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| Indirect Free Kick |
Indirect free kickAn indirect free kick is a method of restarting play in a game of association football (soccer). Unlike a direct free kick, a goal may not be scored directly from the kick.
Award
An indirect free kick is awarded to the opposing team when a player commits a foul other than a penal foul (e.g. dangerous play) or infringes certain technical requirements of the laws (e.g. touching the ball a second time following a restart). An indirect free kick is also awarded to the opposing team when play is stopped to caution or send-off a player when no specific foul has occurred (e.g. when play is stopped to caution a player for dissenting the decision of the referee).
Unlike a direct free kick, an offence punishable by an indirect free kick does not result in a penalty kick when it occurs in the penalty area, rather it continues to be taken as an indirect free kick.
Procedure
The kick is taken from where the foul occurred, unless that was within a goal area. An indirect free kick within the kicking team's goal area may be taken from anywhere within the goal area. An indirect free kick within the opposing team's goal area is taken from the goal area line parallel to the goal line (i.e. at least 6 yards from the goal line).
The ball should be stationary prior to being kicked. Opponents must remain 10 yards (9.15m) from the ball (and also outside of the penalty area if the kick is taken from within the kicking team's penalty area) until the ball is in play. An exception to this is that opponents may be within 10 yards of the ball provided they are standing on their goal line between the goal posts.
The ball becomes in play as soon as it is kicked and moves, unless the kick was taken from within the kicking team's penalty area, in which case it is in play once it has passed directly beyond the penalty area.
A goal may not be scored directly from an indirect free kick, rather it must be touched by a second player before a goal can be scored. A player may be penalised for an offside offence direct from a direct free kick.
The referee signals that a free kick is indirect by raising one arm until the ball has been touched a second time or has gone out of play.
Infringements
Opposing players must retire the required distance as stated above. Failure to do so may constitute misconduct and be punished by a caution (yellow card).
It is an offence for the kicker to touch the ball a second time until it has been touched by another player; this is punishable by an indirect free kick to the defending team from where the offence occurred, unless the second touch was also a more serious handling offence, in which case it is punishable by a direct free kick or penalty kick, as appropriate.
Category:Football (soccer) laws
Football (soccer)
:Soccer redirects here. For other senses, see soccer (disambiguation).
soccer (disambiguation)
Association football, soccer, or simply football (see below) is a ball game played between two teams of eleven players, each attempting to win by scoring more goals than their opponent. Football is played predominantly with the feet, but players may use any part of their body except their hands and arms to propel the ball; the exceptions to this are throw-ins (ie: when the ball goes out of bounds, field players throw the ball into play from the sidelines) and the two players acting as goalkeepers, who are the only ones allowed to handle the ball on the field of play, albeit with restrictions.
The sport is known by a variety of names in different parts of the English-speaking world, usually association football and its contraction, soccer. These names are often used to distinguish the game from other codes of football, since the word "football" may be used to refer to several quite different games.
Football is played at a professional level all over the world, and millions of people regularly go to a football stadium to follow their favourite team, whilst millions more avidly watch the game on television. A very large number of people also play football at an amateur level.
According to a survey conducted by Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), football's governing body, published in the spring of 2001, over 240 million people regularly play football in more than 200 countries in every part of the world. Its simple rules and minimal equipment requirements have no doubt aided its spread and growth in popularity. In many parts of the world football evokes great passions and plays an important role in the life of individual fans, local communities, and even nations; it is therefore often claimed to be the most popular sport in the world.
Nature of the game
Two teams of eleven players each compete to get a spherical ball (itself known as a football) into the other team's goal, thereby scoring a goal. The team which has scored the most goals at the conclusion of the game is the winner; if both teams have an equal number of goals then the game is a draw. The primary rule for this objective is that players, other than the goalkeepers, may not intentionally touch the ball with their hands or arms during play (though they do use their hands during a throw-in restart). Although players mainly use their feet to move the ball around, they may use any part of their bodies other than their hands or arms.
throw-in
In typical game play, players attempt to move towards a goal through individual control of the ball, such as by dribbling (running with the ball close to their feet); by passing the ball from team-mate to team-mate; and by taking shots at the goal. Opposition players may try to regain control of the ball by intercepting a pass or through tackling the opponent who controls the ball.
Football is generally a free-flowing game with the ball in play at all times except when the ball has left the field of play by wholly crossing over a boundary line (either on the ground or in the air), or play has been stopped by the referee. When play has been stopped, it recommences with a specified restart (see below).
The game is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game, which are summarised below.
The Laws of the Game
History and development
The Laws of the Game are based on efforts made in the mid-19th century to standardise the rules of the widely varying games of football played at the public schools of England. The first set of rules resembling the modern game were produced at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1848, at a meeting attended by representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury, but they were far from universally adopted. During the 1850s, many clubs were formed, thoughout the English-speaking world, independent of schools or universities, to play various forms of football. Some came up with their own distinct codes of rules, most notably the Sheffield Football Club (formed by former pupils from Harrow) in 1857, which led to formation of a Sheffield FA in 1867. In 1862, J.C. Thring of Uppingham School also devised an influential set of rules.
