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International Football Association Board

International Football Association Board

The International Football Association Board (IFAB) is the body that determines the Laws of the Game of association football (soccer). The board was formed in 1882 after a meeting in Manchester of The Football Association (England), the Scottish Football Association, the Football Association of Wales, and the Irish Football Association. The meeting was convened to allow common rules to be applied to the game in all countries and created the first international competition, the British Home Championship. Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) - the international organising body for the sport - formed in Paris in 1904 and declared that they would adhere to the rules laid down by the IFAB. The growing popularity of the game internationally led to the admittance of FIFA representatives to the IFAB in 1913. Today the IFAB is made up of four representatives from FIFA and one representative from each of the four United Kingdom (so called Home Nation) associations.

External links

- History of IFAB - http://ssbra.org/html/laws/ifab.html
- Summarised history - http://www.fifa.com/en/history/history/0,3504,3,00.html Category:Football (soccer) laws

Laws of Football

The Laws of the Game (also known as the Laws of Football) are the rules governing a game of association football (soccer).

Current Laws of the Game

The current Laws of the Game consists of 17 individual laws:
- Law 1: The Field of Play
- Law 2: The Ball
- Law 3: The Number of Players
- Law 4: The Players' Equipment
- Law 5: The Referee
- Law 6: The Assistant Referees
- Law 7: The Duration of the Match
- Law 8: The Start and Restart of Play
- Law 9: The Ball In and Out of Play
- Law 10: The Method of Scoring
- Law 11: Offside
- Law 12: Fouls and Misconduct
- Law 13: Free Kicks
- Law 14: The Penalty Kick
- Law 15: The Throw-In
- Law 16: The Goal Kick
- Law 17: The Corner Kick

History and development

The Laws were first drawn up by Ebenezer Cobb Morley prior to being refined at a meeting of the Football Association (FA) on 8 December 1863. Today the Laws of the Game are determined by the International Football Association Board. The board was established on 6 December 1882 when representatives from the Scottish Football Association (SFA), the Football Association of Wales (FAW) and the Irish Football Association (IFA) (now the governing body in Northern Ireland and not to be confused with the Football Association of Ireland (FAI) the governing body in the Republic of Ireland) were invited to attend a meeting in Manchester by the FA; previously games between teams from different countries had to agree to which countries' rules were used before playing. When the international football body FIFA was founded in Paris in 1904 it immediately declared that it would adhere to the rules laid down by the IFAB. The growing popularity of the international game led to the admittance of FIFA representatives to the IFAB in 1913. Today the board is made up of four representatives from FIFA and one representative from each of the British associations. The original Laws of the Game were established by the FA in December of 1863 and are shown below: :1. The maximum length of the ground shall be 200 yds. and the maximum breadth shall be 100 yards. The length and breadth shall be marked off with flags. The goals shall be defined by two upright posts 8 yds. apart, without any tape or bar across them. :2. The winner of the toss shall have choice of goals. The game shall be commenced by a place-kick from the centre of the ground by the side losing the toss. The other side shall not approach within 10 yds. of the ball until it is kicked off. :3. After a goal is won, the losing side shall kick off, and the goals shall be changed. :4. A goal shall be won when the ball passes between the goal-posts or over the space between the goal-posts (at whatever height), not being thrown, knocked on, or carried. :5. When the ball is in touch, the first player who touches it shall throw it from the point on the boundary line where it left the ground in a direction at right angles with the boundary line, and it shall not be in play until it has touched the ground. :6. When a player has kicked the ball any one of the same side who is nearer to the opponent's goal line is out of play and may not touch the ball himself, nor in any way whatever prevent any other player from doing so until the ball has been played, but no player is out of play when the ball is kicked from behind the goal line. :7. In case the ball goes behind the goal line, if a player on the side to whom the goal belongs first touches the ball, one of his side shall be entitled to a free kick from the goal line at the point opposite the place where the ball shall be touched. If a player of the opposite side first touches the ball, one of his side shall be entitled to a free kick (but at the goal only) from a point 15 yds. from the goal line opposite the place where the ball is touched; the opposing side shall stand behind their goal line until he has had his kick. :8. If a player makes a fair catch, he shall be entitled to a free kick, provided he claims it by making a mark with his heel at once; and in order to take such a kick he may go back as far as he pleases, and no player on the opposite side shall advance beyond his mark until he has kicked. :9. No player shall carry the ball. :10. Neither tripping nor hacking shall be allowed and no player shall use his hands to hold or push an adversary. :11. A player shall not throw the ball or pass it to another. :12. No player shall be allowed to take the ball from the ground with his hands while it is in play under any pretence whatever. :13. A player shall be allowed to throw the ball or pass it to another if he made a fair catch or catches the ball on the first bounce. :14. No player shall be allowed to wear projecting nails, iron plates, or gutta-percha¹ on the soles or heels of his boots. ¹ gutta-percha is an inelastic natural latex, produced from the resin of the Isonandra Gutta tree of Malaya. It was used for many purposes (e.g. the core of golf balls; the insulation of telegraph cables) before the discovery of superior synthetic materials.

References

The History of the Football Association (1953)

External links

- [http://www.fifa.com/en/laws/menu.htm The current Laws of the Game (FIFA Site)]
- [http://www.11v11.co.uk/index.php?pageID=265 Association of Football Statisticians History of Football]
- Category:Football (soccer) terminology

Football (soccer)

:Soccer redirects here. For other senses, see soccer (disambiguation). soccer (disambiguation) Association football, soccer, or simply football (see below) is a ball game played between two teams of eleven players, each attempting to win by scoring more goals than their opponent. Football is played predominantly with the feet, but players may use any part of their body except their hands and arms to propel the ball; the exceptions to this are throw-ins (ie: when the ball goes out of bounds, field players throw the ball into play from the sidelines) and the two players acting as goalkeepers, who are the only ones allowed to handle the ball on the field of play, albeit with restrictions. The sport is known by a variety of names in different parts of the English-speaking world, usually association football and its contraction, soccer. These names are often used to distinguish the game from other codes of football, since the word "football" may be used to refer to several quite different games. Football is played at a professional level all over the world, and millions of people regularly go to a football stadium to follow their favourite team, whilst millions more avidly watch the game on television. A very large number of people also play football at an amateur level. According to a survey conducted by Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), football's governing body, published in the spring of 2001, over 240 million people regularly play football in more than 200 countries in every part of the world. Its simple rules and minimal equipment requirements have no doubt aided its spread and growth in popularity. In many parts of the world football evokes great passions and plays an important role in the life of individual fans, local communities, and even nations; it is therefore often claimed to be the most popular sport in the world.

