aleksander August Zamoyski, Polish nobleman
- Théophile Corret de la Tour d'Auvergne, Grenadier officer in the French army (born 1743) Category:1800 ko:1800년 ms:1800

1816

1816 was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar).

Events

- Known as the "Year Without A Summer" or "Eighteen-hundred-and-froze-to-death" in the northern hemisphere due to global cooling caused by the Mount Tambora volcanic eruption that had occurred in 1815.
- 20 February - Gioachino Rossini's The Barber of Seville debuts at Teatro Argentina, with a fiasco.
- March 25 - Friedrich Karl Ludwig, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck dies and is succeeded by the later Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, his son and founder of the Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg.
- May 2 - Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, later King of the Belgians, marries Charlotte Augusta, but she dies the next year.
- June 19 - Battle of Seven Oaks between Hudson Bay and Northwest fur-trading companies, near Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- July 9 - Argentina gains independence from Spain
- July 17 - The French passenger ship Medusa runs aground off the coast of Senegal, with 140 lives lost in the botched rescue that takes weeks, leading to a scandal in the French government.
- November - James Monroe defeats Rufus King in U.S. presidential election
- December 11 - Indiana is admitted as the 19th U.S. state.
- Tsultrim Gyatso becomes the 10th Dalai Lama.
- The British found Banjul, The Gambia.
- A British expedition explores up from the mouth of the Congo River.
- The Battle of Seven Oaks is fought in the Red River Colony of Canada.
- In France, René Laennec (1781-1826) invents the stethoscope.
- First known cultivation of the cranberry.
- Francis Ellis first describes the Dravidian languages.
- The Second Bank of the United States is founded.
- E. Remington and Sons is founded.
- Buffalo, New York is incorporated.
- African Methodist Episcopal Church is founded in Philadelphia.
- Beau Brummell flees England to escape gambling debts.
- Large-scale slave insurrection in Barbados - one white and 176 slaves killed and 214 executed afterwards
- Divorce annulled in France

Births

- April 21 - Charlotte Brontë, British novelist (d. 1855)
- April 22 - Charles Denis Bourbaki, French general (d. 1897)
- April 25 - Eliza Daniel Stewart, American temperance movement leader (d. ?)
- May 24 - Emanuel Leutze, American painter (d. 1868)
- July 4 - Arthur de Gobineau, French diplomat and author (d. 1882)
- July 23 - Charlotte Cushman, American stage actress (d. 1876)
- July 31 - George Henry Thomas, American general (d. 1870)
- November 17 - August Wilhelm Ambros, Austrian composer (d. 1876)
- December 8 - August Belmont, Sr., Prussian-born financier (d. 1890)
- December 13 - Werner von Siemens, German inventor and industrialist (d. 1892)
- William Marsh Rice, American university founder (d. 1900)
- Charles John Vaughan, English scholar (d. 1897)
- William Henry Webb, American industrialist and philanthropist (d. 1899)

Deaths

- January 27 - Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood, British admiral (b. 1724)
- February 22 - Adam Ferguson, Scottish philosopher and historian (b. 1723)
- March 20 - Queen Maria I of Portugal (b. 1734)
- June 5 - Giovanni Paisiello, Italian composer (b. 1751)
- June 12 - Pierre François Charles Augereau, duc de Castiglione, French marshal (b. 1757)
- July 5 - Dorothy Jordan, Irish actress, mistress of King William IV of the United Kingdom (b. 1761)
- July 7 - Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Irish playwright (b. 1751)
- November 8 - Gouverneur Morris, American statesman (b. 1752)
- December 15 - Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope, English statesman and scientist (b. 1753) Category:1816 ko:1816년 ms:1816 simple:1816