These efforts contribute to the formation of The Football Association (The FA) in 1863 which first met on the evening of 26 October 1863 at the Freemason's Tavern in Great Queen Street, London. The only school to be represented on this occasion was Charterhouse. The Freemason's Tavern was the setting for five more meetings between October and December, which eventually produced the first comprehensive set of rules. At the final meeting, the first FA treasurer, who was the representative from Blackheath, withdrew his club from the FA over the removal of two draft rules at the previous meeting, the first which allowed for the running with the ball in hand and the second, obstructing such a run by hacking (kicking an opponent in the shins), tripping and holding. Other English rugby clubs followed this lead and did not join the FA but instead in 1871 formed the Rugby Football Union. The eleven remaining clubs, under the charge of Ebenezer Cobb Morley, went on to ratify the original fourteen rules of the game. Despite this, the Sheffield FA played by its own rules until the 1870s.
Today the laws of the game are determined by the International Football Association Board (IFAB). The Board was formed in 1882 after a meeting in Manchester of The Football Association, the Scottish Football Association, the Football Association of Wales, and the Irish Football Association. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association FIFA, the international football body, was formed in Paris in 1904 and declared that they would adhere to the rules laid down by the IFAB. The growing popularity of the international game led to the admittance of FIFA representatives to the IFAB in 1913. Today the board is made up of four representatives from FIFA and one representative from each of the four British associations.
1913
Overview of the Laws
There are seventeen Laws in the official Laws of the Game. The same laws are designed to apply to all levels of football, although the preface to the Laws does grant national associations the ability to authorise certain modifications for juniors, seniors, women, etc. The Laws are often framed in broad terms, which allows flexibility in their application depending on the nature of the game. In addition to the seventeen Laws, numerous IFAB decisions and other directives contribute to the regulation of football. The Laws can be found on the [http://www.fifa.com/en/regulations/regulation/0,3527,3,00.html official FIFA website].
Players and equipment
Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players (excluding substitutes), one of whom must be the goalkeeper. Competition rules may state a minimum of seven players are required to constitute a team. There are a variety of positions in which the outfield players are strategically placed by a manager/coach, though these positions are not defined or required by the Laws.
One player on each team must be designated as that team's goalkeeper. The goalkeeper is the only player allowed to handle the ball with his hands or arms, but is restricted to doing so within the penalty area (also known as the "box" or "18 yard box") in front of his own goal.
The basic equipment players are required to wear includes a shirt (or jersey), shorts, socks (or stockings), footwear and adequate shin guards. Players are forbidden to wear or use anything that is dangerous to themselves or another player (including jewellery or watches).
A number of players may be replaced by substitutes during the course of the game. The maximum substitutions permitted in international games and in national level leagues is three, though substitution numbers may be varied in other leagues. The usual reasons for a player's replacement include injury, tiredness, ineffectiveness, a tactical switch, or to waste a little time at the end of a finely poised game. In standard adult matches, a player who has been substituted may not take further part in the match.
Officials
A game is presided over by a referee, who has "full authority to enforce the Laws of the Game in connection with the match to which he has been appointed" (Law 5), and whose decisions regarding facts connected with play are final. The referee is assisted by two assistant referees (formerly called linesmen). In many high-level games there is also a fourth official, who assists the referee and may replace another official should the need arise.
Playing field
fourth official)]]
The length of the field (pitch) for international adult matches should be in the range 100-130 yards (90-120m) and the width should be in the range 50-100 yards (45-90m).The pitch must be rectangular, with the length of the touch line longer than the width of the goal line.
The longer boundary lines are touch lines, while the shorter boundaries (on which the goals are placed) are goal lines. On the goal line at each end of the field is a goal. The inner edges of the goal posts must be 8 yards (7.32m) apart, and the lower edge of the crossbar must be 8 feet (2.44m) above the ground. Nets are usually placed behind the goal, though are not required by the Laws.
In front of each goal is an area of the field known as the penalty area (colloquially "penalty box", "18 yard box" or simply "the box"). This area consists of the area formed by the goal-line, two lines starting on the goal-line 18 yards (16.5m) from the goalposts and extending 18 yards into the pitch from the goal-line, and a line joining these. This area has a number of important functions, the most prominent being to denote where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a foul by a defender which would usually punished by a direct free kick becomes punishable by a penalty kick.
The field has other field markings and defined areas; these are described in the main article above.
Duration
Standard durations
A standard adult football match consists of two periods (known as halves) of 45 minutes each. There is usually a 15-minute break between halves, known as half time. The end of the match is known as full-time. At the end of each half the referee adds time to account for interruptions during play, such as substitutions, treatment of injuries and time wasting. This addition is traditionally known as injury time.
Extra time and shootouts
If tied at the end of regulation time, in some competitions the game may go into extra time, which consists of two further 15-minute periods. If the score is still tied after extra time, some competitions allow the use of penalty shootouts (known officially in the Laws of the Game as "kicks from the penalty mark") to determine which team will progress to the next stage of the tournament. Note that goals scored during extra time periods count towards the final score of the game, unlike kicks from the penalty mark which are only used to decide the team that progresses to the next part of the tournament (with goals scored not making up part of the final score).
Competitions utilising two-leg stages (i.e. where each round involves the two teams playing each other twice) may utilise the so-called away goals rule to attempt to determine which team progresses in the event of the teams being equal on wins; however, should results still be equal following this calculation kicks from the penalty mark are usually required. Other competitions may require a tied game to be replayed.
Golden and silver goal experiments
In the late 1990s, the IFAB experimented with ways of making matches more likely to end without requiring kicks from the penalty mark, which were often seen as an undesirable way to end a match.