Nature of the game

Two teams of eleven players each compete to get a spherical ball (itself known as a football) into the other team's goal, thereby scoring a goal. The team which has scored the most goals at the conclusion of the game is the winner; if both teams have an equal number of goals then the game is a draw. The primary rule for this objective is that players, other than the goalkeepers, may not intentionally touch the ball with their hands or arms during play (though they do use their hands during a throw-in restart). Although players mainly use their feet to move the ball around, they may use any part of their bodies other than their hands or arms. throw-in In typical game play, players attempt to move towards a goal through individual control of the ball, such as by dribbling (running with the ball close to their feet); by passing the ball from team-mate to team-mate; and by taking shots at the goal. Opposition players may try to regain control of the ball by intercepting a pass or through tackling the opponent who controls the ball. Football is generally a free-flowing game with the ball in play at all times except when the ball has left the field of play by wholly crossing over a boundary line (either on the ground or in the air), or play has been stopped by the referee. When play has been stopped, it recommences with a specified restart (see below). The game is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game, which are summarised below.

The Laws of the Game

History and development

The Laws of the Game are based on efforts made in the mid-19th century to standardise the rules of the widely varying games of football played at the public schools of England. The first set of rules resembling the modern game were produced at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1848, at a meeting attended by representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury, but they were far from universally adopted. During the 1850s, many clubs were formed, thoughout the English-speaking world, independent of schools or universities, to play various forms of football. Some came up with their own distinct codes of rules, most notably the Sheffield Football Club (formed by former pupils from Harrow) in 1857, which led to formation of a Sheffield FA in 1867. In 1862, J.C. Thring of Uppingham School also devised an influential set of rules. These efforts contribute to the formation of The Football Association (The FA) in 1863 which first met on the evening of 26 October 1863 at the Freemason's Tavern in Great Queen Street, London. The only school to be represented on this occasion was Charterhouse. The Freemason's Tavern was the setting for five more meetings between October and December, which eventually produced the first comprehensive set of rules. At the final meeting, the first FA treasurer, who was the representative from Blackheath, withdrew his club from the FA over the removal of two draft rules at the previous meeting, the first which allowed for the running with the ball in hand and the second, obstructing such a run by hacking (kicking an opponent in the shins), tripping and holding. Other English rugby clubs followed this lead and did not join the FA but instead in 1871 formed the Rugby Football Union. The eleven remaining clubs, under the charge of Ebenezer Cobb Morley, went on to ratify the original fourteen rules of the game. Despite this, the Sheffield FA played by its own rules until the 1870s. Today the laws of the game are determined by the International Football Association Board (IFAB). The Board was formed in 1882 after a meeting in Manchester of The Football Association, the Scottish Football Association, the Football Association of Wales, and the Irish Football Association. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association FIFA, the international football body, was formed in Paris in 1904 and declared that they would adhere to the rules laid down by the IFAB. The growing popularity of the international game led to the admittance of FIFA representatives to the IFAB in 1913. Today the board is made up of four representatives from FIFA and one representative from each of the four British associations. 1913

Overview of the Laws

There are seventeen Laws in the official Laws of the Game. The same laws are designed to apply to all levels of football, although the preface to the Laws does grant national associations the ability to authorise certain modifications for juniors, seniors, women, etc. The Laws are often framed in broad terms, which allows flexibility in their application depending on the nature of the game. In addition to the seventeen Laws, numerous IFAB decisions and other directives contribute to the regulation of football. The Laws can be found on the [http://www.fifa.com/en/regulations/regulation/0,3527,3,00.html official FIFA website].

Players and equipment

Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players (excluding substitutes), one of whom must be the goalkeeper. Competition rules may state a minimum of seven players are required to constitute a team. There are a variety of positions in which the outfield players are strategically placed by a manager/coach, though these positions are not defined or required by the Laws. One player on each team must be designated as that team's goalkeeper. The goalkeeper is the only player allowed to handle the ball with his hands or arms, but is restricted to doing so within the penalty area (also known as the "box" or "18 yard box") in front of his own goal. The basic equipment players are required to wear includes a shirt (or jersey), shorts, socks (or stockings), footwear and adequate shin guards. Players are forbidden to wear or use anything that is dangerous to themselves or another player (including jewellery or watches). A number of players may be replaced by substitutes during the course of the game. The maximum substitutions permitted in international games and in national level leagues is three, though substitution numbers may be varied in other leagues. The usual reasons for a player's replacement include injury, tiredness, ineffectiveness, a tactical switch, or to waste a little time at the end of a finely poised game. In standard adult matches, a player who has been substituted may not take further part in the match.

Officials

A game is presided over by a referee, who has "full authority to enforce the Laws of the Game in connection with the match to which he has been appointed" (Law 5), and whose decisions regarding facts connected with play are final. The referee is assisted by two assistant referees (formerly called linesmen). In many high-level games there is also a fourth official, who assists the referee and may replace another official should the need arise.

Playing field

fourth official)]] The length of the field (pitch) for international adult matches should be in the range 100-130 yards (90-120m) and the width should be in the range 50-100 yards (45-90m).The pitch must be rectangular, with the length of the touch line longer than the width of the goal line. The longer boundary lines are touch lines, while the shorter boundaries (on which the goals are placed) are goal lines. On the goal line at each end of the field is a goal. The inner edges of the goal posts must be 8 yards (7.32m) apart, and the lower edge of the crossbar must be 8 feet (2.44m) above the ground. Nets are usually placed behind the goal, though are not required by the Laws. In front of each goal is an area of the field known as the penalty area (colloquially "penalty box", "18 yard box" or simply "the box"). This area consists of the area formed by the goal-line, two lines starting on the goal-line 18 yards (16.5m) from the goalposts and extending 18 yards into the pitch from the goal-line, and a line joining these. This area has a number of important functions, the most prominent being to denote where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a foul by a defender which would usually punished by a direct free kick becomes punishable by a penalty kick. The field has other field markings and defined areas; these are described in the main article above.

Duration

Standard durations

A standard adult football match consists of two periods (known as halves) of 45 minutes each. There is usually a 15-minute break between halves, known as half time. The end of the match is known as full-time. At the end of each half the referee adds time to account for interruptions during play, such as substitutions, treatment of injuries and time wasting. This addition is traditionally known as injury time.

Extra time and shootouts

If tied at the end of regulation time, in some competitions the game may go into extra time, which consists of two further 15-minute periods. If the score is still tied after extra time, some competitions allow the use of penalty shootouts (known officially in the Laws of the Game as "kicks from the penalty mark") to determine which team will progress to the next stage of the tournament. Note that goals scored during extra time periods count towards the final score of the game, unlike kicks from the penalty mark which are only used to decide the team that progresses to the next part of the tournament (with goals scored not making up part of the final score). Competitions utilising two-leg stages (i.e. where each round involves the two teams playing each other twice) may utilise the so-called away goals rule to attempt to determine which team progresses in the event of the teams being equal on wins; however, should results still be equal following this calculation kicks from the penalty mark are usually required. Other competitions may require a tied game to be replayed.

Golden and silver goal experiments

In the late 1990s, the IFAB experimented with ways of making matches more likely to end without requiring kicks from the penalty mark, which were often seen as an undesirable way to end a match. These involved rules ending a game in extra time early, either when the first goal in extra time was scored (golden goal), or at the end of the first period of extra time if one team was by then leading (silver goal). Both these experiments have been discontinued by IFAB.