John Adams

John Adams (October 30,1735 – July 4, 1826) was the first (1789–1797) Vice President of the United States, and the second (1797–1801) President of the United States. His son, John Quincy Adams, was the sixth President of the United States (1825–1829), the only son of a former President to hold the office until George W. Bush in 2001. John Adams was born on October 30 (October 19 Old Style, Julian Calendar), 1735 in Braintree, Massachusetts; his birthplace is now a national park. His father, a farmer, also named John, was a fourth-generation descendant of Henry Adams, who emigrated from Barton St David, Somerset, England, to Massachusetts in about 1636; his mother was Susanna Boylston Adams. Young Adams graduated from Harvard College in 1755, and for a time taught school in Worcester and studied law in the office of James Putnam. In 1758, he was admitted to the bar. From an early age he developed the habit of writing descriptions of events and impressions of men. The earliest of these is his report of the 1761 argument of James Otis in the superior court of Massachusetts as to the legality of Writs of Assistance. Otis’ argument inspired Adams with zeal for the cause of the American colonies. Years later, when he was an old man, Adams undertook to write out, at length, his recollections of this scene. In 1764 Adams married Miss Abigail Smith (1744–1818), the daughter of a Congregational minister at Weymouth, Massachusetts. Their children were Abigail Amelia (1765-1813); future president John Quincy (1767-1848); Susanna Boylston (1768-70); Charles (1770-1800); Thomas Boylston (1772-1832); and an infant daughter (1777). Adams had none of the qualities of popular leadership of his second cousin, Samuel Adams; instead, his influence emerged through his work as a constitutional lawyer. Impetuous, intense and often vehement, Adams often found his inborn contentiousness to be a handicap in his political career. These qualities were particularly manifested at a later period—as, for example, during his term as president.

Politics

Adams first rose to influence as an opponent of the Stamp Act of 1765. In that year, he drafted the instructions which were sent by the town of Braintree to its representatives in the Massachusetts legislature, and which served as a model for other towns in drawing up instructions to their representatives; in August 1765 he anonymously contributed four notable articles to the Boston Gazette (republished separately in London in 1768 as A Dissertation on the Canon and Feudal Law), in which he argued that the opposition of the colonies to the Stamp Act was a part of the never-ending struggle between individualism and corporate authority; in December 1765 he delivered a speech before the governor and council in which he pronounced the Stamp Act invalid on the ground that Massachusetts, being without representation in Parliament, had not assented to it. In 1768 Adams moved to Boston. After the Boston Massacre in 1770, several British soldiers were arrested and charged with the murder of five colonists, and Adams joined Josiah Quincy II in defending them. The trial resulted in an acquittal of the officer who commanded the detachment, and most of the soldiers; but two soldiers were found guilty of manslaughter. These claimed benefit of clergy and were branded in the hand and released. Adams's conduct in taking the unpopular side in this case resulted in his subsequent election to the Massachusetts House of Representatives by a vote of 418 to 118. Adams was a member of the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1778. In June 1775, with a view to promoting the union of the colonies, he nominated George Washington as commander-in-chief of the army. His influence in Congress was great, and almost from the beginning he sought permanent separation from Great Britain. On October 5, 1775, Congress created the first of a series of committees to study naval matters. From that time onward, Adams championed the establishment and strengthening of an American Navy and is often referred to as the father of the United States Navy. On June 7, 1776, Adams seconded the resolution introduced by Richard Henry Lee that "these colonies are, and of a right ought to be, free and independent states," acting as champion of these resolutions before the Congress until their adoption on July 2, 1776. On June 8, 1776, he was appointed on a committee with Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Robert R. Livingston and Roger Sherman to draft a Declaration of Independence. Although that document was largely drafted by Jefferson, John Adams occupied the foremost place in the debate on its adoption. Many years later Jefferson hailed Adams as "The colossus of Independence." Adams served as the head of the Board of War and Ordinance, as well as many other important committees. Declaration of Independence