These involved rules ending a game in extra time early, either when the first goal in extra time was scored (golden goal), or at the end of the first period of extra time if one team was by then leading (silver goal). Both these experiments have been discontinued by IFAB.
Referee as official timekeeper
The referee is the official timekeeper for the match, and it is part of his duties to make allowance for time lost through substitutions, injured players requiring attention, cautions and dismissals, sundry time wasting, etc. When making such an allowance for time lost, the referee is often said to be "adding time on". The amount of time is at the sole discretion of the referee, and the referee alone signals when the match has been completed. There are no other timekeepers, although assistant referees carry a watch and may provide a second opinion if requested by the referee. In matches where a fourth official is appointed, towards the end of the half the referee will signal how many minutes remain to be played, and the fourth official then signals this to players and spectators by holding up a board showing this number.
Note that there is often semantic debate as to whether the referee is "adding on" time to the end of a half, or rather treating time during stoppages as though it never existed as part of the match time; this distinction has little bearing on the practical conduct of a game, however it may be noted that the pre-1997 wording of the laws stated that the referee "shall ... allow the full or agreed time adding thereto all time lost through injury or accident" (Law V), and later FIFA guidelines regarding the annotation of goal scoring times suggested that time is indeed "added-on" to the end of the agreed half period.
Starts and re-starts
Each playing period in football commences with a kick-off, which is a set kick from the centre-spot by one team. At kick-off all players are required to be in their half of the field, and all players of the non-kicking team must also remain outside the centre-circle, until the ball is kicked and moved. Kick-offs are also used to restart play following a goal.
From the initial kick-off of a period until the end of that period, the ball is "in play" at all times until the end of the playing period, except when the ball leaves the field of play or play is stopped by the referee; in these cases play is re-started by one of the following eight methods:
kick-off
- Kick-off: following a goal by the opposing team, or to begin each period of play. ([http://www.fifa.com/en/laws/Laws8_01.htm Law 8]).
- Throw-in: when the ball has wholly crossed the touchline; awarded to opposing team to that which last touched the ball. ([http://www.fifa.com/en/laws/Laws15_01.htm Law 15]).
- Goal kick: when the ball has wholly crossed the goal line without a goal having been scored and having last been touched by an attacker; awarded to defending team. ([http://www.fifa.com/en/laws/Laws16_01.htm Law 16]).
- Corner kick: when the ball has wholly crossed the goal line without a goal having been scored and having last been touched by a defender; awarded to attacking team. ([http://www.fifa.com/en/laws/Laws17_01.htm Law 17]).
- Indirect free kick: awarded to the opposing team following "non-penal" fouls, certain technical infringements, or when play is stopped to caution/send-off an opponent without a specific foul having occurred. ([http://www.fifa.com/en/laws/Laws13_01.htm Law 13]).
- Direct free kick: awarded to fouled team following certain listed "penal" fouls. ([http://www.fifa.com/en/laws/Laws13_01.htm Law 13]).
- Penalty kick: awarded to fouled team following "penal" foul having occurred in their opponent's penalty area. ([http://www.fifa.com/en/laws/Laws14_01.htm Law 14]).
- Dropped-ball: occurs when the referee has stopped play for any other reason (e.g. a serious injury to a player, interference by an external party, or a ball becoming defective). ([http://www.fifa.com/en/laws/Laws8_03.htm Law 8]).
Fouls and misconduct
A foul occurs when a player (not a substitute) commits a specific offence listed in the Laws of the Game, against an opponent, when the ball is in play. The offences that constitute a foul are mainly listed in Law 12. "Penal fouls", for example handling the ball, tripping an opponent, pushing an opponent, etc, are punishable by a direct free kick or penalty kick depending on where the offence occurred. Other fouls are punishable by an indirect free kick.
Misconduct may occur at any time, and need not be against an opponent. Substitutes may commit misconduct. Whilst the offences that constitute misconduct are listed, the definitions are broad. In particular, the offence of "unsporting behaviour" may be used to deal with most events that violate the spirit of the game, even if they are not listed as specific offences. Misconduct may be punished by a caution (yellow card) or sending-off (red card).
Offside
The offside law limits the ability of attacking players to remain forward (i.e. closer to the opponent's goal-line) of both the ball and the second last defending player. It is often assumed that the purpose of this law is to prevent "goal scrounging" or "cherry picking", but in fact the offside law has similar roots to the offside law in rugby (see full article). The details and application of this law are complex, and often result in controversy: for more information on offside please refer to the main article above.
Governing bodies
The recognised international governing body of football (and associated games, such as futsal and beach soccer) is the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA).
Six regional confederations are associated with FIFA; these are:
- Asia: Asian Football Confederation (AFC)
- Africa: Confederation of African Football (CAF)
- Central/North America & Caribbean: Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF; also known as The Football Confederation)
- Europe: Union of European Football Associations (UEFA)
- Oceania: Oceania Football Confederation (OFC)
- South America: Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (South American Football Confederation; CONMEBOL)
The recognised various national associations (see football around the world) oversee football within their jurisdictions. These are affiliated both with FIFA directly and also with their respective continental confederations.
Note that the Laws of the Game are not maintained by FIFA itself; rather they are maintained by the International Football Association Board, as discussed in the history and development section above.
Major international competitions
Worldwide international competitions
The major international competition in football is the World Cup organised by FIFA. This competition takes place over a four-year period. Over 190 national teams compete in regional qualifying tournaments for a place in the finals. The finals tournament, which is held every four years, now involves 32 national teams (increased from 24 in 1998) competing over a four-week period.