Referee as official timekeeper

The referee is the official timekeeper for the match, and it is part of his duties to make allowance for time lost through substitutions, injured players requiring attention, cautions and dismissals, sundry time wasting, etc. When making such an allowance for time lost, the referee is often said to be "adding time on". The amount of time is at the sole discretion of the referee, and the referee alone signals when the match has been completed. There are no other timekeepers, although assistant referees carry a watch and may provide a second opinion if requested by the referee. In matches where a fourth official is appointed, towards the end of the half the referee will signal how many minutes remain to be played, and the fourth official then signals this to players and spectators by holding up a board showing this number. Note that there is often semantic debate as to whether the referee is "adding on" time to the end of a half, or rather treating time during stoppages as though it never existed as part of the match time; this distinction has little bearing on the practical conduct of a game, however it may be noted that the pre-1997 wording of the laws stated that the referee "shall ... allow the full or agreed time adding thereto all time lost through injury or accident" (Law V), and later FIFA guidelines regarding the annotation of goal scoring times suggested that time is indeed "added-on" to the end of the agreed half period.

Starts and re-starts

Each playing period in football commences with a kick-off, which is a set kick from the centre-spot by one team. At kick-off all players are required to be in their half of the field, and all players of the non-kicking team must also remain outside the centre-circle, until the ball is kicked and moved. Kick-offs are also used to restart play following a goal. From the initial kick-off of a period until the end of that period, the ball is "in play" at all times until the end of the playing period, except when the ball leaves the field of play or play is stopped by the referee; in these cases play is re-started by one of the following eight methods: kick-off
- Kick-off: following a goal by the opposing team, or to begin each period of play. ([http://www.fifa.com/en/laws/Laws8_01.htm Law 8]).
- Throw-in: when the ball has wholly crossed the touchline; awarded to opposing team to that which last touched the ball. ([http://www.fifa.com/en/laws/Laws15_01.htm Law 15]).
- Goal kick: when the ball has wholly crossed the goal line without a goal having been scored and having last been touched by an attacker; awarded to defending team. ([http://www.fifa.com/en/laws/Laws16_01.htm Law 16]).
- Corner kick: when the ball has wholly crossed the goal line without a goal having been scored and having last been touched by a defender; awarded to attacking team. ([http://www.fifa.com/en/laws/Laws17_01.htm Law 17]).
- Indirect free kick: awarded to the opposing team following "non-penal" fouls, certain technical infringements, or when play is stopped to caution/send-off an opponent without a specific foul having occurred. ([http://www.fifa.com/en/laws/Laws13_01.htm Law 13]).
- Direct free kick: awarded to fouled team following certain listed "penal" fouls. ([http://www.fifa.com/en/laws/Laws13_01.htm Law 13]).
- Penalty kick: awarded to fouled team following "penal" foul having occurred in their opponent's penalty area. ([http://www.fifa.com/en/laws/Laws14_01.htm Law 14]).
- Dropped-ball: occurs when the referee has stopped play for any other reason (e.g. a serious injury to a player, interference by an external party, or a ball becoming defective). ([http://www.fifa.com/en/laws/Laws8_03.htm Law 8]).

Fouls and misconduct

A foul occurs when a player (not a substitute) commits a specific offence listed in the Laws of the Game, against an opponent, when the ball is in play. The offences that constitute a foul are mainly listed in Law 12. "Penal fouls", for example handling the ball, tripping an opponent, pushing an opponent, etc, are punishable by a direct free kick or penalty kick depending on where the offence occurred. Other fouls are punishable by an indirect free kick. Misconduct may occur at any time, and need not be against an opponent. Substitutes may commit misconduct. Whilst the offences that constitute misconduct are listed, the definitions are broad. In particular, the offence of "unsporting behaviour" may be used to deal with most events that violate the spirit of the game, even if they are not listed as specific offences. Misconduct may be punished by a caution (yellow card) or sending-off (red card).

Offside

The offside law limits the ability of attacking players to remain forward (i.e. closer to the opponent's goal-line) of both the ball and the second last defending player. It is often assumed that the purpose of this law is to prevent "goal scrounging" or "cherry picking", but in fact the offside law has similar roots to the offside law in rugby (see full article). The details and application of this law are complex, and often result in controversy: for more information on offside please refer to the main article above.

Governing bodies

The recognised international governing body of football (and associated games, such as futsal and beach soccer) is the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). Six regional confederations are associated with FIFA; these are:
- Asia: Asian Football Confederation (AFC)
- Africa: Confederation of African Football (CAF)
- Central/North America & Caribbean: Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF; also known as The Football Confederation)
- Europe: Union of European Football Associations (UEFA)
- Oceania: Oceania Football Confederation (OFC)
- South America: Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (South American Football Confederation; CONMEBOL) The recognised various national associations (see football around the world) oversee football within their jurisdictions. These are affiliated both with FIFA directly and also with their respective continental confederations. Note that the Laws of the Game are not maintained by FIFA itself; rather they are maintained by the International Football Association Board, as discussed in the history and development section above.

Major international competitions

Worldwide international competitions

The major international competition in football is the World Cup organised by FIFA. This competition takes place over a four-year period. Over 190 national teams compete in regional qualifying tournaments for a place in the finals. The finals tournament, which is held every four years, now involves 32 national teams (increased from 24 in 1998) competing over a four-week period. There has been a football tournament at the Summer Olympic Games since 1900, except at the 1932 games in Los Angeles. Originally this was for amateurs only, however since the 1984 Summer Olympics professionals have been permitted as well, albeit with certain restrictions which effectively prevent countries from fielding their strongest sides Currently, the Olympic men's tournament is played at Under-23 level with a restricted number of over-age players per team; consequently the competition is not generally considered to carry the same international significance and prestige as the World Cup. A women's tournament was added in 1996; in contrast to the men's event, the women's Olympic tournament is played by full international sides without age restrictions. It thus carries international prestige considered comparable to that of the FIFA Women's World Cup.

Major international competitions

The major international competitions of the world and the continental confederations, followed by their major club events where appropriate, are:
- World: FIFA World Cup; FIFA Club World Championship
- Europe: European Championship; UEFA Champions League
- South America: Copa América; Copa Libertadores
- Africa: African Nations Cup; CAF Champions League
- Asia: Asian Cup; AFC Champions League
- North/Central America & Caribbean: CONCACAF Gold Cup; CONCACAF Champions Cup
- Oceania: Oceania Nations Cup; Oceania Club Championship

Names of the game

Oceania Club Championship] The rules of football were codified in England by the Football Association in 1863, and the name association football was coined to distinguish the game from the other forms of football played at the time, specifically rugby football. The term soccer first appeared in the 1880s as a slang abbreviation of Association football. Today the sport is known by a number of names throughout the English-speaking world, the most common being football and soccer; this has generated debate regarding the "correct" name for the sport. The term used depends largely on the need to differentiate the sport from other codes of football followed in a community. Football is the term used by FIFA, the sport's world governing body, and the International Olympic Committee. For more details of naming throughout the world, please refer to the main articles above.