Post-Continental Congress

In 1778, Adams sailed for France to supersede Silas Deane in the American commission there. However, as soon as he embarked, that commission concluded the desired treaty of alliance, and he returned home in time to be elected a member of the convention which framed the Massachusetts constitution of 1780. He penned the first draft along with James Bowdoin and Samuel Adams. Before this work had been completed, he was chosen as minister plenipotentiary for negotiating a treaty of peace and a treaty of commerce with Great Britain and again sent to Europe in September 1779. The French government, however, did not approve of Adams’ appointment and subsequently, on Charles Gravier, Comte de Vergennes’ insistence, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, John Jay and Henry Laurens were appointed to cooperate with Adams. Since Jefferson did not leave the United States for the task and Laurens played a minor role, Jay, Adams and Franklin played the major part in the negotiations. Overruling Franklin’s vote, Jay and Adams decided to break their instructions, which required them to "make the most candid confidential communications on all subjects to the ministers of our generous ally, the king of France; to undertake nothing in the negotiations for peace or truce without their knowledge or concurrence; and ultimately to govern yourself by their advice and opinion.” Instead, they dealt directly with the British commissioners, without consulting the French ministers. Throughout the negotiations Adams was especially determined that the right of the United States to the fisheries along the British-American coast should be recognized. Eventually the American negotiators were able to secure a favorable treaty, which was signed on November 30, 1782. Before these negotiations began, Adams had spent some time in the Netherlands. In July 1780, he had been authorized to execute the duties previously assigned to Laurens. With the aid of the Dutch patriot leader Joan van der Capellen tot den Pol, Adams secured the recognition of the United States as an independent government at The Hague on April 19, 1782. During this trip he also negotiated a loan and, in October 1782, a treaty of amity and commerce, the first of such treaties between the United States and foreign powers after that of February 1778 with France. In 1785 John Adams was appointed the first American minister to the court of St. James's. When he was presented to his former sovereign, George III, the King intimated that he was aware of Adams's lack of confidence in the French government. Adams admitted this, stating: "I must avow to your Majesty that I have no attachment but to my own country.” While in London, Adams published a work entitled A Defence of the Constitution of Government of the United States (1787), in which he repudiated the views of Turgot and other European writers as to the viciousness of the framework of state governments. In this work, he made the controversial statement that "the rich, the well-born and the able" should be set apart from other men in a senate. While Washington was the unanimous choice for president, Adams came in second in the electoral college and became Vice President in the presidential election of 1789. He played a minor role in the politics of the 1790s, and was reelected in 1792. When the two political parties formed, he joined the more conservative Federalist Party and was its nominee for president in 1796, against the Thomas Jefferson, the leader of the opposition Democratic-Republicans. Democratic-Republicans

Presidency

In 1796, after Washington refused to seek another term, Adams was elected president, defeating Thomas Jefferson, who became Vice President. See also: John Adams' First State of the Union Address Adams's four years as president (1797–1801) were marked by intense disputes over foreign policy. Britain and France were at war; Adams and the Federalists favored Britain, while Jefferson and the Republicans favored France. An undeclared naval war between the US and France, called the Quasi-War, broke out in 1798. The humiliation of the XYZ Affair led to serious threat of full-scale war with France. The Federalists built up the army (under George Washington and Alexander Hamilton), built warships, and raised taxes. They cracked down on political immigrants and domestic opponents, by the Alien and Sedition Acts. Adams was a poor negotiator and, indeed, never fully controlled his own cabinet. Adams and Hamilton became alienated, and senior officials began to look to Hamilton rather than to the president as their political chief. For long stretches Adams sequestered himself at home in Massachusetts, letting the cabinet run national affairs. In February 1799 Adams suddenly roused himself, stunning the country by sending diplomat William Vans Murray on a peace mission to France. Napoleon was now in power in Paris; realizing the animosity of the U.S. was doing no good, he signaled readiness for friendly relations. The treaty of alliance of 1778 was superseded and the U.S. could now be free of foreign entanglements. Adams brought his nation back from the brink of war, but deeply split his own party in the process. He brought in John Marshall as Secretary of State, and demobilized the emergency army. The death of Washington in 1799 weakened the Federalists, as they lost the one man who symbolized and united the party. In 1800 Adams ran for reelection and lost narrowly. Defeat was due to distrust of him in his own party, the popular disapproval of the Alien and Sedition Acts, the popularity of his opponent, Thomas Jefferson, and the effective campaigning of Aaron Burr in New York City, which proved decisive. As his term was expiring he appointed a series of judges, most of whom were unseated when the Jeffersonians repealed their offices. But John Marshall remained and his long tenure as Chief Justice marked the final triumph of Federalist principles. Adams retired into private life, and later resumed his friendship with Jefferson.