There has been a football tournament at the Summer Olympic Games since 1900, except at the 1932 games in Los Angeles. Originally this was for amateurs only, however since the 1984 Summer Olympics professionals have been permitted as well, albeit with certain restrictions which effectively prevent countries from fielding their strongest sides Currently, the Olympic men's tournament is played at Under-23 level with a restricted number of over-age players per team; consequently the competition is not generally considered to carry the same international significance and prestige as the World Cup. A women's tournament was added in 1996; in contrast to the men's event, the women's Olympic tournament is played by full international sides without age restrictions. It thus carries international prestige considered comparable to that of the FIFA Women's World Cup.
Major international competitions
The major international competitions of the world and the continental confederations, followed by their major club events where appropriate, are:
- World: FIFA World Cup; FIFA Club World Championship
- Europe: European Championship; UEFA Champions League
- South America: Copa América; Copa Libertadores
- Africa: African Nations Cup; CAF Champions League
- Asia: Asian Cup; AFC Champions League
- North/Central America & Caribbean: CONCACAF Gold Cup; CONCACAF Champions Cup
- Oceania: Oceania Nations Cup; Oceania Club Championship
Names of the game
Oceania Club Championship]
The rules of football were codified in England by the Football Association in 1863, and the name association football was coined to distinguish the game from the other forms of football played at the time, specifically rugby football. The term soccer first appeared in the 1880s as a slang abbreviation of Association football.
Today the sport is known by a number of names throughout the English-speaking world, the most common being football and soccer; this has generated debate regarding the "correct" name for the sport. The term used depends largely on the need to differentiate the sport from other codes of football followed in a community. Football is the term used by FIFA, the sport's world governing body, and the International Olympic Committee. For more details of naming throughout the world, please refer to the main articles above.
See also
Other varieties of the game
- Indoor football: futsal, five a side football, and indoor soccer
- Informal football-style games: see street football
- Paralympic football
Teams and players
- List of club/sub-national football teams
- List of famous football players
- List of national football teams
Gameplay
- Football formations - common team formations
- Football positions - common player positions
- Football tactics and skills
Miscellaneous
- Football around the world
- Football culture
- List of football (soccer) mascots
- NF-Board
- Oldest football clubs
- Representative caps
- Women's football around the world
- Women's football (soccer)
Further reading
- Stefan Szymanski and Tim Kuypers (1999), Winners and Losers: The Business Strategy of Football, Viking
External links
- [http://www.fifa.com/ Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)]
- [http://www.the-afc.com/ Asian Football Confederation (AFC)]
- [http://www.cafonline.com/ Confederation of African Football (CAF)]
- [http://www.concacaf.com/ Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF)]
- [http://www.uefa.com/ Union of European Football Associations (UEFA)]
- [http://www.conmebol.com/ South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL)]
- [http://www.oceaniafootball.com/ Oceania Football Confederation (OFC)]
- [http://www.fifa.com/en/regulations/index.html The Current Laws of the Game (LOTG)]
- [http://www.rsssf.com/ The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF)]
- [http://www.11v11.co.uk/ Association of Football Statisticians (AFS)]
- [http://www.holycross.edu/departments/economics/vmatheso/research/soccerreview.pdf Economics of Football - Literature Review] (PDF)
Category:Olympic sports
Category:Team sports
Category:Ball games
als:Fussball
zh-min-nan:Kha-kiû
ko:축구
ms:Bola sepak
ja:サッカー
simple:Soccer football
th:ฟุตบอล
Direct free kick
A direct free kick is a method of restarting play in a game of association football (soccer) following a foul. Unlike an indirect free kick, a goal may be scored directly against the opposing side without the ball having first touched another player.
Award
A direct free kick is awarded to the opposing team when a player commits a penal foul, for example pushing or tripping an opponent. However, if the offence was committed within the fouling team's penalty area, the kick becomes a penalty kick.
Procedure
The kick is taken from where the foul occurred, unless that was within the fouled team's goal area, in which case it may be taken from anywhere within the goal area. The ball should be stationary prior to being kicked. Opponents must remain 10 yards (9.15 m) from the ball (and also outside of the penalty area if the kick is taken from within the penalty area) until the ball is in play.
The ball becomes in play as soon as it is kicked and moves, unless the kick was taken from within the kicking team's penalty area, in which case it is in play once it has passed directly beyond the penalty area.
A goal may be scored directly from a direct free kick, but only against the opposing side (i.e. an own goal may not be scored). A player may be penalised for an offside offence direct from a direct free kick.
Infringements
Opposing players must retire the required distance as stated above. Failure to do so may constitute misconduct and be punished by a caution (yellow card).
It is an offence for the kicker to touch the ball a second time until it has been touched by another player; this is punishable by an indirect free kick to the defending team from where the offence occurred, unless the second touch was also a more serious handling offence, in which case it is punishable by a direct free kick or penalty kick, as appropriate.
Strategy
Most teams have one or two designated free kick takers, depending on the distance from goal and the side of the field the free kick is to be taken from. The strategy may be to score a goal directly from the free kick, or to use the free kick as the beginning of a set play leading towards a goal scoring opportunity.
Category:Football (soccer) laws
Red cardA red card is used in many sports as a means of indicating that a player has received a certain level of punishment, typically that they have been sent off (expelled from the game).