1882

1882 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar).

Events

- January 2 - John D. Rockefeller unites his oil holdings into the Standard Oil trust.
- February 2 - The Knights of Columbus are formed in New Haven, Connecticut
- February 3 - P. T. Barnum purchases the elephant Jumbo
- February 7 - In Mississippi City the last heavyweight boxing championship bareknuckle fight takes place.
- February 14 - Llanelli Conservative Association founded.
- March 2 – Robert Maclean fails to assassinate Queen Victoria at Windsor
- March 22 - Polygamy is outlawed by the U.S. Congress
- March 24 - Robert Koch announces the discovery of the bacterium responsible for tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis).
- March 29 - The Knights of Columbus are established.
- March - Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian claims to be the 'Reformer of Islam or Majaddid' of 14th Century.
- April 3 - Old West outlaw Jesse James is shot in the back and killed by Robert Ford for a $5,000 reward.
- May 2 – Charles Stewart Parnell released
- May 6 - "Invincibles", militant Irish republicans kill Lord Frederick Cavendish, chief secretary for Ireland and permanent undersecretary T.H. Burke in Phoenix Park, Dublin
- May 20 - Triple Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.
- June 6 - A cyclone is the Arabian Sea causes flooding in Bombay harbor - about 100.000 dead
- June 30 – Assassin Charles Guiteau hanged
- July 11 - British troops occupy Alexandria and Suez Canal
- July 26 - Boers establish the republic of Stellaland in southern Africa.
- August 5 - Standard Oil of New Jersey is established.
- August 20 - Piotr Ilyitch Tchaikovsky's "1812 Overture" debuts in Moscow.
- September 5 - The first United States Labor Day parade is held in New York City.
- September 13 - British troops occupy Cairo - Egypt becomes British protectorate
- October 16 - The Nickel Plate Railroad opens for business.
- November 16 - Royal Navy HMS Flirt destroys Abari village in Niger

Month/day unknown

- Nikola Tesla conceives rotating magnetic field principle and uses it to invent the alternating current generator/motor
- First Polar Year, an international scientific program.
- Ferdinand von Lindemann publishes his proof of the transcendentality of pi
- Married Women's Property Act in Britain enables women to buy, own and sell property and to keep their own earnings
- Zulu king Cetshwayo returns to South Africa
- Peace treaty between Paraguay and Uruguay
- The British Chartered Institute of Patent Agents is founded.
- Personal Liberty League established to oppose temperance movement in United States.
- Carolyn Merrick elected president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union.

Births

January-April

- January 6 - Fan S. Noli, Albanian poet and political figure (d. 1965)
- January 6 - Sam Rayburn, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (d. 1961)
- January 17 - Noah Beery, American actor (d. 1946)
- January 18 - A. A. Milne, British author (d. 1956)
- January 25 - Virginia Woolf, English writer (d. 1941)
- January 30 - Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States (d. 1945)
- February 1 - Louis Stephen St. Laurent, twelfth Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1973)
- February 2 - James Joyce, Irish author (d. 1941)
- February 15 - John Barrymore, American actor (d. 1942)
- February 26 - Husband E. Kimmel, American admiral (d. 1968)
- February 28 - Geraldine Farrar, American soprano (d. 1967)
- March 10 - Gian Francesco Malipiero, Italian composer (d. 1973)
- March 14 - Waclaw Sierpinski Polish mathematician (d. 1969)
- March 15 - Jim Lightbody, American runner (d. 1953)
- March 21 - Gilbert M. 'Broncho Billy' Anderson, American actor (d. 1971)
- March 23 - Emmy Noether, German mathematician (d. 1935)
- April 17 - Artur Schnabel, Polish pianist (d. 1951)
- April 18 - Isabel J. Cox, First Lady of Canada (d. 1985)
- April 18 - Leopold Stokowski, English conductor (d. 1977)
- April 21 - Percy Williams Bridgman, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1961)

May-December

- May 6 - Crown Prince Wilhelm of Germany, heir of Kaiser Wilhelm II (d. 1951)
- May 9 - Henry J. Kaiser, American industrialist (d. 1967)
- May 9 - George Barker, American painter (d. 1965)
- May 13 - Georges Braque, French painter (d. 1963)
- May 19 - Mohammed Mossadegh, Iranian prime minister (d. 1967)
- May 20 - Sigrid Undset, Norwegian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1949)
- May 30 - Wyndham Halswelle, British runner (d. 1915)
- June 9 - Bobby Kerr, Canadian sprinter (d. 1963)
- June 15 - Ion Antonescu, Romanian prime minister and dictator (d. 1946)
- June 17 - Igor Stravinsky, Russian composer (d. 1971)
- August 14 - Gisela Richter, English art historian (d. 1972)
- August 17 - Samuel Goldwyn, Hollywood movie mogul (d. 1974)
- August 25 - Sean T. O'Kelly, second President of Ireland (d. 1966)
- August 26 - James Franck, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1964)
- October 5 - Robert Goddard, American rocket scientist (d. 1945)
- October 6 - Karol Szymanowski, Polish composer (d. 1937)
- October 14 - Eamon de Valera, Taoiseach and third President of Ireland (d. 1975)
- October 14 - Charlie Parker, English cricketer (d. 1959)
- November 11 - King Gustav VI Adolf of Sweden (d. 1973)
- December 9 - Joaquín Turina, Spanish composer (d. 1949)
- December 11 - Subramanya Bharathy, Tamil Indian poet (d. 1921)
- December 11 - Max Born, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1970)
- December 16 - Zoltán Kodály, Hungarian composer (d. 1967)

Deaths

- January 13 - Juraj Dobrila, Croatian bishop (b. 1812)
- March 24 - Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, American author (b. 1807)
- April 3 - Jesse James, American Western outlaw (b. 1847)
- April 10 - Dante Gabriel Rossetti, English poet and painter (b. 1828)
- April 19 - Charles Darwin, British naturalist (b. 1809)
- April 27 - Ralph Waldo Emerson, American philosopher and writer (b. 1803)
- June 25 - François Jouffroy, French sculptor (b. 1806)
- July 4 - Joseph Brackett, Shaker religious leader and composer (b. 1797)
- July 16 - Mary Todd Lincoln, First Lady of the United States (b. 1818)
- December 3 - Archibald Campbell Tait, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1811)
- December 6 - Alfred Escher, Swiss politician, railroad entrepreneur (b. 1819) Category:1882 ko:1882년 ms:1882 simple:1882 th:พ.ศ. 2425

Scottish Football Association

The Scottish Football Association (SFA) was formed in 1873 making it the second oldest national football association in the world (after The English Football Association). It is the governing body for the sport of football in Scotland being responsible for the discipline of players misconduct. Along with the other "home nations" associations (The Football Association, Football Association of Wales and Irish Football Association) the SFA sits on the International Football Association Board which is responsible for the laws of the game. They also have responsibility for the running of the Scottish national football team. The SFA are also a full member of Federation of International Football Associations (FIFA) and Union of European Football Associations (UEFA). The SFA also organise an annual "knock-out" tournament, the Scottish Cup which the 12 Scottish Premier League (SPL) clubs and 30 Scottish Football League (SFL) clubs automatically qualify, and 8 "non-league" clubs qualify for. The final of the Scottish Cup is usually played in the month of May. Although the SFA are not involved in the day-to-day running of the SPL or the SFL they do appoint referees to officiate at the games in these two leagues. There are six affiliated football associations to the SFA. They are the Scottish Amateur Football Association; Scottish Junior Football Association; Scottish Schools Football Association; Scottish Welfare Football Association; Scottish Women's Football Association and the Scottish Youth Football Association. The SFA are based at Hampden Park in Glasgow. In addition, the Scottish Football Museum is located at Hampden Park.

