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International Committee For Weights And Measures

International Committee for Weights and Measures

The International Committee for Weights and Measures is the English name of the Comité international des poids et mesures (CIPM, sometimes written in English Comité International des Poids et Mesures). It consists of eighteen persons from Member States of the Convention du Mètre (Metre Convention). Its principal task is to ensure world-wide uniformity in units of measurement and it does this by direct action or by submitting proposals to the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM, Conférence générale des poids et mesures). Note that the abbreviation ICWM does not exist. A recent focus area of the CIPM has been the establishment of the CIPM Arrangement de reconnaissance mutuelle (Mutual Recognition Arrangement, MRA) which serves as the framework for the mutual acceptance of measurements performed in the Member States of the Metre Convention. The CIPM meets annually at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM, Bureau international des poids et mesures), and discusses reports presented to it by its Consultative Committees. It issues an Annual Report on the administrative and financial position of the BIPM to the governments of the Member States of the Metre Convention.

External link

For information on the CIPM MRA:
- http://www1.bipm.org/en/convention/mra/ Comite international des poids et mesures

Convention du Mètre

The Convention du Mètre of May 20, 1875 is an international treaty that established what is now known as the SI system of units. It is written in French, and called in English the Metre Convention, or, in the United States, the Meter Convention or Treaty of the Meter. It was revised at the 6th CGPM in 1921. In 1960, the system of units it established was renamed the Système international d'unités (SI) ("International System of Units"). The Convention created three main organizations:
- Conférence générale des poids et mesures (CGPM) - a meeting every four to six years of delegates from all member states;
- Bureau international des poids et mesures (BIPM) - an international metrology centre at Sèvres in France; and
- Comité international des poids et mesures (CIPM) - an administrative committee that meets annually at the BIPM.

Signatories

There were originally 17 signatories to the treaty. This number grew to 21 in 1900, 32 in 1950, 44 by 1975, 48 by 1997, and 49 by 2001. As of 2005, there are [http://www.bipm.fr/fr/convention/member_states/ 51 signatories]:
- Argentina
- Australia
- Austria
- Belgium
- Brazil
- Bulgaria
- Cameroon
- Canada
- Chile
- China
- Czech Republic
- Denmark
- Dominican Republic
- Egypt
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- India
- Indonesia
- Iran
- Ireland
- Israel
- Italy
- Japan
- Korea (Democratic Republic of)
- Korea (Republic of)
- Malaysia
- Mexico
- The Netherlands
- New Zealand
- Norway
- Pakistan
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Russian Federation
- Serbia and Montenegro
- Singapore
- Slovakia
- South Africa
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Thailand
- Turkey
- United Kingdom
- United States (still uses US Standard)
- Uruguay
- Venezuela Seventeen other states have associate status:
- Belarus
- Costa Rica
- Cuba
- Ecuador
- Estonia
- Hong Kong
- Jamaica
- Kenya
- Latvia
- Lithuania
- Malta
- Panama
- Philippines
- Chinese Taipei (Republic of China (Taiwan))
- Slovenia
- Ukraine
- Viet Nam

See also

ISO 8601 defines 1875 as the year the Convention du Mètre was signed, by way of a reference date.

External link


- http://www.bipm.fr/enus/1_Convention/foreword.html category:measurement category:Systems of units ko:미터 조약 ja:メートル条約

General Conference on Weights and Measures

The General Conference on Weights and Measures is the English name of the Conférence générale des poids et mesures (CGPM, never GCWM). It is one of the three organizations established to maintain the International System of Units (SI) under the terms of the Convention du Mètre (Metre Convention) of 1875. It meets in Paris every four to six years. In 2002 the CGPM represented 51 member states and ten further associate members (1). As of 2005, the number of associates has grown to 17.