Association football
In association football (soccer), a red card is shown by a referee to signify that a player has been sent off following serious misconduct.
A player who has been sent off is required to leave the field of play immediately and must take no further part in the game. The player who has been sent off cannot be replaced during the game; their team must continue the game with one player less.
Law 12 of the Laws of the Game (which are set by the International Football Association Board and used by the sport's international governing body FIFA) lists the categories of misconduct for which a player may be sent off. Broadly these are:
#Serious foul play. This includes a tackle that endangers the safety of an opponent.
#Violent conduct
#Spitting at anyone
#A deliberate hand ball to deny an obvious goal-scoring opportunity by any player other than a goalkeeper in his own penalty area
#Committing an offence that denies an opponent an obvious goal-scoring opportunity (informally known as a professional foul)
#Using offensive, insulting or abusive language or gestures
#Receiving a second caution (yellow card) in one game
In addition to being excluded from participating in the rest of the game, a player who has been sent off may be subject to off-field sanctions. These are usually in the form of suspensions from playing for a number of future games. The exact punishments are determined by tournament or competition rules (not by the Laws of the Game). However, FIFA in particular has been adamant that a red card in any soccer competition must result in the guilty player being suspended for at least the next game without the right to appeal.
Yellow and red cards were first introduced in the game by British referee Ken Aston and its first major use was in the 1970 World Cup: he actually had the idea whilst sitting in his car waiting at traffic lights. The system of cautioning and sending-off existed prior to 1970; however, the use of coloured cards allows referees to convey their intentions directly regardless of the language spoken. The cards were only made mandatory at all levels in 1992.
Other sports
Other sports also use a red card to indicate a permanent expulsion from a game, including futsal, handball, rugby union, British rugby league and field hockey, as well as some but not all of the mixed martial arts. In the sport of fencing, a red card indicates a touch awarded to the offending fencer's opponent; the fencing equivalent to football's red card is the black card. In International Rules Football, a red card means the offending player is sent off the field of play for 15 minutes.
See also
- Yellow card
ja:レッドカード
Category:Football (soccer) laws
Category:Football (soccer) terminology
Penalty area (football)The penalty area (colloquiallly also known as the 18-yard box or penalty box), is an area of an association football (soccer) field. It is rectangular and extends 18 yards (16.46 metres) to each side of the goal and 18 yards in front of it. Within the penalty area is the penalty spot (or penalty mark), which is 12 yards (11 metres) from the goal line, directly in-line with the centre of the goal. A penalty arc adjoins the penalty area, and encloses the area within ten yards from the penalty spot; it does not form part of the penalty area and is only of relevance during the taking of a penalty kick.
Previously, penalty areas extended the width of the field, but were reduced to their current dimensions in 1901.
Functions
Fouls punishable by a direct free kick (i.e. handling the ball and most physical fouls), committed by the defensive team within the penalty area, may be penalised by a penalty kick. A penalty kick is taken from the penalty mark.
The penalty area has other functions, including:
- Goalkeepers: The area delimiting the area in which a goalkeeper may legally handle the ball;
- Goal kicks: The ball is not in play until it has left the area, and opposing players must remain outside the area until this time;
- Defensive direct free kicks and indirect free kicks: Again, the ball is not in play until it has left the area, and opposing players must remain outside the area until this time;
- Taking of penalty kicks: players other than the kicker and the goalkeeper must remain outside the area (and also the penalty arc) until the kick has been taken.
See also
- Penalty shootout
- Football field
Category:Football (soccer) laws
Offside law (football)In association football (soccer), offside is covered by Law 11 of the Laws of the Game. Whilst the law may appear simple, its details and application can be complex.
Offside law
The application of the offside law is best considered in three steps: Offside position; Offside offence; and Offside sanction.
Offside position
A player is in an offside position if "he is nearer to his opponents' goal line than both the ball and the second last opponent", unless he is in his own half of the field of play when the ball is played forwards. A player level with the second last opponent is considered to be in an onside position. Note that the last two defenders can be either the goalkeeper and another defender, or two ordinary defenders. Also note that offside position is determined when the ball is touched/played forwards by a team-mate — a player's offside position status is not then altered by them or defenders running forwards or backwards.
It is important to note that being in an offside position is not an offence in itself.
Offside offence
A player in an offside position is only committing an offside offence if, "at the moment the ball touches or is played by one of his team", the player is in the referee's opinion involved in active play by: interfering with play; interfering with an opponent; or gaining an advantage by being in that position.
Determining whether a play is in "active play" can be complex. A player is not committing an offside offence if the player receives the ball directly from a throw-in, goal kick or corner kick.
FIFA issued new guidelines for interpreting the offside law in 2003 and these were incorporated in law 11 in July 2005. The new wording seeks to more precisely define the three cases as follows:
- Interfering with play means playing or touching the ball passed or touched by a teammate.
- Interfering with an opponent means preventing an opponent from playing or being able to play the ball by clearly obstructing the opponent's line of vision or movements or making a gesture or movement which, in the opinion of the referee, deceives or distracts an opponent.
- Gaining an advantage by being in an offside position means playing a ball that rebounds to him off a post or crossbar or playing a ball that rebounds to him off an opponent having been in an offside position.
The interpretation of these new definitions was still proving controversial in September 2005, largely over what movements a player in an offside position can make without being judged to be interfering with an opponent.