External link

- [http://www.scottishfa.co.uk/index.cfm Scottish Football Association Website]
- [http://www.scottishfootballmuseum.org.uk/ Scottish Football Museum] Category:Football (soccer) governing bodies Football, Scotland Category:Football in Scotland

Football Association of Wales

The Football Association of Wales is the governing body of football in Wales, being a member of both FIFA and UEFA. Established in 1876, it is the third-oldest association in the world, and is one of the five associations (with the English Football Association, the Scottish Football Association, the (Northern) Irish Football Association and FIFA) which make up the International Football Association Board which is responsible for the Laws of the Game. The FAW is responsible for the administration of football in Wales, running the six international teams - namely the "A", "Under 21", "Under 18", "Under 16", "Women's" and "Girls Under 16".

External link

- [http://www.faw.org.uk Official website]

Irish Football Association

The Irish Football Association (IFA) is the organising body for the sport of football (soccer) in Northern Ireland. It should not be confused with the Football Association of Ireland (FAI), which is the organising body in the Republic of Ireland. The IFA was formed in 1880 by football clubs in the Belfast area. A meeting was called by Cliftonville FC of other football clubs who followed the rules set out by the Scottish Football Association (SFA) on November 18 of that year to form the IFA. The first decision they took was to form an annual challenge cup competition similar to the FA Cup and Scottish Cup competitions called the Irish Cup. Two years later the Irish national side played their first international against England, getting beaten 13-0. At this stage the IFA was the organising body for the sport across all of Ireland, but upon partition in 1921 the FAI was set up to regulate the game in the Irish Free State (now the Republic). Those behind the FAI believed that soccer should be regulated by a federation based in Ireland's capital Dublin. The IFA's supporters argued that the federation should be based where the game was mainly played - Ulster and its principal city Belfast. Both federations claimed to represent the whole of the island and both competed as Ireland and both picked players from the two rival leagues - which also split at this time. Interventions by FIFA effectively favoured the FAI by giving them de jure organising rights over the 26 counties of the Republic. From the 1950s onwards the IFA was no longer to claim it was the federation for the whole of Ireland. The IFA regulated the game in the North, and all results obtained by the Irish national side and records in the Irish Football League and the cup competition stood as Northern Irish records. Therefore in essence the IFA as Northern Ireland's organising body is a direct continuation of the IFA as the organising body across all of Ireland. Along with the other "home nations" associations (the FA, the SFA and the Football Association of Wales) the IFA sits on the International Football Association Board which is responsible for the laws of the game. The IFA continues to have responsibility for the running of the Northern Ireland national football team. In 1986, a second cup competition was introduced, the Irish Football League Cup.

External link

- [http://www.irishfa.com/ Irish FA Website]
- [http://www.niskins.com/ IFA Fans Website] Category:Football (soccer) governing bodies Football, Northern Ireland Category:Football in Northern Ireland

British Home Championship

The British Home Championship (also known as the Home International Championship) was an annual football competition contested between the UK's four national teams, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland (Ireland before 1921-1922), from the 1883-1884 season until the 1983-1984 season.

Overview

By the early 1880s, the development of football in the United Kingdom was gathering pace and the four national football teams of the UK were playing regular friendlies against each other, with nearly every team playing all the others annually. At the time, the football associations of each Home Nation (The Football Association (England), the Scottish Football Association, the Football Association of Wales and the Irish Football Association) had slightly different rules for football, and when matches were played the rules of whoever was the home team were used. While this solution was workable, it was hardly practical. To remedy this, the four associations met in Manchester on December 6th 1882 and agreed on one uniform set of worldwide rules. They also established the International Football Association Board (IFAB) to approve changes to the rules (a task that they still perform to this day). The new rules meant that formal international competitions could now easily be devised. Thus, at the same meeting, the associations formalised the annual friendlies and the British Home Championship - the world's first international football competition - was born. The Championship was held every football season, starting with the 1883-1884 season (the first ever match seeing eventual winners Scotland beat Ireland 5-0 away on January 24th 1884). The dates of the fixtures varied, but they tended to bunch towards the end of the season (sometimes the entire competition was held in a few days at the end of the season). Initially the winner of the competition was seen as the best team in the world, though as football developed globally this tag was dropped. The rise of other international competitions, especially the World Cup and European Championships, meant that the British Home Championship lost a lot of its prestige as the years went on. However, the new international tournaments meant that the Championship took on added importance in certain years. The 1949-1950 and 1953-1954 Championships doubled up as qualifying groups for the 1950 and 1954 World Cups respectively and the results of the 1966-1967 and 1967-1968 Championships were used to determine who went forward to the second qualifying round of Euro '68. The British Home Championship was discontinued after the 1983-1984 competition. There were a number of reasons for the demise, including the tournament being overshadowed by the World Cup and European Championships, falling attendances at all but the England v Scotland games, fixture congestion, the rise of hooliganism to epidemic levels, the Troubles in Northern Ireland (civil unrest led to the 1981-1982 competition being abandoned) and England and Scotland's desire to play against 'stronger' teams (the English and then Scottish FAs initiated the end of the competition in 1983 by announcing they would not enter after the 1983-1984 Championship). Ironically, the 'weaker' teams that England and Scotland wanted to stop playing excelled in the final Championship: Northern Ireland won it and Wales finished second. The British Home Championship trophy remains at the Irish Football Association's headquarters in Belfast. The Championship was replaced by the smaller Rous Cup, which involved just England, Scotland and, in later years, an invited guest team from South America. That competition, however, ended after just five years. In recent years, there have been many proposals to resurrect the British Home Championship, with advocates pointing to rising attendances and a significant downturn in football-related violence. It has been suggested that a reborn Championship could replace the international friendlies played by the UK teams between competitive fixtures, which some view as pointless.