CGPM Meetings


- 1st (1889) - kilogram defined as mass of the international prototype kilogram (IPK) made of platinum-iridium and kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (Bureau international des poids et mesures), Sèvres, France. International prototype metre sanctioned.
- 2nd (1897)
- 3rd (1901) - Litre redefined as volume of 1 kg of water. Clarified that kilograms are units of mass, "standard weight" defined, standard acceleration of gravity defined endorsing use of grams force and making them well-defined.
- 4th (1907) - carat = 200 mg adopted.
- 5th (1913) - International Temperature Scale proposed.
- 6th (1921) - Metre Convention revised.
- 7th (1927) - Consultative Committee for Electricity (CCE) created.
- 8 th (1933) - need for absolute electrical unit identified.
- 9th (1948) - ampere, coulomb, farad, henry, joule, newton, ohm, volt, watt, weber defined. Chose degree Celsius from among the three names then in use. Lowercase l adopted as symbol for litre. Both the comma and dot on a line are accepted as decimal marker symbols. Symbols for the stere and second changed [http://www1.bipm.org/jsp/en/ViewCGPMResolution.jsp?CGPM=9&RES=7].
- 10th (1954) - kelvin, standard atmosphere defined. International System of Units (metre, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, candela) began.
- 11th (1960) - metre redefined in terms of wavelengths of light. Hertz, lumen, lux, tesla adopted. New metric system given the official symbol SI for Système International d'Unités, the "modernized metric system". Prefixes pico-, nano-, micro-, mega-, giga- and tera- confirmed.
- 12 th (1964) - original definition of litre = 1 dm³ restored. atto- and femto- prefixes.
- 13th (1967) - second redefined as duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom at a temperature of 0 K. Degree Kelvin renamed kelvin. Candela redefined.
- 14th (1971) - new SI base unit mole defined. Pascal, siemens approved.
- 15th (1975) - peta- and exa- prefixes. Gray and becquerel radiological units.
- 16th (1979) - candela, sievert defined. Both l and L provisionally allowed as symbols for litre.
- 17th (1983) - metre redefined in terms of the speed of light, but keeps same length.
- 18th (1987) - conventional values adopted for Josephson constant, KJ, and von Klitzing constant, RK, preparing the way for alternate definitions of the ampere and kilogram.
- 19th (1991) - new prefixes yocto-, zepto-, zetta- and yotta-.
- 20th (1995) - supplementary SI units (radian and steradian) become derived units.
- 21st (1999) - new SI derived unit, the katal = mole per second, for the expression of catalytic activity.
- 22nd (2003) - both the comma and dot on a line are reaffirmed as decimal marker symbols [http://www1.bipm.org/jsp/en/ViewCGPMResolution.jsp?CGPM=22&RES=10].

References

(1) [http://www1.bipm.org/en/convention/member_states/ CGPM Member States] Conférence générale des poids et mesures ko:국제도량형총회 ja:国際度量衡総会

Category:Standards organizations

Category:Organizations Category:Standards Category:Measurement ko:분류:표준화 기구

Skjaldbökur


Sjá grein Skjaldbökur (fræðiheiti: Chelonia) eru ættbálkur skriðdýra sem einkennist af brjóskkenndum skildi umhverfis líkamann, sem hefur þróast út frá rifbeinum. Um 300 núlifandi tegundir skjaldbaka eru þekktar, auk nokkurra sem dáið hafa út. Allar tegundir skjaldbaka eru nú í hættu vegna breytinga á strandlengjum sem þær nýta til að verpa eggjum sínum, auk ofveiði.

Ættir skjaldbaka


- Undirættbálkur: Dulhálsur (Cryptodira)
  - Ætt: Glefsaraskjaldbökur (Chelydridae)
  - Yfirætt: Testudinoidea
  - Ætt: Landskjaldbökur (Testudinidae)
  - Ætt: Bataguridae
  - Ætt: Ferskvatnsskjaldbökur (Emydidae)
  - Yfirætt: Trionychoidea
  - Ætt: Klumbubökur (Carettochelyidae)
  - Ætt: Slýskjaldbökur (Trionychidae)
  - Yfirætt: Kinosternoidea
  - Ætt: Mið-amerískar vatnaskjaldbökur (Dermatemydidae)
  - Ætt: Amerískar leðjuskjaldbökur (Kinosternidae)
  - Ætt: Platysternidae
  - Yfirætt: Chelonioidea
  - Ætt: Sæskjaldbökur (Cheloniidae)
  - Ætt: Leðurskjaldbökur (Dermochelyidae)
- Undirættbálkur: Snúðhálsur (Pleurodira)
  - Ætt: Snákhálsur (Chelidae)
  - Yfirætt: Pelomedusoidea
  - Ætt: Afrísk-amerískar snúðhálsur (Pelomedusidae)
  - Ætt: Podocnemididae

Tengill


- ja:カメ ms:Penyu simple:Turtle

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