Offside sanction
The sanction for an offside offence is an indirect free kick to the opposing team, from where the offence occurred.
Officiating
In enforcing this law, the referee depends greatly on his assistant referee, who generally keeps in line with the second last defender in his relevant end (exact positioning techniques are more complex).
The assistant referees' task with regards to off-side can be difficult, as they need to keep up with attacks and counter attacks, consider which players are in an offside position when the ball is played (often from the other end of the field), and then determine whether the offside positioned players become involved in active play. The risk of false judgement is further enhanced by the foreshortening effect, which occurs when the distance between attacking player and the assistant referee is significantly different from the distance to the defending player, and the assistant referee is not directly in line with the defender. The difficulty of off-side officiating is often underestimated by spectators. Trying to judge if a player is level with an opponent at the moment the ball is kicked is not easy: if an attacker and a defender are running in opposite directions, they can be two metres apart in a tenth of a second.
History
It is often assumed that the offside law is a recent addition to combat "goal scrounging" or "cherry picking", where attacking players hang around near the opposing goal in case the ball gets kicked upfield, but in fact it dates back to the early years of the game, and was much stricter in the past than it is today. A player was "off his side" if he was standing in front of the ball (compare with the current offside law in rugby—a game descended from the same roots), that is, between the ball and the opponent's goal. This was by no means universal —the original Sheffield F.C. rules had no offside, and players known as "kick throughs" were positioned permanently near the opponents' goal.
In 1848, HC Malden held a meeting at his Trinity College, Cambridge rooms, that addressed the problem. Representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury attended, each bringing their own set of rules. They sat down a little after 4pm and by five to midnight had drafted what is thought to be the first set of "Cambridge Rules". Malden is quoted as saying how "very satisfactorily they worked".
Unfortunately no copy of these 1848 rules exists today, but they are thought to have included laws governing throw-ins, goal-kicks, halfway line markings, re-starts, and the disallowing of holding and pushing. They even allowed for a string to be used as a cross bar.
Slowly, as these rules were tried, tested, written and re-written over the following years, a revised set of Cambridge Rules was drawn up in 1856. A copy of these rules, thought to be the oldest set still in existence, can be found in the Shrewsbury School library.
As football developed in the 1860s and 1870s, the offside law proved the biggest argument between the clubs. Sheffield got rid of the "kick throughs" by amending their laws so that one member of the defending side was required between a forward player and the opponent's goal; the Football Association also compromised slightly and adopted the Cambridge idea of three. Finally, Sheffield came into line with the F.A., and "three players" were the rule until 1925.
The change to "two players" rule led to an immediate increase in goal scoring. 4,700 goals were scored in 1,848 Football League games in 1924/25. It rose to 6,373 goals (from the same number of games) in 1925/26.
In 1990 the law was amended to consider an attacker to be onside if level with the second last opponent. This change was part of a general movement by the game's authorities to make the rules more conducive to attacking football and help the game to flow more freely.
Offside trap
The offside trap is a defensive tactic. When an attacking player is making a run up the field with a team-mate ready to kick the ball up to him, the defenders will move up-field in order to put the attacker behind them just before the ball is kicked, hence putting the attacker in an offside position when the ball is kicked. Defenders using this tactic often attempt to bring an attacker's potential offside status to the attention of the assistant referee, typically by shouting or raising their arm.
The use of the trap is often derided as making for boring football. However, it can be a risky strategy; if the offside trap fails, the attacking players will have an almost clear run towards the goal. The 2005 rule changes have made it even more perilous as a tactic.
One of the best-known defenders to employ the offside trap was Billy McCracken of Newcastle United. It is claimed his play pressured officials to modify the laws in 1925, reducing the required number of defenders between the attacker and the goal line from three to two.
External links
- [http://www.fifa.com/en/laws/Laws11_01.htm Laws of the Game - Offside]
- http://www.burtrandworld.co.uk/offside-rule.php
- [http://mysite.freeserve.com/corshamref/sub/offhist.htm Detailed history of the offside law]
- [http://www.fifa.com/en/laws/flash/start.html Flash Animation detailing the Offside law]
Category:Football (soccer) laws
Category:Football (soccer) terminology
Referee (football)
A referee presides over a game of association football (soccer). The referee has "full authority to enforce the Laws of the Game in connection with the match to which he has been appointed" (Law 5), and the referee's decisions regarding facts connected with play are final, so far as the result of the game is concerned.
The referee's numerous powers and duties are described by Law 5 of the Laws of the Game. Amongst other things, these include: Enforcing the Laws of the Game; Controlling the match in co-operation with the assistant referees (and fourth official where applicable); stop/suspend/terminate the match if appropriate; Controlling the restart of play; Acting as the timekeeper and recordkeeper of the game; Disciplining players and officials as required; etc.
The referee is assisted by two assistant referees (formerly known as linesmen), and in some matches also by a fourth official. The match officials utilise a positioning system known as the diagonal system of control.
Referees and their assistants wear a uniform comprised of a jersey, shorts and socks. Traditionally that uniform was almost always all black, unless one of the teams was wearing a very dark jersey in which case the referee would wear another colour of jersey (usually red) to distinguish himself from both teams. At the 1994 World Cup finals, new jerseys were introduced that gave officials a choice of burgundy, yellow or white. Since then, most referees have worn either yellow or black, but the colours adopted by individual associations vary greatly.