Format and rules

The competition was contested with each team playing the other three once each (making for a total of three matches per team and six matches in total). Generally (but not always), the teams would play either one or two matches at home and the remainder away, with home advantage between two teams alternating each year (so if England played Scotland at home one year, they would play them away the next). A team would receive two points for a win, one for a draw and none for a loss. From these points, a league table was constructed and whoever was top at the end of the competition was declared the winner. If two or more teams were equal on points, that position in the league table was shared (as was the Championship if it occurred between the top teams). From the 1978-1979 Championship onwards, however, goal difference (total goals scored minus total goals conceded) was used to differentiate between teams level on points. If goal difference could still not separate them, then total goals scored was used.

Famous moments

1902: tragedy at Ibrox

The Scotland v England match of April 5th 1902 will always be remembered for the Ibrox Disaster of 1902. The match took place at Ibrox Park (now Ibrox Stadium) in Glasgow. During the first half, a section of the terracing in the overcrowded West Stand collapsed, killing twenty-six and injuring over 500. Play was stopped, but, incredibly, was restarted after twenty minutes, with most of the crowd not knowing what had happened. The match was later declared void and replayed at Villa Park, Birmingham.

1950: World Cup qualification

As stated above, the 1949-1950 British Home Championship was used as a qualification group for the Football World Cup 1950, with the teams finishing both first and second qualifying. England and Scotland were guaranteed the top two places and World Cup qualification with one match to go, when the Scottish Football Association declared that it would only go to the 1950 World Cup if they were the UK champions. Scotland played England at Hampden Park on April 15 in the final game and lost 1-0 to a goal by Chelsea's Roy Bentley, dubbed 'the man who robbed Scotland of Rio'. Consequently, Scotland finished second and withdrew from what would have been their first-ever World Cup apperance.

1967: Scotland become 'World Champions'

The 1966-1967 British Home Championship was the first since England's victory at the World Cup 1966. Naturally, England were favourites for the Championship title. In the end, the outcome of the entire Championship rested on the final game: England v Scotland at Wembley Stadium in London on April 15. If England won or drew, they would win the Championship; if Scotland won, they would triumph. Scotland beat the World Cup winners 3-2. The match was followed by a large, but relatively harmless, pitch invasion by the jubliant Scottish fans, who were quick to jokingly declare Scotland the 'World Champions'.

1977: Wembley pitch invasion

Once again, the 1976-1977 Championship came down to the final game between England and Scotland at Wembley on June 4th. Scotland won the game 2-1, making them Champions. Like 1967, a pitch invasion by the overjoyed Scottish fans followed, but it was now the height of hooliganism and things turned nasty: the pitch was ripped up and one of the crossbars was broken. This match, along with the Heysel Stadium disaster, is often cited as the apogee of British football hooliganism.

1981: the unfinished Championship

The Troubles in Northern Ireland had affected the British Home Championship before, with things turning so hostile that Northern Ireland often had to play their 'home' games on the UK mainland in Liverpool or Glasgow. The entire 1980-1981 Championship was held in May 1981, which coincided with a large amount of civil unrest in Northern Ireland surrounding the Maze Prison hunger strikes. Northern Ireland's two home matches, against England and Wales, were not moved, so both teams refused to travel to Belfast to play. As not all the matches were completed, that year's competition was declared void with no winner. It was the only time in the Championship's history, apart from during World War I and World War II, that it was not awarded.

List of winners

- 1883-1884: World War II Scotland
- 1884-1885: World War II Scotland
- 1885-1886: World War II England / World War II Scotland
- 1886-1887: World War II Scotland
- 1887-1888: World War II England
- 1888-1889: World War II Scotland
- 1889-1890: World War II England / World War II Scotland
- 1890-1891: World War II England
- 1891-1892: World War II England
- 1892-1893: World War II England
- 1893-1894: World War II Scotland
- 1894-1895: World War II England
- 1895-1896: World War II Scotland
- 1896-1897: World War II Scotland
- 1897-1898: World War II England
- 1898-1899: World War II England
- 1899-1900: World War II Scotland
- 1900-1901: World War II England
- 1901-1902: World War II Scotland
- 1902-1903: World War II England / World War II Scotland / World War II Ireland
- 1903-1904: World War II England
- 1904-1905: World War II England
- 1905-1906: World War II England / World War II Scotland
- 1906-1907: World War II Wales
- 1907-1908: World War II England / World War II Scotland
- 1908-1909: World War II England
- 1909-1910: World War II Scotland
- 1910-1911: World War II England
- 1911-1912: World War II England / World War II Scotland
- 1912-1913: World War II England
- 1913-1914: World War II Ireland
- 1914-1919: Suspended due to World War I
- 1919-1920: World War II Wales
- 1920-1921: World War II Scotland
- 1921-1922: World War II Scotland
- 1922-1923: World War II Scotland
- 1923-1924: World War II Wales
- 1924-1925: World War II Scotland
- 1925-1926: World War II Scotland
- 1926-1927: World War II England / World War II Scotland
- 1927-1928: World War II Wales
- 1928-1929: World War II Scotland
- 1929-1930: World War II England
- 1930-1931: World War II England / World War II Scotland
- 1931-1932: World War II England
- 1932-1933: World War II Wales
- 1933-1934: World War II Wales
- 1935-1936: World War II Scotland
- 1936-1937: World War II Wales
- 1937-1938: World War II England
- 1938-1939: World War II England / World War II Scotland / World War II Wales
- 1939-1946: Suspended due to World War II
- 1946-1947: World War II England
- 1947-1948: World War II England
- 1948-1949: World War II Scotland
- 1949-1950: World War II England
- 1950-1951: World War II Scotland
- 1951-1952: World War II England / World War II Wales
- 1952-1953: World War II England / World War II Scotland
- 1953-1954: World War II England
- 1954-1955: World War II England
- 1955-1956: World War II England / World War II Scotland / World War II Wales / World War II Northern Ireland
- 1956-1957: World War II England
- 1957-1958: World War II England / World War II Northern Ireland
- 1958-1959: World War II England / World War II Northern Ireland
- 1959-1960: World War II England / World War II Scotland / World War II Wales
- 1960-1961: World War II England
- 1961-1962: World War II Scotland
- 1962-1963: World War II Scotland
- 1963-1964: World War II England / World War II Scotland / World War II Northern Ireland
- 1964-1965: World War II England
- 1965-1966: World War II England
- 1966-1967: World War II Scotland
- 1967-1968: World War II England
- 1968-1969: World War II England
- 1969-1970: World War II England / World War II Scotland / World War II Wales
- 1970-1971: World War II England
- 1971-1972: World War II England / World War II Scotland
- 1972-1973: World War II England
- 1973-1974: World War II England / World War II Scotland
- 1974-1975: World War II England
- 1975-1976: World War II Scotland
- 1976-1977: World War II Scotland
- 1977-1978: World War II England
- 1978-1979: World War II England
- 1979-1980: World War II Northern Ireland
- 1980-1981: Abandoned due to civil unrest in Northern Ireland
- 1981-1982: World War II England
- 1982-1983: World War II England
- 1983-1984: World War II Northern Ireland

Total wins

- 54 World War II England (including 20 shared)
- 41 World War II Scotland (including 17 shared)
- 12 World War II Wales (including 5 shared)
- 8 World War II Northern Ireland (including 5 shared and two as Ireland)