Scholarly Secondary Sources

- Brown, Ralph A. The Presidency of John Adams. (1988), the standard scholarly treatment..
- Elkins, Stanley M. and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism. (1994), the leading scholarly history of the 1790s. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=59152800 online at Questia]
- Ellis, Joseph J. Passionate Sage: The Character and Legacy of John Adams (2001), interpretive essays by leading scholar. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=100942304 online at Questia]
- Ferling, John. Adams Vs. Jefferson: The Tumultuous Election of 1800. (2004), narrative history of famous election.
- Ferling, John. John Adams: A Life. (1992), scholarly biography.
- Grant, James. John Adams: Party of One.(2005). Well-written popular history.
- Haraszti, Zoltan. John Adams and the Prophets of Progress. (1952). One of the most original studies in this field -- examining Adams's political thought by reference to the arguments he waged with authors in the margins of their books.
- Kurtz, Stephen G. The Presidency of John Adams: The Collapse of Federalism, 1795-1800 (1957). [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14355519 online at Questia]
- McCullough, David. John Adams. (2002), a best-selling popular biography.
- Miller, John C. The Federalist Era: 1789-1801. (1960), a useful older history of the decade; slights the debate over republicanism explained so well by Elkins and McKitrick.
- Sharp, James. American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis. (1995), solid political narrative of 1790s.
- Smith, Page. John Adams. (1962), outdated scholarly biography.
- Thompson, C. Bradley. John Adams and the Spirit of Liberty. (1998). Scholarly analysis of Adams's political thought.

Primary Sources

- Adams, C.F. The Works of John Adams, with Life (10 vols., Boston, 1850-1856) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=321010 online at Questia]
- Butterfield, L. H. et al., eds., The Adams Papers (1961-). monumental scholarly edition, still incomplete.
- Cappon, Lester J. ed. The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams (1988).
- Carey, George W., ed. The Political Writings of John Adams. (2001). Massive compilation of extracts from Adams's major political writings.
- Diggins, John P., ed. The Portable John Adams. (2004).

Cabinet

Supreme Court appointments

Adams appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:
- Bushrod Washington - 1799
- Alfred Moore - 1800
- John Marshall - Chief Justice - 1801

Major presidential acts

- Signed Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798
- Signed Judiciary Act of 1801

States admitted to the Union

None

Death

Judiciary Act of 1801 On July 4, 1826, the 50th anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence, Adams died at Quincy, after uttering the famous last words "Thomas Jefferson still survives." (Unbeknownst to Adams, Jefferson had died a few hours earlier). His crypt lies at United First Parish Church (also known as the Church of the Presidents) in Quincy. Until his record was broken by Ronald Reagan in 2001, he was the nation's longest-living President (90 years, 247 days).

John Adams in popular culture

- Adams was played by William Daniels in the Broadway musical (as well as the 1972 movie adaptation) 1776.

External links

- [http://www.constitution.org/jadams/thoughts.htm "Thoughts on Government" Adams, April 1776]
- [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/adamspap.htm The Papers of John Adams] from the Avalon Project (includes Inaugural Address, State of the Union Addresses, and other materials)
- [http://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/aea/ Adams Family Papers: An electronic archive] Captured December 16, 2004.
- [http://www.ufpc.org United First Parish Church]
-
- [http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/ja2.html White House biography]
- State of the Union: [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/adams-1.html 1797], [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/adams-2.html 1798], [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/adams-3.html 1799], [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/adams-4.html 1800]
- [http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/g02.htm Medical and Health History of John Adams] Adams, John Adams, John Adams, John Adams, John Adams, John Adams, John Adams, John Adams, John Adams, John Adams, John Adams, John ja:ジョン・アダムズ ko:존 애덤스 simple:John Adams

May 7

May 7 is the 127th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (128th in leap years). There are 238 days remaining.