The vast majority of referees are amateur, though may be paid a small fee and/or expenses for their services. However, in some countries a limited number of referees - who mainly officiate in their country's top division - are employed full-time by their national associations and receive a retainer at the start of every season plus match fees.
Referees officiating adult competitive international games are required to be selected from the FIFA panel of referees; this restriction does not necessarily apply to non-competitive (so-called friendly) games or youth games.
History
The term referee originated in association football. Originally the team captains would consult with each other in order to resolve any dispute on the pitch. Eventually this role was delegated to an umpire. Each team would bring their own partisan umpire allowing the team captains to concentrate on the game. Later, the referee, a third "neutral" official was added. The referee would be "referred to" if the umpires could not resolve a dispute. The referee did not take his place on the pitch until 1891. Then, umpires became linesmen (now officially called assistant referees). Today, in many amateur football matches, each side will still supply their own partisan linesman to assist the neutral referee (if any) appointed by the governing football association: this is usually due to there not being enough officials available to have three present at every match.
Referees use a whistle to indicate the commencement of play, to stop play due to an infringement of other reason, to indicate half-time and full-time, and as an adjunct to verbal communication in other situations. Before the introducation of the whistle, refreees indicated their decisions by waving a hankerchief. The whistles that were first adopted by referees were made by Joseph Hudson of the ACME Whistle Company who first began to mass produce whistles in the 1870s for the Metropolitan Police Service. It is frequently stated the referee's whistle was first used in a game between Nottingham Forest and Sheffield Norfolk in 1878; however no such fixture is known to have taken place between the two clubs in that year.
See also
- Assistant referee
- Fourth official
- Diagonal system of control
External links
- [http://www.fifa.com/en/regulations/index.html Laws of the Game]
Category:Football (soccer) laws
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Category:Sports officiating
ja:審判員 (サッカー)
Yellow cardA yellow card is used in many sports as a means of cautioning a player regarding their conduct, or indicating that a player is to receive a certain level of punishment.
Association football
In association football (soccer), a yellow card is shown by the referee to indicate that a player has been officially cautioned. The player's details are then (traditionally) recorded by the referee in a small notebook; hence a caution is also known as a booking.
A player who has been cautioned may continue playing in the game. However, a player who receives a second caution in a match is sent off (and shown first the yellow card again, and then a red card), meaning that he must leave the field immediately, take no further part in the game, and that he may not be replaced.
Law XII of the Laws of the Game (which are set by the International Football Association Board and used by FIFA) lists the categories of offences that may result in a caution. Broadly these are:
#Unsporting behaviour
#Dissent by word or action
#Persistently infringing the Laws of the Game
#Delaying the restart of play
#Failing to respect the required distance of a corner kick or free kick
#Entering or re-entering the field of play without the referee’s permission
#Deliberately leaving the field of play without the referee’s permission
Note that these are very broad categories, and the referee has a very large degree of discretion as to whether an act constitutes a cautionable offence. Other Laws may specify circumstances under which a caution should be given, and numerous directives to referees also provide guidance.
Whilst a player who has been cautioned may continue to play in a game, many football jurisdictions have off-field penalties for players who accumulate a certain number of cautions in a season, tournament or phase of a tournament. Typically these take the form of a suspension from playing in their team's next game after that number of cautions has been reached. Such off-field penalties are determined by the competition's rules, and not by the Laws of the Game.
Yellow and red cards were first introduced in the game by British referee Ken Aston and its first major use was in the 1970 World Cup. The system of cautioning and sending-off existed prior to 1970; however, the use of coloured cards allows referees to convey their intentions directly regardless of the language spoken. The cards were only made mandatory at all levels in 1992.
Other sports
Yellow cards are also in use in other sports, such as women's lacrosse, field hockey, rugby union, rugby league in many countries, and handball. In both rugby codes, a player shown a yellow card is suspended from the game for 10 minutes (colloquially termed being sent to the sin bin). The Mixed Martial Arts promotion PRIDE also uses yellow and red cards, but a fighter can be shown two yellow cards without being disqualified, not one.
Other usage
- A World Health Organization Yellow Card, or Carte Jaune is an international certificate of vaccination, containing records of immunizations and vaccinations, dated and certified by the physicians who administered them. It is presented to immigration authorities with one's passport, upon entering countries which are quarantined by reason of disease.
- The term yellow card has become a colloquial expression suggesting a warning or last chance.
- Yellowcard is as a punk rock band founded in 1997, known for the hit single "Ocean Avenue".
- When a player of Final Fantasy Tactics Advance breaks a Law in an engagement, on the first offense the Judge will give the player a yellow card, indicating that the character will be subject to some punishment relative to the severity of the Law-breaking.
See also
- Red card
Category:Football (soccer) laws
Category:Football (soccer) terminology
ja:イエローカード
Penalty Kick (football)
A penalty kick is a type of free kick in association football (soccer), taken from twelve yards (eleven metres) out from goal and with only the goalkeeper of the defending team between the penalty taker and the goal.
A penalty kick is performed during normal play. Similar kicks are made in a 'penalty shootout' to determine who progresses after a tied match; though similar in procedure these are not penalty kicks and are governed by different rules: see Penalty shootout (football).
Award
A penalty kick may be awarded when a defending player commits a foul punishable by a direct free kick (a so-called penal foul) against an opponent, within their own penalty area (commonly known as "the box", "18 yard box" or "16 metre box"). Note that it is the location of the offence — and not the position of the ball — that defines whether a foul is punishable by a penalty kick or direct free kick, provided the ball is in play.