External links

- [http://www.rsssf.com/tablesb/bhc.html RSSSF: British Home Championship Overview]
- [http://www.englandfootballonline.com/CmpBC/CmpBC.html England Football Online: England in the British Home Championship]
- [http://www.ourweecountry.co.uk/britishchamps.html Our Wee Country: Northern Ireland - British Champions]
- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/aboutus/wirelesstoweb/decades/clip_display.shtml?decade=70s&clip_name=pitch_invasion&size=v&media_type=video BBC: Wembley 1977] (requires RealPlayer) Category:Football in the United Kingdom Category:International national football competitions (defunct)

Sport governing body

A sport governing body comes in several forms.
- International federations - these take care of one sport (or a group of sports, such as skiing). They create a common set of rules and organise international competitions. Promotion of the sport is also a task of an international federation.
- National federation - these have the same objectives as an international federation, but then within the scope of one country, or even part of a country. They support local clubs and are often responsible for the national squad.
- Olympic associations/committees - these are responsible for a country's participation in the Olympics Games.
- Multi-sport event organisers - these take care of the organisation of a certain event which contains more than one sport. The most important example is the IOC, organiser of the modern Olympic Games.
- General sports organisations - these take care of sports related topics, usually for a certain group, such as Catholic or Jewish sport, military or university sport.
- Professional leagues, which may or may not work extensively with national and/or international federations.
- Trusts - these are organizations or groups that have control over money that will be used to help someone else, such as the Youth Sport Trust. The first international federations were formed at the end of the 19th century. See also the list of sport governing bodies for more complete list of specific governing bodies. category:sports organisations

Paris

Paris is the capital and largest city of France. Located on the river Seine in the country's north, it is a major cultural and political centre of Europe and the world's most visited city. The area's first inhabitants, a Celtic tribe named the "Parisii" give Paris its name. Its eponym, "the City of Lights" (la Ville Lumière), dates from 1828 when it became the first city in Europe to light its main boulevards with gas street lamps along its Champs-Élysées. The city of Paris is also widely referred to as the "most romantic city in the world." As a cultural and political centre for Europe since the early Middle Ages, Paris preserves many vestiges of its past. While hosting numerous art galleries, museums and theatres, it has grown into a significant centre of international trade with ever-growing modern business districts, including La Défense, the de facto city centre built for the purpose. In addition to the head offices of nearly half of all France's companies and the offices of many major international firms, Paris hosts the headquarters of many international trade and social organisations, including the OECD and UNESCO. The city of Paris proper has 2.1 million inhabitants , but its centre of influence extends to cover a "Greater Paris" metropolitan area that has a population of 11.1 million , over one sixth of the French population. Paris is the third largest metropolitan area in Europe (after Moscow and London), and approximately the 22nd most populous metropolitan area in the world. Paris is also the centre of an economic network that, within the limits of its Île-de-France région (of which it is also the capital), with a GDP of nearly €450 billion , is alone the producer of over one quarter of France's wealth. Because of its financial, business, political, and tourism activities, Paris today is one of the world's major transport destinations. Along with New York, London and Tokyo, it is often listed as one of the four major global cities.

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Name of Paris and its Inhabitants

Paris is pronounced (RP) or in English, and Image:ltspkr.png in French. The original Latin name of Paris was Lutetia (), or Lutetia Parisiorum, known in French as Lutèce (). Lutetia was later dropped in favor of only Paris, based on the name of the Gallic Parisi tribe, whose name perhaps comes from the Celtic Gallic word parios, meaning "caldron", but this is not certain. Traditionally, Paris was known as Paname () in French slang, but this vulgar appellation is gradually losing currency. (.) The inhabitants of Paris are known as Parisians in English, as Parisiens (Image:ltspkr.png ) in French. The pejorative term Parigot (Image:ltspkr.png ) is sometimes used in French slang. Locally, inhabitants of the Paris suburbs are known as banlieusards (Image:ltspkr.png ). Inhabitants of the whole Paris metropolitan area are known as Franciliens (Image:ltspkr.png ), i.e. from Île-de-France.

Geography

Coordinates

Paris is located at (48.866667, 2.333056). The city straddles a north-bending arc of the river Seine. This waterway is dotted with a few islands along its path through the city, and the largest and most central of these, the Île de la Cité, is the Capital's heart and origin.

Area

The city (commune) of Paris proper has an area of 105.398 km² (40.69 mi², or 26,044 acres). Excluding the outlying parks of Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes, the actual area of the city is only 86.928 km² (33.56 mi², or 21,480 acres), being in the form of an almost regular oval, with a circumference of 35.5 km (22 miles). This oval extends 9.5 km (6 miles) from north to south, and 11 km (7 miles) from east to west. circumference This is not a very large area, and in fact the commune of Paris is only the 113th largest commune of France (out of 36,782 communes). By comparison, Greater London has an area of 1,572 km² (607 mi²), and New York City has an area of 786 km² (303 mi²). This peculiar fact arises because, unlike other large western cities such as New York, London, or Berlin, whose territories were enlarged in the 20th century, the borders of Paris have not been changed since 1860 when Napoleon III and the prefect Haussmann annexed the then suburban communes surrounding Paris, such as Montmartre and Auteuil, more than doubling the the city's area to 78 km² (30.1 mi²), and creating the 20 arrondissements of Paris. Since 1860, the limits of Paris have only marginally changed, reaching the 86.9 km² figure indicated above. In 1929, the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes were officially incorporated into the city of Paris. Thus, the Brooklyn, Greenwich, or Charlottenburg of Paris are still outside the city of Paris proper, and it can be more accurately compared to the borough of Manhattan (59.5 km²/23 mi²) or to Inner London (319 km²/123 mi²). Even the largest business and financial district of Paris, known as La Défense, is outside the city boundary. The urban area (unité urbaine) of Paris, i.e. the contiguous built-up area, extends past the administrative city limits to cover 2,723 km² (1,051.4 mi²) (INSEE 1999), or an area about 26 times larger than the city itself. The metropolitan area (aire urbaine) of Paris, i.e. the built-up area plus the commuter belt, reaches in part beyond the surrounding Île-de-France administative région to cover 14,518 km² (5,605.5 mi²) (INSEE 1999), or an area 138 times larger than the city of Paris. région]]

Altitude

The altitude of Paris varies, with several prominent hills, of which the highest is Montmartre at 130m about sea level. The highest elevation in the urban area of Paris is in the Forest of Montmorency (Val-d'Oise département), 19.5 km. (12 miles) north-northwest of the center of Paris as the crow flies, at 195 metres (640 ft) above sea-level.