Events

- 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses. Justinian I immediately orders the dome rebuilt.
- 1429 - Joan of Arc leads a French attack on English bridgeheads on the south side of the Loire River.
- 1274 - In France, the Second Council of Lyons opens to regulate the election of the Pope.
- 1697 - Stockholm's royal castle (dating back to medieval times) is destroyed in a huge fire (in the 18th century, it is replaced with the current Royal Palace).
- 1763 - Indian Wars: Pontiac's Rebellion begins - Chief Pontiac begins the "Conspiracy of Pontiac" by attacking British forces at Fort Detroit.
- 1824 - World premiere of Ludwig van Beethoven's Ninth Symphony in Vienna, Austria. Work was conducted by Michael Umlauf, under the deaf composer's supervision.
- 1832 - Greece is recognised independent by the Treaty of London. Otto of Wittelsbach, Prince of Bavaria is chosen King.
- 1840 - The Great Natchez Tornado strikes Natchez, Mississippi, killing 317 people. It is the second deadliest tornado in U.S. history.
- 1847 - In Philadelphia, the American Medical Association (AMA) is founded.
- 1864 - American Civil War: The Army of the Potomac, under General Ulysses S. Grant, breaks off from the Battle of the Wilderness and moves southwards.
- 1895 - In Saint Petersburg, Russian scientist Alexander Stepanovich Popov demonstrates an invention which became the prototipe of radio. In the former Soviet Union this day is celebrated as Day of Radio.
- 1896 - H. H. Holmes is hanged in Philadelphia.
- 1915 - World War I: a German U-boat sinks the RMS Lusitania, killing 1,198 people.
- 1920 - Polish-Bolshevik War: Polish-Ukrainian troops capture Kyiv during the Kiev Offensive.
- 1937 - Spanish Civil War: The German Condor Legion, equipped with Heinkel He 51 biplanes, arrive in Spain to assist Franco's forces.
- 1945 - World War II: General Alfred Jodl signs unconditional surrender terms at Reims, France, ending Germany's participation in the war. The document will take effect the next day.
- 1946 - Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering (later renamed Sony) is founded with about 20 employees.
- 1947 - Kraft Television Theater debuts, running for the next 11 years.
- 1948 - The Council of Europe is founded during the Hague Congress.
- 1952 - The concept for the integrated circuit, the basis for all modern computers, is first published by Geoffrey W.A. Dummer.
- 1954 - Indochina War: The Battle of Dien Bien Phu ends in a French defeat (the battle began on March 13).
- 1960 - Cold War: U-2 Crisis - Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev announces that his nation is holding American U-2 pilot Gary Powers.
- 1964 - A Pacific Air Lines Fairchild F-27 airliner crashes near San Ramon, California, killing all 44 aboard; the FBI later reports that a cockpit recorder tape indicates that the pilot and co-pilot had been shot by a suicidal passenger.
- 1992 - Michigan ratifies a 203-year-old proposed amendment to the United States Constitution making the 27th Amendment law. This amendment bars the U.S. Congress from giving itself a mid-term pay rise.
- 1992 - Space Shuttle Endeavour is launched on its maiden voyage.
- 1992 - Three employees at a McDonald's Restaurant in Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada, are brutally murdered and a fourth permanently disabled after a botched robbery. It is the first fast-food murder in Canada.
- 1998 - Apple Computer unveils the iMac.
- 1998 - Mercedes-Benz buys Chrysler for US$40 billion and forms DaimlerChrysler in the largest industrial merger in history.
- 1999 - Pope John Paul II travells to Romania becoming the first pope that had visited a predominantly Eastern Orthodox country since the Great Schism in 1054.
- 1999 - A jury finds The Jenny Jones Show and Warner Bros. liable in the shooting death of Scott Amedure, after the show purposely deceived Jonathan Schmitz to appear on a secret same-sex crush episode. Schmitz later killed Amedure and the jury awarded Amedure's family US$25 million.
- 1999 - Kosovo War: In Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, three Chinese embassy workers are killed and 20 wounded when a NATO aircraft mistakenly bombs the Chinese embassy in Belgrade.
- 1999 - In Guinea-Bissau, President João Bernardo Vieira is ousted in a military coup.
- 2002 - A China Southern Airlines MD-82 plunges into the Yellow Sea, killing 112 people.