Procedure
The penalty kick is taken from the penalty mark, which is a midline spot 12 yards (11 metres) from the goal. The penalty kick taker must be clearly identified to the referee.
All players other than the defending goalkeeper and the penalty taker must be outside the penalty area, behind the penalty mark, and at least ten yards from the ball (i.e. outside the penalty arc) until the ball is kicked. The goalkeeper must remain between the goalposts on the goal-line facing the ball until the ball is kicked, but may move from side to side along the goal-line.
After the referee signals for the kick to be taken, the kicker must kick the ball in a forward direction (not necessarily at the goal, however this is almost always the case). The ball is in play once it has been kicked and moved, and from this point other players may enter the penalty area and play continues as normal, however most often a goal has already been scored.
The penalty kick is a form of direct free kick, meaning that a goal may be scored directly from it. If a goal is not scored, play continues as usual. As with all free kicks, the kicker may not play the ball a second time, until it has been touched by another player, even after a rebound from the posts. However, a penalty kick is unusual in that, unlike general play, external interference directly after the kick has been taken may result in the kick being retaken (rather than the usual dropped-ball).
Infringements
Infractions of the penalty kick law (goalkeeper forward movement, encroaching into forbidden areas) by either team are dealt with using an advantage concept.
Generally:
- For infractions by the defending team, should a goal be scored it stands, otherwise the kick is retaken.
- For infractions by the kicking team, should a goal be scored the kick is retaken, otherwise an indirect free kick is awarded against his side.
- For infractions by both teams, the kick is retaken.
- If the kicker plays the ball twice (including following up a rebound off the goalpost not touched by the goalkeeper), an indirect free kick is awarded against his side, as is usual for free kicks.
The referee may also caution (yellow card) players for infringements of the penalty kick law, e.g. repeated encroaching into the penalty area. Note that in practice, most minor penalty kick infractions are not penalised.
Other offences that occur during a penalty kick are dealt with in the usual way.
History
The invention of the penalty kick is credited to the goalkeeper and businessman William McCrum in 1890 in Milford, County Armagh, Northern Ireland. The Irish Football Association presented the idea to the International Football Association Board and finally after much debate, the board approved the idea on 2 June 1891. It was introduced in the 1891-92 season.
External links
- [http://www.fifa.ch/en/news/index/0,1464,22688,00.html?articleid=22688 FIFA article on the history of the penalty kick]
Category:Football (soccer) laws
Category:Football (soccer) terminology
ja:ペナルティーキック (サッカー)
Category:Football (soccer) lawsThis category is to do with the laws of football (soccer), i.e. the rules saying how the game should be played, and how fair play is enforced.
Laws
ja:Category:サッカーのルール Twickenham stadium
Twickenham Stadium, located in the Twickenham district of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, is currently the largest sporting venue in the United Kingdom with a capacity of 75,000.
The South Stand is currently being redeveloped to increase capacity to 82,000. It is the home of England's Rugby Football Union, and as such primarily a venue for rugby union and hosts England's home test matches. Stadium tours are available and there is a Museum of Rugby at the ground.
History
The land for the ground was purchased in 1907 for £5,572 12s and 6d, and the first stands constructed the next year. Before the ground was bought it was actually used to grow cabbages and so Twickenham Stadium is affectionately known as the 'Cabbage Patch'. It is also known jokingly as 'HQ'. After further expenditure on roads, the first game, Harlequins v. Richmond, was played on October 2, 1909 and the first international, England v. Wales, on January 15 1910. In 1932 a new West Stand was completed, providing offices for the RFU, who made the ground their home.
A period of extensive rebuilding took place during the early 1980s which continued through to the mid 1990s. In 1995, the stadium was completed as it stands today, accomadating 75,000 people in an all-seater environment. The stadium is unique in the fact that it has a large amount of restaurants and function suites as well as rugby stores it is the home to the Museum of Rugby.
In December of 2004 the RFU recieved planning permission for the redevelopment of the stadium's south stand. The redevlopment commenced in June of 2005. As well as increasing the stadium's capacity to 82,000, the redevelopment will introduce a four-star hotel with 156 rooms and six VIP suites with views over the field, a performing arts complex, a health and leisure club, open a new rugby Store and also increase the current function space.
Other dates of note
- 1926 : the first Middlesex Sevens
- 1927 : Extension to the East Stand. First Varsity Match played.
- 1959 : To mark 50 years of the ground, a combined side of England and Wales beat Ireland and Scotland by 26 points to 17.
- 1965 : The South Terrace is closed due to structural failings. It would be rebuilt as the South Stand in 1981
- 1991 : The ground hosts the Rugby Union World Cup Final, in which Australia narrowly beat England. An extended North Stand is opened and the East Stand torn down.
- 1994 : Completion of the new East Stand; the West Stand is torn down.
- 1995 : New West Stand opened, bringing capacity to 75,000
- 2002 : Planning permission sought for new South Stand to raise capacity to 82,000
- 2004 : RFU recieves planning permission to raise capacity to 82,000
- 2005 : Work begins on the new South Stand
See also
- Museum of Rugby
External links
- [http://www.rfu.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/RFUHome.Twickenham RFU Twickenham site]
Category:Richmond
Category:Rugby union stadiums in England
Category:Sporting Venues
Category:Sports venues in London
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