Temperatures

The lowest temperature recorded in central Paris (since 1873) was –23.9 °C (–11.0 °F) and –25.6 °C (–14.1 °F) in the southeastern suburb of Saint-Maur-des-Fossés on December 10, 1879 . The highest temperature was recorded on July 28, 1947 when the temperature in central Paris (Parc Montsouris) reached 40.4 °C (104.7 °F). During the European heat wave of 2003, which caused the death of many elderly people in France, the temperature in central Paris reached 38.1 °C (100.6 °F) (Parc Montsouris) and 40.2 °C (104.4 °F) at Le Bourget Airport in the northern suburbs. A record high night-time minimum of 25.5 °C (77.9 °F) in Parc Montsouris was set on August 11 and August 12, 2003.

History

Paris was occupied by a Gallic tribe until the Romans arrived in 52 BC. The invaders referred to the previous occupants as the Parisii, but called their new city Lutetia, meaning "marshy place". About 50 years later the city had spread to the left bank of the Seine, now known as the Latin Quarter (Le Quartier latin), and was renamed "Paris". Roman rule had ceased by 508, when Clovis the Frank made the city the capital of the Merovingian dynasty of the Franks. In 845, Paris was sacked by Viking raiders, probably under Ragnar Lodbrok, who collected a huge ransom in exchange for leaving. Thereafter the weakness of the late Carolingian kings of France led to the gradual rise in power of the Counts of Paris; Odo, Count of Paris was elected king of France by feudal lords while Charles III was also claiming the throne. Finally, in 987 Hugh Capet, count of Paris, was elected king of France by the great feudal lords after the last Carolingian king died. Hugh Capet, 1789]] In the 12th and 13th centuries the city grew strongly. Main thoroughfares were paved, the first Louvre was built as a fortress, and several churches, including the Cathedral of Notre-Dame, were constructed or begun. Several schools on the Left Bank were grouped together into the Sorbonne, which counts Albertus Magnus and St. Thomas Aquinas among its early scholars. In the Middle Ages, Paris prospered as a trading and intellectual nucleus, interrupted temporarily when the Black Death struck in the 14th century, and again in the 15th century when urban revolts drove the royal court to abandon the city for almost 100 years. In the 18th century, the royal residence was moved from Paris to nearby Versailles. The French Revolution began with the storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789. From the establishment of the French Second Empire in 1852 until 1914, Paris experienced the largest development in its history. The famous Parisian Haussmann Style dates back to this period, during which much of the Paris known today was planned and constructed. For the World's Fair of 1889 which commemorated the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution, the Eiffel Tower was built, the best-known landmark in Paris and tallest structure in the world until 1930. The large scale display of electricity and light bulbs at the world's fairs of 1889 and 1900, which was a first in the world, earned Paris the nickname "City of Lights". During World War I, Paris was at the forefront of the war effort, having been spared invasion by the German Army due to the French and English victory at the First Battle of the Marne in 1914. In the Interwar period, Paris was famed for its cultural and artistic life, as well as its nightlife. From Russian exiled artists fleeing the Bolsheviks (such as composer Igor Stravinsky), to Spanish painters (such as Picasso or Dalí), to US writers (such as Hemingway), Paris became a melting pot of artists from all around the world. In June 1940, five weeks after the start of the German attack on France, a partially-evauated Paris fell to German occupation forces, who remained there until late August 1944. Paris was fortunate to be the one of the few large cities in Europe that suffered almost no destruction from the war, preserving its 19th century architecture intact. In the post-war period, Paris experienced its largest development since the end of the Belle Époque in 1914. The suburbs around the city proper (commune) of Paris began to expand considerably, with the construction of large social estates known as cités and the beginning of the business district La Défense. In the late 1960s, the Tour Montparnasse, a large, modern skyscraper, was built just south of the Jardin du Luxembourg. Its controversial height and location sparked immediate changes in zoning and administrative rules that now restrict skyscrapers to La Défense. Since the mid-1980s, there has been periodic unrest, sometimes degenerating into riots, in the poor immigrant neighbourhoods of the outer suburbs of Paris, especially in the cités, which have gradually become ghettos. In late 2005 a wave of riots erupted in the Paris suburbs, with thousands of cars and tens of public buildings burnt.

Demographics

wave of riots erupted in the Paris suburbs.]]

Density

At the 1999 French census the population density in the city of Paris was 20,164 inh. per km² (52,225 inh. per sq. mile). Excluding the outlying parks of Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes, the density in the city was actually 24,448 inh. per km² (63,321 inh. per sq. mile). As a matter of comparison, the density in Manhattan at the 2000 US census was 25,846 inh. per km² (66,940 inh. per sq. mile), and the density in Inner London at the 2001 UK census was 8,663 inh. per km² (22,438 inh. per sq. mile). The population density in the city of Paris is very high compared to those of most western cities, which are rarely as crowded as Paris (except for Manhattan). The density in Paris is comparable to the densities met within Asian cities. In many western cities, people have left the city center in the 20th century to relocate to the distant suburbs, leaving the city center as a business district dead at night. Although the city of Paris has also experienced a decline in population since the 1920s, it has nonetheless seen fewer inhabitants relocating to the suburbs than has occurred in other western cities. More precisely, people relocating to the suburbs were for the most part replaced by new people attracted to an urban lifestyle, and buildings were not converted into offices as systematically as has happened elsewhere, such as in London where the inhabitants have left the city center since the Second World War, and the density of Inner London is now much lower than that of Paris. This is most striking in the medieval heart of both metropolises: the City of London and the four first arrondissements of Paris were the medieval heart of each metropolis, with densities reaching 75,000 to 100,000 inh. per km² before the Industrial Revolution. Today, the City of London is almost empty, with a population density of only 2,478 inh. per km² (6,417 inh. per sq. mile) in 2001, whereas the four first arrondissements of Paris still have a density of 18,139 inh. per km² (46,979 inh. per sq. mile) in 1999, seven times more dense than in the City of London. Today, the most crowded arrondissement in the city of Paris is the 11th arrondissement, with a density reaching 40,672 inh. per km² (105,339 inh. per sq. mile) in 1999. Some neighborhoods in the east of this arrondissement are known to have densities of almost 100,000 inh. per km² (260,000 inh. per sq. mile).

Population Growth

At the 1999 census, the population of the city of Paris (excluding suburbs) was 2,125,246. The population of the metropolitan area of Paris was 11,174,743. Historically, the population of the city of Paris peaked in 1921, when it reached 2.9 million. However, there has been since then a movement toward living in suburbs, as well as the gentrification of many areas of inner Paris, and the use of available space for offices rather than dwellings, although this phenomenon was not as massive as happened in London or in American cities. These tendencies are controversial,

International Football Association Board

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References

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Football (soccer)

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1882

Events

Month/day unknown

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Scottish Football Association

External link

Football Association of Wales

External link

See also

Irish Football Association

External link

British Home Championship

Overview

Format and rules

Famous moments

1902: tragedy at Ibrox

1950: World Cup qualification

1967: Scotland become 'World Champions'

1977: Wembley pitch invasion

1981: the unfinished Championship

List of winners

Total wins

See also

External links

Sport governing body

Paris

Name of Paris and its Inhabitants

Geography

Coordinates

Area

Altitude

Temperatures

History

Demographics

Density

Population Growth