Births

- 1328 - Louis VI the Roman, Duke of Bavaria and Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1365)
- 1530 - Louis I de Bourbon, Prince de Condé, French Huguenot general (d. 1569)
- 1643 - Stephanus Van Cortlandt, first native Mayor of New York (d. 1700)
- 1700 - Gerard van Swieten, Dutch-born physician (d. 1772)
- 1711 - David Hume, English philosopher (d. 1776)
- 1724 - Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser, Alsatian-born Austrian general (d. 1797)
- 1763 - Józef Antoni Poniatowski, Polish prince and Marshal of France (d. 1813)
- 1812 - Robert Browning, English poet (d. 1889)
- 1833 - Johannes Brahms, German composer (d. 1897)
- 1840 - Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Russian composer (d. 1893)
- 1847 - Archibald Primrose, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1929)
- 1857 - William A. MacCorkle, Governor of West Virginia (d. 1930)
- 1861 - Rabindranath Tagore, Indian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1941)
- 1867 - Władysław Reymont, Polish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1925)
- 1882 - Willem Elsschot, Flemish writer (d.1960)
- 1885 - George 'Gabby' Hayes, American actor (d. 1969)
- 1892 - Archibald MacLeish, American poet and Librarian of Congress (d. 1982)
- 1892 - Josip Broz Tito, President of Yugoslavia (d. 1980)
- 1901 - Gary Cooper, American actor (d. 1961)
- 1909 - Edwin H. Land, American inventor (d. 1991)
- 1911 - Ishiro Honda, Japanese film director
- 1919 - Eva Peron, wife of Argentine President Juan Peron (d. 1952)
- 1922 - Darren McGavin, American actor
- 1923 - Anne Baxter, American actress (d. 1985)
- 1927 - Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, German screenwriter
- 1930 - Totie Fields, American comedienne (d. 1978)
- 1931 - Teresa Brewer, American singer
- 1933 - Johnny Unitas, American football player (d. 2002)
- 1939 - Sidney Altman, Canadian-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1939 - Ruud Lubbers, Prime Minister of the Netherlands
- 1939 - Jimmy Ruffin, American singer
- 1940 - Angela Carter, English novelist and journalist (d. 1992)
- 1943 - Harvey Andrews, English singer and songwriter
- 1946 - Thelma Houston, American singer
- 1946 - Bill Kreutzmann, American drummer (Grateful Dead)
- 1950 - Randall 'Tex' Cobb, American boxer and actor
- 1950 - Tim Russert, American television host
- 1951 - Janis Ian, American singer and songwriter
- 1954 - Amy Heckerling, American director
- 1956 - Jan Peter Balkenende, Prime Minister of the Netherlands
- 1956 - Anne Dudley, British composer and musician
- 1965 - Owen Hart, Canadian professional wrestler (d. 1999)
- 1968 - Traci Lords, American actress
- 1969 - Eagle Eye Cherry, Swedish musician
- 1973 - Kristian Lundin, Swedish Songwriter/Producer
- 1980 - Johan Kenkhuis, Dutch swimmer
- 1987 - Asami Konno, Japanese singer (Morning Musume and Tanpopo)

Deaths

- 973 - Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 912)
- 1427 - Thomas la Warr, 5th Baron De La Warr, English churchman
- 1523 - Franz von Sickingen, German soldier (b. 1481)
- 1539 - Guru Nanak Dev, Pakistani founder of Sikhism (b. 1469)
- 1539 - Ottaviano Petrucci, Italian printer (b. 1466)
- 1615 - Sanada Yukimura, Japanese samurai (b. 1567)
- 1617 - David Fabricius, German astronomer (b. 1564)
- 1667 - Johann Jakob Froberger, German composer (b. 1616)
- 1682 - Tsar Feodor III of Russia (b. 1661)
- 1718 - Mary of Modena, queen of James II of England (b. 1658)
- 1793 - Pietro Nardini, Italian composer (b. 1722)
- 1800 - Niccola Piccinni, Italian composer (b. 1728)
- 1825 - Antonio Salieri, Italian composer (b. 1750)
- 1840 - Caspar David Friedrich, German painter (b. 1774)
- 1868 - Henry Peter Brougham, Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain (b. 1778)
- 1896 - H. H. Holmes, American serial killer (b. 1861)
- 1941 - Sir James George Frazer, Scottish anthropologist (b. 1854)
- 1942 - Felix Weingartner, Yugoslavian conductor (b. 1863)
- 1951 - Warner Baxter, American actor (b. 1889)
- 1998 - Allan McLeod Cormack, South African-born physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1924)
- 1998 - Eddie Rabbitt, American musician (b. 1941)
- 2000 - Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., American actor (b. 1909)
- 2004 - Waldemar Milewicz, Polish reporter (b. 1956)

Holidays and observances

- Russia - Radio Day (see Alexander Popov)
- Bulgaria - Radio and Television Day

Recorded this date

- 1941 - "Chattanooga Choo-Choo" (w. Mack Gordon, m. Harry Warden) Glenn Miller and his Orchestra

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/7 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20050507.html The New York Times: On This Day] ---- May 6 - May 8 - April 7 - June 7 -- listing of all days ko:5월 7일 ms:7 Mei ja:5月7日 simple:May 7 th:7 พฤษภาคม

July 4

July 4 is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 180 days remaining. The phrase "Fourth of July" has acquired widespread significance in American lingo as a reference to the Independence Day celebration in the United States and that celebration's many cultural accoutrements.

Events

- 993 - Saint Ulrich of Augsburg canonized.
- 1054 - A supernova is observed by the Chinese and Amerindians near the star ζ Tauri. For several months it remains bright enough to be seen during the day. Its remnants form the Crab Nebula.
- 1187 - Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem, at the Battle of Hattin.
- 1584 - Sir Walter Ralegh first sees the coast of North Carolina
- 1636 - City of Providence, Rhode Island forms.
- 1712 - 12 slaves are executed in New York for starting an uprising that killed 9 whites
- 1776 - American Revolutionary War: The Continental Congress approves a Declaration of Independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain.
- 1802 - At West Point, New York the United States Military Academy opens.
- 1803 - The Louisiana Purchase is announced to the American people.
- 1810 - The French occupy Amsterdam.
- 1817 - At Rome, New York, United States, construction on the Erie Canal begins.
- 1826 - Fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, on which John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, two of America's Founding Fathers, died.
- 1827 - Slavery is abolished in New York State.
- 1831 - James Monroe dies on the fifty-fifth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence.
- 1837 - Grand Junction Railway, world's first long-distance railway, opens between Birmingham and Liverpool.
- 1838 - The Iowa Territory is organized.
- 1840 - The Cunard Line's 700 ton wooden paddle steamer RMS Britannia departs from Liverpool bound for Halifax, Nova Scotia on the first transatlantic passenger cruise.
- 1845 - Near Concord, Massachusetts, Henry David Thoreau embarks on a two-year experiment in simple living at Walden Pond (see Walden).
- 1855 - In Brooklyn, New York, the first edition of Walt Whitman's book of poems titled Leaves of Grass is published.
- 1859 - Franco-Piedmontese War: The Battle of Magenta.
- 1862 - Lewis Carroll tells Alice Liddell a story that would grow into Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequels.
- 1863 - American Civil War: Battle of Vicksburg - Vicksburg, Mississippi surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant after 47 days of seige.
- 1865 - Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is published.
- 1881 - In Alabama, the Tuskegee Institute opens.
- 1894 - The short-lived Republic of Hawaii is proclaimed by Sanford B. Dole.
- 1910 - African-American boxer Jack Johnson knocks out white boxer Jim Jeffries in a heavyweight boxing match sparking race riots across the United States.
- 1918 - Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI ascends to the throne.
- 1918 - Bolsheviks kill Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and his family (Julian calendar date).
- 1927 - First flight of the Lockheed Vega.
- 1934 - Joe Louis wins his first professional boxing match.
- 1934 - Leo Szilard patents the chain-reaction design for the atomic bomb.
- 1939 - Lou Gehrig, recently diagnosed with